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Journal articles on the topic 'Refractive index variation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Paroha, P. P. "Variation in refractive index of sugar solution with concentration using Newton’s rings." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (June 29, 2022): 1129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/a8.

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Refractive index or index of refraction is an important physiochemical property of an optical medium. Here we report its value for sugar solution of various concentrations (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%) using the Newton’s rings set up for yellow light from sodium lamp (λ=5893Å). Newton’s Rings are an interference pattern generated via division of amplitude principle. The set-up used in our study is easily available in an undergraduate laboratory. The study correctly presents effect of increasing number of particles in a liquid on its refractive index. KEY WORD: Newton’s Rings, refractive index, interference and sugar solution.
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2

Twu, Ruey-Ching, and Chia-Wei Hsueh. "Phase interrogation birefringent-refraction sensor for refractive index variation measurements." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 253 (January 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.11.029.

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3

Sediq, Khalid N., Fahmi F. Muhammadsharif, Simko O. Ramadan, and Shalaw Z. Sedeeq. "Design and Study of a Nanocavity-based One-dimensional Photonic Crystal for Potential Applications in Refractive Index Sensing." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 11, no. 2 (October 9, 2023): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.11298.

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Refractive index (RI) can be used to identify a particular substance and determine its purity and concentration. The RI of glucose solution with various concentrations can be determined using a distributed Bragg reflective (DBR) device containing a nanocavity. The optical property of the reflection spectrum produced by DBR is sensitive to the variation of the refractive index. In this study, a DBR with a cavity width of 220 nm, located in the middle of the device, is designed and used to sense the variation in the refractive index of glucose at different concentrations. The proposed design showed a sharp dip pattern within the reflection spectrum. The wavelength of the absorption peak was found to be sensitive to trivial variations in the refractive index of glucose solution. Results showed that the variation in the refractive index of glucose within the order of Δn = 0.02 has led to a noticeable shift in the absorption spectrum by Δλ = 2.6 nm. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the proposed device was found to be 130 nm/RIU which is considered high compared with those reported in the literature. Hence, the proposed structure can be a promising optical device for chemical ultrasensing applications.
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4

Kim, Young L., Joseph T. Walsh, Thomas K. Goldstick, and Matthew R. Glucksberg. "Variation of corneal refractive index with hydration." Physics in Medicine and Biology 49, no. 5 (February 13, 2004): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/49/5/015.

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5

Singh, Nageshwar. "Spectral Intensity Variation by the Correlation Function of Refractive Index Fluctuations of the Liquid Medium." International Journal of Optics 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/525142.

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It is proposed that a macroscopic theory of propagation and scattering of light through random media can be functional for the dye liquid flowing media in the microscopic levels too, with modest approximations. Maxwell’s equation for a random refractive index medium is approximated and solved for the electric field. An analytical expression for the spectral intensity of the field scattered by the refractive index fluctuations inside a medium has been derived which was valid within the first Born approximation. Far field spectral intensity variation of the radiation propagating through the liquid medium is a consequence of variation in correlation function of the refractive index inhomogeneities. The strength of radiation scattered in a particular direction depends on the spatial correlation function of the refractive index fluctuations of the medium. An attempt is made to explain some of the experimentally observed spectral intensity variations, particularly dye emission propagation through liquid flowing medium, in the presence of thermal and flow field.
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6

RUOFF, ARTHUR L., and KOUROS GHANDEHARI. "THE REFRACTIVE INDEX AT THE CENTER OF THE SURFACE OF PRESSURIZED DIAMOND ANVIL TIPS." Modern Physics Letters B 07, no. 15 (June 30, 1993): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798499300103x.

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An expression for the variation of the refractive index of diamond with density is determined. This is used to show consistency between Brillouin scattering results obtained at atmospheric pressure and more recent direct measurements of the refractive index under hydrostatic pressure to 40 GPa. The stress distribution at the diamond anvil tip is then computed and the variation of the refractive index at the tip of the anvil is obtained. The refractive index at the tip is a slowly decreasing function of the sample pressure.
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7

RUOFF, ARTHUR L., and KOUROS GHANDEHARI. "THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF HYDROGEN AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE." Modern Physics Letters B 07, no. 13n14 (June 20, 1993): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984993000904.

