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Cabrillac, Rémy. "The new french law on contract." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123873.
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The French Civil Code on contract law was not renewed since 1804, so law enforcement was questioned due to it was not adapted to the requirements in a globalized world, and the constant economic and socia lchanges. In this article, the author analyzes the implications of the reform of contract law in France, which was influenced by two drafts. This reform has two characteristic features, which are the economic and social needs. About the first point –the economic needs–, these are evident in the contractual organization and flexibility. On the second point –the social needs–, these are evident in the protection of the weaker party, and the application of the theory of improvidence. In this way, contract law adapts to the demands of the twenty-first century.El derecho de los contratos del Código Civil francés no fue renovado desde 1804, por lo que su aplicación fue cuestionada al no poder adaptarse a las exigencias características de un mundo globalizado y acediado por constantes cambios económicos y sociales.En el presente artículo, el autor analiza las implicancias de la reforma del derecho de los contratos en Francia, el cual fue influenciado por dos anteproyectos. Dicha reforma contiene dos rasgos característicos que se manifiestan en las necesidades económicas y sociales de los contratos. Respecto al primer rasgo, este se evidencia en la organización y flexibilidad contractual; mientras que el segundo, en la protección a la parte más debil y la aplicación de la teoría de la imprevisión. De esta forma, el derecho de los contratos se adapta a las exigencias del siglo XXI.
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Han, YongQiang. "The relevance of Adams and Brownsword's Theory of contract law ideologies to insurance contract law reform : an interpretative and evaluative approach." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201899.
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This thesis approaches key areas of insurance contract law and their reform from the perspective of Adams and Brownsword’s theory of contract law ideologies. Pursuant to this theory, there are two layers of ideologies underlying contract law. One is the formalist versus realist judicial approaches. The other is that the realist approach being broken down into two limbs, namely market-individualism and consumer-welfarism in contract law. The theory of contract law ideologies is relevant to insurance contract law, because there is substantiated homogeneity between general contract law and insurance contract law, and the relevance consists in the theory’s usefulness both as an interpretive framework and as an evaluative standard. Specifically, from that particular ideological perspective, the thesis interprets the law of disclosure and warranty in insurance, of the requirement of insurable interest, and of the legal rules for insurance payment. Under the theory of contract law ideologies as an interpretative framework, the current law of insurance as far as those three key areas are concerned is found to be much more formalist than realist. The thesis also evaluates the core proposals tentatively put forward by the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission for reform in those key areas of insurance contract law. From the theory of contract law ideologies, it can be derived an evaluative standard that, for law reform through legislation, the realist approach is more preferable, and market-individualism should prevail in business insurance whereas consumer-welfarism should prevail in consumer insurance. By this standard, most of the core tentative proposals by the two Law Commissions for reform in the law of disclosure in business insurance and of warranties in insurance are realist and therefore desirable, but two of the proposals need to be amended. The recent proposals in 2011 to retain the requirement of insurable interest are not realist and instead it is better to return to the proposals in 2008. Among the proposals regarding the legal rules of insurance payment, the Scottish approach is preferable for its realist re-characterization of insurers’ primary contractual obligation.
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Ballard, Martha Alicia Castenada. "The reform of insurance contract law for the protection of the consumer." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275941.
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Al-Anzy, Sami. "Unfair contract terms under the Kuwaiti Civil Code : a critical analysis and suggestions for reform." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5452/.
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The fundamental aim of this doctoral thesis is to appraise the protection model critically against unfair contract terms in Kuwait and propose solutions for its reform. The thesis examines the Kuwaiti Civil Code (KCC) provisions that regulate unfair terms in the context of the standard form of contracts (i.e., adhesion) and relevant case law. It primarily seeks to address two main issues: (i) why the Kuwaiti control model for the protection against unfair terms has failed and (ii) how it can be reformed. It argues that the existing control model has failed considerably in providing adhering parties with an adequate level of protection for two reasons. First, the regulation of unfair terms in the context of adhesion contracts is fraught with ambiguities and legal lacunae that render it flawed and ineffective. Second, the courts’ restrictive interpretation of what constitutes an adhesion has limited the protection to only a few types of contracts. The thesis explores how the protection model can be overhauled and, where relevant, uses European Union Council Directive 93/13/EEC on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts as a normative framework to offer proposals for law reform. To achieve this end, the thesis is divided into an introduction, five chapters, and a conclusion. It starts with a brief introduction, focusing mainly on the statement of the problem, motivation for the research, research objectives and methodology. Chapter one seeks to explore whether, in the light of the statutory deficiency, the general principles of contract law can be employed to counter unfair terms. The aim is to confirm the main hypothesis of the thesis and explain why legislative intervention is needed. Chapter two deals with the scope of protection and discusses the notion of adhesion contracts, their regulation in the KCC and how they have been interpreted by the courts. Chapter three explores the connotations of the concept of unfair terms and seeks to determine whether the ambiguous concept of contractual unfairness can be explained with reference to the theory of abuse of rights. Chapter four assesses the court’s role in disputes involving unfair terms. Chapter five highlights the need to introduce a parallel enforcement mechanism and suggests the establishment of a public body entrusted with the task of eliminating unfair terms from the market. The final segment of the study presents concluding remarks and suggests recommendations for law reform.
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Grimm, Wesley Martin. "Key legal consequences of expropriation of land without compensation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77308.
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There is an urgent need and constitutional imperative to expedite land reform in South Africa to maintain peace and stability. Against this backdrop, the Presidential Advisory Panel on Land Reform and Agriculture ("the Panel"), in its Final Report dated 4 May 2019, gave input on a proposed constitutional amendment that would permit expropriation of land without compensation ("EWC") to take place in South Africa.
