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Rakić-Vodinelić, Vesna. "Unconstitutional "reform" of the judiciary reform." Pravni zapisi 1, no. 2 (2010): 412–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap1002412r.
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Norkus, Zenonas. "Agrarinių reformų Pirmojoje ir Antrojoje Lietuvos respublikose lyginamoji istorinė sociologinė analizė." Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 05–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2012.1.400.
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Santrauka. Straipsnyje lyginamos tarpukario ir pokomunistinės agrarinių reformų pradinės sąlygos, eiga ir rezultatai, šį diachroninį palyginimą praplečiant ir kontroliuojant sinchroniniais palyginimais su analogiškais procesais kitose Rytų ir Vidurio Europos šalyse tarpukario ir pokomunistiniais laikais. Svarbiausius abiejų reformų panašumus lėmė 1949–51 m. kolektyvizacija, visus Lietuvos žemdirbius pastačiusi į padėtį, kurioje iki 1922 m. reformos buvo dvarų darbininkai kumečiai, kurie dalį atlyginimo gaudavo natūra – ordinarija. Jos dalis buvo dvaro inventoriumi bei gyvuliais dirbamas dvaro žemės sklypas, analogiškas kolūkiečių asmeninių pagalbinių ūkių sklypams. Skirtingai nuo Rusijos, Lietuvos kolūkiečiai nebuvo kolūkių baudžiauninkai, o tik kumečiai. Kaip ir dvarų iki 1922 m. reformos darbininkams, sovietiniams kumečiams buvo taikomas represinis darbo jėgos kontrolės režimas, suteikęs kolektyvinių ūkių vadovams faktinę „raudonųjų baronų“ galią. Pagrindiniai tarpukario reformų Rytų Europos šalyse tikslai buvo anksčiau privilegijuotų tautinių mažumų galios apribojimas ir bolševizmo įtakos slopinimas. Tik Baltijos šalyse ji neturėjo neigiamų ekonominių pasekmių, ką Lietuvoje užtikrino kartu su dvarų parceliacija vykęs kaimų skirstymasis į vienkiemius. Palyginti su tarpukario reforma, pokomunistinė agrarinė reforma buvo mažiau nuosekli, nes jos eigą lėmė interesų konfliktas tarp naujos sovietinių kumečių kartos, suinteresuotų įprastų darbo vietų išsaugojimu, ir išėjusių į miestus buvusių žemės savininkų palikuonių. Kadangi Lietuva buvo viena tų pokomunistinių šalių, kuriose stipresnė buvo antroji stovykla, čia buvo įgyvendinta radikali restitucinė žemės reforma ir šeiminį ūkį restauruojanti de-kolektyvizacija. Dėl sovietmečiu įvykusios vienkiemių likvidacijos ir demografinių pokyčių, ji negrąžino Lietuvos kaimo ir žemės ūkio į 1940 m., bet sukūrė būklę, labiau primenančią Lietuvos kaimo situaciją iki 1922 m. reformos: gausus mažažemių („trihektarininkų“) sluoksnis, gatviniai kaimai (buvusios kolūkinės gyvenvietės), fragmentuota žemės valdų struktūra, iš žemės ūkio bendrovių (ŽŪB) išaugę arba naujai besikuriantys latifundiniai ūkiai, primenantys ikireforminius dvarus. Pačių ŽŪB, įsikūrusių kolūkių gamybiniuose centruose, pokomunistinė raida analogiška 1922 m. reformos apkarpytų dvarų, kurių nuosavybėje liko jų centrai, likimui: dauguma bankrutavo ir buvo išvaržyti, tačiau dalis virto konkurencingomis kapitalistinėms žemės ūkio įmonėmis. Savo ekonominiais rezultatais tarpukario reforma pranoksta pokomunistinę, nes po jos ir bendra žemės ūkio gamybos apimtis, ir jos produktyvumas tik augo, tuo tarpu kai pirmuoju pokomunistinės transformacijos dešimtmečiu abu rodikliai smuko. Ekskomunistinės kairės propaguota nuosaiki agrarinė reforma nebūtų leidusi išvengti gamybos apimties smukimo, nes tą apimtį užtikrino vėlyvuoju sovietmečiu žemės ūkiui sudarytos „ekonominio šiltnamio“ sąlygos (dosnios subsidijos) ir neribota paklausa. Tačiau nuosaikesnė ar palaipsnė reforma veikiausiai būtų leidusi jau pirmajame dešimtmetyje padidinti žemės ūkio gamybos produktyvumą. Lietuvai tapus ES nare ir jos žemės ūkiui vėl patekus į „ekonominį šiltnamį“, žemės ūkio veikla nebegali būti vertinama vien ekonominiais masteliais. Matuojant pokomunistinės agrarinės reformos padarinius Lietuvoje gamtosaugos vertybėmis, jie yra labai pozityvūs.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: 1922 m. žemės reforma Lietuvoje, pokomunistinė agrarinė reforma Lietuvoje, represinė darbo jėgos kontrolė, tarptautinis tarpukario ir pokomunistinių agrarinių reformų palyginimas.Key words: Land reform in Lithuania in 1922, post-communist agrarian reform ir Lithuania, repressive control of labour, international comparison of the interwar and post-communist agrarian reforms.ABSTRACTA COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AGRARIAN REFORMS IN THE FIRST AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIAThe paper compares the initial conditions, the course and the outcomes of the interwar (1922) and the post-communist (since 1989) agrarian reforms in Lithuania, controlling and enlarging these diachronic comparisons with synchronic comparisons of the analoguos processes in other Eastern and Central European countries at the same times. Most important similarities between both reforms were created by the collectivization in 1948–1951, which for all Lithuaniam tillers shaped the condition in which before the 1922 reform the wage workers (kumečiai) at the large estates were living and working. They received in money only part of their salaries. Another part was paid in kind, including a land plot which was cultivated using the inventory and draught animals provided by landlord. This is quite similar to the small plots allocation for personal use to collective farms workers, and how they were cultivated. However, differently from the workers of collective farms in Russia, who untill late 1960s had no passports, Lithuanian collective farmers were not made serfs, because the passportization of Lithuanian countryside population was implemented by Soviet auhorities as part of their efforts to suppress resistance movement. Similarly to agrarian wage workers before 1922, collective farm workers were subject to the repressive labour force control regime, providing for managers of collective farms the de facto power of „red barons“. Main aims of the interwar agrarian reforms were the restriction of power of the formerly privileged minorities and suppression of Communism. However, only in the Baltic States the reforms had no negative economic outcomes. In Lithuania, such outcomes were preempted by the dispersion of villages into individual settlement farms, which proceeded along with the parcellization of large estates. Comparing with interwar reform, post-communist agrarian reform was less consistent, because its course was under heavy impact of the interest conflict between the new generation of the collective farms workers, interested to keep their working places, and those descendants of the former land owners, who left villages for cities. As far as Lithuania was one of those post-communist countries, where second group was stronger, in this country a radical restitutive land reform was implemented along with the de-collectivization which has restored family farming. However, because of the interjacent liquidation of the individual settlements (re-concentration of rural population in the villages) and demographic changes in the Communist time, it did restore in the Lithuanian countryside and agriculture the status quo of 1940. Rather, it has created the state that is more reminiscent of situation in the Lithuanian countryside before the agrarian reform of 1922: broad social stratum of small plots (3 ha) owners; villages; a fragmented land ownership structure; and large farms reminiscent of landed estates before 1922 reform. While some of them are new ventures (e.g. huge swine-breeding farms, operated by foreignly owned agrobusiness), many emerged out of agricultural partnerships, which were the fragments of the former collective farms. They were established by former collective workers to operate technological complexes of former collective farms which were too large for using by family farms. The evolution of these remainders of collective farms is similar to the evolution of the former landlord farms after their landholdings were reduced by agrarian reform of 1922. The reform left in ownership of the landlords the buildings and other estate with part of land (up to 80–150 ha). Most of these residual estates went bankrupt and were sold in parts at auctions, while some of the survived becoming competitive agricultural enterprises. Similarly, most efficient partnerships survived, expanded and became competitive large-scale corporate capitalist agricultural enterprises. The economic outcomes of the interwar reform are superior to those of post-communist reform: after the first reform, both the general agricultural output and the productivity increased, while both indicators decreased during the first decade of the post-communist agrarian reform. Ex-communist Left in Lithuania promoted moderate agrarian reform, involving transformation of collective farms into the private corporate capitalist agricultural companies. The author argues that such reform would not be able to prevent the reduction in output, because the output as of in 1989 was possible only under economic hothouse conditions of the late Soviet time for agriculture (lavish subsidies, unlimited demand, „price scissors“ favouring agriculture). However, most probably, a more gradual reform would help to increase the agricultural productivity already during its first decade. After Lithuania was accepted to EU and its agriculture is in the „economic hothouse“ again, the agricultural activites cannot be assessed only by economic criteria alone. If the outcomes of the post-communist agrarian reform are assessed by values of ecology, they are very positive indeed.
