Academic literature on the topic 'Reflection and refraction of light'

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Journal articles on the topic "Reflection and refraction of light"

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Lanchester, P. C. "Studies of the reflection, refraction and internal reflection of light." Physics Education 49, no. 5 (September 2014): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/49/5/532.

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Katsumata, Koichi, and Shosuke Sasaki. "Reflection and Refraction of Light in Absorbing Media." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 87, no. 5 (May 15, 2018): 054401. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.87.054401.

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de Azevedo, A. C., L. P. Vieira, C. E. Aguiar, and A. C. F. Santos. "Teaching light reflection and refraction to the blind." Physics Education 50, no. 1 (December 22, 2014): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/50/1/15.

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Rendleman, C. A., and F. K. Levin. "Reflection maxima for reflections from single interfaces." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 2 (February 1988): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442462.

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At a workshop on refraction and wide‐angle reflections, Hilterman (1985) pointed out that, in contrast to the plane‐wave case, when there is a point source, a P-wave reflected from a plane interface attains its maximum amplitude at an offset greater than that corresponding to the critical angle (Figure 1). The same conclusion had been drawn earlier by Červený (1967). However, neither Červený’s results, which were based on very complicated mathematical expressions derived by Brekhovskikh (1960), nor Hilterman’s computer‐generated data shed light on the physics implied by the shifted maximum.
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Peccianti, Marco, Andriy Dyadyusha, Malgosia Kaczmarek, and Gaetano Assanto. "Tunable refraction and reflection of self-confined light beams." Nature Physics 2, no. 11 (October 15, 2006): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys427.

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Azadeh, Mohammad, and Lee W. Casperson. "Reflection and refraction of light at saturating active boundaries." Journal of Modern Optics 44, no. 1 (January 1997): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349708232897.

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Marotta, Gaspare, Jeremy Pruvost, Francesca Scargiali, Giuseppe Caputo, and Alberto Brucato. "Reflection-refraction effects on light distribution inside tubular photobioreactors." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 95, no. 9 (March 13, 2017): 1646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.22811.

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AZADEH and LEE W. CASPERSON, MOHAMMAD. "Reflection and refraction of light at saturating active boundaries." Journal of Modern Optics 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095003497154201.

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LIAPIS (Ι. Κ. ΛΙΑΠΗΣ), I. Κ. "Ophthalmoscopy in dog and cat." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, no. 3 (January 31, 2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15446.

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Ophthalmoscopy is the procedure for fundus examination. As an examining technique, ophthalmoscopy is based on the principles of reflection and refraction of the light. In the first case (reflection of the light) ophthalmoscopy is direct. In the second case (reflection and refraction of the light) ophthalmoscopy is indirect. For direct ophthalmoscopy a simple light source is used or better yet a special ophthalmoscope. The indirect technique is realised with the assistance of special equipment. Each one of the above mentionned methods has advantages and disadvantages and it's better having them coherent to one another. The indirect ophthalmoscopy gives a general view of the fundus and magnifies it satisfactorily, whereas direct ophthalmoscopy even though provokes better magnification, gives a smaller optical field.
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Butler, J. P., S. Suzuki, E. H. Oldmixon, and F. G. Hoppin. "A theory of diffuse light scattering by lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.1.89.

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We present a theoretical treatment of backscattered light from the interior of a lung illuminated by a thin beam of light normally incident on the pleural surface. An approximate formula is developed describing how the backscattered intensity varies with distance from the point of light entry. This is shown to depend markedly on the optical mean free path and on the effective extinction coefficient. We attempt to relate the optical mean free path to the mean alveolar size. This relationship is found to depend primarily on septal reflection and refraction. Reflection is treated quantitatively. Refraction is much more difficult and may have to be approached empirically. We present here the rudiments of a technique with implications for the possibility of dynamic stereology.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reflection and refraction of light"

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Azadeh, Mohammad. "Reflection and Refraction of Light from Nonlinear Boundaries." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4715.