Taking the Panel's work into account, Parliament then gazetted a Bill setting out proposed amendments to section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 ("the Constitution"). Significantly, the proposed Bill contemplates the first ever amendments to the Bill of Rights in the Constitution since the dawn of democracy in South Africa.
Although the proposed Bill and its associated draft, enabling legislation have put in motion the process to introduce EWC in South Africa, it is uncertain what the key legal consequences of doing so will be. It is particularly uncertain what the key legal consequences of introducing EWC in South Africa will be in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on South Africa's economy.
This dissertation addresses what some of the key legal consequences of EWC will be. It highlights the myriad of procedural and substantive constitutional legal challenges that await the proposed Bill and its associated enabling legislation. It then analyses the impact of EWC on common law property rights and the law of contract before addressing the impact of EWC on lenders and borrowers where a mortgaged property is the target of an EWC process. Finally, this dissertation addresses the potentially significant and unintended tax consequences that EWC will have on taxpayers and the fiscus and which may, in fact, benefit some of South Africa's wealthiest land owners.Mini-dissertation (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Mercantile Law
LLM (Mercantile Law)
Unrestricted
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AlGhafri, Abdulla M. A. "The inadequacy of consumer protection in the UAE : the need for reform." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7691.
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This thesis addresses the consumer protection regime in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) against damages posed by defective industrial products, unfair business practices and misleading advertising. Nowadays, unfair and deceptive practices such as the selling of defective or sub-standard goods, the charging of exorbitant prices, misrepresentation of the efficacy or usefulness of goods, and negligence as to safety standards have become rampant. Accordingly, it has become necessary to promote the development and refinement of statutory measures, even in developed countries, to make producers/traders more accountable to consumers. This thesis examines the legal grounds on which consumer protection stands within the newly enacted legal framework for consumer protection in the UAE. In addition, this thesis elaborates upon relevant regulations provided by UAE legislators as well as related laws in selected Arab countries. It further investigates the adequacy of administrative authorities’ measures in the UAE, and explains whether respective administrative rules are capable of compensating consumers for material and physical damages incurred. It also explores the inadequacies of the administration’s measures and rules, and highlights the importance of integration between administrative bodies in achieving a sufficient level of protection for consumers. The findings of this thesis are based on a detailed review of specific issues in consumer protection models in the Shari’a law and the United Kingdom (UK) model. Thus, it will refer to solutions devised by Islamic Shari’a law and the UK legal system to provide more comprehensive protection to consumers and strengthen their position in relation to that of traders. The study suggests that there is a need to amend the consumer protection in the UAE. It indicates a need for the unified, effective and meaningful implementation of consumer protection legal and administrative procedures in the UAE, and emphasizes that the non-governmental consumer protection association must be given a wider and legal role in supporting the governmental bodies. These findings may help in improving the current consumer protection regime in the UAE as well as reducing infringements committed by traders. This thesis concludes by making recommendations for drafting a comprehensive set of rules in the UAE in the hopes that such recommendations will contribute effectively toward the development of a consumer protection regime in the UAE.
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Abrishami, Ali Moghaddam. "How to modernise formation of contract rules in Iranian law : proposals for reform of Iranian Civil Code from comparative perspective of English and uniform law." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498531.
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Guichon, Juliet Ruth. "An examination and critique of the contract model of legal regulation of preconception arrangements and an alternative proposal for law reform in Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ28107.pdf.
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Maisonnat, Bérangère. "Etude sur le renouvellement normatif du droit des contrats." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020091.
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L’étude du renouvellement normatif du droit des contrats conduit à présenter le phénomène avant d’envisager sa portée. En premier lieu, ce phénomène est aisément observable et met en évidence deux crises : une « crise de croissance » et une « crise de normativité ». Toutes deux confirment une tendance à l’instrumentalisation des normes qui se veulent désormais harmonisatrices, protectrices, modèles ou encore persuasives. La part de nouveauté réside dans leur texture, leur élaboration ou encore leur mise en œuvre. Et les difficultés engendrées par ce renouvellement concernent l’articulation des diverses normes qui régissent le droit des contrats, ainsi que leur intégration au sein de l’ordre juridique interne.En second lieu, il s’agit de se questionner sur l’intérêt et l’influence de ce renouvellement à travers sa capacité à produire des effets sur le modèle contractuel. Au regard de la récente réforme, le renouvellement normatif a vraisemblablement participé à la modernisation du Code civil puisque des mouvements convergents vers la souplesse contractuelle et la sécurité juridique sont observés. Cependant, la limite des effets de ce renouvellement apparaît car il ne provoque pas une modélisation du droit des contrats qui permettrait de maintenir une cohérence malgré les transformations majeures à l’œuvre en la matièreThe study of the normative renewal of contract law requires a general presentation of the phenomenon before taking an in-depth look at its impact. Firstly, this phenomenon is easily noticeable and calls attention to two crisis : a “growth crisis” and a “normative crisis”. Both highlight a tendency to exploit norms by making them instruments of harmonization, protection, standardization or persuasion. The innovation comes from their substance, their elaboration or their enforcement, however, the articulation of the various contract law norms and their integration within the domestic legal order raise many issues that need to be addressed. Secondly, this renewal’s potentiality to influence and impact contractual models needs to be questioned. Taking the recent reform into account, it seems that the normative renewal has taken a major role in the modernization of the Civil code. Indeed, converging movements towards both contractual flexibility and legal security are visible. However, this normative renewal movement is still unable to promote a modelling of contract law that would allow it to maintain its coherence in spite of the major transformations taking place. As such, the normative renewal of contract law shows its limits
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Stricker, Bette Eckard. "The effects of Department of Defense acquisition reform on women-owned small businesses and small disadvantaged businesses." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FStricker.pdf.