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It is shown that the refractive index of hydrogen is given by n H 2 = 1 + 3.046 ρ + 2.6 ρ2 where ρ has units of mol/cm3. Here ρ at a given pressure, P, can be obtained from the equation of state, ρ(P). This relation is combined with that for the refractive index of loaded diamond anvils to obtain n H 2/n D vs P. This is found to be in good agreement with the ratio n H 2/nD measured directly at different pressures by Fabry-Perot interferometry. The density variation of the molar refraction is computed.
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8

Naoi, Yusaku. "Sensor for refractive index variation of an optical surface using a high-refractive-index waveguide." Optical Engineering 46, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 104601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2799182.

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9

Szekeres, A., K. Christova, and A. Paneva. "Stress-induced refractive index variation in dry SiO2." Philosophical Magazine B 65, no. 5 (May 1992): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642819208217913.

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10

Lagomarsino, S., P. Olivero, S. Calusi, D. Gatto Monticone, L. Giuntini, M. Massi, S. Sciortino, A. Sytchkova, A. Sordini, and M. Vannoni. "Complex refractive index variation in proton-damaged diamond." Optics Express 20, no. 17 (August 9, 2012): 19382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.019382.

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11

Yang, Min Wei, D. N. Wang, and C. R. Liao. "Refractive Index Sensing Based on a Fiber Bragg Grating with Micro-Holes." Key Engineering Materials 495 (November 2011): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.495.194.

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A refractive index sensor based on single fiber Bragg grating with multiple micro-holes is proposed. The micro-holes are drilled by use of femtosecond laser micromachining. The key feature of the sensor is that a simultaneous and independent refractive index and temperature sensing measurement can be implemented by simply detecting the grating resonant wavelength shift and its intensity variation, respectively. The refractive index sensitivity obtained is 29.50 dB/RIU (refractive index unit), within the refractive index range between 1.30 and 1.45.
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12

Winingsih, Puji Hariati. "RANCANG BANGUN LASER UNTUK PEMBELAJARAN OPTIKA DALAM MENENTUKAN INDEKS BIAS DAN DIFRAKSI KISI." Science Tech: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2015): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/jst.v1i1.482.

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This research is executed as a mean to make laser with energy from ex- materials ( DVD) to be used to determine refractive index and difraction. For that, have been made laser diode appliance network used to determine \Kprism refractive index and laser wavelength [pass/through] difraction. This research is used by analysis with refractive index characteristic and difraction. Obtained result of that level of prism refractive index at variation of i1 (30o, 45o dan 60o) equal to (1.53 ± 0.07), (1.45 ± 0.08) and ( 1.53 ± 0.08). Green Laser wavelength at variation of N (100, 300 and 600 line / mm)successively equal to (500 ± 0.03),  (525 ± 0.02) and (541 ± 0.07). Pursuant to prism refractive index theory of[is level of 1.5 and green colour laser wavelength range from (500 – 570) nm. So that can be concluded that result of research have as according to this appliance and theory have earned to be told good to used in study of optics
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13

Jagadeesha Gowda, G. V., and B. Eraiah. "Optical properties of praseodymium doped silver-borate glasses." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 10 (October 2014): 1154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2012-0497.

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Praseodymium doped silver–borate glasses having composition xPr6O11–(25 – x)Ag2O–75B2O3 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) were prepared by conventional melt quenching method. The density, molar volume, and optical energy band gap of these glasses were measured. Optical absorption spectra of these glasses were recorded in the range 300–1000 nm at room temperature. The refractive index, molar refraction, and polarizability of oxide ion were calculated by using Lorentz–Lorentz relations. The oxide ion polarizabilities deduced from two different quantities, viz. refractive index and optical energy band gap, agree well compared with other glasses. The variation of the preceding optical parameters with respect to praseodymium concentration is explained.
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14

Lin, You Shen, and Ming Hung Chiu. "Full-Field Refractive Index Variation Measurement Based on Phase Shift Interferometry and SPR Phase Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 870 (September 2017): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.870.9.

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We propose a new approach for determining the distribution of full-field refractive index based on the angle deviation method (ADM) with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor in phase detection. The inhomogeneous distribution of refractive index causes the variant deviation angles in the test light. SPR sensor is a sensitive angular sensor especially for phase detection. For the full–field phase measurement, we should use the four-step phase shift interferometry (PSI) to measure the phase shift profile of the test light after reflected from the SPR sensor. Thus the phase shift is caused by the variation of the refractive index. The approach can plot the full-field refractive index distribution in a short time and its resolution can be better than 2.2×10-8 (RIU).
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15

Jalil, Muhammad Arif Bin. "Simulation of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as A Strain Sensor." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 11 (November 30, 2023): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56909.

