Relevant bibliographies by topics / Refractive error

Academic literature on the topic 'Refractive error'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Refractive error"

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Ejukonemu, Barbie O. M. "Refracting The Diseased Eye." Bayero Journal of Nursing and Health Care 3, no. 2 (September 11, 2022): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bjnhc.v3i2.9.

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Refractive error refers to ocular refractive status where images of objects of regard do not fall on the retina in a relaxed eye - the ametropic eye. Thus, objects are perceived as blur. Refractive error is an aberration in an otherwise normal physiological phenomenon and not a disease. Uncorrected refractive errors are the second most causes of blindness after cataract and the cause of almost half of visual impairment. Clinical refraction is a careful scientific procedure employed to correct refractive error. Given that refractive error is the most common reason patients present to the eye care practitioner, a lot of attention must be given to refraction. When an irreversible eye disease co-exist with refractive error, then correction of refractive error under this circumstance; refracting the diseased eye (RDE) become very challenging and painstaking. There will be likelihood of irregularities in the transparent refractive surfaces of the eye due to disease or surgery which make refraction difficult both for the patient and the examiner. Personal clinical experience of the author who is a low vision consultant and review of related literature from textbooks and journals are brought to bear in this article. This paper is a review of the RDE algorithm with delineation of these steps to enable an effective refractive endpoint for the eye with disease. The paper will enable young Optometrists to deal with refractive error masquerading irreversible eye disease. It is also an essential reading for the low vision Optometrist in mastering the art and science of low vision refraction.
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Godar, Srijana Thapa. "MAGNITUDE OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN CHILDREN IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF WESTERN NEPAL." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.167.

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Background: Refractive error is one of the most common causes of the visual impairment and second leading cause of treatable blindness. The objective of the study was to determine the mag­nitude of refractive errors in children. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted on 254 children attending Ophthalmology OPD of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. The children whose visual acuity was worse than 6/6 but improved with pinhole were included in this study. Vision test, retinoscopy and subjective refraction was done in all subjects and cycloplegic refraction was done when needed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Epi-info version 7. Results: The commonest type of refractive error was astigmatism (46.06%) followed by myopia (42.31%). Majority of children had low grade of refractive errors (46.85%). Among the children, “with the rule astigmatism” was maximum (27.56%). Majority of children were in the age between 11 to 15 years (77.95%). The refractive error was seen more in female (63.78%). Among the chil­dren of refractive errors, 29.13% had family history, 33.46% had given the history of wearing spec­tacles and 10.24% children had amblyopia. There was statistically significant association between refractive errors and age groups, history of wearing spectacles, amblyopia and grading of refractive errors. However, there was no statistically significant association of refractive error with gender, residence and family history. Conclusions: Astigmatism was the common type of refractive error followed by myopia. This study emphasizes the importance of detection of refractive error in children.
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Godar, Srijana Thapa. "Magnitude of refractive errors in children in tertiary care hospital of western Nepal." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v10i2.29674.

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Background: Refractive error is one of the most common causes of the visual impairment and second leading cause of treatable blindness. The objective of the study was to determine the mag­nitude of refractive errors in children. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted on 254 children attending Ophthalmology OPD of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. The children whose visual acuity was worse than 6/6 but improved with pinhole were included in this study. Vision test, retinoscopy and subjective refraction was done in all subjects and cycloplegic refraction was done when needed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Epi-info version 7. Results: The commonest type of refractive error was astigmatism (46.06%) followed by myopia (42.31%). Majority of children had low grade of refractive errors (46.85%). Among the children, “with the rule astigmatism” was maximum (27.56%). Majority of children were in the age between 11 to 15 years (77.95%). The refractive error was seen more in female (63.78%). Among the chil­dren of refractive errors, 29.13% had family history, 33.46% had given the history of wearing spec­tacles and 10.24% children had amblyopia. There was statistically significant association between refractive errors and age groups, history of wearing spectacles, amblyopia and grading of refractive errors. However, there was no statistically significant association of refractive error with gender, residence and family history. Conclusions: Astigmatism was the common type of refractive error followed by myopia. This study emphasizes the importance of detection of refractive error in children.
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Yadav, Himanshu Kumar, Snigdha Sen, Preeti Gupta, Renu Agrawal, and Niranjan Singh. "Assessment of Refractive Status of 5-15 Years Old Children Attending Government Schools of Rural Agra." Healthline 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51957/healthline_304_2021.