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Almajid, Walid. "The legal enforceability of contracts made by electronic agents under Islamic law : a critical analysis of the effectiveness of legal reform in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2010. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/1522/.
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The aim of this dissertation is to analyse whether contracts made by electronic agents1 might be made enforceable under Islamic law. It discusses what constitutes an enforceable contract under Islamic law and whether this is applicable when a contract is made by an electronic agent. The enforceability of these contracts under Islamic law is especially important in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) where Islamic law constitutes the legal system. Ignoring the doctrine of Islamic law in relation to the enforceability of these contracts could, therefore, fundamentally affect the future viability of these contracts in the KSA. The dissertation argues first that the principle of mutual consent under Islamic law is not satisfied in contracts made by electronic agents because there is no communication of an offer and acceptance by the contracting parties (users). Secondly, while electronic agents function like human agents, there are a number of doctrinal requirements under Islamic agency theory that prevent electronic agents from being agents proper. Thirdly, the term ‘legal personality’ is categorised in Islamic law under ‘Dhimmah’, an ethical concept designed principally for human beings which cannot, therefore, be attributed to electronic agents. This dissertation demonstrates that Islamic law creates conceptual obstacles which prevent contracts made by electronic agents being enforceable in the KSA. One implication of this will be a risk of negative impact on the development of these contracts in the KSA because they are contradictory to Islamic law. Islamic law must avoid narrow traditional interpretations of its legal concepts, because a lack of reform in this area will create difficulties and barriers against the enforceability of these contracts under Islamic law.
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Cormier, Maxime. "Une limite à l'exécution forcée du contrat : la disproportion manifeste de l'article 1221 du Code civil." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ASSA0066.
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La réforme du droit des contrats opérée par l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 n’a pas seulement inscrit dans le Code civil le droit du créancier à l’exécution forcée en cas d’inexécution du contrat. L’article 1221 du Code civil prévoit également une nouvelle exception à la sanction in specie “s'il existe une disproportion manifeste entre son coût pour le débiteur de bonne foi et son intérêt pour le créancier”. Même si le Rapport au Président de la République et la doctrine majoritaire présentent cette exception comme une simple déclinaison de la théorie de l’abus de droit, il est préférable de l’envisager de manière autonome. Le travail d’identification de l’exception permet de révéler ses éléments essentiels : elle repose sur un outil particulier - le contrôle de la disproportion manifeste - pour servir une finalité identifiée - éviter l’inefficacité économique de l’exécution forcée - qui justifie l’atteinte à la force obligatoire du contrat. Ce faisant, l’exception se distingue d’autres contrôles reposant sur l’idée de proportionnalité, mais aussi d’autres contrôles poursuivant une logique moraliste, tels que la théorie de l’abus de droit. La mise en œuvre de l’exception, qui répond à son originalité, gravite autour de la caractérisation de la disproportion manifeste de l’exécution forcée, laquelle doit être appréhendée de manière statique et dynamique. La démarche permet d’envisager tous les aspects pratiques du contrôleThe recent reform of French contract law has not only stated in the Civil Code that the creditor has a right to the specific performance in the event of breach of contract. Article 1221 of the Civil Code also provides for a new exception to this remedy “if there is a manifest disproportion between its cost to the debtor in good faith and its interest for the creditor”. While this new limitation is generally considered to be a mere variation of the theory of abuse of rights, it is submitted that it can be considered autonomously. The first part of the thesis aims to identify the exception, i.e. to ascertain its core elements. As it appears, the exception is based on a particular tool – the test of manifest disproportion – designed for a specific purpose - to avoid the economic inefficiency of specific performance -, the said purpose justifying the impairment of the binding force of the contract. Thus, the exception differs from other rules based on the idea of proportionality, but also from other rules pursuing a moral purpose, such as the theory of abuse of rights. The second part of the thesis focuses on the implementation of the new exception. The presentation of the various practical aspects of the said exception proceeds from two approaches – a static and dynamic – of the essential task of the judge: the characterisation of the manifest disproportion
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Zhao, Jin. "Systematische Reform des chinesischen AGB-Rechts und seine Anwendung auf Arbeitsverträge." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22479.
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Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, ob die deutsche Erfahrung in AGB-Kontrolle von Arbeitsverträgen ins chinesische Recht übernommen werden kann. Die Übernahme setzt zunächst voraus, dass das chinesische AGB-Recht nach dem deutschen AGB-Recht systematisch reformiert wird. Aufgrund dessen umfasst diese Arbeit zwei Gegenstände. Zum einen ist der Reform des chinesischen AGB-Recht (Teil I und Teil II), zum anderen ist die Anwendung des reformierten chinesischen AGB-Recht auf Arbeitsverträge (Teil III und Teil IV). In dieser Arbeit werden die Defizite chinesischen AGB-Recht identifiziert und die Lösungsvorschläge erarbeitet. Im Teil III und Teil IV befasst sich diese Arbeit damit, ob die reformierte chinesische AGB-Kontrolle einheitliche und taugliche Lösungsansätze den arbeitsrechtlichen Rechtsfragen anbieten kann.
Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen: Es ist der chinesischen AGB-Kontrolle notwendig, folgende Regelung vom deutschen Recht zu übertragen. Dazu gehören Verbot überraschender Klauseln, Prüfungsmaßstäbe für Angemessenheitskontrolle, Transparenzkontrolle, Verbot geltungserhaltender Reduktion und Berücksichtigung der arbeitsrechtlichen Besonderheiten. Für eine sinnvolle Rechtsrezeption ist die Übernahme der einschlägigen Normen nur der erste Schritt. Erforderlich ist es auch, die Konkretisierung der Begriffe und die Methodik der Rechtsanwendung zu übernehmen. Ein Ausgleich der Interessen (von Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmern) kann mit Hilfe der reformierten AGB-Kontrolle erfolgen.This dissertation examines the possibility of the Chinese legal system adopting German legal practice in controlling the standard terms in employment contracts. German GTB law can serve as a sample for the systematic reform of the Chinese GTB (General Terms of Business). Part I and Part II of the dissertation focus on the reform of the Chinese GTB Law, including the defect of Chinese GTB Law and the possible solutions via the transplantation of the provisions and doctrines in German GTB Law. Part III and Part IV discuss whether the reformed Chinese GTB Law can provide more convincible and harmonized solutions for the problems than the unsatisfied solutions in the current jurisprudence and studies. Based on a dogmatic and functional method, this dissertation finds, firstly, that it is necessary for the Chinese GTB Law to transfer the following provisions from the German GTB Law: prohibition of surprising clauses, criterion for the test of reasonableness of contents, test of transparency and prohibition of reducing an unfair term to its legally permitted core. Secondly, the adoption of the provisions is only the first step to reach meaningful legal transplantation. It is also vital to adopt the concretization of relevant concepts and the methodology of law application. The third finding is that the reformed GTB Chinese Law can help achieve a balanced interest between employer and employees.
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Barry, Sarah. "Les pourparlers précontractuels en droit québécois : de l’opportunité d’une modification du Code civil du Québec à la lumière des récentes réformes française et allemande." Thèse, Montpellier, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21173.
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Laraia, Maria Ivone Fortunato. "Direito fundamental ao trabalho digno e o contrato de trabalho intermitente." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21767.
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The intermittent labor contract, provided for in the text of article 452-A of the Consolidation of Labor Laws, a mechanism added by labor reform (Law 13467/17), is a contract in which the rendering of service, with subordination, is not continuous, with periods of actual work and inactivity, and can be determined by hour, day or month of work and without a fixed journey. It was conceived to be one of the solutions found for the serious Brazilian economic crisis, since it aims to create jobs, modernize labor laws and increase the competitiveness of Brazilian companies, facing the demands of contemporary capitalism. The intermittent contract, as it was instituted, breaks with the logic of the standard employment bond and contributes to the precariousness of the employment relations, since it allows the use of labor in a discontinuous way; authorizes the payment of salaries lower than the minimum constitutionally guaranteed; violates the principles of human dignity and the social value of work, improves the social status of the worker and offends the right to paid annual leave, at least one third more than the normal salary of the worker, rendering building a free, fair and supportive society, with the eradication of poverty and the reduction of social inequalities, thus failing to promote the welfare of all. This paper presents a proposal for a bill, inspired by Portuguese and Italian legislation, in order to enable the intermittent employee to carry out fundamental social rights, especially human dignity
O contrato de trabalho intermitente, previsto no texto do artigo 452-A da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, dispositivo acrescido pela reforma trabalhista (Lei 13.467/2017), é um contrato em que a prestação de serviço, com subordinação, não é contínua, havendo períodos de efetivo trabalho e de inatividade, podendo ser determinado por hora, dia ou mês de trabalho e sem uma jornada fixa. Foi concebido para ser uma das soluções encontradas para a grave crise econômica brasileira, pois objetiva a criação de empregos, modernização das leis trabalhistas e o aumento da competitividade das empresas brasileiras, diante das exigências do capitalismo contemporâneo. O contrato intermitente, da forma como foi instituído, rompe com a lógica do vínculo de emprego padrão e contribui para a precarização das relações de emprego, pois permite a utilização da mão de obra de forma descontínua; autoriza o pagamento de salários inferiores ao mínimo constitucionalmente assegurado; viola os princípios da dignidade humana e do valor social do trabalho, da melhoria da condição social do trabalhador e ofende o direito do gozo de férias anuais remuneradas, com, pelo menos, um terço a mais do que o salário normal do trabalhador, inviabilizando a construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária, com erradicação da pobreza e redução das desigualdades sociais, deixando, assim, de promover obem de todos. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma proposta de projeto de lei, inspirada nalegislação portuguesa e na italiana, com a finalidade de possibilitar ao empregado intermitente a efetivação dos direitos fundamentais sociais, especialmente a dignidade humana
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Yang, Yiqing. "The past and future of 'utmost good faith' : a comparative study between English and Chinese insurance law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32260.
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An insurance contract is a contract of utmost good faith. The nature of the insurance bargain makes the duty a commercial necessity. Duties of disclosure and representation, which were two fundamental components of the principle of utmost good faith, operate in different ways in England and China. The insured and insurer in these two countries bears distinctive good faith related obligations pre- and post-contractually. English insurance law exercise considerable influence in most common law countries and some civil law jurisdictions. The separation between utmost good faith and the duty of fair presentation, with the abolition of the avoidance remedy, under the Insurance Act 2015 could influence other jurisdictions to alter their remedies. This thesis examines the application of the civil law notion of good faith and the common law duty of utmost good faith. It covers the operation of insured’s pre-contractual duties of disclosure and representation in both countries. The thesis considers the insurer’s duties as well as the continuing duties and the effect of utmost good faith taking in account the recent legislative changes on fraudulent claims and late payment. The thesis further examines the legal status of brokers and their disclosure duty in China and England. Finally, it also provides special considerations on consumers and micro-businesses.
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Khoriaty, Rita. "Les principes directeurs du droit des contrats : regards croisés sur les droits français, libanais, européen et international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020042.
