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Journal articles on the topic 'Refractions'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Dyer, Alan M., and Angus H. Kirk. "A fully automated remote refraction system." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 6, no. 2_suppl (August 2000): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633001935806.

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Traditional methods of performing refractions depend on a trained refractionist being present with the subject and conducting an interactive form of subjective testing. A fully automated refraction system was installed in 13 optical dispensaries and after 15 months the patient and statistical information was gathered. The data from all operators were consistent and suggested a lack of operator effect on the refraction results. The mean of the SD of subjective sphere measurements was 0.2, or slightly less than a quarter dioptre, which would be an acceptable level of accuracy for ordering corrective lenses. The present study suggests an absence of operator influence on the results of the refractions and a degree of consistency and accuracy compatible with the prescription of lenses.

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2

Anderson, Alyssa Erin, and Gordon Hensel. "Evaluating the Adequacy of the Geographic Distribution of Eye Care Professionals in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Optometry 83, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjo.v83i2.1552.

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A refraction is one of several tests performed by optometrists and ophthalmologists to issue a patient’s prescription for glasses. In Alberta, optometrists and ophthalmologists are authorized to perform refractions and prescribe based on that refraction; however, opticians are only authorized to refract. This study investigates whether there is a public need for opticians to be licensed to perform refractions and prescribe based on that refraction based on the adequacy of the geographic distribution of eye care professionals in Alberta. To answer this question, the optometrist and ophthalmologist to population ratios for each of Alberta’s five health zones were calculated and compared to international benchmarks. Our results show that all five of Alberta’s health zones have optometrist to population ratios that either meet or exceed the 1:10,000 international benchmark, and three of the five health zones have ophthalmologist to population ratios that meet or exceed the 3:100,000 international benchmark. Based on this data, there is an adequate distribution of optometrists but an inadequate distribution of ophthalmologists in the province. However, in regard to refractions, there is no overwhelming public need for opticians to refract and prescribe based on the refraction.

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3

Leffler, Christopher T., Martin Wilkes, Juliana Reeves, and Muneera A. Mahmood. "Postoperative Refraction in the Second Eye Having Cataract Surgery." ISRN Ophthalmology 2011 (December 10, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/273923.

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Introduction. Previous cataract surgery studies assumed that first-eye predicted and observed postoperative refractions are equally important for predicting second-eye postoperative refraction. Methods. In a retrospective analysis of 173 patients having bilateral sequential phacoemulsification, multivariable linear regression was used to predict the second-eye postoperative refraction based on refractions predicted by the SRK-T formula for both eyes, the first-eye postoperative refraction, and the difference in IOL selected between eyes. Results. The first-eye observed postoperative refraction was an independent predictor of the second eye postoperative refraction () and was weighted more heavily than the first-eye predicted refraction. Compared with the SRK-T formula, this model reduced the root-mean-squared (RMS) error of the predicted refraction by 11.3%. Conclusions. The first-eye postoperative refraction is an independent predictor of the second-eye postoperative refraction. The first-eye predicted refraction is less important. These findings may be due to interocular symmetry.

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4

Swan, Gladys. "Refractions." Sewanee Review 116, no. 1 (2008): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2008.0002.

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5

Lin, L. L. K., and C. J. Chen. "Twin Study on Myopia." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 36, no. 4 (October 1987): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000006917.

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AbstractIn order to reassess the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the development of myopia in Chinese schoolchildren, 90 pairs of MZ and 36 pairs of like-sex DZ twins were enrolled for detailed ophthalmological examination about their ocular refractions. Corneal curvatures and axial lengths were also measured. With equivalent settings of the range for concordance, corneal curvatures showed higher concordance rate (84%) than ocular refractions (65%) and axial lenghts (59%) in MZ twins. F-test on the intrapair variances between MZ and DZ twins revealed a significant hereditary role in determining the ocular refraction and its optical components. The degree of genetic determination was expressed by heritability indices, which were derived from intraclass correlation coefficients. The diversity of sample ages and refractions, while making the obtained data difficult to further explore the gene-environment interaction, led to the observation of more intrapair differences with age and myopic progression in MZ twins.

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6

Kelly, Eamonn, Tony Corbett, Brian Friel, and Thomas Kilroy. "Social Refractions." Books Ireland, no. 257 (2003): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20632565.

