Dissertations / Theses: 'Reflectance'

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Ibbett, R. N. "Infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382895.

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Evens, Anne F. "Spectral reflectance of vitrinite." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311095.

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Chen, Qiao. "Modelling of spectral reflectance." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438575.

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Feng, Xiaofan. "Comparison of methods for generation of absolute reflectance factor measurement for BRDF studies /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10922.

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Beigpour, Shida. "Illumination and Object Reflectance Modeling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/113551.

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El modelado de la reflectancia de las superficies es una clave importante para la comprensión de escenas. Un modelo de reflectancia preciso, basado en las leyes de la física, nos permite alcanzar resultados realísticos y físicamente plausibles. Además, el uso de tal modelo nos permite establecer un conocimiento más profundo acerca de la interacción de la luz con las superficies de los objetos, y resulta crucial para una variedad de aplicaciones de visión por computador. Debido a la alta complejidad de los modelos de reflectancia, la gran mayoría de las aplicaciones existentes de visión por computador basan sus métodos en suposiciones simplificadoras, tales como la reflectancia lambertiana o la iluminación uniforme para ser capaz de resolver sus problemas. Sin embargo, en escenas del mundo real, los objetos tienden a exhibir reflexiones más complejas (difusas y especulares), y además se ven afectados por las características y la cromaticidad de los iluminantes. En esta tesis, se incorpora un modelo de reflexión más realista para aplicaciones de visión por computador. Para abordar tal fenómeno físico complejo, extendemos los modelos de reflectancia de los objetos del estado-del-arte mediante la introducción de un Modelo de Reflexión Dicromático Multi-Iluminante (MIDR). Usando MIDR somos capaces de modelar y descomponer la reflectancia de un objeto con especularidades complejas bajo múltiples iluminantes que presentan sombras e interreflexiones. Se demuestra que este modelo nos permite realizar una recolorización realista de los objetos iluminados por luces de colores y múltiples iluminantes. Además se propone un método "local" de estimación del iluminante para modelar las escenas con iluminación no uniforme (por ejemplo, una escena al aire libre con un cielo azul y un sol amarillo, una escena interior con iluminación combinada con la iluminación al aire libre a través de una ventana, o cualquier otro caso en el que dos o más luces con diferentes colores iluminan diferentes partes de la escena). El método propuesto aprovecha un modelo probabilístico basado en grafos y resuelve el problema rededefiniendo la estimación como un problema de minimización de energía. Este método nos proporciona estimaciones locales del iluminante que mejoran en gran medida a los métodos del estado-del-arte en constancia de color. Por otra parte, hemos capturado nuestro propia base de datos multi-iluminante, que consiste de escenas complejas y condiciones de iluminación al aire libre o de laboratorio. Con ésta se demuestra la mejora lograda usando nuestro método con respecto a los métodos del estado-del-arte para la estimación automática del iluminante local. Se demuestra que tener un modelo más realista y preciso de la iluminación de la escena y la reflectancia de los objetos, mejora en gran medida la calidad en muchas tareas de visión por ordenador y gráficos por computador. Mostramos ejemplos de mejora en el balance automático de blanco, reiluminación de escenas y en la recolorización de objetos. La teoría propuesta se puede emplear también para mejorar la denominación automática de colores, la detección de objetos, el reconocimiento y la segmentación, que están entre las tendencias más populares de la visión por computador.
Surface reflectance modeling is an important key to scene understanding. An accurate reflectance model which is based on the laws of physics allows us to achieve realistic and physically plausible results. Using such model, a more profound knowledge about the interaction of light with objects surfaces can be established which proves crucial to variety of computer vision application. Due to high complexity of the reflectance model, the vast majority of the existing computer vision applications base their methods on simplifying assumptions such as Lambertian reflectance or uniform illumination to be able to solve their problem. However, in real world scenes, objects tend to exhibit more complex reflections (diffuse and specular) and are furthermore affected by the characteristics and chromaticity of the illuminants. In this thesis, we incorporate a more realistic reflection model in computer vision applications. To address such complex physical phenomenon, we extend the state-of-the-art object reflectance models by introducing a Multi-Illuminant Dichromatic Reflection model (MIDR). Using MIDR we are able to model and decompose the reflectance of an object with complex specularities under multiple illuminants presenting shadows and inter-reflections. We show that this permits us to perform realistic re-coloring of objects lit by colored lights, and multiple illuminants. Furthermore, we propose a “local” illuminant estimation method in order to model the scenes with non-uniform illumination (e.g., an outdoor scene with a blue sky and a yellow sun, a scene with indoor lighting combined with outdoor lighting through a window, or any other case in which two or more lights with distinct colors illuminating different parts of the scene). The proposed method takes advantage of a probabilistic and graph-based model and solves the problem by re-defining the estimation problem as an energy minimization. This method provides us with local illuminant estimations which improve greatly over state-of-the-art color constancy methods. Moreover, we captured our own multi-illuminant dataset which consists of complex scenes and illumination conditions both outdoor and in laboratory conditions. We show improvement achieved using our method over state-of-the-art methods for local illuminant estimation. We demonstrate that having a more realistic and accurate model of the scene illumination and object reflectance greatly improves the quality of many computer vision and computer graphics tasks. We show examples of improved automatic white balance, scene relighting, and object re-coloring. The proposed theory can be employed in order to improve color naming, object detection, recognition, and segmentation which are among the most popular computer vision trends.