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La comparaison des principes directeurs du droit des contrats dans les ordres internes (français et libanais), européen et international permet de déceler, d’une part, une convergence sur le plan de l’identification des principes directeurs du droit des contrats et, d’autre part, une divergence sur le plan de la mise en oeuvre de ces principes. La convergence se manifeste par le fait que les mêmes principes - à savoir les principes de liberté contractuelle, de loyauté contractuelle et de sécurité contractuelle - sous-tendent la théorie générale des contrats dans les trois ordres. Cette convergence s’explique par deux principaux facteurs : d’une part, un facteur logique à savoir le raisonnement par induction qui permet de dégager les principes directeurs du droit des contrats, et, d’autre part, un facteur politique en l’occurrence la concordance des objectifs généraux du droit des contrats dans les trois ordres. Quant à la divergence sur le plan de la mise en oeuvre des principes directeurs,elle se manifeste pratiquement par le renforcement, en droits européen et international,des principes directeurs de la liberté contractuelle et de la loyauté contractuelle ainsi que par l’aménagement du principe directeur de la sécurité contractuelle. Cette divergence a pu être expliquée par l’existence de besoins propres du commerce international. Toutefois, elle devrait plutôt être rattachée à l’influence de droits nationaux étrangers aux droits français et libanaisThe comparison of the guiding principles of contract law in French, Lebanese, European and international laws reveals on one hand a convergence in terms of identifying the guiding principles of contract law and on the other hand a divergence interms of implementing these principles.The convergence arises from the same principles - namely the principles of contractual freedom, contractual security and contractual “loyalty”2 - underlying the general theory of contracts in all three laws. This convergence is due to two mainfactors: firstly, a logical factor that is the inductive reasoning that allows extracting the guiding principles of contract law, and, secondly, a political factor based on the similarity of the general objectives of contract law in the three laws. As for the divergence in terms of guiding principles implementation, it is revealed through reinforcing in European and international laws, the guiding principles of contractual freedom and contractual “loyalty” as well as the adjustment of the guiding principle of contractual security. This divergence could be explained by the existence of specific needs of international trade. However, it should rather be related to the influence of foreign national laws different from French and Lebanese laws
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Garrido, Huidobro Mattias. "Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229817.
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Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish contract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities between Union law and Swedish contract law. Unfair terms cannot be adjusted as the relevant Swedish legislation provides. An unfair term needs to be invalid, and if necessary, such an unfair term can in certain circumstances be complemented with default rules from national contract law. This does not only seem to change the interpretation and application of the Swedish law, but it also form an underlying tension between the instrumental market-functional Union law and the more justice oriented Swedish private law. Furthermore, as we move towards a new European civil code, perhaps these tensions and clashes may say something about where the discipline of European Private Law is headed.
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Bouskia, Samia. "L’exception d’inexécution." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0411.
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L’étude renouvelée de l’exception d’inexécution présente un intérêt certain après sa consécration générale dans le Code civil. L’Ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations a introduit deux applications de l’exception d’inexécution en droit commun des contrats. La première présente une teneur « classique ». Elle permet à une partie de refuser d’exécuter son obligation tant que l’autre partie n’exécute pas la sienne (nouvel article 1219 du Code civil). La seconde est plus innovante en ce qu’elle confère une fonction anticipative à l’exception d’inexécution (nouvel article 1220 du Code civil). Le droit légal des contrats se dote ainsi d’un moyen de sanction au service de l’efficacité économique du droit. L’approche comparative de l’exception d’inexécution révèle que le droit français s’aligne avec la plupart des pays européens. L’analyse critique des nouveaux articles 1219 et 1220 du Code civil met en évidence que ces textes sont relativement incomplets et imprécis. L’étude présente vise à démontrer que la consécration de l’exception d’inexécution dans le Code civil ne permet pas de dissiper les incertitudes et les lacunes du droit jurisprudentiel antérieur. L’approche pratique renouvelée du mécanisme révèle que les juges disposent d’une importante marge de manoeuvre, donc ils pourraient décider de reprendre les solutions prétoriennes antérieures. Après la réforme du droit des contrats, les praticiens devront se référer àl’interprétation qui sera faite par les juges. L’étude propose une grille de lecture de ces nouvelles dispositionsA renewed study of the exception of non-fulfilment is of definite interest after its general recognition in the Civil Code. The Ordonnance No. 2016-131 of February 10th, 2016 reforming the contract law, the general regime and the proof of obligations introduced two applications of the exception of non-fulfilment in the common law of contracts. The first one is “classic”. It allows a party to refuse to perform its obligation as long as the other party does not perform its obligation (article 1219 Civil Code). The second is more innovative in that it confers an anticipatory function with the exception of non-fulfilment (article 1220 Civil Code). The legal law of contracts thus provides a means of penalty for the economic efficiency of the law. The comparative approach of the exception of non-fulfilment reveals that French law is in line with most European countries.The critical analysis shows that the new Articles 1219 and 1220 of the Civil Code are relatively incomplete and unclear. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that recognition of the exception of non-fulfilment in the Civil Code does not dispel uncertainties and shortcomings of previous case law. The renewed practical approach of the mechanism reveals that judges have considerable flexibility, so they could decide to take up the previous case law. The study proposes a reading grid of these new texts. After the contract law reform of 2016, practitioners will have to refer to the interpretation of the new texts that will be made by judges
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Gijrath, Serge J. H. "Interconnection regulation and contract law /." Amstelveen : deLex, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/52374515X.pdf.
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Miller, L. "The Europeanisation of contract law." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18769/.