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Introduction: In children uncorrected refractive errors have a profound effect on educational and psychosocial development hence it is necessary to estimate the prevalence both at the community and at the school level to aid planning and implementation of refractive error services in children. Objective: To determine the refractive status of 5 to 15 years old children attending government schools of rural areas of district Agra, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. Method: Study conducted on 902 students of age group 5-15 years of randomly selected government schools of Bichpuri Block of district Agra. Children underwent visual acuity assessment and torch light examination, height and weight measurement. Children with VA ≤6/9 were further examined and cycloplegic retinoscopy, fundus examination, slit lamp examination and post mydriatic refraction was done. On the basis of values of cycloplegic refraction and post mydriatic refraction, refractive error was classified as myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism. Statistical Analysis was done by applying Chi square test. Result: Out of 902 children, 125 children (13.86 %) were having refractive error of which 76 were myopic (8.43%), 39 were astigmatic (4.32%) and 10 were hypermetropic (1.11%). There was an increase in the overall prevalence of refractive error with advancing age. There was no significant association of refractive error with gender and nutritional status. Conclusion: Vision screening of school children is very useful for early detection and correction of refractive errors. Screening of the refractive errors in school should be carried out periodically and regularly.
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Kerkar, Sheela, and Apurva Thombre. "An observational study to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors in children aged 3-17 years in Mumbai, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 5 (April 24, 2020): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20201632.

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Background: Refractive error is one of the most important causes of avoidable visual impairment. Early detection of refractive error in children is essential to avoid any permanent disability. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors as per age, gender and educational standard in school children aged 3-17 years.Methods: This was an observational non-interventional study. 600 eyes of 300 participants in the age group of 3-17 years were evaluated. All underwent cycloplegic refraction followed by objective refraction. Participants were divided into 3 groups as follows 3-8 years, 9-12 years and 13-17 years and evaluation of type of refractive error was done age wise and gender wise.Results: The number of male and female participants was almost similar with a male:female ratio of 1.02:1. Refractive errors were most common in the age group of 9-12 years. The most common refractive error was astigmatism followed by myopia and hypermetropia. It was also found that majority of patients had bilateral refractive errors.Conclusions: The most common refractive error was astigmatism followed by myopia and hypermetropia. It was also found that majority of patients had bilateral refractive errors. The visual acuity in majority was 6/18 which according to WHO classification falls in Category 0 of Visual impairment in India.
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Taludhar, S., and S. Dhakal. "Refractive Error Profile in a Tertiary Centre in Western Nepal." International Journal of Infection and Microbiology 2, no. 2 (July 20, 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8324.

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INTRODUCTION: Refractive error is one of the causes of avoidable blindness. Myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism are the common types of refractive error. Not many studies are done to detect pattern of refractive error in Western Nepal. So, the study will determine the prevalence and distribution of refractive errors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of all consecutive patients of age less than 40 years who visited eye department, Gandaki Medical College, between May 2010 and May 2011 was conducted. Visual acuity, naked eye and pin hole examination was done by ophthalmic assistant with cycloplegic refraction when needed. Those who did not turn up for refraction were excluded from the study. RESULTS: A total of 601 patients were seen within the study period. Mean age of male patients was 22.4 years }0.6 (95% CI, 21.2-23.6 years) and mean age of female patients was 24.2 years }0.5 (95% CI, 23.2-25.2 years). Majority of the patients were in age group 11-20 years (39.3%). Myopia was the most common refractive error (43.3%) followed by simple myopic astigmatism (23.8%). Refractive errors were more common in females. CONCLUSIONS: Myopia was the commonest refractive compared to hypermetropia. Refractive error was more common in females than in males. Such studies help to know the picture of refractive errors in community and such reports are helpful in planning programme to prevent avoidable blindness.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8324 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):59-63
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Al Bahhawi, Tariq, Anwar M. Makeen, Hadi Hassan Daghreeri, Mohannad Faisal Tobaigy, Abdulrahman Mohammed Adawi, Faisal Mohammed Guhal, Murad Abdullah Akkur, et al. "Refractive Error among Male Primary School Students in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Factors." Open Ophthalmology Journal 12, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101812010264.