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Bernhardsson, Daniel, and Johan Törne. "Video Neutralization and Reflectance Spoofing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97756.

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We present two new applications for projector-camera systems; reflectance spoofing and video neutralization. With these applications we can project visual content in mixel reality environments without making the light levels unnatural and we can project color compensated movies and images on non-ideal projection surfaces. A custom developed structured light technique is used to calibrate the correspondence between camera pixels and projector pixels. A feedback algorithm is used to establish a neutralization image on a per pixel basis. Our results show real promise for this kind of technology. A new method for spectral calibration of digital cameras is also presented. The method uses laser pointers to mark wavelengths in a spectrum created with a tungsten light source and a diffraction grating. The method is faster and potentially much cheaper than current methods and our results suggest that the method gives results of better or equal quality compared to currently availible methods.

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Blount, Christopher. "Near infrared reflectance in Anura." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/near-infrared-reflectance-in-anura(f730de01-8d4a-43de-b2dd-2ef3027bfc2f).html.

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Increased near infrared (NIR) reflection, closely resembling the red edge found in leaves, has been known in frogs for many years. Whereas previously thought of as an isolated rarity, we have shown that it is likely far more prevalent than previously believed, occurring in multiple distinct family groups and world regions. To date, there are now 26 anuran species known to demonstrate increased NIR reflectance, from 12 different genera, 4 families, and 3 ecozones. The visible/NIR reflection spectra of each individual measured was found to be characteristic of its species; whether it was wild or captive bred; and its sex. A machine learning based classification system was demonstrated as a viable method of identifying these properties from a frog's reflection spectra alone. How this reflection spectra developed from a pre-metamorphosis froglet through to adult frog was tracked, with the gradual changes to the reflection spectra of both NIR reflective and other frogs identified as being most likely dominated by the reduction in epidermal melanophores, and the increasing number of dermal iridophores. A modified consumer camera was shown to be a viable method for rapid identification of increased NIR reflection in anurans, and was used to identify that salamanders also show variation in NIR reflection between ground dwelling and leaf sitting species. The overnight colour change in Hylomantis lemur was observed, and found to occur pre-emptively of the frog's future location; with the frogs regularly transitioning from pale green Ã¢ÂÂdaytime' colouration, to the dark brown Ã¢ÂÂnight time' colouration, while still on the green leaf surface before becoming active, and undertaking the reverse transition while still active, but shortly before returning to the leaf. It seems likely that this change is for protection from silhouetting whilst active. Optical coherence tomography images were taken of several species of frog, and found to be a viable method for non-invasive investigation of anuran skin structure, with structural differences observed between the two colourations of H. lemur. It was found that the most likely cause of the increased NIR reflection in frogs is a reduction in melanin, either by absence or substitution with pterorhodin. Although the true benefit to the frog is difficult to determine, it seems likely that cryptic thermoregulation plays a key role: the maintenance of body temperature for the purpose of camouflage from animals capable of far-infrared vision. This thesis demonstrates the legitimacy of several techniques and approaches for non-invasive study of anurans, but the ultimate scope of the project is fundamentally limited by the range of frogs available. Further insight is likely to arise from increasing this scope, applying these techniques to more frogs, from more species, in more regions, and the author wishes all future researchers the greatest success in this endeavour.

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Matusik, Wojciech 1973. "A data-driven reflectance model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87454.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.
"September 2003."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115).
I present a data-driven model for isotropic bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) based on acquired reflectance data. Instead of using analytic reflectance models, each BRDF is represented as a dense set of measurements. This representation allows interpolation and extrapolation in the space of acquired BRDFs to create new BRDFs. Each acquired BRDF is treated as a single high-dimensional vector taken from the space of all possible BRDFs. Both linear (subspace) and non-linear (manifold) dimensionality reduction tools are applied in an effort to discover a lower-dimensional representation that characterizes the acquired BRDFs. To complete the model, users are provided with the means for defining perceptually meaningful parametrizations that allow them to navigate in the reduced-dimension BRDF space. On the low-dimensional manifold, movement along these directions produces novel, but valid, BRDFs. By analyzing a large collection of reflectance data, I also derive two novel reflectance sampling procedures that require fewer total measurements than standard uniform sampling approaches. Using densely sampled measurements the general surface reflectance function is analyzed to determine the local signal variation at each point in the function's domain. Wavelet analysis is used to derive a common basis for all of the acquired reflectance functions, as well as a non-uniform sampling pattern that corresponds to all non-zero wavelet coefficients. Second, I show that the reflectance of an arbitrary material can be represented as a linear combination of the surface reflectance functions. Furthermore, this analysis specifies a reduced set of sampling points that permits the robust estimation of the coefficients of this linear combination.
(cont.) These procedures dramatically shorten the acquisition time for isotropic reflectance measurements.
by Wojciech Matusik.
Ph.D.

