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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference to the other'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Keenan, Janice M., Jonathan M. Golding, and Polly Brown. "Factors Controlling the Advantage of Self-Reference Over Other-Reference." Social Cognition 10, no. 1 (March 1992): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.1992.10.1.79.

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2

Fitzpatrick, Joyce J. "Self-citations and other reference matters." Applied Nursing Research 18, no. 1 (February 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2005.02.002.

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3

Roy, Loriene, Greg Argo, and Rae Berg. "Legacy Reference Education: Learning from Each Other." Reference Librarian 55, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2014.910738.

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4

Chernyak, Alexey Z. "On Semantic Reference and Speaker’s Reference." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 59, no. 2 (2022): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202259228.

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Theory of reference is a mainstream theory of meanings of certain types of linguistic expressions (primarily proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, and definite descriptions) in contemporary philosophy of language. It assigns corresponding expressions capability to refer to what people are talking or thinking about by using them. Meanwhile it is widely recognized that there are two kinds of reference. One is conceived as a relation between an agent and an entity which he or she applies the term to in particular communicative act (or act of thought); this is roughly called “speaker’s reference”. Another one characterizes linguistic terms as referring to particular entities relative to particular languages. This is normally identified as semantic reference. The popular hypothesis based on this distinction assumes that if a name is used in communication (or thought) in a right way (i.e. in accord with particular set of conventions) then it refers to its semantic referent even when the speaker uses it to refer to something else. On the other hand, some belief that the reference of a particular use of a proper name (its token) is fully determined by the speaker’s communicative intentions. In the proposed study both these hypotheses are criticized. Different senses of such words as “designate” or “refer to” in their application to the functioning of linguistic expressions in communication are analyzed, and it is shown that linguistic conventions allegedly responsible for names’ semantic references cannot make names refer to their semantic referents independently on what particular participants of communication are believing or doing. On the other hand, the reduction of the reference of a token of a proper name to its speaker’s reference fails to explain this phenomenon as well. Neither theory explains how tokens of proper names (and supposedly other types of designators) could refer to particular entities (have referents). From this at least two conclusions may be made: the radical one would claim that any talk about tokens’ references is most likely meaningless. And the moderate one is that explanations of this phenomenon based on the distinction between semantic and speaker’s references don’t work. The author favors the first conclusion, but does not insist on it.

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5

Maki, Ruth H., and Kevin D. McCaul. "The effects of self-reference versus other reference on the recall of traits and nouns." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23, no. 3 (March 1985): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03329817.

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6

GODBEER, W. C. "Results for Fluorine in Coals and Other Reference Materials." Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 11, no. 2 (October 1987): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908x.1987.tb00020.x.

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7

Imbens-Bailey, Alison, and Barbara Alexander Pan. "Pragmatics of Self- and Other-Reference in Young Children." Social Development 7, no. 2 (December 27, 2001): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00063.

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8

Alvarez, Robert. "Standard reference materials for dioxins and other environmental pollutants." Science of The Total Environment 104, no. 1-2 (May 1991): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(91)90003-w.

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9

Bergan, T. "Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin with Reference to Other Fluorinated Quinolones." Journal of Chemotherapy 1, no. 1 (February 1989): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1120009x.1989.11738857.

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10

Hitz, Letitia C., and W. John Schuldt. "Effects of Self- and other Disclosure on Reciprocity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.258.

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Subjects ( N = 72) disclosed longer and more intimately when an experimenter disclosed in reference to self or in reference to others than when she did not disclose. No significant differences were shown between self- and other disclosure.

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11

Ashraf-Khorassani, M., and R. D. Braun. "A Tungsten Reference Electrode for Use in Corrosive Media—A Comparative Study with Other Reference Electrodes." CORROSION 43, no. 1 (January 1987): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583107.

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12

van Oorschot, Irene, and Willem Schinkel. "The Legal Case File as Border Object: On Self-reference and Other-reference in Criminal Law." Journal of Law and Society 42, no. 4 (November 8, 2015): 499–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2015.00723.x.

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13

Brunfaut, Betty, and Bakhtawer Haider. "Hierarchical knowledge, or why does one reference matter and the other does not?" Art Libraries Journal 47, no. 1 (January 2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2021.25.

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‘It all started with us being fed up of hearing Marshall McLuhan's name once too often in our Visual Communication MA at the Royal College of Art. We wish we could have kept a tally of how many times his name came up.’1 This is how our book Not a Reference Yet starts. In this text we are going back to the beginning of our venture and what got us started. Simply put, we noticed a missing gap in the references we were looking for. Digging a little deeper, we started to see the mechanisms in place that stop a reference from being found or even to exist in the first place. We are both graphic designers and, in this research, we focus on our own industry, however, this problem seems to be fairly universal and applies to many industries – especially those in which representation plays a big role.

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14

Anseel, Frederik, Filip Lievens, and Xavier Baeten. "Reconciling Self and Other-Based Reference Theories of Pay Satisfaction." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 14508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.14508abstract.

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15

Schmidt, Nancy J. "Bibliographies and other Reference Works that Need to be Updated." ASA News 26, no. 3 (September 1993): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0278221900599283.

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16

Schmidt, Nancy J. "Bibliographies and other Reference Works that Need to be Updated." ASA News 26, no. 3 (September 1993): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002021400014298.

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17

Liu, Ruitao, Arijit Chakrabarti, Tapas Samanta, Jayanta K. Ghosh, and Malay Ghosh. "On Divergence Measures Leading to Jeffreys and Other Reference Priors." Bayesian Analysis 9, no. 2 (June 2014): 331–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/14-ba862.