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Background: Refractive error is a common and serious eye disorder that affects more than 153 million people globally. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of refractive error among male primary school children in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a randomly selected group of 395 students (aged 6-14 years) in Jazan region, Southwest Saudi Arabia. An optometrist and medical students assessed the refraction error using an autorefractor, a Snellen E chart and retinoscopy. Results: The overall prevalence of uncorrected refractive error in either eye was, 22% higher among rural students. The most prevalent refractive error was hyperopia (32.2%) followed by myopic astigmatism (31%) then myopia (17.2%). Next were hyperopic astigmatism (16.1%) and mixed astigmatism (3.5%). The following variables were associated with a higher risk of refractive errors and myopia: living in rural areas, having parents with refractive errors, spending more time on electronic devices and shorter visual distances. Conclusion: Refractive error was highly prevalent among primary school children in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The rural students were more affected by refractive errors, mainly hyperopia. The preschool vision test should be reconsidered, and a periodic vision examination should be applied to detect vision problems as early as possible.
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Hazarika, Himanto Nath, Dipak Bhuyan, Suranjana Chaliha Hazarika, and Sujit Addya. "Refractive errors in age group seven to fifteen years: North-east India scenario." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 6 (May 22, 2017): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172151.

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Background: The objectives of study were to find out the different types of refractive errors in children between seven to fifteen years age group and the cause of uncorrected defective vision.Methods: A prospective study was designed of two thousand children aged between seven to fifteen years, attending outpatient department. Study period was one year. Consent was obtained from their guardian. Inclusion criteria were children with refractive errors. Children presenting with organic defects of ocular structures, infections, corneal opacity, cataract, choroid and retinal disorders were excluded from study. Data were collected by history taking and comprehensive ocular examination, visual tests for both near and distant vision. Refractive error assessed by cycloplegic drug with one percent Homatropine eye drops, by streak retinoscopy. Objective refraction were carried out and documented. Subjective refraction was done after one week. Both BCVA and uncorrected refractive errors were ascertained and recorded.Results: Out of two thousand children examined, myopic = 34%, hypermetropic = 11%, and astigmatic = 55%. M: F = 900:1000. Study showed headache as the commonest symptom. 17% of the patients had positive family history. Correctable errors constitute 91% of the total cases.Conclusions: Myopic astigmatism was found to be the most frequent refractive error in children. Mass screening is required for early diagnosis of refractive error. Prescribing corrective glasses for children with refractive errors at an early age will prevent childhood morbidity.
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Chean, Chung Shen, Boon Kang Aw Yong, Samuel Comely, Deena Maleedy, Stephen Kaye, Mark Batterbury, Vito Romano, Esmaeil Arbabi, and Victor Hu. "Refractive outcomes following cataract surgery in patients who have had myopic laser vision correction." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 4, no. 1 (April 2019): e000242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000242.