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Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes. "Diagnostic applications of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-691.

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This thesis covers a wide field of applications, with an emphasis on applications of reflectance spectroscopy for diagnostic purposes. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible part of the spectrum has been proved to be a valuable tool in a variety of applications including e. g. port-wine stain diagnostics, diagnostics of liver pathology, neonatal jaundice and age determination of bruises for forensic applications.

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Chou, Ti-Fan. "Obtaining reflectance functions using digital cameras." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634750.

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Spectral reflectance is the 'finger print' of the colour of an object. This study investigated a number of the methods to obtain spectral reflectance functions of colours, and to compare their performance. Spectrophotometers are traditionally colour measurement instruments. However, they can only measure one spot of flat uniform colour patches with direct contact. Using digital cameras as a means of colour measurement device to predict spectral reflectance can overcome this limitation, but system performance in terms of accuracy and precision is expected to be lower than using spectrophotometers. In the present work, the metrology and prediction of measuring colours were studied. The former included the evaluation of spectrophotometer performance. The latter considered characterisation models using digital cameras to predict spectral reflectance from camera responses. Large efforts were spent to develop camera based technology. The characterisation model which was typically applied to transform the camera primary responses to device independent primaries (XYZ or CIELAB) requires a characterisation target. To make a successful model depends upon the selection of effective colours in the characterisation target. In the present research, a method for developing the characterisation target and the importance of colour regions for colour selection were proposed.

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Connah, David. "Reflectance recovery in humans and machines." Thesis, University of Derby, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407046.

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Seitz, Vent Debra S. "Multichannel analysis of object-color spectra /." Online version of thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11751.

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Johansson, Peter. "Plant Condition Measurement from Spectral Reflectance Data." Thesis, Linköping University, Computer Vision, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-59286.

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The thesis presents an investigation of the potential of measuring plant condition from hyperspectral reflectance data. To do this, some linear methods for embedding the high dimensional hyperspectral data and to perform regression to a plant condition space have been compared. A preprocessing step that aims at normalized illumination intensity in the hyperspectral images has been conducted and some different methods for this purpose have also been compared.A large scale experiment has been conducted where tobacco plants have been grown and treated differently with respect to watering and nutrition. The treatment of the plants has served as ground truth for the plant condition. Four sets of plants have been grown one week apart and the plants have been measured at different ages up to the age of about five weeks. The thesis concludes that there is a relationship between plant treatment and their leaves' spectral reflectance, but the treatment has to be somewhat extreme for enabling a useful treatment approximation from the spectrum. CCA has been the proposed method for calculation of the hyperspectral basis that is used to embed the hyperspectral data to the plant condition (treatment) space. A preprocessing method that uses a weighted normalization of the spectrums for illumination intensity normalization is concluded to be the most powerful of the compared methods.

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Rowland, Gareth Llywelyn. "Photomodulated reflectance spectroscopy of novel semiconductor materials." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843223/.

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Room temperature photomodulated reflectance (PR), Photoluminescence (PL) and double crystal x-ray diffraction (DCXRD) measurements have been performed on a series of tensilely strained InxGa1-xAs (0.316 ≤ x ≤ 0.533) multiple quantum well (QW) structures, with In0.80Ga0.20As0.43P0.57 barriers. The DCXRD measurements provided accurate information on composition, strain and layer thickness, while PR was used to determine the energies of the full manifold of allowed and forbidden critical point interband QW transitions. A three-band effective mass formalism was used to model the QW transitions to derive structural information on each sample. The energies of the ground-state QW transitions, H11 and L11, were found to increase with tensile strain, becoming degenerate near 0.36% tensile strain. Room temperature PR and conventional reflectance (R) measurement have been performed on two I.R. emitting InGaAs/GaAs/A1As vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structures. The R measurements were modelled using a transfer matrix formalism to determine errors in the growth fluxes. A new PR lineshape model has been developed based on energy dependent Seraphin coefficients, to describe the cavity mode interaction with a confined-state QW transition. The model is demonstrated on a set of PR spectra, and used in a novel way to derive the Deltaepsilon2 spectrum of the QW layers directly. The results are compared with those taken of the QW layers directly after removing the top Bragg stack reflector. Whilst the QW layers in one sample were found to be close to nominal, the in composition of QW in the other sample was found to depart significantly from the nominal 23%, and was found to be 28%. Room temperature and ~ 80K PR measurements were performed on three InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot (QD) structures: a sample with a single layer of QDs, and two with two layers. The PR revealed five equally spaced confined-state QD transitions, at both 80K and room temperature, with ~ 54 meV separation. The behaviour of the QD1 transition as a function of temperature was investigated and an anomalous increase in linewidth was observed on cooling. Annealing of one of the samples produced a strong blue shift (~ 250 meV) and narrowing of the QD transitions.