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This thesis explores the Europeanisation of contract law through a critical analysis of the European Community's internal market programme of contract law harmonisation. This is a broad theme which raises topical and complex issues. The thesis first examines the pre-existing contractual backdrop in Europe through an Anglo/French comparative study on the rules for non-performance of contractual obligations. The analysis reveals how seemingly technical rules of contract law are underpinned by deeply embedded socio-economic, philosophical and historical values, unique to each jurisdiction. Recognition of the richness of contractual heritage and the gulf that separates each jurisdiction is a first indicator of the considerable obstacles for harmonisation. Nevertheless, the Community’s programme of contract law proceeds with optimism, pinning much on the ability to achieve harmonisation through sector-specific regulation and the drafting of common rules. The pitfalls of this approach are illustrated primarily through a study of the implementation of the EC Sales Directive into the contractual fabrics of English and French law. Fragmentation is found to ensue. Yet, the subsequent evolution of the EC programme, from sector-specific regulation towards more systematic and broader regulation – possibly even a codal instrument – is also revealed to be limited in its harmonising ability. Here, the thesis emphasises how the European contract law programme must embrace the post-national, multi-level architecture in which it operates. The co-existence of multiple sites of private law, and the interlocking and complex nature of interaction between each layer of governance, suggest that pluralism and diversity are here to stay. This indicates a more radical understanding of Europeanisation and has ramifications for the EC contract law programme. Internal market harmonising goals must be recalibrated and balanced alongside the preservation of diversity, in a coordinated framework of mutual learning. This is the charm and challenge of the Europeanisation of contract law.
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Zhang, Ruowei 1971. "Good faith in Canadian contract Law." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32818.
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"Good faith", as a technical legal term, has been recognized in many legal systems around the world as a general principle of contract law. However, in Canadian common law of contract, the doctrine still has not been explicitly recognized due to some doubts cast on the doctrine. This thesis will first deal with various criticisms presented by the doctrine opponents. Next, the effect and utility of the doctrine and the relationship between "good faith" and concepts in equity and corporate law will be examined. It will be finally concluded that explicit recognition of good faith would help form a more functional body of law.
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Wong, Chao-wai, and 王祖威. "EDI and the law of contract." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951089.
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Saprai, Prince. "Defending substantive fairness in contract law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504008.
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My thesis makes three claims. First, the courts set aside contracts ('transaction avoidance') because they are substantively unfair, or unfair because of their content or outcome. In some cases, the courts try to disguise this by using the language of procedural fairness to justify transaction avoidance, ie, they say that they are setting contracts aside because of some defect in the way they were entered, usually lack of the promisor's consent caused by her incapacity or the reprehensible conduct of the promisee. However, the cases show that contracts are set aside even though there is no lack of consent. The courts try to dress these cases up in the language of procedural fairness because of freedom of contract. Freedom of contract is the most widely cited objection to substantive fairness, or judicial interference with contract for content-dependent reasons. However, I argue, and this is my second claim, that freedom of contract is not necessarily incompatible with substantive fairness. My third claim is that the existing cases of substantive fairness are morally justified by my theory of autonomy harms. According to it, a good life is an autonomous life. Substantive fairness is justified by the need to protect parties and society more generally from contracts which harm autonomy. The courts implicitly set aside contracts on content-based grounds because they cause five kinds of autonomy harm. These are, harm to: future freedom; threshold wealth; planning; valuable social forms; and the practice of undertaking voluntary obligations. I conclude that the courts should stop disguising cases of substantive fairness, and explicitly adopt autonomy harms and the taxonomy of the law it offers. This would make the legal system more transparent, and easier to criticise and reform.
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Wong, Chao-wai. "EDI and the law of contract." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781418.
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Zegarra, Pinto José. "Contract Amendment in the State Procurement Law (Law No. 30225)." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117514.
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The present article has as principal goal to analyze and comment the more relevant aspects referred to the amendments on that can be done to a contract, in the terms allowed by the new Public Procurement Peruvian Law. Also, the author will refer to the opinions emitted by the OSCE about the topic. Finally, he will state his main conclusions.El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal, analizar y comentar los más importantes aspectos referidos al tema de las modificaciones que se pueden realizar al Contrato, en los términos expuestos en la Ley de Contrataciones del Estado – Ley Nº 30225. Asimismo, procederemos a citar opiniones del OSCE referentes al tema; finalizando con la exposición de nuestras conclusiones.
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El-Ghirani, Muhammad M. "The law of charterparty with particular reference to Islamic law." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326621.
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Stramignoni, Umberto-Igor A. "Form in contract law : a silent revolution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308992.
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Hutchison, Andrew. "Fundamental change of circumstances in contract law." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11569.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-263).
Parties to a contract base their consensus on the facts known to them at the time of contracting - should there be an unforeseen change in these circumstances, it may no longer be just for one party to enforce the agreement against the other. Because the losses and gains consequent upon a change in circumstances occur by chance, it is not fair to place the resultant burden on one party alone.
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Jacobs, Faizel. "Concept and evolvement of Chinese Contract Law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19740.
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This dissertation discusses the evolvement of Chinese Contractual law and establishes as to whether it converges or has any similarity with any Western legal norms and standards. I will view the recent history and early sources of Chinese law as influenced by political changes and tradition; as well as the influence of international commercial transaction agreements. The formation of a contract, standard terms and modification of contracts and the dissolution and breach in Chinese contracts will be discussed and also whether parties do in fact have the freedom to enter agreements with each other without third party interference. The role played by the Judiciary when addressing the issue of contractual disputes and in particular the Interpretations and Opinions of the Supreme Peoples' Court of China on the new Chinese Contract Law will be considered, as well as whether the concept of Doctrine of Precedent as practiced in the West does in fact exist in China. My motivation for choosing this topic is based on the fact that China is (1) the second largest economy in the world and her consequential impact on world trade, (2) its economic influence in the world especially Africa, (3) the fact that China is South Africa's largest trade partner, (4) South Africa's membership of BRICS [1] , and (5), China's growing influence in the world in the creation of parallel institutions to the West, such as the New Development Bank (formerly known as the BRICS Development Bank) rivalling current Western institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
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Stoker, Stuart Mitchell Imrie. "A comparative study of law reform implementation : selected cases /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574110.