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Abstract: In this study, the Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) is modelled, simulated, and characterised with respect to maximum reflectivity, bandwidth, the impact of applied strain on the wavelength shift, λB, and the wavelength shift sensitivity with strain for an optical sensing system. This study measures the spectral response of FBG to strain using a commercial FBG with a centre wavelength of 1550 nm. The parameters employed in these simulations include the effective refractive index (1.46), the grating period (Λ) for 530 nm in the FBG performance, the variations in refractive index (∆n) from 0.0002 to 0.0020, and the fibre grating length (L) from 1 to 10 mm. The analysis of the refractive index and grating length variation yields the bandwidth and spectrum reflectivity. OriginPro Software and Microsoft Excel are used to perform simulations on the FBG. Data are generated using the Excel sheet, and visualisations are produced using OriginPro Software. The obtained results show that the bandwidth and spectral reflectivity are impacted by variations in the refractive index and grating length. Furthermore, the obtained results indicate that variations in the Bragg wavelength can be attributed to an elongation of the grating zone caused by the applied strain.
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16

Hsu, Chia‐Chen, Tzer‐Hsiang Huang, Tai‐Huei Wei, Springfield Chang, and Chung‐Yi Leaung. "Temperature variation of the refractive index of potassium niobate." Journal of Applied Physics 77, no. 7 (April 1995): 3399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359538.

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17

Zhengtian Gu. "Optical humidity-sensitive mechanism based on refractive index variation." Chinese Optics Letters 7, no. 9 (2009): 756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20090709.0756.

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18

CHRISTOVA, K. K., and A. H. MANOV. "Mechanical stress and refractive index variation in dry SiO2." International Journal of Electronics 76, no. 5 (May 1994): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219408925997.

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19

Gomati, R., M. Gharbia, and A. Gharbi. "Refractive index variation in swollen lyotropic lamellar liquid crystal." Optics Communications 111, no. 1-2 (September 1994): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(94)90141-4.

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20

Cai, Jingnan, Yasuhiko Ishikawa, and Kazumi Wada. "Strain induced bandgap and refractive index variation of silicon." Optics Express 21, no. 6 (March 14, 2013): 7162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.007162.

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21

Chiu, Nan-Fu, Chih-Jen Cheng, and Teng-Yi Huang. "Organic Plasmon-Emitting Diodes for Detecting Refractive Index Variation." Sensors 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2013): 8340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130708340.

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22

Underwood, S. M., and W. van Megen. "Refractive index variation in nonaqueous sterically stabilized copolymer particles." Colloid and Polymer Science 274, no. 11 (November 1996): 1072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00658372.

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23

Box, Gail P., and Taleb Hallal. "Optical properties of Sydney aerosols." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19001.

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Aerosol chemistry for PM2.5 and PM10 (particulate matter less than 2.5- and 10-μm aerodynamic diameter) samples collected in the Sydney region between November 2002 and December 2003 had been used to estimate size-resolved refractive index for Sydney. Seasonal PM10–2.5 chemistry was obtained by subtracting seasonal PM2.5 from seasonal PM10 chemical composition. The chemical compounds present were determined from the elemental composition using two methods: the SCAPE 2 chemical thermodynamic model and aerosol types based on marker elements. Refractive index was then calculated using a mass fraction approach. Both methods agreed within the error bars indicating that useful optical properties can be derived from elemental chemistry. For the fine mode (PM2.5), the real component of the refractive index was 1.46 ± 0.07 with no seasonal variation, but there were sea-sonal variations in imaginary component, 0.05 ± 0.02 in summer and 0.23 ± 0.05 in spring. The coarse mode (PM10–2.5) real refractive index was constant throughout the year at 1.47 ± 0.09, whereas the im-aginary refractive index was 0.01 ± 0.04 in summer and 0.04 ± 0.06 in spring. Representative refractive indices were then used to calculate aerosol scattering properties for three different size distributions to illustrate how this information could be used.
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24

Little, Douglas J., and Deb M. Kane. "Investigating the transverse optical structure of spider silk micro-fibers using quantitative optical microscopy." Nanophotonics 6, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0125.