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Pilger, Neal, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Canopy reflectance modeling of forest stand volume." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/230.

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Three-dimensional canopy relectance models provide a physical-structural basis to satellite image analysis, representing a potentially more robust, objective and accurate approach for obtaining forest cover type and structural information with minimal ground truth data. The Geometric Optical Mutual Shadowing (GOMS) canopy relectance model was run in multiple-forward-mode (MFM) using digital multispectral IKONOS satellite imagery to estimate tree height and stand volume over 100m2 homogeneous forest plots in mountainous terrain, Kananaskis, Alberta. Height was computed within 2.7m for trembling aspen and 1.8m fr lodgepole pine, with basal area estimated within 0.05m2. Stand volume, estimated as the product of mean tree height and basal area, had an absolute mean difference from field measurements of 0.85m3/100m2 and 0.61m3/100m2 for aspen and pine, respectively.
xiii, 143 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm.

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Timperley, Christine Ann. "Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy of thermotropic liquid crystals." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428215.

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Atkinson, Gary A. "Surface shape and reflectance analysis using polarisation." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437614.

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Burbine, Thomas H. (Thomas Hewey) 1966. "Forging asteroid-meteorite relationships through reflectance spectroscopy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9170.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 225-248).
Near-infrared spectra (~0.90 to ~1.65 microns) were obtained for 196 main-belt and near-Earth asteroids to determine plausible meteorite parent bodies. These spectra, when coupled with previously obtained visible data, allow for a better determination of asteroid mineralogies. Over half of the observed objects have estimated diameters less than 20 k-m. Many important results were obtained concerning the compositional structure of the asteroid belt. A number of small objects near asteroid 4 Vesta were found to have near-infrared spectra similar to the eucrite and howardite meteorites, which are believed to be derived from Vesta. These asteroids appear almost certainly to be fragments of Vesta. Spectral variations between these objects are consistent with being primarily due to differences in particle size. These asteroids also tend to have stronger band depths with increasing ejection velocity from Vesta. Objects with distinctive olivine bands appear to provide definitive evidence that spectral alteration is occurring in the asteroid belt. These objects have similar band depths but appear significantly reddened relative to measured olivine samples due to their significantly higher reflectance values with increasing wavelength. The only laboratory-simulated "weathering" process that reddens the spectra but does not significantly suppress the bands is alteration by laser irradiation, which is hoped to duplicate the effects of micrometeorite bombardment. A number of plausible main-belt parent bodies were identified. These include 19 Fortuna and the CM chondrites, Eos family members with the CO chondrites and 599 Luisa with the CV chondrites. A significant fraction of S asteroids have spectral properties that range from similar to ordinary chondrites to much redder with weaker absorption bands. These objects tend to have spectra consistent with a mixture of ordinary chondrite material and metallic iron. However, other alteration processes cannot be ruled out. Asteroids with distinctive olivine bands are relatively rare. The available evidence is consistent with a scenario where, with the exception of Vesta, all differentiated bodies were either disrupted or had their mantles stripped very early in the age of the solar system. Olivine-rich metal-free fragments were then continually broken down until they almost all now fall below our current astronomical measurement limits.
by Thomas H. Burbine, Jr.
Ph.D.

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Viggh, Herbert E. M. "Surface Prior Information Reflectance Estimation (SPIRE) algorithms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17564.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 393-396).
In this thesis we address the problem of estimating changes in surface reflectance in hyperspectral image cubes, under unknown multiplicative and additive illumination noise. Rather than using the Empirical Line Method (ELM) or physics-based approaches, we assumed the presence of a prior reflectance image cube and ensembles of typical multiplicative and additive illumination noise vectors, and developed algorithms which estimate reflectance using this prior information. These algorithms were developed under the additional assumptions that the illumination effects were band limited to lower spatial frequencies and that the differences in the surface reflectance from the prior were small in area relative to the scene, and have defined edges. These new algorithms were named Surface Prior Information Reflectance Estimation (SPIRE) algorithms. Spatial SPIRE algorithms that employ spatial processing were developed for six cases defined by the presence or absence of the additive noise, and by whether or not the noise signals are spatially uniform or varying. These algorithms use high-pass spatial filtering to remove the noise effects. Spectral SPIRE algorithms that employ spectral processing were developed and use zero-padded Principal Components (PC) filtering to remove the illumination noise. Combined SPIRE algorithms that use both spatial and spectral processing were also developed. A Selective SPIRE technique that chooses between Combined and Spectral SPIRE reflectance estimates was developed; it maximizes estimation performance on both modified and unmodified pixels. The different SPIRE algorithms were tested on HYDICE airborne sensor hyperspectral data, and their reflectance estimates were compared to those from the physics-based ATmospheric REMoval (ATREM) and the Empirical Line Method atmospheric compensation algorithms. SPIRE algorithm performance was found to be nearly identical to the ELM ground-truth based results. SPIRE algorithms performed better than ATREM overall, and significantly better under high clouds and haze. Minimum-distance classification experiments demonstrated SPIRE's superior performance over both ATREM and ELM in cross-image supervised classification applications. The taxonomy of SPIRE algorithms was presented and suggestions were made concerning which SPIRE algorithm is recommended for various applications.
by Herbert Erik Mattias Viggh.
Ph.D.