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This thesis deals with the topic of reflection and refraction of light from the boundary of nonlinear materials in general, and saturating amplifiers in particular. We first study some of the basic properties of the light waves in nonlinear materials. We then develop a general formalism to model the reflection and refraction of light with an arbitrary angle of incidence from the boundary of a nonlinear medium. This general formalism is then applied to the case of reflection and refraction from the boundary of linear dielectrics. It will be shown that in this limit, it reduces to the well known Fresnel and Snell's formulas. We also study the interface of a saturating amplifier. The wave equation we use for this purpose is approximate, in the sense that it assumes the amplitude of the wave does not vary significantly in a distance of a wave length. The limits and implications of this approximation are also investigated. We derive expressions for electric field and intensity reflection and transmission coefficients for such materials. In doing so, we make sure that the above mentioned approximation is not violated. These results are compared with the case of reflection and refraction from the interface of a linear dielectric.
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Porritt, Dawn, and n/a. "The magnificent play of light: seeing the difference." University of Canberra. Design and Architecture, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081023.115855.

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Light as a concept is filled with a multitude of interpretations, ideas and possibilities and no matter how technologically progressive we think we are, nature consistently controls our human way of life. We are surrounded by nature and often gain inspiration by the simple things around us. My interest in the phenomena of light and refraction was sparked years ago by Claude Monet?s painting Bathers at La Grenouillere, 1869. It showed simplicity of form and shape, yet emitted a luminosity and radiance of light reflecting off water. This thesis examines the subject of light as an optical phenomenon. My specific aim was to create distorted, ambiguous and conflicting images in my photographs by using the "optical phenomena" of light such as, refraction, diffraction and reflection as a basis for abstracting reality. I wanted to capture the changes that occur when light changes direction due to refractive qualities within a material such as glass, water or plastic, or due to the reflective qualities of a surface. The camera was exploited for its capacity to capture realism, but also to capture and abstract natural phenomenon. The images were enlarged to magnify details and the reality of the physical world was heightened as objects became ambiguous. Design compositional techniques were used to decontextualise objects. I approached this study with the idea that observation and awareness has importance to image making within my design and teaching practice. This thesis presents my project explorations showing the play of light on and through surfaces under different conditions. I have documented this by producing a series of photographic images and a glossary as an aid in the practice of design education.
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Wang, Chia-Hao. "Context Awareness." Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5870.

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From anti-modernism to the movement of regaining identity, in one way or another, we are all somehow looking for ways to find the harmony in this world. Respecting nature, be aware of the environment and co-exist with it, is worth further investigation. That is why I chose to examine the relationship of context and interior, with the help of natural light.
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Pospíchal, David. "Systém pro měření lokálních IR spekter." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442520.

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The diploma thesis deals with the design of a system for measuring infrared spectra from local areas of samples. The theoretical part describes the electromagnetic waves and related phenomena. Furthermore, the semiconductor junction and solar cells are discussed. The following is a basic description of line spectrometers. In the practical part, a suitable arrangement of the whole system, collimator design, and especially the core of the whole work, ie control software and signal processing, are proposed.
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Beaman, Heather. "Reflection-Refraction." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1888.

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I find my inspiration by looking at the world around me. I take snapshots, compose photographs, and collect physical objects from my surroundings. I interpret these materials by layering printmaking, mixed media, and alternative photographic processes. I use the simplification of the human form when developing the composition. As my work takes shape, I present a universal person placed in a situational narrative. Layering the human figure with my travels and experiences creates a pause or an intimate moment that the viewer shares with the art work.
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Zhang, Jie. "Nonlinear refraction and reflection traveltime tomography." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10717.

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Azzeer, A. M. A. "Some nonlinear laser induced reflection and refraction phenomena." Thesis, Swansea University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635819.