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Sioshansi, Fereidoon P. "Electricity market reform and 'reform of the reforms'." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 29, no. 1/2 (2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2008.016339.
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Braun, Kazimierz. "Druga Reforma Teatru – Prolegomena." Tematy i Konteksty 18, no. 13 (December 28, 2023): 315–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/tik.2023.20.
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Historia teatru XX wieku wyróżnia dwie reformy teatru. Pierwsza z nich toczyła się od końcowych lat XIX wieku do końca lat trzydziestych XX w. Druga zaś od połowy lat pięćdziesiątych do końca lat osiemdziesiątych tegoż wieku. Były to ruchy odnowy i uwspółcześnienia sztuki teatru. Rozpoczynane przez indywidualnych artystów i niewielkie grupy, wspomagane przez dramatopisarzy i teoretyków, którymi byli często sami twórcy, obie reformy stopniowo docierały do coraz szerszych obszarów życia teatralnego.
Pierwsza z tych reform zwana była przez wiele lat „Wielką Reformą Teatru”, a otrzymała tę nazwę przez analogię z „Wielką Wojną”, lub „Wielką Wojną Światową”, jak zwana była wojna lat 1914-1918. Gdy w roku 1939 wybuchła i stopniowo rozszerzała się na cały świat następna wielka wojna, uzyskała ona nazwę „Druga Wojna Światowa”. A wtedy ta poprzednia, „Wielka Wojna” zaczęła być nazywana „Pierwszą Wojną Światową”. Analogicznie, gdy w latach pięćdziesiątych narodził się nowy ruch odnowy teatru, który obejmował stopniowo wiele krajów, narastała świadomość, że jest to kolejna, już druga w XX wieku, reforma teatru. W tej sytuacji „Wielka Reforma Teatru” zaczęła być nazywana „Pierwszą Reformą Teatru”, zaś ta następna reforma „Drugą Reformą Teatru”.
Mówimy więc o „Pierwszej (Wielkiej) Reformie Teatru” i o „Drugiej Reformie Teatru”. (W dalszym ciągu tych rozważań nie będą już potrzebne cudzysłowy). Pierwsza Reforma Teatru uznała widowisko teatralne za dzieło sztuki, podobnie jak dzieła sztuk plastycznych egzystujące niezależnie od obserwującego go widza. Druga Reforma Teatru taktowała widowisko jako międzyludzki proces ukształtowany artystycznie.
Mówiąc o tych dwóch reformach – mówimy o teatrze, którego już nie ma. Tym bardziej należy utrwalać pamięć o nim.
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Stojanović, Nataša. "Reform of inheritance law in the Swiss confederation (reform phase I)." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 62, no. 99 (2023): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-46630.
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In this paper, the author sheds light on the 2020 reform of the Swiss inheritance law, which was instituted by amending the succession law provisions of the Civil Code of the Swis Confederation (2020). The new provisions have been in force since January 2023. The research on this subject matter is aimed at determining the scope and the quality of the revised Swiss legislation on intestate succession. To this effect, the author focuses on a number of new provisions related to statutory heirs: reduction of the children's protected share (forced heir ship portion of the decedent's descendants); abolition of the parents' protected share (forced portion of the decedent's parents); loss of the forced portion for the surviving spouse or same-sex partner in a registered civil partnership in case the divorce proceeding or the proceeding for dissolving a registered civil partnership has been initiated but a spouse or a registered civil partner dies before the proceeding is terminated; a qualitatively different concept of contractual freedom embodied in inheritance contracts; the impact of the "three-pillar system" of the Swiss pension and disability insurance on the exercise and protection of the right to forced portion; changes and nomotechnical improvements of provisions concerning the order of gratuitous donations from which the forced heirs' portion is settled. For the purposes of this paper, the author applied the dogmatic legal science research method, the normative legal research method, and the legal history research method. In the author's opinion, the new provisions on intestate succession are largely aimed at ensuring a greater freedom of testamentary disposition of gratuitous donations, both inter vivos and mortis causa. However, the new legal solutions seem to be insufficiently aligned with the social circumstances in contemporary Switzerland because the right to statutory inheritance is not recognised to an extramarital partner, whereas it is granted to a spouse or a same-sex partner from a registered civil partnership, even though extramarital partnerships are equally present in real life as marriage and registered same-sex partnerships.
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Chvosta, Peter. "„Reforma stulecia” sądownictwa administracyjnego w Austrii – „nowa era” także dla sądownictwa administracyjnego w państwach młodej demokracji w Europie?" Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 98 (April 14, 2022): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.98.03.
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Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie założeń i skutków reformy sądownictwa administracyjnego w Austrii z 2012 r. (Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeits-Novelle 2012). Reformę tę określa się w Austrii mianem „reformy stulecia”, ponieważ była ona wynikiem największej i najdalej idącej zmiany w austriackiej konstytucji od czasu jej wejścia w życie w 1920 r. Reforma ta była długo dyskutowana, jednak ze względu na niechęć polityków austriackich do reform w tej dziedzinie, nie była ona już w istocie ani spodziewana, ani oczekiwana. Pojęcie „reformy stulecia” odzwierciedla również zdumienie szczęśliwym window of opportunity w austriackiej polityce, które pozwoliło na wdrożenie tej długo oczekiwanej reformy. Sformułowanie to nie powinno jednak przesłaniać faktu, że reforma sądownictwa administracyjnego w Austrii nie była w kontekście międzynarodowym szczególną innowacją: polegała ona raczej na w znacznej mierze spóźnionym dostosowaniu go do standardów międzynarodowych, aktualnych w innych państwach europejskich wiele lat wcześniej. Niemniej jednak reorganizacja systemu ochrony prawnej obejmuje również zmiany, które faktycznie stanowią w Austrii „nowy grunt”. W kolejnych częściach opracowania, po dokonaniu przeglądu rozwoju historycznego oraz podstaw i ram „nowego” sądownictwa administracyjnego pod względem organizacyjnym i proceduralnym, przedstawiono bardziej szczegółowo charakterystyczne cechy obecnego systemu ochrony prawnej w Austrii.
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García Roca, Javier. "De la revisión de las Constituciones: Constituciones nuevas y viejas." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 40 (January 17, 2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.40.2017.20908.