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7

Reynolds, Margaret. "Sapphic Refractions." History Workshop Journal 50, no. 1 (2000): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/2000.50.275.

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8

Shen, Yang, and Jie Zhang. "Refraction wavefield migration." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 6 (October 22, 2020): Q27—Q37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0141.1.

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Refraction methods are often applied to model and image near-surface velocity structures. However, near-surface imaging is very challenging, and no single method can resolve all of the land seismic problems across the world. In addition, deep interfaces are difficult to image from land reflection data due to the associated low signal-to-noise ratio. Following previous research, we have developed a refraction wavefield migration method for imaging shallow and deep interfaces via interferometry. Our method includes two steps: converting refractions into virtual reflection gathers and then applying a prestack depth migration method to produce interface images from the virtual reflection gathers. With a regular recording offset of approximately 3 km, this approach produces an image of a shallow interface within the top 1 km. If the recording offset is very long, the refractions may follow a deep path, and the result may reveal a deep interface. We determine several factors that affect the imaging results using synthetics. We also apply the novel method to one data set with regular recording offsets and another with far offsets; both cases produce sharp images, which are further verified by conventional reflection imaging. This method can be applied as a promising imaging tool when handling practical cases involving data with excessively weak or missing reflections but available refractions.

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9

Ye, Sheng, Shengxin Liu, Wenlei Li, Qifan Wang, Wei Xi, and Xin Zhang. "Associations between anthropometric indicators and both refraction and ocular biometrics in a cross-sectional study of Chinese schoolchildren." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e027212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027212.

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ObjectiveTo identify associations between anthropometric indicators (height, weight and body mass index (BMI)) and both refraction and ocular biometrics in Chinese schoolchildren in Tianjin, China.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 482 (86.07%) students (6–15 years old) with no history of ocular or systemic pathologies were enrolled in this study.MethodologyHeight and weight were measured using standardised protocols. Ocular biometrics (axial length (AL), vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and corneal curvature (CC)) were measured by a low-coherence optical reflectometry device. Cycloplegic refraction was measured using autorefraction. The AL/CC ratio and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were calculated. Myopia was defined as SER ≤−0.50 dioptres (D). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the associations between anthropometric indicators (height, weight and BMI) and both refraction and ocular biometrics.ResultsThe overall prevalence of myopia was 71.16%. Overall, only height was associated with ALs, VCDs, AL/CC ratios and refractions after controlling for age, gender, parental myopia, family income, reading and writing distance and time spent outdoors. Furthermore, age-specific results demonstrated that height and weight were independently associated with refraction in participants aged 6–8 years and 9–11 years participants. Higher heights in schoolchildren were associated with longer ALs (regression coefficientb=+0.25 for each 10 cm difference in height, p<0.01), deeper VCDs (b=+0.23, p<0.01), higher AL/CC ratios (b=+0.04, p<0.01) and more negative refractions (b=−0.48, p<0.01). Heavier weights were also associated with longer ALs (+0.29 mm, p<0.01), deeper VCDs (+0.29 mm, p<0.01), higher AL/CC ratios (+0.04, p<0.01) and more negative refractions (−0.48 D, p<0.01).ConclusionsHeight and weight remained independently related to refraction and various ocular biometrics during the early adolescent growth period after adequately controlling for covariates, which could support the idea that a shared mechanism may regulate the coordinated growth of body and eye size in children.

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10

Aldridge, David F., and Douglas W. Oldenburg. "Refractor imaging using an automated wavefront reconstruction method." GEOPHYSICS 57, no. 3 (March 1992): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443252.

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The classical wavefront method for interpreting seismic refraction arrival times is implemented on a digital computer. Modern finite‐difference propagation algorithms are used to downward continue recorded refraction arrival times through a near‐surface heterogeneous velocity structure. Two such subsurface traveltime fields need to be reconstructed from the arrivals observed on a forward and reverse geophone spread. The locus of a shallow refracting horizon is then defined by a simple imaging condition involving the reciprocal time (the traveltime between source positions at either end of the spread). Refractor velocity is estimated in a subsequent step by calculating the directional derivative of the reconstructed subsurface wavefronts along the imaged interface. The principle limitation of the technique arises from imprecise knowledge of the overburden velocity distribution. This velocity information must be obtained from uphole times, direct and reflected arrivals, shallow refractions, and borehole data. Analysis of synthetic data examples indicates that the technique can accurately image both synclinal and anticlinal structures. Finally, the method is tested, apparently successfully, on a shallow refraction data‐set acquired at an archeological site in western Crete.