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ObjectivePrediction errors are increased among patients presenting for cataract surgery post laser vision correction (LVC) as biometric relationships are altered. We investigated the prediction errors of five formulae among these patients.Methods and analysisThe intended refractive error was calculated as a sphero-cylinder and as a spherical equivalent for analysis. For determining the difference between the intended and postoperative refractive error, data were transformed into components of Long's formalism, before changing into sphero-cylinder notation. These differences in refractive errors were compared between the five formulae and to that of a control group using a Kruskal-Wallis test. An F-test was used to compare the variances of the difference distributions.Results22 eyes post LVC and 19 control eyes were included for analysis. Comparing both groups, there were significant differences in the postoperative refractive error (p=0.038). The differences between the intended and postoperative refractive error were greater in post LVC eyes than control eyes (p=0.012), irrespective of the calculation method for the intended refractive error (p<0.01). The mean difference between the intended and postoperative refractive error was relatively small, but its variance was significantly greater among post LVC eyes than control eyes (p<0.01). Among post LVC eyes, there were no significant differences between the mean intended target refraction and between the intended and postoperative refractive error using five biometry formulae (p=0.76).ConclusionBiometry calculations were less precise for patients who had LVC than patients without LVC. No particular biometry formula appears to be superior among patients post LVC.
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Ismail, Lili Asma, and Sheiladevi Sukumaran. "Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry158.

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Background: Uncorrected refractive error is the most common cause of vision impairment and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Its prevalence differs among and within countries. This study was aimed at exploring the pattern and prevalence of refractive error among school children in the Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling in a geographically defined area was employed, and 245 school children, aged 8–12 years, from two primary schools in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, were recruited. The cross-sectional study employed interviewing, measuring uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) using the Snellen chart, cycloplegic refraction under a streak retinoscope refined subjectively, and a detailed slit-lamp examination to assess the anterior and posterior segments. Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were defined as spherical equivalent (SE) greater than or equal to - 0.50, SE greater than or equal to + 2.00, and cylindrical greater than or equal to 0.75 D, respectively. Reduced UCDVA was defined as an unaided visual acuity < 6/9. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 10.42 (1.22) years. The overall prevalence of refractive error was 47.8%. Of 245 screened school children, including 42 (35.9%) boys and 75 (64.1%) girls, 117 had refractive error, with a prevalence of refractive error of 17.1% and 30.6% in boys and girls, respectively. Myopia was the most common type (30.2%), followed by astigmatism (16.3%) and hyperopia (1.2%). The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3% among the screened school children, attributable to refractive error with a significantly high positive correlation (r = +.721; P < 0.01). Among those with refractive errors, sex differences in the magnitude of refractive errors were not statistically significant in the three types of refractive errors (all P > 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of refractive error among primary school children in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was 47.8%; girls outnumbered boys, but the magnitude of refractive errors showed no sex differences. The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3%, attributable to refractive error. Irrespective of sex, myopia had the highest prevalence compared to other refractive errors, and its prevalence increased with age. Future population-based studies are required to address the limitations concerning environmental risk factors for refractive error and the impact of ethnic or familial backgrounds on their prevalence in a similar but larger population using the same protocol.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Refractive error"

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Smith, Kyla M. "Field measures of refractive error /." Adobe Acrobat Reader required to view document, 2008. http://library.neco.edu/theses/SmithThesisMay08.pdf.

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Ng, Siu-chun Danny, and 吳兆駿. "The prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive error in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4804331X.