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This thesis is primarily concerned with some laser-induced nonlinear reflection and refraction phenomena in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystals. These are photorefraction and phase conjugation. These phenomena are caused by nonlinear optical processes and the underlying basic theory is presented. A critical review of the theory of phase conjugation by Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) of coherent laser beams is given and an analysis and a simple mathematical description of photorefraction, i.e. light-induced refractive index changes, are presented. Laser beam coupling by two-wave mixing and phase conjugation by four-wave mixing in photorefractive media are discussed in detail. Relevant physical properties of LiNbO3 crystals were measured and are described. An account of the design of experiments and the apparatus used in the present study to investigate photorefraction and phase conjugation in LiNbO3 are presented. The characteristics of the He-Cd laser used in the experimental investigation were measured and are described. Experiments were conducted using two-wave mixing to yield the photorefractive parameters of LiNbO3 which were then used in the interpretation of the experiments in which phase conjugation was observed in DFWM studies. Details of the procedures and the results are given together with estimates obtained for diffusion and photovoltaic field strengths in the conditions used in the present investigation. Photographic evidence of the corrective removal of optical distortion from laser beam propagating through LiNbO3 cyrstal is given.
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Taguchi, Kazue. "LLUM: Light and Reflection." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1527.

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Anderson, Brian Benjamin. "Grating light reflection spectroscopy /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8600.

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Stigloher, Johannes [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Back. "Reflection and Refraction of Spin Waves / Johannes Stigloher ; Betreuer: Christian Back." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173974873/34.

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Books on the topic "Reflection and refraction of light"

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Stille, Darlene R. Manipulating light: Reflection, refraction, and absorption. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2006.

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A, Lorentz H. On the theory of the reflection and refraction of light: Academic dissertation for acquiring the degree of Doctor in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences and Leyden University. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997.

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Paulsen, Jasper, ed. Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond. Seattle, USA: Folds.net, 2001.

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A, Lorentz H. On the theory of the reflection and refraction of light: Academic dissertation for acquiring the degree of Doctor in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences at Leyden University : by authority of the Rector Magnificus Joannes Theodorus Buijs, professor in the law department : to be defended at a faculty meeting on Saturday, 11 December 1875, at 1 PM. Edited by Nersessian Nancy J and Cohen H. F. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997.

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Liu, Jun Cheng. Jun Cheng Liu: Reflection and refraction. Dallas, Tex: Valley House Gallery, Inc., 1994.

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Torrence, Jack. Light show: Reflection and absorption. New York: PowerKids Press, 2009.

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Heigold, Paul C. Seismic reflection and seismic refraction surveying in northeastern Illinois. Champaign, Ill. (615 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign 61820): Illinois State Geological Survey, 1990.

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Newton, Isaac. Opticks: Or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of light. Memphis, Tenn: General Books, 2010.

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Kokhanovsky, Alex A. Light Scattering Reviews 3: Light Scattering and Reflection. Berlin, Heidelberg: Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2008.

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Newton, Isaac. Opticks: Or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of light (1721). Memphis, Tenn: General Books, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reflection and refraction of light"

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Prosser, R. D., S. Jeffers, and J. Desroches. "Maxwellian Analysis of Reflection and Refraction." In The Present Status of the Quantum Theory of Light, 151–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5682-0_15.

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Lüders, Klaus, and Robert Otto Pohl. "The Relation Between Absorption, Reflection and Refraction of Light." In Pohl's Introduction to Physics, 491–515. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50269-4_25.

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Pietquin, Paul. "Translating and Interpreting Ibn al-Haytham's Optics from Arabic to Latin: New Light on the Vocabulary of Reflection and Refraction." In Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, 43–52. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315155081-5.

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Lee, Myeongkyu. "Reflection and Refraction." In Optics for Materials Scientists, 45–82. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429425356-2.

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Dobbs, E. R. "Reflection and refraction." In Basic Electromagnetism, 160–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2112-5_11.

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Hübscher, Christian, and Karsten Gohl. "Reflection/Refraction Seismology." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 721–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6238-1_128.