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11

Jagger, Nicholas. "Translations, Refractions, Versions." Translation and Literature 17, no. 2 (September 2008): 166–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0968136108000216.

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12

Miller, Joseph. "Refractions and reflections." Survey of Ophthalmology 49, no. 4 (July 2004): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.04.011.

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13

Ure, Michael. "Refractions of Violence." Thesis Eleven 85, no. 1 (May 2006): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/072551360608500111.

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14

Hussey, Mark. "Refractions of Desire:." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 38, no. 1 (1992): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.0.0591.

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15

Pryor, Adam. "Intra‐active refractions." Dialog 60, no. 1 (March 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dial.12639.

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16

Jiang, Ping, Kang Xie, Huajun Yang, and Zhenhai Wu. "Negative Propagation Effects in Two-Dimensional Silicon Photonic Crystals." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/702637.

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We demonstrated negative refraction effects of light propagating in two-dimensional square and hexagonal-lattice silicon photonic crystals (PhCs). The plane wave expansion method was used to solve the complex eigenvalue problems, as well as to find dispersion curves and equal-frequency contour (EFC). The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to simulate and visualize electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering in the PhCs. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations are presented. Two different kinds of negative refractions, namely, all-angle negative refraction (AANR) without a negative index and negative refraction with effective negative index, have been verified and compared.

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17

Barker, Simon. "Wartime Refractions: Editor's Preface." Literature & History 11, no. 2 (November 2002): v—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/lh.11.2.1.

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18

Ivanov, Julian, Richard D. Miller, Jianghai Xia, Don Steeples, and Choon B. Park. "Joint analysis of refractions with surface waves: An inverse solution to the refraction-traveltime problem." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 6 (November 2006): R131—R138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2360226.

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We describe a possible solution to the inverse refraction-traveltime problem (IRTP) that reduces the range of possible solutions (nonuniqueness). This approach uses a reference model, derived from surface-wave shear-wave velocity estimates, as a constraint. The application of the joint analysis of refractions with surface waves (JARS) method provided a more realistic solution than the conventional refraction/tomography methods, which did not benefit from a reference model derived from real data. This confirmed our conclusion that the proposed method is an advancement in the IRTP analysis. The unique basic principles of the JARS method might be applicable to other inverse geophysical problems.

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19

Mittet, Rune. "Seismic wave propagation concepts applied to the interpretation of marine controlled-source electromagnetics." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): E63—E81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0215.1.

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Concepts such as reflections, refractions, diffractions, and transmissions are very useful for the interpretation of seismic data. Moreover, these concepts play a key role in the design of processing algorithms for seismic data. Currently, however, the same concepts are not widely used for the analysis and interpretation of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data. Connections between seismic and marine CSEM data are established by analytically transforming the diffusive Maxwell equations to wave-domain Maxwell equations. Seismic data and wave-domain electromagnetic data are simulated with 3D finite-difference schemes. The two data types are similar; however, the wave-domain electromagnetic data must be transformed back to the diffusive domain to properly describe realistic field propagation in the earth. We analyzed the inverse transform from the wave domain to the diffusive domain. Concepts like reflections, refractions, diffractions and transmissions were found to be valid also for marine CSEM data but the properties of the inverse transform favored refracted and guided events over reflected and diffracted events. In this sense, marine CSEM data were found to be similar to refraction seismic data.

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20

Tirey, Wylie, Tammy Than, and Darwin Mormon. "COMPARISON OF INITIAL REFRACTION TO POST DILATION AGENT AND POST REVERSING AGENT REFRACTIONS." Optometry and Vision Science 71, Supplement (December 1994): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199412001-00218.

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21

Tabernero, Juan, Carles Otero, and Shahina Pardhan. "A Comparison Between Refraction From an Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator and Clinical Refractions." Translational Vision Science & Technology 9, no. 7 (June 22, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/tvst.9.7.23.