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El liberalismo fue demasiado prudente al regular los procedimientos. El constitucionalismo democrático debe seguir requisitos más accesibles y desdramatizar la reforma como una herramienta ordinaria. Pero la cuestión no depende de la rigidez sino de unas condiciones materiales que hagan posible la reforma. Rígida no es irreformable. La desaparición de la resiliencia constitucional marca el momento de la reforma. Sin embargo, este problema central no es jurídico: la capacidad de una mayoría de encontrar aliados y erigir un pacto constitucional. La reforma es una decisión política. La tramitación demanda mayorías cualificadas, deliberación y participación, pero el poder de reforma es constituido y el referendo no resulta indefectible, si la cuestión no afecta a decisiones políticas básicas. Las constituciones escritas son hoy rígidas: la verdadera distinción surge entre constituciones nuevas y viejas. Las viejas o estáticas son simbólicas y dejan su especificación a mutaciones judiciales, interpretaciones manipuladoras o a vías de hecho. La reforma recuerda al pueblo su soberanía y revitaliza la democracia representativa; mas donde no existe una cultura de la negociación tampoco puede haberla de la reforma. El escenario de pluralismo de constituciones está transformando nuestras constituciones nacionales y debería tener consecuencias en correlativas reformas constitucionales al ritmo en que avanza la integración supranacional.Liberal constitutionalism has been too cautious in regulation of constitutional reform proceedings. Democratic constitutionalism should follow easier requirements and simple procedures. It is necessary to normalise constitutional reform as an ordinary tool. However, constitutional review does not depend on legal rigidity but on certain material conditions that make reforms possible. When constitutional resilience disappears the moment of the reform seems to have arrived. Yet this is not a legal issue, but depends on the capacity of a majority to gain allies in order to reach a constitutional arrangement. Reform is always a political decision. However, legal proceedings require qualified majorities, democratic deliberation and political engagement, but being the reform a pouvoir constitué a referendum is not always necessary, if essential political decisions are not involved. Written constitutions are nowadays rigid, the true difference comes between new and old constitutions. Old or static constitutions are symbolic and leave their development either to judicial review, or even to some forced interpretations by public powers or the impact of simple facts in realities. Constitutional reform reminds citizens their popular sovereignty and strengthens representative democracy. Nevertheless, in those countries were a culture of negotiation does not exist, a culture of constitutional reform cannot exist too. The present-day scenario of multilevel constitutional pluralism is transforming domestic constitutions, and this phenomenon must have consequences in the promotion of regular internal constitutional reforms at the same rhythm as the advance of supranational integration.
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McCuskey, Elizabeth Y. "ERISA Reform as Health Reform." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 3 (2020): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958868.
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If federal health reforms continue to rely on employer-sponsored health care coverage, ERISA preemption reform should be part of the next steps. State-level reform has acquired greater urgency, while the justifications for preempting that source of reform has eroded. This article recommends a statutory waiver for ERISA preemption as a feasible way to adapt to these circumstances. It offers proposed statutory text for reformers inclined to pursue ERISA reform as health reform.
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Andrews, Matthew. "Public Budget Reform and Reform Failure in a Market Model." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569201x15668905707122.
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Abstract Budgeting theories have not been able to explain why reforms have a limited influence on the budgeting process [JOYCE, 1993]. The current paper proposes a market-based theory of budget reform, which combines the public choice model with new institutional dunking, in the spirit of authors like Kraan [1996]. The dieory unfolds into specific hypodieses about the way in which reform adoption is dependent on the authority of budgeting bureaucrats to adopt reforms, the level of reform acceptance among these bureaucrats and politicians, and the ability of bureaucrats to adopt the reforms. The first two factors, authority and acceptance, are argued to be more important than ability in influencing the level of budget reform adoption.
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Lipton, Michael. "Market, Redistributive and Proto-Reform: Can Liberalization Help the Poor?" Asian Development Review 13, no. 01 (January 1995): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110595000017.
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In early modernization, reforms can remove arbitrary privilege—both freeing markets and helping the poor. Later, there is tension between redistributive and market reforms. The paper explores reform options by contrasting recent Asian experience with earlier experiences of Europe, especially Britain. The two great accelerations in world poverty reduction—Europe’s in 1750-1950, Asia’s since 1950—saw sharply increasing salience of redistributive reform. In 1950-75, such reform often proved disappointing for want of market reform; gains leaked to the rich and to bureaucrats via rent-seeking. Yet the reaction toward purely market reforms since 1980 has also disappointed many developing countries, because the decline in redistributive reforms has left many poor people without access to markets, land, or education. Market reforms often require land reform and / or “children’s reform” in order to succeed. Recent evidence confirms robust, positive relationships between reduced inequality and subsequent faster growth. In some policy areas (e.g., bequests taxation), incentives may benefit from redistributive reform.
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Wang, Zhou, and Ying Wang. "A Model of Evaluating State-owned Railway Companies’ Reforms by Using Euclidean Distance and Data Envelopment Analysis." Transportation Journal 62, no. 3 (2023): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.62.3.0311.
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Abstract The reform of state-owned railway companies is an important part of railway reforms in many countries. However, those companies’ reforms are often evaluated based on experts’ personal opinions or simple statistics. This article proposes a concept of Reform Index to evaluate the state-owned railway companies’ reforms. The method is to create an R6 Euclidean space and measure the distance from points representing ordinary reforms to the point representing a perfect reform. The calculation of Reform Index is based on Euclidean distance and data envelopment analysis. According to the value of Reform Index, the degree of reform can be divided into five levels: very successful, successful, not obvious, failed, and completely failed. The article also uses the case of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) as an empirical study. Through the calculation of Reform Index, it not only clarifies that the degree of JNR’s reform can be considered successful, but also finds the constraints to further success and proposes suggestions for improving them.
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CHRISTIANSEN, PETER MUNK, and MICHAEL BAGGESEN KLITGAARD. "Behind the Veil of Vagueness: Success and Failure in Institutional Reforms." Journal of Public Policy 30, no. 2 (June 25, 2010): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x10000048.
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AbstractThe difficulties of implementing large institutional reforms are legendary. Reform programs may face strong resistance from designated losers, falter at successive veto points, or stall when multiple decision makers have diverse goals. Institutional theories have successfully accounted for failure of reform in many settings, but scholars have paid less attention to how the strategic design of a reform process can have a positive effect on reform initiatives. We seek to fill this gap by studying the impact of planned ambiguity in reform processes. We hypothesize that reform proposals are more likely to succeed when policy entrepreneurs strategically hide the cost-benefit profile of a reform proposal behind a veil of vagueness until the final stages of the process. Designated losers with limited information about the impact of proposed reforms are less likely to succeed in thwarting the reform. We test the theory on four institutional reforms or reform attempts in Denmark.
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Reinholde, Iveta. "“Parallel reforms and double efforts”: Latvia`s experience reforming administration." Socialiniai tyrimai 36, no. 3 (December 22, 2014): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/st.2014.23027.
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The public administration reform process in Latvia from the beginning of the 1990s was separated into two parts - national administrative reform and administrative territorial reform – both with their own unique goals and implementation mechanisms. The divided coordination and management of the reforms have resulted in the two administrative subsystems. The paper’s aim is to explore the links between reforms in the national level and local level after 2004 by analyzing the main reform documents determining all reform activities at that time. The results will demonstrate the complexity of the reform management process, as the coordination of reforms is essential regarding all of its levels and sectors.
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Gedeon, P. "Pension reform in Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 2 (July 1, 2001): 201–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.2.3.
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Reforms are not created simply by will, they are constrained by path dependency and also by existing economic and political structures. The course of reforms is also dependent on the formulation of reform alternatives and the balance of power among decisive actors. Both the postponement and then the introduction of the pension reform in Hungary can be explained by the economic and political constraints of the reform, by how reform alternatives were formulated, and by the role of the different actors in the reform process. The structure of this paper reflects these considerations. First, I summarize the characteristics of the socialist pension system that partly created path dependency in the process of pension reform. Second, I look at the economics of pension reform, by discussing the economic constraints of the reforms, and presenting the economic aspects of reform arguments and economic policies modifying and changing the pension system. Third, I examine the politics of the pension reform, and describe the political process of bargaining that generated reform outcomes. Finally, I deal with the role of the World Bank that was the most important international actor in the Hungarian pension reform process.
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Kolupayeva, Olena. "Coverage of reforms in the internet edition of «Ukrayinska Pravda»." Obraz 34, no. 2 (2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/obraz.2020.2(34)-54-62.