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AbstractThe transverse optical structure of two orb-weaver (family Araneidae) spider dragline silks was investigated using a variant of the inverse-scattering technique. Immersing the silks in a closely refractive index-matched liquid, the minimum achievable image contrast was greater than expected for an optically homogeneous silk, given what is currently known about the optical absorption of these silks. This “excess contrast” indicated the presence of transverse optical structure within the spider silk. Applying electromagnetic scattering theory to a transparent double cylinder, the minimum achievable irradiance contrast for the Plebs eburnus and Argiope keyserlingi dragline silks was determined to be consistent with step index refractive index contrasts of 1−4×10−4 and 6–7×10−4, respectively, supposing outer-layer thicknesses consistent with previous TEM studies (50 nm and 100 nm, respectively). The possibility of graded index refractive index contrasts within the spider silks is also discussed. This is the strongest evidence, to date, that there is a refractive index contrast associated with the layered morphology of spider silks and/or variation of proportion of nanocrystalline components within the spider silk structure. The method is more generally applicable to optical micro-fibers, including those with refractive index variations on a sub-wavelength scale.
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25

Rees, W. G., and R. E. Donovan. "Refraction correction for radio-echo sounding of large ice masses." Journal of Glaciology 38, no. 129 (1992): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003713.

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AbstractThis paper presents a simple mathematical formula for correcting radio-echo-sounding data from an ice sheet or glacier for the effects of varying refractive index. The method requires some knowledge of the variation of refractive index with depth. In rare cases this may be known from direct measurement, but it can be estimated from the density profile. If even this is unknown, we show that the corrections can be estimated to an accuracy of about 3% of the depth to bubble close-off (i.e. to about ±12 m for dry-snow conditions), and that the size of the refraction correction for a glacier or ice sheet with a flat bed is typically 6–10 m under these conditions.
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26

Rees, W. G., and R. E. Donovan. "Refraction correction for radio-echo sounding of large ice masses." Journal of Glaciology 38, no. 129 (1992): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003713.

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AbstractThis paper presents a simple mathematical formula for correcting radio-echo-sounding data from an ice sheet or glacier for the effects of varying refractive index. The method requires some knowledge of the variation of refractive index with depth. In rare cases this may be known from direct measurement, but it can be estimated from the density profile. If even this is unknown, we show that the corrections can be estimated to an accuracy of about 3% of the depth to bubble close-off (i.e. to about ±12 m for dry-snow conditions), and that the size of the refraction correction for a glacier or ice sheet with a flat bed is typically 6–10 m under these conditions.
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27

Kang, Yan, Jin Wang, Yongkun Zhao, Xudong Zhao, Haizheng Tao, and Yinsheng Xu. "High Refractive Index GRIN Lens for IR Optics." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 2566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072566.

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Infrared gradient refractive index (GRIN) material lenses have attracted much attention due to their continuously varying refractive index as a function of spatial coordinates in the medium. Herein, a glass accumulation thermal diffusion method was used to fabricate a high refractive index GRIN lens. Six Ge17.2As17.2SexTe(65−x) (x = 10.5–16) glasses with good thermal stability and high refractive index (n@10 μm > 3.1) were selected for thermal diffusion. The refractive index span (∆n) of 0.12 was achieved in this GRIN lens. After thermal diffusion, the lens still had good transmittance (45%) in the range of 8–12 μm. Thermal imaging confirmed that this lens can be molded into the designed shape. The refractive index profile was indirectly characterized by the structure and composition changes. The structure and composition variation became linear with the increase in temperature from 260 °C to 270 °C for 12 h, indicating that the refractive index changed linearly along the axis. The GRIN lens with a high refractive index could find applications in infrared optical systems and infrared lenses for thermal imaging.
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28

Gut, Kazimierz, and Marek Błahut. "Influence of Ion Exchange Process Parameters on Broadband Differential Interference." Sensors 23, no. 13 (July 2, 2023): 6092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136092.