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22

Marting, Diane E., and Sharon Magnarelli. "Reflections/Refractions: Reading Luisa Valenzuela." Hispania 73, no. 3 (September 1990): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/343965.

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23

FENG, LIANG, XIAO-PING LIU, JIE REN, YAN-FENG CHEN, and YONG-YUAN ZHU. "COMPARISONS OF NEGATIVE REFRACTION IN LEFT-HANDED MATERIALS AND PHOTONIC CRYSTALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 23 (September 20, 2005): 3547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205032371.

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Using the equifrequency surfaces (EFS) to describe negative refractions in left-handed materials (LHMs) and photonic crystals (PCs), negative phase and negative group refractive indexes in LHMs were compared with positive phase and negative group refractive indexes in PCs. The refractive indexes in PCs were dependent on frequencies and incident angles of electromagnetic wave, while indexes in LHMs were constant in the left-handed region. Furthermore, the phase compensating effect resulting from the negative phase refractive index was addressed to distinguish the perfect lens made of LHMs from the superlens realized in the all angle negative refraction (AANR) region of PCs.

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24

Anderson, Alyssa Erin, and Gordon Hensel. "Assessing the Skills of Alberta’s Refracting Opticians: Can Opticians Safely and Independently Refract and Prescribe Optical Appliances?" Canadian Journal of Optometry 83, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjo.v83i1.1711.

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Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces that permits optician-performed refractions. Recently, the Alberta College and Association of Opticians (ACAO) has requested an expansion of opticians’ scope of practice to include the ability to prescribe optical appliances, an activity currently restricted to optometrists and ophthalmologists. For the remainder of this paper, the term “prescribe” should be interpreted as the prescription of an optical appliance, not a therapeutic pharmaceutical agent. In this paper, we investigate whether designated refracting opticians in Alberta have adequate training and knowledge to safely and independently perform a refraction and prescribe an optical appliance. To answer this research question, we composed a list of 27 skills we deem necessary to safely and independently refract and prescribe. We then evaluated the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology’s (NAIT) opticianry programs and the entry to practice examinations administered by the National Association of Canadian Optician Regulators (NACOR) and the Optometry Examining Board of Canada (OEBC) in terms of their coverage of these 27 skills. Our findings show that NAIT’s optical science programs either do not cover or do not practically assess students on over half (59 percent) of the skills required to safely and independently refract and prescribe, and the NACOR examination fails to cover 77 percent of the skills required to safely refract and prescribe. Based on this information, refracting opticians in Alberta do not possess adequate training and knowledge to safely and independently perform a refraction and prescribe an optical appliance. Granting opticians the legislative authority to independently refract and prescribe may result in a public health issue, as there may be an increase in the number of un-diagnosed or un-detected eye and systemic diseases.

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25

Chuang, Shun-Lien. "Theory of hole refractions from heterojunctions." Physical Review B 40, no. 15 (November 15, 1989): 10379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.40.10379.

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26

Pasco, Allan H. "Reflections and Refractions in Camus'sLa Chute." Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures 68, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397709.2014.877267.

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27

Miola, R. S. "Early Modern Antigones: Receptions, Refractions, Replays." Classical Receptions Journal 6, no. 2 (August 9, 2013): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/crj/clt015.

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28

Ramage, Stella. "Colonial Refractions of a Malakulan Chief." Journal of Pacific History 51, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2016.1224445.

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29

Lacy, Norris J. "Parallax and Paradox: Refractions in Romance." Romance Philology 63, no. 2 (January 2009): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.rph.3.18.

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30

Naeser, Kristian, Jesper Ø. Hjortdal, and William F. Harris. "Pseudophakic monovision: optimal distribution of refractions." Acta Ophthalmologica 92, no. 3 (May 7, 2013): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.12148.

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31

Tyson, Farrell C., Mitchell A. Jackson, and Jonathan D. Solomon. "Combining Multimodal Wavefront Examination and Digital Refraction to Create a Rapid and Accurate Approach (XFraction) for a Total Visual System Assessment for Intraocular Lens Selection." US Ophthalmic Review 06, no. 02 (2013): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usor.2013.06.02.110.