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The article aims to explore the specifics of coverage of reforms in the online edition «Ukrayinska pravda» to determine the features of the genre-thematic content of the publications. The study of the peculiarities of media coverage of reforms is relevant due to the lack of a detailed analysis of the thematic focus and structure of publications on reforms. Principal topics for journalists have been identified: medical reform, reform of the prosecution, reform of the army, civil service reform, sports reform. The publications highlight both the positive dynamics in the implementation of reforms and the obstacles to the successful implementation of reforms. Materials from the «NEWS» section are written for informational purposes and do not contain a subjective author’s assessment. Materials from the «COLUMN» section are written as analytical articles or contain elements of different genres. The publications are aimed to draw attention to the problem, assess the effectiveness of reforms, predict possible successes and failures of the reform.
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Brylonek, Marek. "Reformy sektora bezpieczeństwa w Islamskiej Republice Afganistanu po 2001 roku." Facta Simonidis 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/fs.96.
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Reforma sektora bezpieczeństwa jest współczesnym zagadnieniem przemian systemów obronności, bezpieczeństwa i praworządności, które na przestrzeni ostatnich kilkunastu lat zyskało na popularności i zainteresowaniu międzynarodowych organizacji bezpieczeństwa oraz pojedynczych państw. Procesy związane z reformą sektora cechuje duży stopień złożoności. W związku z ewolucją sektora bezpieczeństwa Islamskiej Republiki Afganistanu po 2001 roku, w którą zaangażowane były wiodące organizacje międzynarodowe realizując jedno z najbardziej skomplikowanych i wielowymiarowych przedsięwzięć tego typu, warto bliżej przyjrzeć się problematyce reform. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przedstawienie kontekstu reform, powodów zaangażowania poszczególnych aktorów, a następnie zilustrowanie działalności Paktu Północnoatlantyckiego NATO i Unii Europejskiej na rzecz państwa i społeczności Afganistanu.
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Ingraham, Patricia W., and B. Guy Peters. "The Conundrum of Reform: A Comparative Analysis." Review of Public Personnel Administration 8, no. 3 (June 1988): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x8800800302.
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Despite obvious cross-national political and cultural differences, civil service reform policies exhibit strong similarities. An examination of reform efforts in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia emphasizes the centrality of politics and political processes to administrative reform. This is true for mechanical or procedural reform, structural reform and what we termed “relational reforms,” or, reforms aimed at restructuring the relationship between politicians and career civil servants. The overriding influence of politics reduces policy design considerations and often results in solutions that do not match the problems being addressed. The outcomes are new bureaucratic problems and the need for additional reforms.
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Balatsky, Evgeny V., and Natalia A. Ekimova. "Factors of Technological Modernization in Russia and Typical Mistakes of Institutional Reforms." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (2020): 006–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.006-021.
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The paradox of innovative insensitivity (insensitivity) of the Russian manufacturing sector is considered in the article. It consists in the implementation by the authorities of various and large-scale initiatives to accelerate the technological modernization of the Russian economy with extremely low returns from them. To illustrate this paradox, we consider a retrospective of institutional reforms in science, higher education, and the manufacturing sector. For a deeper understanding of failures in the field of acceleration of technological progress, the reform theory and the general theory of social development are combined, which allows us to obtain an adequate analytical apparatus. A typology of mistakes made during the reform of the Russian economy modernization has been developed. This typology includes six types of mistakes: the direction of the reforms (wrong priorities of reform); the instruments of reform (inadequate methods of control); the scale of the reform (too large or too small a program of changes); speed of reform (excessively fast or extremely delayed reform); inconsistency of the reform (radical change of the reform vector); inconsistency of reforms (lack of consistency of reforms in complementary areas: technology, institutions, culture and welfare). All these types of mistakes are illustrated by two real examples, mainly from the field of science and higher education. The possibility of applying typology in the practice of designing and implementing reforms is considered.
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Balatsky, Evgeny V., and Natalia A. Ekimova. "Factors of Technological Modernization in Russia and Typical Mistakes of Institutional Reforms." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (2020): 006–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.006-021.
Full textAbstract:
The paradox of innovative insensitivity (insensitivity) of the Russian manufacturing sector is considered in the article. It consists in the implementation by the authorities of various and large-scale initiatives to accelerate the technological modernization of the Russian economy with extremely low returns from them. To illustrate this paradox, we consider a retrospective of institutional reforms in science, higher education, and the manufacturing sector. For a deeper understanding of failures in the field of acceleration of technological progress, the reform theory and the general theory of social development are combined, which allows us to obtain an adequate analytical apparatus. A typology of mistakes made during the reform of the Russian economy modernization has been developed. This typology includes six types of mistakes: the direction of the reforms (wrong priorities of reform); the instruments of reform (inadequate methods of control); the scale of the reform (too large or too small a program of changes); speed of reform (excessively fast or extremely delayed reform); inconsistency of the reform (radical change of the reform vector); inconsistency of reforms (lack of consistency of reforms in complementary areas: technology, institutions, culture and welfare). All these types of mistakes are illustrated by two real examples, mainly from the field of science and higher education. The possibility of applying typology in the practice of designing and implementing reforms is considered.
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Dmitriev, M. "Russia’s Economic Reform Outlook." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2005): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-11-4-13.
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The author reviews the process of economic reforms in the Russian Federation in 2004-2005 and assesses reform perspectives for the period of 2006-2008. In most of the reform areas Russia is still a long way from the level of OECD countries: outcomes for 2004 demonstrate that during 2003-2004 Russia joined the economies in transition with the slowest pace of reforms. The article analyzes the possibilities and obstacles for continuation of reforms within the next three years. The author concludes that in the mid-term perspective the pace of Russian economic reforms is unlikely to accelerate. There is a close positive connection between the pace of reforms and the rate of economic growth in transition economies; therefore, the slow pace of reforms will contribute to deceleration of economic growth. Consequences of the reform slowdown will become most visible beyond 2008.
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Christensen, Tom, and Per Lægreid. "NPM and beyond — structure, culture and demography." International Review of Administrative Sciences 74, no. 1 (March 2008): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852307085730.
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The main research questions in this article are to what degree New Public Management (NPM) and post-NPM reform elements have been perceived as relevant or significant in the Norwegian civil service; what have been the most significant reform elements; and how to explain the variation in the perceived significance of different administrative reform tools. How important is leadership relative to other structural factors and to demographic and cultural features? The empirical data used in the analysis are taken mainly from surveys of civil servants in the Norwegian ministries conducted in 1996 and 2006. A general finding is that cultural features make a significant difference, but having a leadership position and task structure also have explanatory power. Generally, we face a combination of robustness and amenability to administrative policy reforms. Points for practitioners This article shows that the perceived significance of different administrative reform tools is high within government ministries in Norway. Four families of reform measures are revealed: performance-management reforms, cultural-managerial reforms, structural reforms and market-related reforms. Reform measures connected to performance management systems generally have high scores, while market-related reforms score low. The administrative reforms show a robust pattern from 1996 to 2006, but new reform tools are added to existing measures and this produces increased complexity. The variations in significance of different reform tools can be traced back to administrative culture, leadership position and main tasks.
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Plaksin, S., and A. Zhoulin. "How to Modernize State Machinery: Administrative Reform and Reform of Public Service." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2008): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-2-73-82.
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The article contains an analytical survey of key reforms in public administration in Russia: administrative reform and reform of public service. All reform tools are analyzed from the point of view of "technological" approach, encouragement of public institutions development and traditional for Russia way of control of heads and authorities of executive bodies. Perspectives and success of reforms are examined through four strategies: "Inertia", "Mobilization", "Rentier" and "Modernization".
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Şahin, Mustafa. "The social life in Turkey in the early republic era in the perspective of the New York TimesThe New York Times’ın gözünden erken cumhuriyet döneminde Türkiye’de sosyal hayat." Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 3 (November 19, 2016): 4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4143.