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Zonios, George I. 1968. "Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human colon tissue." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29636.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-134).
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can provide quantitative biochemical and morphological information for the analysis of biological tissue epithelium and the detection of precancerous lesions. To investigate this, diffuse reflectance spectra were collected from adenomatous colon polyps (cancer precursors) and normal colonic tissue of patients undergoing colonoscopy. To analyze the data, an analytical model was developed based on the diffusion of light in tissue. The model was formulated in terms of the absorption and scattering properties of tissue. In the case of absorption, hemoglobin was identified as the major absorber of light, and scattering was modeled as a homogeneous of collection spherical microparticles using Mie scattering theory. The validity and accuracy of the analytical model was tested and validated on a physical tissue model (phantom) composed of polystyrene beads and hemoglobin and it was found that it is suitable for application to the tissue data. Four parameters were obtained by analyzing the tissue data using the model: hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, effective scatterer density and size. Normal and adenoma tissue sites exhibited differences in hemoglobin concentration and effective scatterer size, in agreement with other studies which employ standard methods. These results demonstrate that diffuse reflectance can be used to obtain tissue biochemical and morphological information in vivo.
by George I. Zonios.
Ph.D.

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Vogiatzis, George. "Visual estimation of shape, reflectance and illumination." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613977.

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Jiang, Xinxia. "Fractal analysis of topography and reflectance surfaces." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42127/.

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The definition of a fractal has been successfully deduced from constructing the Koch curve and the Cantor set. Principles of seven methods (the ruler, box-counting, spectral, structure function, intersection methods, cube-counting, and triangular prism methods) for determining the fractal dimensions are illustrated and verified by the Koch curve, Cantor set, and the simulated 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional ffim samples by comparing the calculated with the theoretical D values of the theoretical fractal models. The application of appropriate methods to self-similar or self-affme fractals is essential due to different theoretical assumptions of the methodologies. The ruler dimension is different from the spectral dimension. The application of Hanning window to the synthetic fBm samples (Hanning window weighted) is important to obtain correct fractal dimensions for the spectral method and structure function methods. The multi-scaling behaviour of a fractal can be unveiled by revealing the difference between the 1st and 2nd order structure function methods. The zeroset theory is used to relate the D values of 1-d contour set with 2-d surface by analyzing the DEM data. The results of fractal analysing 132 topographic contours digitized from different Abstract v scales (1:200,000, 1:50,000, 1:20,000) of maps of the border area between Spain and Portugal show that contours are self-similar, and have a fractal dimension of about D = 1.23 over length scales ranging from 30 m to 13 km scale (3 orders of magnitude). The thirteen filed and map profiles from Dorset area of southern England has a D value of 1.03 derived from the ruler method. The variations in D values are controlled by three geological factors: erosive processes, lithologies, and fractures. The dominant control is the erosive process and fractures, and lithologies can either result in significant difference or produce more subtle variation in D values of coastlines and contours. For example, the river down-cutting produces higher D value (1.1 ~ 1.5) than the wave action or cliff retreat erosive processes (1.01-1.10). The results of the fractal analysis of the five TM sub-image of Qatar have shown that D values of the TM images range from 2.10 to 2.96. The variations in D values are controlled by different types of surface, band variations, and methodologies. The study area B of a single rock type has the lowest D value (D is about 2.25) and is significant different from the other four study areas, whilst the urban area E yields the highest fractal dimension (about D = 2.6). Band 3 yields the highest fractal dimensions, followed by bands 4, 5, 1, and 6, and band 2 has the lowest D value. The difference between the D values derived from the 2nd and 1st order structure function methods for all the six bands of five study areas is D2s,(q=2) - D2s(q=l) = 0.16 0.13 (the uncertainty is the standard deviation), and suggests that the TM imagery has a multi-scaling property.

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Cooper, Victoria. "Data-Driven Reflectance Estimation Under Natural Lighting." W&M ScholarWorks, 2021. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1627047864.

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Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions, (BRDFs), describe how light is reflected off of a material. BRDFs are captured so that the materials can be re-lit under new while maintaining accuracy. BRDF models can approximate the reflectance of a material, but are unable to accurately represent the full BRDF of the material. Acquisition setups for BRDFs trade accuracy for speed with the most accurate methods, gonioreflectometers, being the slowest. Image-based BRDF acquisition approaches range from using complicated controlled lighting setups to uncontrolled known lighting to assuming the lighting is unknown. We propose a data-driven method for recovering BRDFs under known, but uncontrolled lighting. This approach utilizes a dataset of 100 measured BRDFs to accurately reconstruct the BRDF from a single photograph. We model the BRDFs as Gaussian Mixture Models, (GMMs), and use an Expectation Maximization, (EM), approach to determine cluster membership. We apply this approach to captured data as well as synthetic. We continue this work by relaxing assumptions about either lighting, material, or geometry. This work was supported in part by NSF grant IIS-1350323 and gifts from Google, Activision, and Nvidia.