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Following advances in intraocular lens technology in recent years, greatly increased options are now available to the ophthalmic surgeon. However, there is a need for improved diagnostic technologies to optimize outcomes and select the best treatment strategies. A process combining multimodal wavefront examination and digital refraction, wavefront optimized refraction or ‘XFractionSM,’ has been recently developed to address this requirement. This novel fusion of techniques increases the amount of data that can be captured from each eye by orders of magnitude and is completed in much less time than former separate methods or manual refraction alone. The result is a process that enhances current procedures, provides superior patient diagnosis over previous techniques through the full optical pathway, and provides multiple benefits to both the patient and physician. The process enables the collection of a large amount of relevant information that makes available new levels of understanding about each patient’s unique visual system. Its use in clinical practice has been further associated with increased practice efficiency, enhanced optimized refractions, improved diagnostic surgical outcomes, and higher levels of patient satisfaction.

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32

Deosarkar, S. D., V. V. Pandhare, and P. S. Kattekar. "Densities and Refractive Indices of Potassium Salt Solutions in Binary Mixture of Different Compositions." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/368576.

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Densities and refractive indices of solutions of different concentrations of potassium salts, namely, KCl, KBr, and KI in 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture were measured at 303.15 K. Specific refractions () and molar refractions () have been estimated from measured refractive indices and densities of solutions and interpreted in terms of interactions in salt solutions. Refractive indices increased with an increase in percentage of ethanol as well as with concentrations of potassium salts for given composition of binary solvent mixture.

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33

Kuo, Hui-Ying, John Ching-Jen Hsiao, Jing-Jie Chen, Chi-Hung Lee, Chun-Chao Chuang, and Han-Yin Sun. "The Correlations between Horizontal and Vertical Peripheral Refractions and Human Eye Shape Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Highly Myopic Eyes." Healthcare 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080966.

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The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between relative peripheral refraction and retinal shape by 2-D magnetic resonance imaging in high myopes. Thirty-five young adults aged 20 to 30 years participated in this study with 16 high myopes (spherical equivalent < −6.00 D) and 19 emmetropes (+0.50 to −0.50 D). An open field autorefractor was used to measure refractions from the center out to 60° in the horizontal meridian and out to around 20° in the vertical meridian, with a step of 3 degrees. Axial length was measured by using A-scan ultrasonography. In addition, images of axial, sagittal, and tangential sections were obtained using 2-D magnetic resonance imaging. The highly myopic group had a significantly relative peripheral hyperopic refraction and showed a prolate ocular shape compared to the emmetropic group. The highly myopic group had relative peripheral hyperopic refraction and showed a prolate ocular form. Significant differences in the ratios of height/axial (1.01 ± 0.02 vs. 0.94 ± 0.03) and width/axial (0.99 ± 0.17 vs. 0.93 ± 0.04) were found from the MRI images between the emmetropic and the highly myopic eyes (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the retina’s curvature and relative peripheral refraction for both temporal (Pearson r = −0.459; p < 0.01) and nasal (Pearson r = −0.277; p = 0.011) retina. For the highly myopic eyes, the amount of peripheral hyperopic defocus is correlated to its ocular shape deformation. This could be the first study investigating the relationship between peripheral refraction and ocular dimension in high myopes, and it is hoped to provide useful knowledge of how the development of myopia changes human eye shape.

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34

Russell, David Williams. "Refractions of Italian Law: An Indiana Perpective." Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 4, no. 2 (January 2, 1994): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/17508.

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35

Sauvayre, Pascal, and David Braucher. "The Unconscious: Contemporary Refractions A Short Introduction." Contemporary Psychoanalysis 56, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2020.1717227.

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36

Sabbagh, Omar. "The Beirut Cadenzas: Refractions From Damaged Life." Poem 1, no. 2 (January 2013): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20519842.2013.11415362.

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37

Reynolds, Pamela, Olga Nieuwenhuys, and Karl Hanson. "Refractions of Children's Rights in Development Practice." Childhood 13, no. 3 (August 2006): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568206067476.

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38

Yan, Changchun, Dao Hua Zhang, Dongdong Li, and Yuan Zhang. "Dual refractions in metal nanorod-based metamaterials." Journal of Optics 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 065102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/12/6/065102.