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Salazar Bloise, Félix, Rafael Medina Ferro, Ana Bayón Rojo, and Francisco Gascón Latasa. "Reflection and Refraction." In Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, 715–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48368-8_13.

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Dobbs, Roland. "Reflection and refraction." In Electromagnetic Waves, 62–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9284-5_5.

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Hübscher, Christian, and Karsten Gohl. "Reflection/Refraction Seismology." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 1–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_128-1.

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Rossing, Thomas D., and Christopher J. Chiaverina. "Refraction of Light." In Light Science, 89–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27103-9_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reflection and refraction of light"

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Miranda Díaz, Lázaro J. "Top lateral refraction and reflection of polarized light in lenses." In Second International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics, edited by Manuel Filipe P. C. Martins Costa and Rogério Nunes Nogueira. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2062612.

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Weber, Emanuel, Dietmar Puchberger-Enengl, and Michael J. Vellekoop. "In-Line Characterization of Micro-Droplets Based on Partial Light Reflection at the Solid-Liquid Interface." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2012-73155.

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In this paper a novel optofluidic setup, fabricated on a single layer device for in-line droplet characterization yielding droplet-size, droplet-frequency, and optical properties with compatibility for full on-chip integration is presented. Chips were fabricated using a simple, fast, and cost effective technology. A T-junction arrangement on the device is used for droplet generation. The optical part of the setup consists of an external light source, external silicon photodetectors, integrated air micro-lenses, and an integrated waveguide. The design makes use of partial light reflection/transmission at the solid-liquid interface to count, size, and discriminate droplets based on their optical properties. When passing the interrogation point, droplets having a lower refractive index as the continuous phase result in light deflections. Both, reflected and transmitted light, are detected simultaneously. A relation of those two signals is then used for the analysis resulting in a continuously stable signal. The generated pattern is unique for different droplets and can be exploited for droplet characterization. Using this arrangement, droplets of de-ionized water (DI) were counted at frequencies of up to 320 droplets per second. In addition, information about the droplet sizes and their variations could be obtained. Finally, 5 mol/L CaCl2 and DI droplets, having different indices of refraction were examined and could clearly be discriminated based on their unique reflected and transmitted light signals. This principle can be applied for the detection of dissolved molecules in droplets as long as they influence the index of refraction. Examples could be the determination of DNA or protein content in the droplet.
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Yoo, Jung Hye, Bok Hee Cho, Dae-Kyu Kim, and Seung-Han Park. "A new technique to teach basic concepts of refraction and reflection of light." In Education and Training in Optics and Photonics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/etop.2009.ep1.

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Yoo, Jung Hye, Bok Hee Cho, Dae-Kyu Kim, and Seung-Han Park. "A new technique to teach basic concepts of refraction and reflection of light." In Eleventh International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics, edited by K. Alan Shore. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2208085.

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Aieta, Francesco, Patrice Genevet, Nanfang Yu, Mikhail A. Kats, Zeno Gaburro, and Federico Capasso. "Out of plane reflection and refraction of light by plasmonic interfaces with phase discontinuities." In Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qels.2012.qm4f.1.

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Miranda Díaz, Lázaro J. "Top lateral refraction and reflection of polarized light in lenses, coplanar lens system: applications." In 8th Ibero American Optics Meeting/11th Latin American Meeting on Optics, Lasers, and Applications, edited by Manuel Filipe P. C. Martins Costa. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2027675.

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Miranda Díaz, Lázaro J. "Top lateral refraction and reflection of polarized light in lenses, coplanar lens system, applications." In 12th Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference, edited by Manuel F. P. C. Martins Costa and Mourad Zghal. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2070746.

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Ramaila, Sam. "EXPLORING SOUTH AFRICAN PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF LIGHT PHENOMENA." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end018.