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The paper presents theoretical analyses and experimental investigations of broadband differential interference in planar gradient waveguides made via K+-Na+ ion exchange in BK-7 glass. This technology, due to its large polarimetric dispersion, is especially useful for applications in differential interferometry. We discuss the influence of technological parameters on the operation characteristics of the structure in terms of sensor applications. The refractive index variation in the measured external surroundings affects the modal properties of TE and TM modes and the spectral distribution at the output of the differential interferometer. The optical system described in this work has been designed specifically for use in biological systems where variations in the index of refraction need to be measured.
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29

Lahiry, Sharmistha. "Optical Properties of Sol-Gel Deposited Barium Strontium Titanate (BaxSr1-xTiO3) Films." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 5147. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.5147.

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Optical properties of sol-gel deposited Barium Strontium Titanate (BaxSr1-xTiO3, BST) thin films were studied to determine their suitability as light sensors. Crystallized BST films were formed by annealing in air at 700 °C for 1 h. Lattice parameters and grain sizes were determined for all the compositions. The band gap and refractive index values of the samples were determined from the optical transmission spectra for different compositions. Band gap of all the compositions were in the semiconductor range that would allow them to be used for photodiode and light sensor applications. Refractive index is reported for all the compositions. HIGHLIGHTS Different compositions of BaxSr1-xTiO3 with x = 0.0, .... 1.0 were deposited by sol-gel method Band gap variation with compositions is reported for both amorphous and crystalline films Refractive index variation with composition is reported for both amorphous and crystalline films Suitability of different compositions for light sensor applications are suggested from band gap and refractive index values GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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30

Carvajal Rodriguez, Felipe Andrés, Luis Augusto Koenig Veiga, and Wilson Alcântara Soares. "Temperature Acquisition System for Real Time Application of First Velocity Correction by EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement)." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 8, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.8.1.61-74.

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The first velocity correction is used to correct the measured distance affected by the velocity variation of the electromagnetic wave propagation in a medium. This correction depends on the refractive index of the propagation medium and reference refractive index. The influence of the temperature in the medium refractive index is critical; some estimates establish that variation 1°C causes 1ppm of error in distances. In the measuring processes with total stations, the temperature is usually collected at only one point, for example, in the position where the measuring instrument is setup. However, the wave propagates in a medium of non-constant temperature, where the extremes of the line can present variations and thus this measurement in only one point could be non-representative. In this context, it was developed a low-cost real-time temperature acquisition system. This system provides the temperature values in different locations allowing their monitoring through the time. Experiments realized during the geodetic monitoring of a dam, show variations up to 8°C among geodetic points on the dam and around it. An analysis was development to evaluate the influence of temperature variations on monitoring distances and geodetic coordinate of a 2d network with different approaches (temperature modeling). The results shows different values for distances (1.0 mm) and coordinates (0.5 mm) depending of the approach choose.
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31

Likhachev, Mikhail E., Tatiana S. Zaushitsyna, Vitaliya A. Agakhanova, Liudmila D. Iskhakova, Svetlana S. Aleshkina, Mikhail M. Bubnov, Alexey S. Lobanov, and Denis S. Lipatov. "Refractivity of P2O5-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass in Optical Fibers." Photonics 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10121383.

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A significant change in the refractive index profiles for the large mode area phosphoroaluminosilicate (PAS) core optical fibers was observed in comparison to that in preforms. This study shows that the refractive index of the PAS core can vary from negative (in preform) to positive (in fiber), and the difference in the refractive index between the core and preform can exceed a few thousand. By measuring a large set of fibers with different concentrations of P2O5 and Al2O3, we define the refractivity of each dopant (P2O5, Al2O3 and AlPO4 joint) after drawing fiber from the preform and discuss the possible origin of the observed refractive index variation.
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32

Hossain, Md Biplob, Tamanna Tasnim, Lway F. Abdulrazak, Md Masud Rana, and Md Rabiul Islam. "A Numerical Approach to Design the Kretschmann Configuration Based Refractive Index Graphene-MoS2 Hybrid Layers With TiO2-SiO2 Nano for Formalin Detection." Photonic Sensors 10, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-019-0566-5.