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39

Allen, Margaret, Charlie Fox, Shirley Fitzgerald, and Garry Wotherspoon. "Historical Refractions, Studies in Western Australian History." Labour History, no. 70 (1996): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516434.

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40

Garratt, Peter. "Romantic Refractions: Light Effects in Ruskin's Poetry." Romanticism 22, no. 3 (October 2016): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2016.0289.

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The poetry of John Ruskin – which amounts to a surprisingly large body of work, mostly written in the 1830s and 1840s – reveals the stirrings of the moral perceptual attitude that would emerge with such distinctive force in Modern Painters, yet one guided by the influences of Keats, Shelley and Byron as much as the natural theology of Wordsworth (despite Modern Painters taking its epigraph from The Excursion). Although in some respects a poetry of post-Romantic transition, Ruskin's work also demonstrates a consistent interest in light – in ways that affirm its imaginative commerce with second-generation Romanticism – while exploring light's physical properties and dynamic environmental effects. Focusing in particular on his prize-winning poem ‘Salsette and Elephanta’ (1839), I suggest that Ruskin's poems establish possibilities that reach beyond merely received metaphorical meanings (light as redemptive telos and/or abstract condition of the visible) and instead look forward to the overdetermined stylisations typical of his mature prose works.

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41

van Der Hulst, L. J. N. "A new determination of atomic refractions. I." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 54, no. 7 (September 3, 2010): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19350540703.

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42

Ward, Adrienne. "Reflections and Refractions of Italy in Britain." Eighteenth-Century Studies 35, no. 4 (2002): 656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2002.0049.

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43

Ruby Blondell. "Refractions of Homer's Helen in Archaic Lyric." American Journal of Philology 131, no. 3 (2010): 349–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2010.0005.

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44

KOYAMA, KAZUHIRO, YOSHIAKI TOMIZAWA, and MINORU OKADA. "VECTORIZATION AND PRECISE REFRACTIONS IN BEAM TRACING." International Journal of Image and Graphics 04, no. 02 (April 2004): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467804001439.

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In this paper we propose two improvements to the beam tracing method, one is to reduce the final redundant-drawing of pixel fragments into the frame buffer, and the other is to use Snell's law instead of the tangent law. It is well known that the ray tracing scheme is one of the most effective methods for high quality CG image synthesis. The beam tracing method was introduced because traditional ray tracing algorithms have a significant calculation cost. In the improved method, the projection screen is recursively divided into non-overlapping coherent region segments based on the coherence of the ray-trace-tree structure of a given scene, and an image can be synthesized after the segmentation process by tracing one or several rays in each region segment. We introduced Snell's law for the refractions of the rays. Therefore, we can reduce the computational cost of ray tracing, eliminate the extra calculations caused by overlapping polygons on a screen, and increase the quality of CG images generated by our proposed method.

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Diefenbach, Paul J., and Norman I. Badler. "Pipeline rendering: interactive refractions, reflections and shadows." Displays 15, no. 3 (July 1994): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(94)90006-x.

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Panksepp, Jaak. "Affective reflections and refractions within the BrainMind." Netherlands Journal of Psychology 64, no. 4 (December 2008): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03076415.

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Sun, Han-Yin, Wei-Yang Lu, Jhen-Yu You, and Hui-Ying Kuo. "Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Children with and without Atropine Usage." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (May 12, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4919154.

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Purpose. To compare the patterns of relative peripheral refractions of myopic children who were currently on atropine treatment for myopia control and myopic children who did not use atropine. Methods. Chinese children (n = 209) aged 7 to 12 years participated in the study, 106 used atropine and 103 did not. Participants were also classified into three groups: emmetropes (SE: +0.50 to −0.50 D), low myopes (SE: −0.50 to −3.00 D), and moderate myopes (SE: −3.00 to −6.00 D). The central and peripheral refractions along the horizontal meridians (for both nasal and temporal fields) were measured in 10-degree steps to 30 degrees. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in spherical equivalent and astigmatism of the three refractive groups in either the nasal or temporal retina. The atropine group showed a significant relative myopia in the temporal 30° field in spherical equivalent compared to the emmetropic group (t49 = 3.36, P=0.02). In eyes with low myopia, the atropine group had significant relative myopia in the nasal 30° and temporal 30° fields (t118 = 2.59, P=0.01; t118 = 2.06, P=0.04), and it is also observed at 20° and 30° of the nasal field for the moderate myopic group (t36 = 2.37, P=0.02; t2.84 = 2.84, P=0.01). Conclusion. Significant differences in relative peripheral refraction were found between the atropine group and its controls. The findings suggested that the eyes that received atropine may have a less prolate shape and thus explain why using atropine is effective in controlling myopia progression.