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Strauß, Ekkehard. "UN-Reform und Menschenrechte." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_verlag/2012/6095/.
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Inhalt:
- Einführung
- I. Allgemeiner Überblick über die UN-Reform
- 1. Die Rolle der Vereinten Nationen in einer globalisierten Welt
- 2. Grundgedanke der Reform
- 3. Bisherige Reformschritte
- 4. Menschenrechte in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
- 5. Menschenrechte im Bereich „peace-keeping“
- 6. Kooperation der Vereinten Nationen mit der Privatwirtschaft
- 7. Millennium Development Goals
- 8. Zwischenergebnis
- II. Treaty-body Reform
- III. Ergebnis
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Fischer, Martin Jason. "Remedies for anticipatory breach of contract." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16570.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThe thesis discusses the origin and development of anticipatory breach of contract in South African law leading up to the decision in Datacolor International (Pty) Ltd v Intamarket (Pty) Ltd 2001 (2) SA 284 (SCA) and the implications of this decision on the law. This decision is generally regarded as the culmination of the development of a 'new approach' to repudiation, as a form of anticipatory breach of contract, in South African law and this 'new approach' and other aspects of the decision will be discussed in detail. Drawing on Datacolor International (Pty) Ltd v Intamarket (Pty) Ltd and the decisions of Lord Diplock in English law the thesis proposes a model for anticipatory breach of contract that defines anticipatory breach of contract as conduct or circumstances that support a conclusion, with reasonable certainty, that a contracting party will fail to perform their primary obligations under the contract correctly and that such failure justifies affording the aggrieved party a right to cancel the contract. Anticipatory breach of contract will therefore always amount to a material breach of contract, where material breach of contract consists of a failure by a contracting party to perform her or his primary obligations correctly, or conduct which indicates with reasonable certainty that she or he will fail to perform their primary obligations correctly, which will substantially deprive the aggrieved party of the benefit of the contract. If, balancing the interests of the parties, it would be fair to afford the aggrieved party a right to cancel the contract this conduct will amount to a material breach of contract. Anticipatory breaches of contract are those material breaches which consist of conduct indicating that a failure will occur rather than consisting of the actual failure to perform a primary obligation. In addition to defining when the remedy of cancellation is available to an aggrieved party the thesis also proposes certain other modifications to the remedies available to an aggrieved party facing an anticipatory breach of contract including introducing into the South African law, as a remedy for an anticipated breach of contract, a 'request for an adequate assurance of performance' modelled on the remedy of the same name originating in the Uniform Commercial Code.
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Chen, Liuye <1992>. "Reasonableness in European and Chinese Contract Law. A Comparative Law Study." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9899/1/Thesis_Liuye_Chen.pdf.
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Contemporary private law, in teh last few decades, TEMPhas been increasingly characterized by teh spread of general clauses and standards and by teh growing role of interpreters in teh framework of teh sources of law. dis process TEMPhas also consistently effected those systems dat are not typically centered on judge-made law. In particular in contract law general clauses and standards has assumed a leading role and has become protagonists of processes of integration and harmonization of teh law. Wifin dis context, teh reasonableness clause TEMPhas come to teh attention of scholars, emerging as a new element of connection between different legal systems -first of all between common law and civil law – and even between different legal traditions.
dis research aims at reconstructing teh patterns of emersion and evolution of teh TEMPprincipal of reasonableness in contract law both wifin European Union Law and in teh Chinese legal system, in order to identify evolutionary trends, processes of emersion and circulation of legal models and teh scope of operation of teh TEMPprincipal in teh two contexts.
In view of teh increasingly intense economic relations between Europe and China, wifin teh framework of teh new project called Belt and Road Initiative, a comparative survey of dis type can foster mutual understanding and make communications more TEMPeffective, at teh level of legal culture and commercial relations, and to support teh processes of supranational harmonization of contract law rules.
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Nightingale, Carol L. "Criminal law reform : England 1808-1827 /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arn688.pdf.
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Thompson, Von. "Law reform, conciliation and domestic violence /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armt477.pdf.
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Peden, Elisabeth Mary. "A rationalisation of implied terms in contract law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343239.
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MacNeil, Ian G. "Insurance contract law in the single European market." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531109.
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Deakin, Simon Francis. "Contract, labour law and the developing employment relationship." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291753.
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Stark, Shona Wilson. "Law reform ... now? : the work of the British Law Commissions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709320.
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Turnbull, Christopher J. "Family law property settlements: Principled law reform for separated families." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/113831/1/Christopher_Turnbull_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the philosophical basis, values, and practical application of family law, specifically property settlements for separated spouses, where those spouses have children of their relationship. It is a step forward in understanding of how judges decide cases, as it reports on the results and process of decision-making using 200 decisions from family law courts. It develops criteria for defining justice in this context, including a clear purpose to the law, consistency of decision-making, non-discrimination between spouses, giving weight to financial disadvantage, and priority to the economic interests of children.
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Mik, Eliza. "Contract formation in open electronic networks." Phd thesis, Faculty of Law, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4995.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed 28 May 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law. Degree awarded 2007. Includes bibliography references. Also available in print format.