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Wallace, Karen Sue 1957. "SURFACE ROUGHNESS EFFECTS ON SOIL SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275522.

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Amer, Saud Abdulaziz 1953. "SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS OF SALT-AFFECTED SOIL." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276542.

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Salt-affected soils have undermined the effectiveness of agricultural development of considerable areas of the world, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions. This research is set out for the direct measurement of salt-affected soil. Two experiments were conducted to study the influence of different salt types and concentrations on spectral reflectance of soil. In the first experiment, five different salts (Na₂SO₄, NaHCO₃, CaCO₃, CaCl₂ and NaCl) were mixed individually with Gila soil at 0.51, 1.51 and 3.0% by weight. The second experiment was conducted to examine the spectral response of sodium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate (individually and in combination) in Gila soil at 3.0 and 6.0% by weight. Reflectance measurements were made over all soil treatments under different moisture conditions. Upon drying (24-hour after wetting), different salt types and concentrations showed different spectral response. The chemical analysis of soil samples have indicated some important relationships which influenced, directly and indirectly, the spectral reflectance of soil surfaces.

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LaMarr, John Henry. "Diffuse light correction for field reflectance measurements." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279899.

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The Remote Sensing Group of the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona performs absolute radiometric calibration of Earth-viewing sensors using vicarious methods. The reflectance and irradiance-based methods require the nadir-view reflectance of a calibration site at sensor overpass. Errors in these reflectance data contribute directly to errors in the retrieved at sensor radiance, and therefore errors in the calibration. This research addresses two areas of improvement for the reflectance retrieval. The discreet laboratory data of the reference panel is spectrally interpolated using the measured hemispherical reflectance rather than a polynomial fit. This interpolation better fits an absorption feature of the reference material near 2200 nm. The desired reflectance is due to the directly-transmitted solar irradiance, but field measurements also include irradiance due to diffuse light. Non-lambertian properties of the reference and surface cause the ratio of the reflected total radiances to differ from the ratio of the reflected solar radiances. This difference can be corrected using additional field measurements, shaded surface/shaded-reference, output from a radiative transfer code, RTC-only, or a combination of both, shaded-reference. For the shaded-reference and RTC-only methods the shape of the bi-directional reflectance factor of the surface must be known to better than 10% to maintain a 2% accuracy for the retrievals, while the shaded-surface/shaded-reference method does not use the surface BRF. All three methods were applied to measurements of calibrated reflectance tarpaulins, and to measurements made at White Sands Missile Range. These data demonstrate that the shaded-surface/shaded-reference and RTC-only methods improve the surface reflectance retrieval, while the shaded-reference method is too sensitive to variations between the actual and modeled diffuse sky irradiance to be useful. This research represents significant improvements in the calculation of surface reflectance for vicarious calibration. The hemispherical reflectance interpolation will reduce uncertainties in the short wave infrared by 1%, and the diffuse corrections will reduce the errors in blue by 2% in some cases.

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Pradhan, Pushkar Shrikant. "Measuring the effects of soil parameters on bidirectional reflectance distribution function." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2001. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11132001-113251.

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Johansson, Erik. "3D Reconstruction of Human Faces from Reflectance Fields." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2365.

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Human viewers are extremely sensitive to the appearanceof peoples faces, which makes the rendering of realistic human faces a challenging problem. Techniques for doing this have continuously been invented and evolved since more than thirty years.

This thesis makes use of recent methods within the area of image based rendering, namely the acquisition of reflectance fields from human faces. The reflectance fields are used to synthesize and realistically render models of human faces.

A shape from shading technique, assuming that human skin adheres to the Phong model, has been used to estimate surface normals. Belief propagation in graphs has then been used to enforce integrability before reconstructing the surfaces. Finally, the additivity of light has been used to realistically render the models.

The resulting models closely resemble the subjects from which they were created, and can realistically be rendered from novel directions in any illumination environment.

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Eu, Ming Tee. "Reflectance characteristics of bulk grains using a spectrophotometer." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq23296.pdf.

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White, H. Peter. "Investigations of boreal forest bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0007/NQ43454.pdf.

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McConnell, Andrew W. "Reflectance study of two dimensional correlated electron materials." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/NQ51897.pdf.

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Davis, Michael H. "A CCD based bidirectional spectral reflectance field instrument /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10935.

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Haran, Terence. "Short-Wave Infrared Diffuse Reflectance of Textile Materials." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/phy_astr_theses/5.