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This research aims to examine the reforms in social life in the early republican era in the perspective of the The New York Times (NYT) which is one of the most effective newspapers in the USA and the world. The research was made by way of analyzing documents is limited to 1923-1938; the NYT as a research source, and in the content of women rights, the development in education, the art, the transportation, and the clothing reform. The research has been prepared by scanning of the related period of NYT’s collection in the 1851-2015 years. In the newspaper, the articles about the social change of Turkey are generally newsworthy and the number of the writings as a comment about this subject is limited. Whatever the comments are related to Turkey, they were interest in Istanbul and its lifestyle. The themes of the research have been determined as women, education, art, transportation, and clothing. In the newspaper, the rational distribution of news and comments related to the period are as follows: women reform in Turkey is 30%, educational reform is 25%, art reform is 20%, recovery of transportation system is 13% and clothing reform is 12%. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı, erken cumhuriyet döneminin sosyal hayatındaki reformlarını Amerika’nın ve dünyanın en etkili gazetelerinden biri olan The New York Times (NYT) perspektifinden ele almaktır. Doküman inceleme yoluyla yapılan araştırma dönem olarak 1923-1938 tarihleriyle; kapsam olarak, kadın hakları, eğitimdeki gelişmeler, sanata yaklaşım, ulaşım ve kıyafet reformu; araştırma kaynağı olarak da NYT gazetesiyle sınırlandırılmıştır. Araştırma NYT’nin 1851-2015 yıllarındaki koleksiyonunun ilgili döneminin taranmasıyla hazırlanmıştır. Gazetede Türkiye’deki sosyal değişime ilişkin yazılar genellikle haber niteliklidir ve bu konuda yorum tarzındaki yazı sayısı sınırlıdır. Yapılan yorumlar her ne kadar Türkiye ile ilgili gibi görünse de ağırlıklı olarak İstanbul ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın temaları kadın, eğitim, sanat, ulaşım ve kıyafet olarak belirlenmiştir. Gazetede dönemle ilgili haber ve yorumların oransal dağılımı şöyledir: Türkiye’de kadın reformu % 30, eğitim reform % 25, sanat reform % 20, ulaşım sisteminin iyileştirilmesi % 13, kıyafet reform % 12.
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Liu, Gordon G., Samantha A. Vortherms, and Xuezhi Hong. "China's Health Reform Update." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044247.
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China experienced both economic and epistemological transitions within the past few decades, greatly increasing demand for accessible and affordable health care. These shifts put significant pressure on the existing outdated, highly centralized bureaucratic system. Adjusting to growing demands, the government has pursued a new round of health reforms since the late 2000s; the main goals are to reform health care financing, essential drug policies, and public hospitals. Health care financing reform led to universal basic medical insurance, whereas the public hospital reform required more complex measures ranging from changes in regulatory, operational, and service delivery settings to personnel management. This article reviews these major policy changes and the literature-based evidence of the effects of reforms on cost, access, and quality of care. It then highlights the outlook for future reforms. We argue that a better understanding of the unintended consequences of reform policies and of how practitioners’ and patients’ interests can be better aligned is essential for reforms to succeed.
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Paige, Jeffery M. "Land Reform and Agrarian Revolution in El Salvador: Comment on Seligson and Diskin." Latin American Research Review 31, no. 2 (1996): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017970.
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The causes as well as the consequences of land reform are revolutionary. Land reform is not really reform at all. In an agrarian society, land reform is a revolutionary act because it redistributes the major source of wealth, social standing, and political power. Successful large-scale land reforms in Latin America and elsewhere occur only during social revolution or through the actions of invading armies imposing revolution from above. The land reforms in Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Cuba, and Nicaragua occurred during revolutions; the land reforms in Japan and Taiwan were imposed by invading armies. The reform in South Korea apparently represented a combination of the two. Fundamental land reform without social transformation is a logical and practical impossibility. This is the reason why land reform as a counterrevolutionary strategy, such as the ill-fated “land-to-the-tiller” program attempted in Vietnam, is bound to fail.
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Vadivel, Loganathan. "The Export Pattern of Commercial Crops and Related Products of India: A Comparative Study." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v11i3.6209.
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India has completed two and a half decades of economic reforms. There are studies related to the impact of reforms on India’s export. Most of the studies have analyzed India’s foreign trade as a whole and in terms of value in specific. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of reforms on India’s commercial crops and related products in India, in terms of quantity and value. The impact has been measured through decadal value, Compound Growth Rate (CGR), Instability Index (II) and Dummy Semi-Logarithmic Regression Estimation. It has been observed that reforms accelerated the export performance of all commercial crops during the reform period comparable to the pre-reform and overall study periods. During the reform period, some of the commercial crops viz. Natural rubber (12.50), silk (8.76), jute (10.84) and tobacco unmanufactured (6.50) have moved to positive growth rate from a negative growth rate during the pre-reform period and three products were moved from low CGR to high CGR viz. Cotton lint (20.92), rubber natural dry (38.40) and textile fibers (20.32) during the reform period. The Instability Index for all the commercial crops has decreased during the reform period, compared to the pre-reform period, except rubber natural dry (3.89) but compared to the overall period the Instability Index has registered a high value during the reform period. The jute and silk have moved to a low Instability Index group during the reform period from the medium Instability Index during the pre-reform period. The rubber natural has moved to a medium Instability Index during the reform period from a low Instability Index group during the pre-reform period. The estimation of the semi-log regression model has confirmed that there has been a positive significant change in the export of commercial crop items during the reform period.
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Aragón Reyes, Manuel. "¿Cambiar la constitución para adaptarla o para transformarla?" Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 36 (July 1, 2015): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.36.2015.16069.
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Este trabajo pasa revista a la teoría sobre la reforma constitucional, desde la reflexión sobre la rigidez constitucional y su significado, hasta el procedimiento de reforma del texto constitucional en sentido estricto, sus requisitos materiales y procedimentales, sus límites, el control de constitucionalidad al que puede someterse y, finalmente, las exigencias políticas de una reforma constitucional, que también deben ser tenidas en cuenta.This paper analyzes the Constitutional Reform Theory, including the review and the reflection about the constitutional text rigidity, the requirements of the constitutional reform, the constitutional reform process, the different kind of limits to the constitutional reform Limits, the constitutional control of the reform, and, finally, the political requirements that also exist.
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Metrick, Andrew, and June Rhee. "Regulatory Reform." Annual Review of Financial Economics 10, no. 1 (November 2018): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-110217-022646.
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In the wake of the global financial crisis (GFC), many nations embarked on reform to the financial regulatory system. This reform, unprecedented in its scope, touched virtually every part of the financial system in the United States and Western Europe. This article summarizes the key reforms, explains how these reforms fit together, assesses the relevant scholarly literature, and suggests six significant areas of open questions for researchers. These six areas are ( a) liquidity rules, ( b) central clearing of swaps, ( c) shadow banking, ( d) lenders of last resort, ( e) extended guarantees, and ( f) resolution and restructuring.
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Gaman Golutvina, O. V. "WORLD EXPERIENCE OF GOVERNANCE REFORM." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-187-194.
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The article is devoted to the changes in the configuration of the modern state. The author analyzes the world and domestic experience in the governance reform, determining the content, the main direction, reform technology. The article concerns the theoretical models that have become the basis of governance reform. An informative and functional aspects of governance reforms are considered in the context of modern approaches to the state functions. Considering the results of the governance reform, it should be taken into account that the implementation of these reforms was accompanied by a number of costs. In this regard, a number of experts, including experts from the World Bank, who prepared the materials for the Government Commission on lessons learned from reforms NPM, present restrained assessment of the reform results in various countries, noting their ambiguity and limited scope in relation to the objectives. "Undoubtedly, there are many examples of concrete improvements in certain specific services or in ministries and other organizations in each specific case. However, data on the overall impact of the reforms is very little ... Generally there is no accurate data on the actual results achieved by the majority of implemented reforms... In many cases ... there is difference of opinion about the results of the reform programs "[6, p. 74-75, 36, 40, 47, 78, 82-83, 92].
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TEMEL, Saffet, Cem ANGIN, and Barış ÖVGÜN. "Sosyal Güvenlik Reformu ve Kadın." Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.33537/sobild.2021.12.1.13.