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Schöpp-Schilling, Hanna Beate. "Vorschläge zur Reform der UN-Vertragsausschüsse im Rahmen der Bemühungen um eine Reform der Vereinten Nationen." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_verlag/2012/6097/.
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King, Andrew G. "Making Sense of Law Reform-A Case Study of Workers' Compensation Law Reform in Ontario 1980 to 2012." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31217.
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This thesis is a case study from 1980 to 2012 of law reform applied to workers’ compensation in Ontario. It aims to understand the promise of law reform and its implementation from the standpoint of injured workers. The study is structured in three parts.
Part One constructs an analytical framework drawing on legal theories and principles of adjudication. It provides a brief history of the Ontario Workers’ Compensation Board, its powers and adjudicative practices prior to the reforms.
Part Two summarizes reform in Ontario’s workers’ compensation law from 1980 to 2012. The description is organized into five periods reflecting significant shifts in direction. It focuses on government recommendations for reform, identifies and describes key legislative changes, and explores changes to governance, appeals and adjudication. Legislation, case law, policy and practice are reviewed.
Part Three reviews the evidence of the impact of the Ontario reforms on a particular group: unemployed, permanently disabled workers. While the Board refuses to track the economic status of injured workers, research suggests poverty and stigma face many.
Conclusions suggest that Ontario’s workers’ compensation system was transformed from one established to address the interests of workers and employers separately to one that balances those interests and now into one that privileges the interests of employers. Workers’ interests are a cost to be reduced. The prospect of law reform as an empirically driven process to address injustice has been corrupted by a focus on correctness with fairness as an afterthought.
Cette thèse étudie les réformes de la législation ontarienne en matière d'indemnisation pour les accidents du travail apportées entre 1980 et 2012. Elle vise à comprendre, du point de vue des travailleurs accidentés, les promesses des réformes et leur mise en oeuvre. L'étude est structurée en trois parties.
La première partie fournit un cadre théorique ancré sur certaines théories juridiques et sur les principes régissant la prise de décision. Elle fournit une courte historique de la Commission des accidents du travail de l'Ontario, en regard de ses pouvoirs et pratiques décisionnelles avant les réformes.
La deuxième partie fait la synthèse de la réforme de la législation ontarienne en matière d'accidents du travail de 1980 à 2012. Elle se divise en cinq périodes reflétant les réorientations importantes. Elle aborde les recommandations gouvernementales, décrit les modifications législatives et explore les changements apportés au niveau de la gouvernance, des appels et des modalités de prise de décision. La législation, la jurisprudence, les directives et les pratiques sont étudiées.
La troisième partie analyse, à la lumière des statistiques et les recherches scientifiques sur le sujet, l'impact des réformes ontariennes sur un groupe particulier: les travailleurs porteurs d'atteintes permanentes et qui sont sans emploi. Alors que la Commission refuse de documenter le statut économique des travailleurs accidentés, la recherche suggère que plusieurs font face à la pauvreté et la stigmatisation.
Les conclusions de la thèse suggèrent que le système d'indemnisation des accidentés du travail de l'Ontario est passé d'un système conçu pour répondre aux intérêts des travailleurs et des employeurs de manière séparée à un système qui a cherché l'équilibre entre ces intérêts, pour, maintenant, privilégier les intérêts des employeurs. Les intérêts des travailleurs sont des coûts à être réduits. La perspective de la réforme du droit en tant que processus fondé sur les données scientifiques pour répondre à l'injustice a été corrompue par un focus sur le caractère correct des décisions, et l'équité est devenue une considération qui vient en dernier lieu.
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Thurston, Richard L. "Foreign Investment and Law Reform in China." MIT-Japan Program, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7572.
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Harris, Rudessa. "Corporate Governance law reform in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60052.
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White, Donna Gayle. "Benthamite utilitarianism and law reform in Canada: A criminal law perspective." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7756.
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Renaudin, Muriel. "Secured transactions law reform and the modernisation of personal property law." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43139.
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Sims, Vanessa Karin. "Good faith in contract law : a comparative analysis of English and German law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265456.
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The concept of good faith has an important role to play in English contract law, where the elements necessary for its recognition already exist. Nevertheless, the issue has divided the contract community. Although there is strong support for the recognition of such a concept, it is more often rejected on the basis that it would be, at best, unnecessary and, at worst, a serious disruption of contract law. These arguments are correct to the extent that it would indeed be difficult, if not impossible, to transplant an existing continental version of good faith into English law. They fail, however, to consider the possibility of good faith developing organically within the common law, as an overarching principle integral to general law of contract that governs the performance of agreements. In preparation for the argument that the elements necessary for the recognition of a concept of good faith already exist in English law, the use of the term 'good faith' in contracts uberrimae .fidei and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 is contrasted with, respectively related to, the present debate. The analysis then focuses on the implied term of mutual trust and confidence in employment law, which is identified as a functional equivalent to the German concept of Treu und Glauben. The subsequent extension of this comparison to terms commonly implied into commercial contracts culminates in the identification of the key elements of good faith. At one level, it ensures that contracts are performed as they were intended to be, by ensuring that the parties do not abuse contractual rights for an extraneous purpose; at another, it provides an instrument for the enforcement of policy considerations within the contractual framework. The central concern is always the balancing of interests - those of the parties, those of the community within which the parties are operating, and those of society as a whole. The elements thereby identified are more than capable of refinement into a coherent theory; this thesis commences the process of conceptual analysis and thereby takes the first step towards the recognition of a truly English concept of good faith.
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Weatherall, Thomas Christopher. "Peremptory norms of general international law (Jus Cogens) : international law and social contract." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607751.
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