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This thesis analyzes the reflectance behavior of textiles in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) band (1 – 2 microns) in order to identify/design potential diagnostic tools that allow the remote detection of human presence in a scene. Analyzing the spectral response of fabrics in the SWIR band has gained significant interest in the remote sensing community since it provides a potential path to discriminate camouflaged clothing from backgrounds that appear similar to the object of interest in the visible band. Existing research, originating primarily from the textiles community, has thoroughly documented the behavior of clothing fabrics in the visible band. Other work has shown that the differences in spectral response in the SWIR band allows for discrimination of materials that otherwise have the same visible spectral response. This work expands on those efforts in order to quantify the reflectance behavior and to better understand the physical basis for that behavior.

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Long, William F. (William Frank) 1971. "Optical tomography by time-resolved diffuse reflectance measurements." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37618.

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The understanding of the interaction of light with a scattering/absorbing medium provides a foundation needed for developing many applications in diagnostic medicine and industry. The objective of this research was to obtain quantitative depth-resolved information about absorbing constituents in a scattering medium.
Initially, the project focussed on quantification in samples where scattering and absorber concentration were variable. Using time resolved reflectance measurements, a series of statistical descriptors of the photon time distributions were calculated. Stepwise multilinear regression was used to formulate linear models from optimal linear combinations of the descriptors. It was found that the scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and apparent particle diameter could be estimated to within 9, 10 and 7% of their reference values respectively.
An array of radial reflectance measurements on layered scattering/absorbing samples was made to obtain information sensitive to sub-surface changes in absorption. As an initial approach to depth-resolved quantification, classical tomographic reconstruction techniques were used. However, due to the ambiguity of the reconstruction, extremely poor estimates of the sub-surface absorption resulted. Chemometric methods were then employed for enhanced quantification. By using stepwise multilinear regression with time-resolved data, the absorption coefficient in the top region of a sample could be estimated to within 2%. However, errors in the absorption coefficient estimations deep within a sample remained high.
Further improvements in sample quantification were made by linearizing the reconstruction problem. By using a priori information about sample composition in upper regions, subsequent calibrations for lower regions were directed. Estimations of the absorption coefficient deep within a sample with hierarchical locally weighted calibration were obtainable at greater than 50% accuracy. This represented a 20% improvement at all sample depths over stepwise multilinear regression.
Confocal illumination and detection optics was also used for discriminating highly scattered photons from light, which follows a geometric path through a sample. When confocal optics were used together with information from the rising edge of time distribution, little enhancement in quantification was observed in comparison to an integrated signal. This important finding demonstrates that the confocal optical detection should be considered when imaging in scattering/absorbing media.

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Ford, Stuart L. "Inverse rendering : recovering the reflectance of homogeneous surfaces." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433321.

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Sharan, Lavanya. "Image statistics and the perception of surface reflectance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34356.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.
MIT Institute Archives copy: p. 223 (last page) bound in reverse order.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-223).
Humans are surprisingly good at judging the reflectance of complex surfaces even when the surfaces are viewed in isolation, contrary to the Gelb effect. We argue that textural cues are important for this task. Traditional machine vision systems, on the other hand, are incapable of recognizing reflectance properties. Estimating the reflectance of a complex surface under unknown illumination from a single image is a hard problem. Recent work in reflectance recognition has shown that certain statistics measured o an image of a surface are diagnostic of reflectance. We consider opaque surfaces with medium scale structure and spatially homogeneous reflectance properties. For such surfaces, we find that statistics of intensity histograms and histograms of filtered outputs are indicative of the diffuse surface reflectance. We compare the performance of a learning algorithm that employs these image statistics to human performance in two psychophysical experiments. In the first experiment, observers classify images of complex surfaces according to the perceived reflectance. We find that the learning algorithm rivals human performance at the classification task. In the second experiment, we manipulate the statistics of images and ask observers to provide reflectance ratings. In this case, the learning algorithm performs similarly to human observers. These findings lead us to conclude that the image statistics capture perceptually relevant information.
by Lavanya Sharan.
S.M.

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Dror, Ron O. (Ron Ofer) 1975. "Surface reflectance recognition and real-world illumination statistics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16911.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-150).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Humans distinguish materials such as metal, plastic, and paper effortlessly at a glance. Traditional computer vision systems cannot solve this problem at all. Recognizing surface reflectance properties from a single photograph is difficult because the observed image depends heavily on the amount of light incident from every direction. A mirrored sphere, for example, produces a different image in every environment. To make matters worse, two surfaces with different reflectance properties could produce identical images. The mirrored sphere simply reflects its surroundings, so in the right artificial setting, it could mimic the appearance of a matte ping-pong ball. Yet, humans possess an intuitive sense of what materials typically "look like" in the real world. This thesis develops computational algorithms with a similar ability to recognize reflectance properties from photographs under unknown, real-world illumination conditions. Real-world illumination is complex, with light typically incident on a surface from every direction. We find, however, that real-world illumination patterns are not arbitrary. They exhibit highly predictable spatial structure, which we describe largely in the wavelet domain. Although they differ in several respects from the typical photographs, illumination patterns share much of the regularity described in the natural image statistics literature. These properties of real-world illumination lead to predictable image statistics for a surface with given reflectance properties. We construct a system that classifies a surface according to its reflectance from a single photograph under unknown illumination. Our algorithm learns relationships between surface reflectance and certain statistics computed from the observed image.
(cont.) Like the human visual system, we solve the otherwise underconstrained inverse problem of reflectance estimation by taking advantage of the statistical regularity of illumination. For surfaces with homogeneous reflectance properties and known geometry, our system rivals human performance.
by Ron O. Dror.
Ph.D.