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Li, Jing. "Tunable Multimode Filtering of Solid Acoustic Waves in a Three-Component Phononic Crystal Slab." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1625.

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Using of the multiple scattering methods, we characterize the positive and negative multi-refraction and transmission properties of a solid-based phononic crystal composed of coated solid inclusions in view of its applications in tunable multimode filtering. The geometrical parameters are chosen so that a left-handed longitudinal wave mode and a right-handed transverse wave mode, are simultaneously obtained in this three-component phononic crystal. When multimode Gaussian beams are placed transmitting through the phononic crystal slab, both positive and negative refractions are observed. We then study the individual propagation behavior of different modes. The angle dependent transmission beams with different energy distributions are found at the other side of the slab. Transmitted transverse waves coming from different directions incidence finally walk together into four oriented beams. Meanwhile, longitudinal wave incidence with different directions behaves simply as negative refraction in the slab. A far-field longitudinal wave image can be achieved being excited by a longitudinal wave point source. The three-component phononic crystal slab thus can be served as an alternate in tunable multimode filtering devices.

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Henderson, L. F., P. Colella, and E. G. Puckett. "On the refraction of shock waves at a slow–fast gas interface." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 224 (March 1991): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091001623.

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We present the results of numerical computations of the refraction of a plane shock wave at a CO2/CH4 gas interface. The numerical method was an operator split version of a second-order Godunov method, with adaptive grid refinement. We solved the unsteady, two-dimensional, compressible, Euler equations numerically, assuming perfect gas equations of state, and compared our results with the experiments of Abd-El-Fattah & Henderson. Good agreement was usually obtained, especially when the contamination of the CH4 by the CO2 was taken into account. Remaining discrepancies were ascribed to the uncertainties in measuring certain wave angles, due to sharp curvature, poor definition, or short length of the waves at large angles of incidence. All the main features of the regular and irregular refractions were resolved numerically for shock strengths that were weak, intermediate, or strong. These include free precursor shock waves in the intermediate and strong cases, evanescent (smeared out) compressions in the weak case, and the appearance of an extra expansion wave in the bound precursor refraction (BPR). The structure of a BPR was elucidated for the first time.

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Alimanović-Halilović, Emina. "Correlation Between Refraction Level and Retinal Breaks in Myopic Eye." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2008): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2008.2895.

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In this study we analyzed 180 myopic eyes in order to determine the refraction that is “critical” for the occurrence of retinal breaks as a main cause of retinal detachment. Detachment of retina involves separation of the neurosensory retina from the pigmented epithelium with the severe impairment of vision. After the focused ophthalmological assessment, determination of objective refraction, indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy, we compared the diagnosed retinal breaks according to the shape with the refraction. All the examined eyes were divided into six groups according to the axis length. Mean age of our patients was between 48,43 and 51,60 years with SD ranging from 13,88 to 18,45. The age differences among the groups were not statistically significant. This study included 102 (56,7%) male and 78 (43,3%) female patients and no statistically significant differences between genders was found regarding the occurrence of retinal breaks compared to refraction. The most dominant ruptures were the round ones (28,2%), followed by oval (25%), the category of multiple small holes (19,2%), horseshoe shaped (15,3%), and finally holes with operculum. In cases with myopic refraction ranging between 3,50 and 7,49 dsph, the frequency of retinal breaks statistically significantly differs from all other analyzed refractions. Also, there is positive correlation between the above mentioned myopic refraction and the frequency of retinal breaks.In order to prevent retinal detachment in a myopic eye, we suggest further thorough examinations of the eye fundus in patients with the above mentioned myopia. Diagnosing retinal breaks involves the application of adequate therapy: laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, sclera buckling and pneumatic retinopexy.

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