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Abstract In this paper, a Kretschmann configuration based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is numerically designed using graphene-MoS2 hybrid structure TiO2-SiO2 nano particles for formalin detection. In this design, the observations of SPR angle versus minimum reflectance and SPR frequency (FSPR) versus maximum transmittance (Tmax) are considered. The chitosan is used as probe legend to perform reaction with the formalin (40% formaldehyde) which acts as target legend. In this paper, both graphene and MoS2 are used as biomolecular acknowledgment element (BAE) and TiO2 as well as SiO2 bilayers is used to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The numerical results show that the variation of FSPR and SPR angles for inappropriate sensing of formalin is quite insignificant which confirms the absence of formalin. On the other hand, these variations for appropriate sensing are considerably significant that confirm the presence of formalin. At the end of this article, the variation of sensitivity of the proposed biosensor is measured in corresponding to the increment of a refractive index with a refractive index step 0.01 refractive index unit (RIU). In inclusion of TiO2-SiO2 bilayers with graphene-MoS2, a maximum sensitivity of 85.375% is numerically calculated.
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33

SRIVASTAVA, HN. "Radio Refractive Index structure of upper troposphere over India." MAUSAM 18, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v18i4.4706.

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The mean monthly values of radio refractive index for 12 radiosonde stations in India based the data during the years 1956.60 have been calculated (at 300,200, 150 and 100-mb levels) and their monthly variation is studied. The distribution of refractive index at 300, 200 and 100-mb levels has been discussed and compared with that of the lower troposphere. during January and August, The variation of the annual range of the index with latitude and altitude is also described. It is seen that there is a marked difference in the refractive index structure between the lower and upper tropospheres over India. The annual range decreases markedly in the upper troposphere as compared to that in the lower. The range of the index is maximum over the stations in north India at 300 mb and shows similarity with that in the tower troposphere in this respect.
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34

Fitch, Christopher R., Dominic A. Duffy, Peter Ludewig, Wolfgang Stolz, and Stephen J. Sweeney. "Refractive index dispersion of BGa(As)P alloys in the near-infrared for III-V laser integration on silicon." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 13 (April 7, 2022): 133102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081069.

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BxGa(1−x)P and BxGa(1−x)AsyP(1−y) alloys are of potential interest in III-V heterostructures for integration with silicon. Waveguide design utilizing these alloys requires an understanding of the refractive index properties and their variation with composition. Refractive index dispersion was measured and modeled in the wavelength range of 827–2254 nm using spectroscopic ellipsometry at room temperature for samples with boron and arsenic fractions from 0% to 6.6% and 0% to 17%, respectively. The refractive index was found to increase with increasing boron composition as a result of strain due to lattice constant mismatch with the silicon substrate. For the arsenic-containing alloy, the refractive index was found to increase independently of strain. An empirical model based on the composition dependent variation of Cauchy dispersion function coefficients was developed for BGaAsP alloys lattice matched to silicon at the growth temperature. This model can be used to calculate the wavelength dependent refractive index of lattice matched boron and arsenic combinations for applications in semiconductor waveguides, an example of which is proposed. The results of this study are of interest more broadly for other III-V on silicon applications including photovoltaics and more generally in terms of the ellipsometric investigations of thin films on non-native substrates.
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35

Thuy Van, Nguyen, Pham Thanh Son, Pham Thanh Binh, Vu Duc Chinh, Hoang Thi Hong Cam, Do Thuy Chi, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Bui Huy, and Pham Van Hoi. "Highly sensitive refractive index sensing based on nanostructured porous silicon interferometers." Communications in Physics 34, no. 1 (April 23, 2024): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/19163.

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In this study, we present the experimental evidence demonstrating the utility of electrical double layer (EDL)-induced ion accumulation, using sodium (Na+) ion in water as model substances, on a negatively charged nanostructured surface, specifically thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO2). This novel approach, termed Ion Surface Accumulation (ISA), aims to enhance the performance of nanostructured porous silicon (PSi) interferometers in optical refractometric applications. The experimental results show that the electrical double layer-induced ion surface accumulation (EDL-ISA) on oxidized PSi interferometers enables remarkable amplification of the interferometer output signal (the spectral interferogram), even when the bulk refractive index variation is below 10-3 RIU. This substantial signal enhancement translates into an increase in sensitivity of up to two orders of magnitude, facilitating the reliable measurement of refractive index variations with both a detection limit (DL) and resolution (R) as low as 10-4 RIU. This achievement elevates the performance of PSi interferometers in photonics and plasmonics-based refractive index platforms.
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36

Huang, Xunqiang, and Ziming Meng. "Two-parameter Optical Sensing Based on Multilayer Parity-time-symmetric Structure." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (March 6, 2023): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i1.5635.