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Türkiye'de sosyal güvenlik sisteminin zamanla bütçeyeekonomiye olan etkilerinin artması, kurumsal açıdan aşırı parçalı bir hal alması ve mevzuat yönünden giderek karmaşıklaşması gibi nedenlerle reforma ihtiyacı olduğu ileri sürülmüş ve bu kapsamda ilk reform hamlesi 1999 yılında 4447 sayılı İşsizlik Sigortası Kanunu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ancak daha geniş bir reform çalışması 2006 yılı ve sonrasında çıkarılan 5510 ve 5502 sayılı kanunlarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sosyal güvenlik reformu sağlık, emeklilik, bütçeye etki, sosyal güvence, bölüşüm ilişkileri gibi çok çeşitli açılardan ele alınabilecek oldukça geniş kapsamlı bir reform hamlesidir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada reformun kapsamı sınırlandırılarak sosyal güvenlik reformunun nasıl bir “kadın” portresi çizdiği, kadına ve kadın emeğine bakış açısının nasıl olduğu, kadını toplumda nasıl ve nerede konumlandırdığı ortaya koyulacaktır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada Türkiye'de sosyal güvenlik reformunun politika transferi yoluyla neoliberal yönelimlere göre gerçekleştirildiği ve bu dönüşüm içerisine kadın emeğinin sosyal güvenlik kapsamına çok dar bir şekilde dahil edildiği ileri sürülmüştür.
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Husain, Ishrat. "Reforming the Government in Pakistan: Rationale, Principles and Proposed Approach." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 12, Special Edition (September 1, 2007): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2007.v12.isp.a1.
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Though government reforms are viewed as important for most developing countries, the rationale for these reforms must be clearly understood if they are to be correctly designed and implemented. From an international perspective, government reforms in Pakistan must be developed to integrate Pakistan into a larger global economy and should be based on the lessons learned from other developing countries. From the domestic perspective, reforms are necessary for the Pakistani government to adapt to the changing domestic environment. The reforms must focus broadly on the Federal, Provincial and District governments, on civil service reform and on business process re-engineering. This paper details the rationale for government reform in Pakistan, focuses on critical areas of reform, and provides a framework for the proposed reform approach.
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Hupe, Peter, and Wouter van Dooren. "Talk as action: Exploring discursive dimensions of welfare state reform." dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 3, no. 2 (December 10, 2010): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v3i2.07.
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In many New Public Management reforms a direct and causal one-to-one relationship is assumed between reform and better performance. This article challenges this assumption by specifying reform as independent variable. Looking at reform in two comparable welfare states, Belgium and The Netherlands, the discursive aspects of such reform are explored. Reform can be differentiated into reform action and reform talk. Next to measures (action) discourse (talk) seems to be an innate characteristic of reform that may fundamentally help shaping reform results.
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Ribeiro, Cláudio De Oliveira. "Para onde sopram os ventos da Reforma?" Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira 77, no. 305 (March 31, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29386/reb.v77i305.109.
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Síntese: O Autor vislumbra um horizonte epistemológico complexo quando se refere ao termo Reforma. Em função disso, o artigo é um convite para ouvir as direções apontadas pelas espiritualidades e utopias que o termo pode carregar, despertar e inspirar. Para este ensaio, propõe três chaves de leitura: a crítica a Lutero e a Calvino, a história como permanente exercício de interpretação, e a relação entre Reforma e espiritualidade. Portanto, o Autor não se limita ao contexto da Reforma protestante do século XVI, mas, admitindo que “o vento sopra onde quer”, vislumbra a pertinência prática e teológica do pluralismo e da sexualidade humana no mundo atual. Em função disso, trata-se de ressaltar em que sentido as espiritualidades dos movimentos de reforma do passado habitam de forma criativa e propositiva os entre-lugares da cultura e mobilizam o pensamento e o agir humanos.Palavras-chave: Epistemologia. Reforma. Espiritualidade. Dinamismo histórico. Liberdade.Abstract: The author glimpses at a complex epistemological horizon when referring to the term Reform. In view of this, the article is an invitation to hear the directions pointed by the spiritualities and utopias that the term may carry, awake and inspire. For this essay, he proposes three reading keys: the critique of Luther and Calvin, History as a permanent exercise of interpretation, and the relation between Reform and spirituality. The author, therefore, does not limit himself to the context of the 16thcentury Protestant human sexuality in the present world. Therefore, the article emphasizes the sense in which the spiritualities of the past reform movements inhabit in a creative and intentional form the in-between places of the culture and mobilize human thoughts and actions.Keywords: Epistemology. Reform. Spirituality. Historical dynamism. Freedom.
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Agbevade, Akpeko, and Desmond Tweneboah Koduah. "The Search for a Result-Oriented Public Sector Reform in Ghana: A Myth or Reality?" Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i3.17628.
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The Article Examined Whether Public Sector Reform In Ghana Is A Myth Or Reality. It Emerged That Since Independence In 1957, Successive Governments Implemented Both Socialist And Market-Oriented Public Sector Reforms; However, None Of These Reforms Yielded The Expected Outcome. Hence, The New Patriotic Party On Winning Political Power Initiated The National Public Sector Reform Strategy. This Reform Aimed At Using The Public Sector As The Catalyst To Stimulate The Private Sector For Job Creation And National Development. The Study Found That The Reform Made Some Gains. However, Excessive Partisanship, Narrow Political Commitment, Donor-Funding, The Time Boundedness Of The Reform And Focus On Only 16 Ministries, Departments And Agencies Militated Against It Success Hence Public Sector Reform Is A Myth In Ghana. The Article Recommends Commitment To The Directive Principles Of State Policy As The Panacea To Effectiveness Of Public Sector Reforms In Ghana.
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Arango Restrepo, Mariano. "Logros y perspectivas de la reforma agraria en Colombia." Lecturas de Economía, no. 21 (March 8, 2011): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n21a7958.
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• Resumen. El temor de los terratenientes al impuesto a la tierra, el ascenso del izquierdista Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal -M.R.L.-, el miedo a la revolución cubana y la influencia de los programas de Alianza para el Progreso fueron los principales factores que influyeron en la aprobación de la Ley 135 de 1961 (sobre reforma agraria). El proceso reformista fluctuó en un comienzo entre una reforma de tipo marginal (adjudicación de títulos en zonas de colonización) y una de naturaleza convencional (escaso cambio en la tenencia de la tierra y ausencia de medidas complementarias de crédito, asistencia técnica e infraestructura). La reforma agraria colombiana presenta tres períodos: 1962-1966 (montaje), 1967-1972 (mareada acción reformista) y 1973-1984 (desmonte). Frente a los proyectos que actualmente se discuten en el Congreso Nacional se examina las posibilidades de reforma que están presentes en ellos, destacando, especialmente, sus estrategias frente a la economía campesina. • Abstract. This paper places the current proposals for agrarian reform in their historical and economic context. It traces vicissitudes of the reform process from the “Ley 136” of 1961 to the present. The author considers three broad phases: the gradual evolution of the reform movement from 1962 to 1966, the period of marked reformist activity up 1972, and them the gradual decline of the imputus through to 1984. On the subject of the reforms presently being considered the author draws particular attention to their implication for rural small holders.
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Hoffmann, Hasso. "Reformas de la Ley Fundamental : experiencias de medio siglo." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 29 (June 1, 2012): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.29.2012.6992.
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En este trabajo Hasso Hofmann, desde un análisis jurídico constitucional, pero también politológico analiza las reformas que ha experimentado la constitución alemana de 1949 en sus 50 primeros años de existencia. Llega, entre otras, a la conclusión de que en muchos ámbitos ha habido más mutación que reforma constitucional en sentido estricto y que termina siendo difícil distinguirlas a partir de la correlación existente entre ellas. También concluye que, a la luz del número de reformas realizadas y su funcionalidad política, se podría considerar a la Ley Fundamental de Bonn más una constitución flexible que rígida, por lo que las mayorías cualificadas para la reforma constitucional no constituyen un obstáculo importante a la decisión del Parlamento, y la semejanza de la reforma constitucional con las decisiones políticas ordinarias abren aún más la brecha existente entre proceso constituyente y proceso de reforma constitucional.This paper is a constitutional analysis, but also a political science analysis, of reforms on the German Constitution since 1949. This analysis concluded that in many cases it has been more constitutional «mutations» than formal reforms, and that it is difficult to distinguish both kind of changes. Due to the number of reforms and its effects, it is possible to consider that the German Constitution is a flexible constitution: the special majority required is not a real obstacle to the parliament decision; and the decision to reform the constitution and an ordinary decision are very similar, therefore there is a serious rift between constituent process and reform process.