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The wave and particle nature of light poses considerable instructional challenges to both teachers and learners in diverse educational settings. Developing a meaningful conceptual understanding of the wave and particle nature of light is a key requirement for demystifying the complex nature of various optical phenomena. The study adopted an exploratory descriptive survey design and involved purposively selected South African preservice Physical Sciences as participants. Preservice Physical Sciences teachers’ conceptual understanding of light phenomena was explored through the administration of the Light Phenomena Conceptual Assessment (LPCA) inventory. The key findings of the study revealed that preservice Physical Sciences teachers exhibited conceptual hurdles in relation to light phenomena such as reflection, refraction, total internal reflection and light scattering. The prevalence of these conceptual hurdles can partly be attributed to pervasive knowledge gaps manifested as a result of deficient instructional strategies adopted to demystify complex nature of light phenomena. Theoretical implications for initial teacher education are discussed.
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Patil, Vishal A., and James A. Liburdy. "Refractive Index Matching With Distortion Measurements in a Bed of Irregularly Packed Spheres." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30571.

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Experimental flow visualization in porous media is often conducted using optical techniques such as PIV and PTV for velocity field estimation and LIF for concentration field measurements. The porous bed is made optically accessible to laser light and imaging by matching refractive indices of the liquid phase to that of the solid matrix, including the channel walls. The methods most commonly employed to match the refractive indices have been to maximize the transmitted intensity through the bed or to rely on refractometers for measurement of the liquid and solid phases. Refractometers with sensitivity of 0.001 could still cause refraction problems in a porous bed, while accuracy and sensitivity of transmission based methods are limited by the camera resolution and noise scattered by impurities and stray light caused by reflections at interfaces. Both these methods fail to provide uncertainty estimates for particle position determination due to slight refractive index mismatching. This work presents a method for assessing the matching of refractive indices that relies on measuring distortion of a target when imaged through a porous bed. The target used is a grid of 250 μm dots irradiated with light at the necessary wavelength at which refractive indices are to be matched. Two principle types of distortion are quantified, distortion of the image centroid due to interface refraction and intensity distortion within the image for index mismatching as low as 0.0005.
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Wannous, Jarier, and Peter Horváth. "Measuring the Speed of Light in Water Using a CD." In INNODOCT 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2019.2019.10081.

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The paper describes a simple method of measuring the speed of light in water using the wave properties of light. The tools used are a compact disk (CD), an aquarium, a laser pointer and a ruler. The key tool is a CD of which the reflective layer has been scratched off. Using the comparison method, we compare the speed of light in water with the already known speed of light in air. The measurement itself will be realized using a ruler and a graph paper. Other than measuring the speed of light in water, the activities offers an experimental proof that during light refraction the wavelength of the light changes while the frequency remains constant, which is an important but not trivial fact about refraction.
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Reports on the topic "Reflection and refraction of light"

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Azadeh, Mohammad. Reflection and Refraction of Light from Nonlinear Boundaries. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6599.

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James, Michael R. Implementation of Cerenkov Radiation and Reflection/Refraction into MCNP6. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1088890.

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Fortin, G. Interpretation of Beaufort Sea 1985 High Resolution Refraction/Reflection Data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/121048.

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Fortin, G. Interpretation of Beaufort Sea 1985 high resolution refraction/reflection data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122466.

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Green, A. G. Studies of laterally heterogeneous structures using seismic refraction and reflection data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/129011.

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Rohr, K. M. M., G. Spence, I. Asudeh, R. Ellis, and R. Clowes. Seismic reflection and refraction experiment in the Queen Charlotte Basin, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/127385.

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Morgan, J., and M. Warner. Interpretation of a combined refraction and reflection profile across the western Canadian active margin. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/129014.

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Safavi-Naeini, Amir H., Simon Groeblacher, Jeff T. Hill, Jasper Chan, Markus Aspelmeyer, and Oskar Painter. Squeezing of Light via Reflection from a Silicon Micromechanical Resonator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584019.

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Thybo, H. Interpretation of coincident seismic reflection and refraction profiles across the active subduction zone of western Canada. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/129017.

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Takeda, Fumihide. Selective reflection of light at a solid-gas interface and its application. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.838.

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