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Purpose: WHO reports 46% of world vision impairment from refractive error (RE) among children occurs in China. We estimated RE prevalence and associated vision impairment (VI) among Chinese children and adults. Methods: Data from population-based studies were stratified by gender in age intervals of 3 years (ages 3-17 y) or 10 years (ages >= 30 y): counts of persons with myopia (worse eye spherical equivalent <= -1.0D, <= -2.0D, <= -6.0D) and prevalence of low vision (< 6/12 in the better-seeing eye for children and < 6/18 for adults) and blindness (<=6/60) attributable to RE. Figures for VI included persons with habitual vision below the cutoff improving to above the cutoff with refraction, and those with myopic retinopathy. Estimates for ages 18-29 y were obtained from regression models derived from the pooled estimates. Prevalence of myopia and VI attributable to RE in each age/gender category was calculated by applying modeled rates to 2000 China census figures and projections for 2020. Association with VI attributable to RE was tested for: gender, urban versus rural residence, and residence in provinces with per capita GDP in the upper versus lower 50% for China. Results: Data were obtained from 5 cohorts for children and 14 for adults. There were 291 million and 21.4 million persons with myopia <= -1.0D and <= -6.0D respectively in 2000, expected to rise to 306 million and 36.9 million by 2020. Of these, 18.4 million were blind and 116 million had low vision in 2000, with figures of 25.3 million and 123 million in 2020. Children accounted for the following proportion of RE disease burden in China in 2000: myopia <= -1.0D: 19.0%; RE-associated low vision: 56.1%; blindness: 14.1%. Refractive error was responsible for 82.3% of blindness and 90.5% of low vision among children, and 11.6% and 64.4% of blindness and low vision among adults. Urban residence (OR 1.85, P = 0.004) and higher GDP (OR 10.6, P < 0.001) were associated with refractive blindness among children. For adults, lower GDP was associated with refractive blindness (OR 1.47, P = 0.01). Gender was un-associated with refractive blindness among children or adults. Conclusions: Both children and adults suffer a heavy burden of VI associated with RE in China. Income may affect risk for such VI differently among children and adults.
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Marks, Amanda R. "Nutrition, Vitamin D and Refractive Error." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275397144.

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Hartwig, Andreas. "The influence of optics, peripheral refraction and posture on refractive error development." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-influence-of-optics-peripheral-refraction-and-posture-on-refractive-error-development(f0382767-3194-4631-8cab-d473d64900bd).html.

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The aim of the present project was to analyse the link between peripheral posture, optics, optics and refractive error progression. Preliminary studies were conducted to ensure that peripheral aberrometry is valid for further analysis. The repeatability of the IRX-3 for peripheral aberrometry was asgood as for central measurements and the recalculation of elliptical pupils did not seem to be necessary for measurements up to 20 degrees eccentricity. Higher order aberration measurements werecomparable to other studies. Eye and head movements as well as working distance did not differ significantly between myopes and non-myopes. However, there was some evidence, that forward bending of the head during reading increases in association with higher refractive error progression rates. The link between central higher order aberrations and refractive error development was analysed by comparing higher order aberrations between isometropes and anisometropes. This analysisdid not show any significant association of higher order aberrations on the development, as no major differences were found between the two groups. For central vision, changes in biometric parameters during accommodation were analysed. It was found that biometric parameters change similarly in myopes and non-myopes. Peripheral accommodation was found to differ between myopes and emmetropes indicating that there might be an influence of peripheral refraction on myopisation. However, associationbetween peripheral refraction or peripheral aberrations and refractive error progression were not significant. The reason for this observation might be the low refractive error progression (0.04± 0.29 D in myopes and -0.12 ± 0.38 D in emmetropes) during one year in the study population.
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Shah, Rupal Lalit. "Discovery of genetic determinants for refractive error." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/114602/.

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Refractive errors such as myopia are the leading cause of reversible visual impairment worldwide with their prevalence rapidly increasing, resulting in greater burden on public health services. The aim of this series of investigations was to leverage the latest statistical methods and large-scale cohorts available in order to develop our understanding of the genetic determinants for the refractive error traits of spherical equivalent, corneal astigmatism and refractive astigmatism. Investigation of genetic variants on the X-chromosome, a region often neglected in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), identified four genes demonstrating association in a gene-based analysis of spherical equivalent for a cohort of teenagers. Meta-analysis of GWAS results for corneal astigmatism including European and Asian ancestry cohorts performed on behalf of the CREAM consortium successfully replicated the previously identified association near the PDGFRA gene (lead variant: rs7673984, odds ratio = 1.12, P = 5.55 × 10−9). The availability of data from the UK Biobank facilitated the largest GWAS for corneal and refractive astigmatism performed to date (N = 86,335 and 88,005 respectively). Here, GWAS for these traits identified four and two novel loci associated with corneal and refractive astigmatism respectively. Each of these loci had previously been associated with other ocular traits including myopia. Phenotypic variance explained by common genetic variants was relatively low for corneal and refractive astigmatism at ~6% and ~5% respectively, thus proposing a greater role for rare variants in explaining astigmatism variance due to genetics. Lastly, in order to link identified variants and genes functionally influenced in myopia development, several candidate myopia genes identified from a primate myopia model demonstrated enrichment with refractive error associated variants in human samples. Overall, the findings from these investigations are a starting point in guiding further research into the complex biological mechanisms underlying refractive error development.
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Graham, Nicholas Dale. "The Heritability of Refractive Error between Siblings." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275350173.