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A two-parameter sensor that can detect the variation of temperature and refractive index is realized in a multilayer dielectric structure obeying parity-time (PT) symmetry. The sensor can operate near exceptional points (EPs), which have been shown to provide dramatic variations of their eigenvalues in response to small parameter changes. The optical sensing behavior is theoretically investigated based on the transfer matrix method. The results show that the sensor can work within the surrounding temperature (tp) ranging from 0 to 30℃, and the refractive index (ng) of incident medium ranging from 1.0 to 1.4. The detectable variation △ng of the sensor can reach 0.02. The sensitivity of ng and tp can reach 372496.53 RIU-1 and 249.18℃-1, respectively. Our structures show great promise in temperature monitoring in cold environment and identification of chemical gases or liquids.
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37

Beuthan, J., O. Minet, J. Helfmann, M. Herrig, and G. Müller. "The spatial variation of the refractive index in biological cells." Physics in Medicine and Biology 41, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/41/3/002.

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38

Verkouteren, J. R., E. B. Steel, E. S. Windsor, and J. M. Phelps. "Accuracy of the double variation technique of refractive index measurement." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 97, no. 6 (November 1992): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.097.033.

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39

Das, Utpal, and Pallab K. Bhattacharya. "Variation of refractive index in strained InxGa1−xAs‐GaAs heterostructures." Journal of Applied Physics 58, no. 1 (July 1985): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335682.

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40

Simpson, Stephen H., and Simon Hanna. "Optical trapping of microrods: variation with size and refractive index." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 28, no. 5 (April 21, 2011): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.28.000850.

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41

Kyprianidou-Leodidou, Tasoula, Walter Caseri, and Ulrich W. Suter. "Size Variation of PbS Particles in High-Refractive-Index Nanocomposites." Journal of Physical Chemistry 98, no. 36 (September 1994): 8992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100087a029.

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42

Yamamoto, H., M. Asada, and Y. Suematsu. "Electric-field-induced refractive index variation in quantum-well structure." Electronics Letters 21, no. 13 (1985): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19850409.

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43

Olivero, P., S. Calusi, L. Giuntini, S. Lagomarsino, A. Lo Giudice, M. Massi, S. Sciortino, M. Vannoni, and E. Vittone. "Controlled variation of the refractive index in ion-damaged diamond." Diamond and Related Materials 19, no. 5-6 (May 2010): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2009.12.011.

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44

Yuan, R., T. Luo, J. Sun, Z. Zeng, and Y. Fu. "A new method for measuring the imaginary part of refractive index structure parameter in the urban surface layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 15 (August 20, 2014): 21285–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-21285-2014.

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Abstract. Atmospheric refractive index consists of both the real and the imaginary parts. The intensity of refractive index fluctuation is usually expressed as the refractive index structure parameter, whose real part reflects the strength of the atmospheric turbulence while the imaginary part reflects the absorption in the light path. The large aperture scintillometer (LAS) is often used to measure the structure parameter of the real part of atmospheric refractive index, and the sensible and latent heat fluxes can further be obtained, while the influence of the imaginary part is ignored, or thought to be a noise. Based on the expression for the spectrum of the logarithmic light intensity fluctuation caused by the imaginary part of refractive index, new expressions for the logarithmic intensity fluctuation variance and the structure function related to the imaginary part of refractive index are derived. Then a simple expression for the imaginary part of the atmospheric refractive index structure parameter (ARISP) is obtained. It can be conveniently used to measure the imaginary part of the ARISP from LAS. Experiments of light propagation were performed in the urban surface layer and the imaginary part of the ARISP was calculated. The experimental results showed a good agreement with the presented theory. The results also suggested that, the imaginary part of ARISP shows a different variation from the real part of ARISP. For the light with the wavelength of 0.62 μm, the variation of the imaginary part of ARISP is related to both the turbulent transport process and the spatial distribution characteristics of aerosols. Based on the theoretical analysis, it can be expected that the method presented in this study can be applied to measuring the imaginary part of the ARISP caused by the trace gas, if the light wavelength is selected within the corresponding gas absorption region.
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45

Learkthanakhachon, Supannee, Suejit Pechprasarn, Manas Sangworasil, Michael G. Somekh, and Naphat Albutt. "Theoretical Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Acoustic Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.370.