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Otajonov, Elyorbek. "CHINESE EXPERIENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2024): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue07-10.
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Administrative reforms are an important part of political reforms, an important part of reforms and development of China. Administrative reforms include the evolution of administrative power structures, regulation of administrative organization, administrative management systems, innovation of administrative tools, etc. 40 years after that how China's attempts at reform began, it seems that administrative reforms have made great progress. Be that as it may, this is confirmed by studying great course and valuable experience of administrative reforms in China. In addition, studying and exploration of key issues aimed at continuously advancing reforms can be of great importance for a deep understanding of the great achievements of reform and discovery, continuous deepening of reforms of administrative systems and coordinated promotion of the “Four Comprehensive Steps” strategy layout.
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Afriliyeni, Martua Sihaholo, and Rai Sita. "HUBUNGAN REFORMA AGRARIA DENGAN PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI." Jurnal Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM] 5, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.v5i3.834.
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Salah satu penyebab kemiskinan di pedesaan adalah rendahnya akses petani terhadap tanah serta belum optimalnya pendayagunaan sumberdaya lahan pertanian. Reforma agaria menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan. Hal ini dikarenakan reforma agraria merupakan penataan kembali struktur penguasaan kepemilikan tanah yang lebih adil yang mana diharapkan mampu menciptakan pemerataan dan keadilan dalam pemilikan tanah sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani di pedesaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis reforma agraria dilihat dari aspek asset reform dan access reform, menganalisis peningkatan kesejahteraan petani, serta menganalisis hubungan reforma agraria dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif Data kuantitatif dioleh menggunakan analisis Rank Spearman Correlation dengan pemilihan responden menggunakan metode survei. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan tingkat asset reform pada kategori rendah, kehadiran access reform dan peningkatan kesejahteraan pada kategori sedang. Pada penelitian iniditemukan hubungan redengan kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani, sedangkan kehadiran access reform tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani.
Kata kunci: Lahan, kesejahteraan, reforma agraria
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Tetiana Shestakovska, Inna Moskalets, Tetiana Shestakovska, Inna Moskalets. "INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF REFORMING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ITS ADAPTATION IN UKRAINE." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 08, no. 02 (December 31, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd08022022-21.
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An evaluation of international public administration systems was carried out on the example of the member states of the European Union. Systematized the most common reform trends that are key components of the "European" approach to public administration reform: open government initiatives and reforms to strengthen external transparency: legislation on freedom of information, open data, procurement reforms, creation of anti-corruption bodies; civil service reform with an emphasis on retrenchment measures to reduce the size and costs of civil servants, improve performance appraisals and introduce codes of conduct; measures of electronic governance; reforms to strengthen the coordination capacity of the government and merger of bodies (mainly created during the reform period); performance management and productivity reforms; reducing the administrative burden on enterprises and citizens. The directions for adapting positive vectors of public administration reform to Ukrainian realities are systematized. Strategic directions for increasing the efficiency of the public management system are proposed: implementation of the open data strategy; focusing on sub-themes rather than comprehensive and often overly general activities; measurements that can be used for learning purposes less than for evaluation; using the survey method. Keywords: strategy, public administration, reform, experience, efficiency.
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Ramdani, Muhammad Febri. "Implementasi Kebijakan Agraria dan Ketimpangan Penguasaan Lahan (Kasus Lahan Eks HGU di Desa Cipeuteuy, Kecamatan Kabandungan, Kabupaten Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat)." Jurnal Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM] 4, no. 6 (December 24, 2020): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.v4i6.728.
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ABSTRAKMUHAMAD FEBRI RAMDANI. Implementasi Kebijakan Agraria dan Ketimpangan Penguasaan Lahan (Kasus Lahan Eks HGU di Desa Cipeuteuy, Kecamatan Kabandungan, Kabupaten Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat). Dibimbing oleh MARTUA SIHALOHO.Redistribusi lahan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah sebuah upaya implementasi kebijakan agraria. Kebijakan agraria tersebut berupa asset reform (penataan aset) eks lahan perkebunan dengan skema legalisasi aset berwujud sertifikasi bidang lahan. Namun dalam pelaksanannya pemerintah mengklaim bahwa kebijakan tersebut merupakan agenda reforma agraria. Atas dasar klaim tersebut, penting untuk meninjau access reform (penataan akses) bekerja, karena pada hakikatnya reforma agraria merupakan asset reform (penataan aset) dan access reform (penataan akses) yang berjalan beriringan, dengan bertujuan untuk menata ketimpangan penguasaan lahan agar terwujudnya keadilan agraria (agrarian justice). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif yang didukung kualitatif dengan pendekatan sensus. Metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan responden ialah purposive sampling dengan teknik non probability sampling. Pengolahan data menggunakan uji statistik rank spearman untuk melihat hubungan variabel. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa tingkat asset reform berada pada kategori rendah. Hasil uji statistik menunjukan bahwa asset reform berhubungan dengan access reform dan asset reform berhubungan dengan ketimpangan penguasaan lahan.Kata kunci: access reform, asset reform, keadilan agraria, reforma agrariaABSTRACTMUHAMAD FEBRI RAMDANI. Implementation of Agrarian Policy and Land Tenure Inequality (Case of Ex-HGU Land in Cipeuteuy Village, Kabandungan District, Sukabumi Regency, West Java Province). Supervised by MARTUA SIHALOHO.Land redistribution has been done by government as an effort of agrarian policy implementation. The policy came in form of asset reform of ex-plantation land with asset legalization scheme (land-part certification). But the government claimed that this policy is one of the agrarian reform agenda. It is important to observe how this access reform works, because agrarian and access reform can’t be separated one another, with purpose to reduce the inequality of land tenure so that the agrarian justice can be reach. This research used quantitative method supported by qualitative data, using the census approachment. Purposive sampling with non probabilty sampling used to specify the respondent. The data processed by rank spearman statistic test to analyze the relation between variable. This research shows a low level of asset reform. The statistic test shows that the low asset reform have a strong relation to low access reform, and high inequality of land tenure.Key words: access reform, agrarian justice, agrarian reform, asset reform
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Zhang, Yuying. "Objectives and Impetuses for Legal Reforms — Legal Reform Experience in the People’s Republic of China." Administrative Consulting, no. 3 (May 24, 2023): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-3-28-33.
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Legal reform is a method of continuous improvement and promotion of laws. In order to promote legal reform, it is necessary to research and learn about excellent legal reform experiences. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) legal reform experience is worth studying and learning about because the PRC has rich reform achievements. There are two important factors contributing to the success of the PRC legal reform. One is that the PRC establishes correct and reasonable legal reform objectives, and the other is that the PRC provides impetuses for legal reform. Therefore, this paper will analyze the above two legal reform experiences to help other countries complete legal reforms.
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Walker, Richard M., and Ling Hin Li. "Reinventing Government? Explaining Management Reform at the Hong Kong Housing Authority." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20, no. 4 (August 2002): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c18m.
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In this paper we explain why the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA) is embarking upon a substantial programme of management reform to outsource the management and maintenance of 600 000 units of public rental housing. An international management-reform analytical framework is developed which classifies reforms under the headings of finance, management, ownership, and performance. The application of this framework to reform at the HKHA indicates that the emphasis is upon market-led approaches. The management-reform framework is able to explain aspects of the HKHA approach in relation to searches for reduced costs, downsizing, clearer standards, higher quality, and more customer-responsive services. Alone, however, it is unable to explain fully the reform programme. The housing-policy reforms and the government's aim to increase levels of home-ownership are shown to be major contributory factors to the direction adopted by the HKHA. These case-study findings assert the importance of policy processes for the explanation of management reforms and have implications for the analysis of management reforms in many settings.