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Smith, Molly J. "Peripheral Refractive Error in Multifocal Contact Lenses." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460470062.

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McBrien, N. A. "The relationship between accommodation responses and refractive error." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376826.

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Merchea, Mohinder Mohan. "Refractive error shift with continuous use (Rescu) lenses." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054652868.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 144 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-144). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Kearney, Stephanie. "Myopia : the association between environmental factors and refractive error." Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.725340.

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Books on the topic "Refractive error"

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Lee, Andrew G., Hilary Beaver, T. Ashwini Kini, Bayan Al Othman, and Natalie DeBolske. Refractive Error in the Geriatric Population. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22261-1.

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Refractive surgery. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2009.

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Refractive surgery. 2nd ed. San Francisco, Calif: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2007.

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Intraocular lens power calculations: Avoiding the errors. Glendale, Calif: News Circle Pub. House, 1996.

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Levy, Ivor S. MCQs in optics and refraction for the Royal College of Ophthalmologists examinations. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

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1953-, Kershner Robert M., ed. Refractive surgery for eyecare paraprofessionals. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK, 1997.

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1947-, Brookman Kenneth Edward, ed. Refractive management of ametropia. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.

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K, Wu Helen, ed. Refractive surgery. New York: Thieme, 1999.

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C, Still D., ed. Eye examination and refraction. 2nd ed. Oxford ; Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1998.

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Rapuano, Christopher J. Refractive surgery. 2nd ed. [San Francisco, Calif.]: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Refractive error"

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Hung, George K., and Kenneth J. Ciuffreda. "Models of Refractive Error Development." In Models of the Visual System, 643–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5865-8_18.

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Beaver, Hilary. "Refractive Error in the Geriatric Population." In Geriatric Ophthalmology, 7–13. New York, NY: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b137372_2.

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Beaver, Hilary. "Refractive Error in the Geriatric Population." In Geriatric Ophthalmology, 7–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0014-2_2.

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Kuriakose, Thomas. "Evaluating Refractive Error and Prescribing Glasses." In Clinical Insights and Examination Techniques in Ophthalmology, 45–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2890-3_5.

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Beaver, Hilary A. "Refractive Error in the Geriatric Population." In Geriatric Ophthalmology, 7–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04019-2_2.

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Philip, Krupa, Prakash Paudel, Jerry Vincent, Srinivas Marmamula, Timothy Fricke, and Padmaja Sankaridurg. "Refractive Error and School Eye Health." In South-East Asia Eye Health, 145–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3787-2_10.

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Katz, Toam R. "Sources of Error in Corneal Refractive Surgery." In Complications in Corneal Laser Surgery, 33–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41496-6_5.

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Bohac, Maja, Ante Barisic, Sudi Patel, and Nikica Gabric. "Multifocal Intraocular Lenses: Postimplantation Residual Refractive Error." In Essentials in Ophthalmology, 93–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21282-7_9.

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Strauss, Leon, Shimon Rumelt, and Dimitri T. Azar. "Determination of Refractive Error and Prescription of Spectacles." In Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 995–1009. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_236.

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Strauss, Leon, Shimon Rumelt, and Dimitri T. Azar. "Determination of Refractive Error and Prescription of Spectacles." In Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_236-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Refractive error"

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Webb, Robert H., C. Murray Penney, and Keith P. Thompson. "Measurement of Local Refractive Error." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1991.wc3.