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38

Tappen, Marshall Friend 1976. "Recovering shading and reflectance from a single image." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87844.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-85).
by Marshall Friend Tappen.
S.M.

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39

Strauss, Jon. "Specular reflectance of anodized 6061-T6 aluminum alloy." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15173.

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Master of Science
Department of Chemical Engineering
John Schlup
This study investigated the specular reflectance properties of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy anodized in accordance with military specification MIL-A-8625 as a function of both etch process time and anodization process potential. Both process parameters affect the specular reflectance characteristics when measured using a 660 nm, collimated diode laser source. The etch process time, when varied between 0.5 to 20 minutes, resulted in a decrease in specular reflectivity with increasing time. The anodization process potential was varied between 10 and 21 volts, with a 15 volt condition producing samples with the greatest specular reflectivity. Between the two parameters, the etch time had the greater effect. Additionally, the dependence of the incident beam angle on specular reflectivity was shown not to have a significant effect when compared to the etch process time and process potential.

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Rowland, Clare Sharon. "Forward and inverse modelling of forest canopy reflectance." Thesis, University of Salford, 2001. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/46521/.

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Tisinger, Louis J. "Investigations in Quantitative Infrared Using Attenuated Total Reflectance." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1305300108.

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Ray, Stephen P. "Arson Accelerant Analysis by Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu997554724.

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43

Aucott, Lorna S. "Statistical analysis of near infra-red reflectance data." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU045678.

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Near Infra-red (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy is an instrumental technique to analyse the chemical composition (eg. nitrogen content) of organic materials. As an approach it is rapid, accurate and hence cost effective. Composition is currently determined by calibration equations which relate traditional wet chemical measurements to NIR spectral measurements for the same sample. This thesis examines statistical methods of estimating composition from the NIR spectra and suggests new methods. The relative merits of each of the methods is described. Variation within the spectra is also affected by physical attributes like particle size. Several transformations are examined for their ability to reduce non-chemical differences. These include some transformations previously found to be useful and also some new approaches. Methods of calibration are then investigated. Of the 'standard* methods, stepwise multiple linear regression, principal component regression, latent root regression and partial least squares are discussed. In addition, some new methods are considered. Firstly, three new calibration models are derived which, like some of the 'standard' methods, use information from the whole spectra. Next is a slightly different approach, whereby only the information from informative areas of the spectra, called 'windows', are used for calibration. Finally, hierarchical models for combining information from different sample sets in a flexible way are considered and adapted for NIR data types.

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Ranasinghesagara, Janaka C. Yao Gang. "Optical reflectance in fibrous tissues and skeletal muscles." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6629.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 8, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Gang Yao. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Balkenhol, Michelle Rose. "Visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of irregular solids /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8493.

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Smith, Elizabeth Brooks. "Skin cancer detection by oblique-incidence diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1047.

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47

Li, Kejia. "Wireless reflectance pulse oximeter design and photoplethysmographic signal processing." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4143.

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Wills, Joshua J. "Data analysis methods for motion segmentation and material reflectance." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3211281.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 7, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-112).

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Dunsäter, Andreas, and Marcus Andersson. "Daytime veiling glare in automobiles caused by dashboard reflectance." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11683.

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Veiling glare has always existed in cars, but during the last years it has been brought up as a big problem. One reason is that glossier materials are being used in car interior design. Another reason is that the customers who buy the cars are getting more quality conscious. They demand to get top quality for the high price that they pay for a car, and veiling glare problems could be regarded as “low quality”.

Veiling glare is when light hits the car interior and reflects into the windshield, causing mirror-like images in the windshield (ghost images). This can impair the driving experience in two ways. It can lower the contrast of the road scene and it may be a cluttering for the driver.

This work handles daytime veiling glare from dashboard reflectance. The purpose was to investigate the area and to see if Saab can avoid the problem with veiling glare by using virtual prototyping (see chapter 3.3.1). This has been done by examining if the light

simulation software Speos can be used to simulate and predict veiling glare, and thereby be used as a tool for better design.

Key words: Veiling glare, dashboard, windshield, Speos, virtual prototyping.

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Chavda, Chandrapalsinh G. "Simulated vs. actual Landsat reflectance spectra of bare soils." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07112005-015506.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reflectance'

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