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Doukkali, Mohammed. "Water institutional reforms in Morocco." Water Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0005.
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Using a teleological perspective and an analytical categorization of the history of water institutions in Morocco, this paper aims to review and evaluate the institutional reforms in the country in the light of the results and hypotheses presented in some recent literature on the subject. The review suggests that considering their overall thrust and direction, the institutional reforms undertaken in Morocco are truly remarkable. While these reforms have paved a solid institutional foundation for promoting an economically responsive water sector, there are still serious reform gaps, especially in areas such as groundwater regulation and supportive institutions for irrigated agriculture. The evaluation of the reform process suggests that Morocco has exploited well the political contexts of resource limit and economic crisis, path dependent opportunities provided by existing institutions and earlier reforms, and the synergetic influences of the countrywide economic reforms and changing political conditions. Clearly, the reform experience of Morocco indicates that although undertaking initial reform can be difficult, subsequent reforms are relatively easier when the political opportunities for reforms provided by both endogenous and exogenous factors are well exploited.
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Saif, Ibrahim, and Farah Choucair. "Status Quo Camouflaged: Economic and Social Transformation of Egypt and Jordan." Middle East Law and Governance 2, no. 2 (2010): 124–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633710x500720.
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AbstractExamining reforms in Egypt and Jordan, this article calls for rethinking the relationship between economic reform and governance. Conventional analyses of economic and governance reforms overlook the complex relationships between social, political and economic factors within a country that affect reform success. This is quite evident by contrasting the extensive literature praising the "successful" reform progress achieved by countries such as Jordan and Egypt with the failure to achieve significant institutional and legislative reforms that would lead to more effective governance, as well as persistent inequality. Both countries have achieved high GDP growth over the last decade; however, no new social or political forces have been drawn into a new social contract. Instead of reforms being transformative, a complex interplay between political and economic agents has sustained a status quo based on weak governance institutions. The paper suggests that this is the outcome of the international community's unwillingness to press real reforms, as well as cautious domestic elites. Consequently they maintain a Pareto Efficient balance, proclaiming reform while seeking to maintain political stability. The article aims not merely to provide evidence of a contradictory scenario of unsuccessful reforms, but rather to advocate for a more careful reading into governance indicators and deeper understanding of the context for governance reform in the Middle East.
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Yang, Weidong. "The new round of reform of state-owned enterprises." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 7, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-10-2014-0036.
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Purpose – This paper aims to review the state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform in China and analyzes the role of the Chinese Government in the progress of the SOE reform. It provides suggestions to better guide the direction of further reforms of the SOEs in China. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews the historical path of the SOE reform in China and analyzes the underline policy implication associated with the reform. Findings – The success of the function-oriented SOE reform depends on the transformation of governmental functions. Only with the linkage of governmental functions reform can we change the existing pattern of economic development, build a solid foundation for the socialist market economy and achieve the final triumph. Originality/value – This paper provides suggestions to better guide the direction of further reforms of the SOEs in China.
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Burunciuc, Corina, and Halit Gonenc. "Reforms Protecting Minority Shareholders and Firm Performance: International Evidence." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010005.
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This study investigates the effect of corporate governance reforms protecting minority shareholders on the firm value measured by Tobin’s Q. Using the difference-in-differences estimation and a large international sample from 65 countries for the period 2005–2018, the results show that the firm values increase more in the reform countries than non-reform countries relative to pre-reform levels. This positive effect changes for firms with high and low levels of debt. Moreover, the values after reforms increase more for firms located in civil countries and in countries with rule-based reform approaches and low debt enforcement because the reforms strengthening minority shareholder protection are more efficient in those countries. The evidence is robust to accounting-based performance as well.
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Demir, Fatih. "PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORMS IN TURKEY." Public Administration Issues, no. 6 (2021): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2021-0-6-63-83.
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This article focuses on public management reforms in Turkey and how the reform trajectory has changed over the past two decades. Reforms in Turkey represent a mixture of ideas and reform elements that are constantly evolving under the influence of foreign actors, especially the European Union, efforts to respond to global reform trends, and domestic political developments. The article is divided into three parts. The first part gives a brief picture of the political-administrative structure of the country. The second part provides a landscape of the reform initiatives in the last two decades. The third part examines the main challenges Turkey might face in the coming years in terms of implementing reforms and provides a discussion on how they can be addressed.
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Terpstra, Jan, and Nick R. Fyfe. "Great expectations? Assessing the creation of national police organisations in Scotland and the Netherlands." International Journal of Police Science & Management 21, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355719842310.
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Against a background of recent structural reforms to police organisations in northern and western Europe, this paper examines the experiences of Scotland and the Netherlands where national police forces were established in 2013. Taking a comparative perspective, an analysis of the police reform proposals is followed by a review of the arguments for reform, the challenges of implementation and the findings emerging from the evaluations of the police reforms in each country. The paper concludes by drawing out the contrast between the ‘great expectations’ of the two police reforms articulated by the governments and the realities of bringing about rapid and large-scale organisational change, arguing that institutionalist perspectives on police reform have much to offer in making sense of the challenges of the police reform process.
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Buitrago Valero, Carlos Julio. "El Mito de Sísifo y la democracia latinoamericana: Elementos teóricos y conceptuales para un análisis de dos décadas de reformas del Estado en América Latina (70’s–80’s)." Revista Grafía- Cuaderno de trabajo de los profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Autónoma de Colombia 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.26564/16926250.356.
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Resumen:El proceso de reforma de los Estados latinoamericanos en los años 80’s estuvo encaminado hacia una serie de acciones que buscaron la ‘modernización’ de acuerdo con el binomio de la democratización de la vida política y la eficiencia en la administración del desarrollo económico y social. Sin embargo, la dinámica estratégica de estas reformas pretendió, más bien, la re-institucionalización de los conflictos y el impulso de la acumulación de capital en la región, procesos que fueron orquestados por las pautas y los imperativos que impuso la reestructuración del sistema capitalista mundial.Palabras clave: Democratización, Modernización, Modernidad, Reforma política, Reforma del Estado, Reestructuración del Estado, Neoliberalismo, Relación Estado-Mercado, Relación Mercado-Democracia.**********************************************************The myth of Sisyphus and the Latin-American democracy Theoretical and conceptual elements for an analysis of two decades of reforms in the Latin American States (70’s and 8’s)Abstract:The process of the reform of Latin-American states during the eighties was headed towards a series of actions looking for the modernization, taking into account the coupling of democratization with political life and the economic development administration efficiency. Nevertheless, the strategic dynamics of these reforms pretended, rather, the institutionalization of the conflicts and the bust of the capital accumulation in the region, processes that were orchestrated by the principles and standards imposed thanks to the restructuration world capitalist system.Key words: democratization, modernization, modernity, Political reform, State reform, States restructuration, neoliberals, State-market-democracy‘s relationship.**********************************************************O Mito de Sísifo e a democracia latino-americana: Elementos teóricos e conceptuais para uma análise de duas décadas de reformas do Estado na América Latina (70’s–80’s)Resumo:O processo de reforma dos Estados latino-americanos na década dos anos 80 esteve encaminhado para uma série de ações que procuraram a ‘modernização’ de acordo ao binômio da democratização da vida política e da eficiência na administração do desenvolvimento econômico e social. No entanto, a dinâmica estratégica de tais reformas pretendeu, realmente, a reinstitucionalização dos conflitos e o impulso da acumulação do capital na região, processos que foram orquestrados pelas pautas e os imperativos impostos pela reestruturação do sistema capitalista mundial.Palavras chave: Democratização, Modernização, Modernidade, Reforma política, Reforma do Estado, Reestruturação do Estado, Neoliberalismo, Relação Estado-Mercado, Relação MercadoDemocracia.
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Beecham, L. "BMA wants to reform the reforms." BMJ 308, no. 6933 (April 2, 1994): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6933.922.
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