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We have measured refractive error through a succession of small regions of the cornea. In these initial measurements approximately twenty regions of 1 mm diameter are selected for each measured eye. For experimental convenience, the regions are chosen along vertical horizontal and 45 degree oblique meridia through a central point near the comeal apex. Refractive error at each locus is determined by a variant of the Scheiner principle.
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Odom, Gung-mei Chao, and Leys. "Symmetrical Refractive Error Elevates Stereo Thresholds." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.589861.

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Odom, J. Vernon, Gung-mei Chao, and Monique Leys. "Symmetrical refractive error elevates stereo thresholds." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5761978.

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Li, Qin, Jinghua Wang, Jane You, Bob Zhang, and Fakhri Karray. "Refractive error detection via group sparse representation." In 2010 International Conference on Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (AIS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ais.2010.5547046.

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Li, Xiangning, Jiabi Chen, and Longyun Xu. "Image sensor for testing refractive error of eyes." In International Conference on Sensors and Control Techniques (ICSC2000), edited by Desheng Jiang and Anbo Wang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.385577.

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Fageeri, Sallam Osman, Shyma Mogtaba Mohammed Ahmed, Sahar Abdalla Almubarak, and Abubakar Aminu Mu'azu. "Eye refractive error classification using machine learning techniques." In 2017 International Conference on Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engineering (ICCCCEE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccccee.2017.7867660.

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Palmer, James R. "Optical refractive synchronization: bit error rate analysis and measurement." In International Symposium on Photonics and Applications, edited by Seng Tiong Ho, Yan Zhou, Weng W. Chow, and Yasuhiko Arakawa. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.369442.

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Yang, Zhongqi, Eugene Yujun Fu, Grace Ngai, Hong Va Leong, Chi-wai Do, and Lily Chan. "Screening for refractive error with low-quality smartphone images." In MoMM '20: The 18th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3428690.3429175.

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Hoffnagle, John A. "Sensitivity of a refractive beam reshaper to figure error." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Fred M. Dickey, Scott C. Holswade, and David L. Shealy. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.451641.

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Stiller, Henning, Ulrich Oechsner, and Bernhard Rassow. "Interferometric measurement of the refractive error of the eye." In Europto Biomedical Optics '93, edited by Adolf F. Fercher, Aaron Lewis, Halina Podbielska, Herbert Schneckenburger, and Tony Wilson. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.167413.

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Reports on the topic "Refractive error"

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Narayan, Sonam. Addressing the Unmet Need: An Analysis of the Global Prevalence of Refractive Error and its Possible Solutions. Portland State University Library, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.87.

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Hart, Carl R., D. Keith Wilson, Chris L. Pettit, and Edward T. Nykaza. Machine-Learning of Long-Range Sound Propagation Through Simulated Atmospheric Turbulence. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41182.

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Conventional numerical methods can capture the inherent variability of long-range outdoor sound propagation. However, computational memory and time requirements are high. In contrast, machine-learning models provide very fast predictions. This comes by learning from experimental observations or surrogate data. Yet, it is unknown what type of surrogate data is most suitable for machine-learning. This study used a Crank-Nicholson parabolic equation (CNPE) for generating the surrogate data. The CNPE input data were sampled by the Latin hypercube technique. Two separate datasets comprised 5000 samples of model input. The first dataset consisted of transmission loss (TL) fields for single realizations of turbulence. The second dataset consisted of average TL fields for 64 realizations of turbulence. Three machine-learning algorithms were applied to each dataset, namely, ensemble decision trees, neural networks, and cluster-weighted models. Observational data come from a long-range (out to 8 km) sound propagation experiment. In comparison to the experimental observations, regression predictions have 5–7 dB in median absolute error. Surrogate data quality depends on an accurate characterization of refractive and scattering conditions. Predictions obtained through a single realization of turbulence agree better with the experimental observations.
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Veleva, Nevyana, and Violeta Chernodrinska. Refractive Errors, Strabismus and Amblyopia in Mentally Retarded Children. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.01.15.

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Keener, James. Potential Measurement Errors Induced by Atmospheric Refraction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada341850.

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An empirical assessment of refraction error in leveling as a function of survey order and environment. US Geological Survey, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2114.

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