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We report a theoretical investigation of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based acoustic sensor for optical detection of ultrasound. The structure being studied is arranged in the Krestchmann configuration and the detection is performed by observing the change of refractive index of water next to the SPR metal. The acoustic pressure is simulated using COMSOL. The simulation results illustrate an insight into mechanism of pressure variation on the surface of SPR sensor due to a constructive interference of the ultrasound. This leads to a local refractive index change of water. The local refractive index change is calculated by converting the incident pressure to water density using IAPWS-95 formulation. Then, the water density is converted to the refractive index using Lorentz-Lorenz formulation. Here we report the change in the refractive index of the water to pressure, dn/dp, which is calculated to be 1.4 x 10-10 Pa-1, which is very close to the dn/dp reported by M. W. Sigrist 1986. We also investigated the effect of temperature and wavelength on the dn/dp and found that the variation in temperature and wavelength does not show any significant effect on the dn/dp relationship. We also discuss the effect of quality factor (Q) and possible improvements to enhance the sensitivity of SPR-based acoustic sensor.
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46

Isac, Jayakumari. "OPTICAL BAND GAP ANALYSIS OF NANO-CRYSTALLINE CERAMIC PbSrCaCuO." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 5, no. 3 (October 16, 2014): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v5i3.1881.

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ABSTRACTNano-crystalline Ceramic PbSrCaCuO have been prepared by a high-energy ball milling process through mechanically assisted synthesis. The prepared sample was then subjected to calcinations to acquire the desired homogeneity and phase formation. UV-VIS analysis of the sample was carried to study the optical properties of the sample. The band gap energy of the sample shows a marked variation in their value with the increase in temperature. The refractive index n was calculated and the results obtained is plotted with the wavelength. The refractive-index curves also show a systematic variation with temperature.
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47

Luo, Guofang, Xiaochuan Wei, Ping’an Liu, Wenping Li, Yingze Li, Zhixiang Zhang, Kuan Zhou, Zuoshan Shao, and Dong Wang. "Transformer Oil Temperature Variation Based on Terahertz Time-domain Spectroscopy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2564, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2564/1/012012.

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Abstract The transmission terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system is used to measure the transformer oil terahertz spectrum at different temperatures, the time and frequency domain, time delay, and refractive information of transformer oil with different temperatures are tested. The terahertz wave of the time-domain delay of transformer oil at different temperatures is obtained, the variation of time-domain delay and refractive index with different temperatures in the terahertz band were calculated and the linear variation trend was fitted.
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48

Rasteniene, Loreta, Stasys Pajeda, and Rimas Vaisnoras. "Self-Assembly of a Synthetic Opal Infiltrated with Liquid Crystal Like Photonic Crystal." Solid State Phenomena 97-98 (April 2004): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.97-98.245.

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We have studied transmission and linear dichroism spectra of synthetic opal, refractive index n-= 1.342, infiltrated with nematic liquid crystal with averaged refractive index n = 1.596 or with water n = 1.30 and alcohol n = 1.28. We demonstrating that the position of the stop band in the visible spectra is shifted by changing infiltrated material, or temperature, or by variation angle of light incidence. Multiple diffraction are discussed.
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49

Bobrov A. I., Baidus' N.V., khazanova S. V., Gorshkov A. P, Sidorenko K. V., Shushunov A. V., Malekhonova N. V., et al. "Design of tunnel-coupled quantum wells for a Mach--Zehnder scheme modulator construction." Semiconductors 56, no. 9 (2022): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/sc.2022.09.54123.35.

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In this paper, we propose a method for predicting the refractive index variation in InGaAlAs tunnel-coupled quantum wells under the action of an electric field. Complex of mathematical and experimental studies to optimize the heterosystems design forthe semiconductor modulator construction according to a planar Mach--Zehnder interferometer scheme is demonstrated. Keywords: Mach--Zehnder modulator, nanoheterostructure, quantum mechanical calculations, refractive index, transmission electron microscopy, photoelectric spectroscopy.
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50

Chengzhe, Chai, Han Yueming, and Zhao Lei. "P‐2.6: A method for accurately measuring the refractive index modulation of volume holographic grating." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 54, S1 (April 2023): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.16340.

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In this paper, we propose a method to accurately measure the refractive index modulation of VHG. By adjusting the position of the photon detector in real time, we can accurately measure the variation of the diffracted light intensity with the angle of the incident light, and combining the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) fitting, the refractive index modulation of the grating can be measured.
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