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18

Pasanen, A. L., M. Niininen, P. Kalliokoski, A. Nevalainen, and M. J. Jantunen. "Airborne Cladosporium and other fungi in damp versus reference residences." Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90044-s.

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19

Salomon, L. J., M. Duyme, J. Crequat, G. Brodaty, C. Talmant, N. Fries, and M. Althuser. "French fetal biometry: reference equations and comparison with other charts." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 28, no. 2 (2006): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.2733.

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20

Nakanishi, Daisuke, Kunihiro Yokota, Yumi Nakagawa, and Junichi Igawa. "Can Reference to Others’ Behaviour Foster a Cooperative Group in Intergroup Conflict Situations?" Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 13, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2022.92.

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This study examined the effect of others’ behaviour on ingroup cooperation in intergroup conflict situations. Following cultural group selection theory, reference to other group members’ behaviour enhances ingroup cooperation in these situations. The validity of the cultural group selection theory was confirmed using an evolutionary simulation and a vignette experiment. However, no empirical study has tested this theory in the lab to assess ingroup cooperative behaviour. Hence, this study conducted an experiment using a repeated public goods game with intergroup conflicts. In total, 132 Japanese undergraduates (54 references, 48 non-references, and 30 controls) participated in this study. Two three-person groups played a public goods game, and the group with the higher number of cooperators received a portion of the other group’s public goods (intergroup conflict). The situation in which participants could refer to the feedback in each game trial was manipulated: reference condition (informed other members’ decisions in a previous trial and the win/loss of intergroup conflict), non-reference condition (informed only win/loss), and control condition (no information). The results validated the hypothesis that ingroup cooperation is enhanced in situations where participants can refer to other members’ behaviour more than in other situations.

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21

Wilks, Scott E., Jennifer R. Geiger, Samantha M. Bates, and Amy L. Wright. "Reference Accuracy Among Research Articles Published in Research on Social Work Practice." Research on Social Work Practice 27, no. 7 (January 28, 2016): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731515626802.

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Objective: The objective was to examine reference errors in research articles published in Research on Social Work Practice. High rates of reference errors in other top social work journals have been noted in previous studies. Methods: Via a sampling frame of 22,177 total references among 464 research articles published in the previous decade, a sample of 500 references were randomly selected and verified against the original work for accuracy in the following fields: author name(s), publication year, article title, journal title, volume, and page number(s). Results: Almost 27% of references contained at least 1 error (0.35 errors per reference); 173 errors in total. The plurality of errors occurred in article titles (13.2%). Two factors significantly related to the likelihood of error: reference age and number of authors. Conclusion: Comparison to reference error rates in other social work journals is discussed, as are suggestions to authors, editors, and educators regarding error reduction.

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22

Zhang, Min, Hai-Tao Zhang, Ri-Sheng Zha, Guo-Ping Gui, Di Han, Jia Hu, Hai-bing Yang, and Hui Shen. "Comparison of China Reference with Different National and International References: The Prevalence of High Blood Pressure in 695,302 Children and Adolescents in a Metropolis of Yangtze River Delta, China." International Journal of Hypertension 2021 (November 9, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3976609.

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Objectives. This study aimed to compare performances of China reference and different national references on high blood pressure (HBP). Methods. A cross-sectional study including 695,302 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years in Suzhou, China, was conducted to determine the prevalence of HBP based on U.S., international, Europe, and China references in 2016. Results. Different percentiles of height and blood pressure were found among four references. Referring to U.S. reference, the prevalence of HBP was the highest with 26.0%, followed by International reference with 20.0%, Europe reference with 19.5%, and China reference with 19.2%. McNemar tests indicated statistically significant differences between HBP prevalence comparing China reference with the other 3 references ( P < 0.001 ). The area under the curve was 0.947, 0.851, and 0.949 for U.S., international, and Europe reference, respectively. U.S. reference showed the highest sensitivity (98.2%), but the lowest specificity (91.2%), and Europe reference showed the highest kappa value (0.893). Conclusions. The prevalence of HBP varied among these four references, and the appropriate choice of reference would be important to recognize high-risk children and judge the trends of HBP prevalence in the targeted population.

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23

Friedrichs, Kristen R., Kendal E. Harr, Kathy P. Freeman, Balazs Szladovits, Raquel M. Walton, Kirstin F. Barnhart, and Julia Blanco-Chavez. "ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics." Veterinary Clinical Pathology 41, no. 4 (December 2012): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12006.

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24

Avellan-Boza, Marta, Fabio Hernández, and Allan Ramos-Esquivel. "Peritoneal Equilibration Test in Costa Rica: Discrepancies from Other Populations." International Journal of Nephrology 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/326163.

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Objective. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is a kidney replacement therapy that has been recently incorporated in developing countries. We aim to establish our reference values, to compare them with the original and the Mexican population, and to associate some variables with the type of peritoneal transport.Methods. Thirty peritoneal equilibration tests (PET) were performed. The ratio for D/P creatinine and the D/D0ratio for glucose were calculated and compared to reference values. We conducted a retrospective analysis to correlate peritoneal transporters with some predictive variables.Results. D/P creatinine ratio at 2 hours, D/D0glucose ratio at 4 hours, and net ultrafiltrate volume (nUFV) were significantly different from those reported by Twardowski et al. The results documented in the Mexican population only coincide with our results for the D/P creatinine ratio at 4 hours. Any of the studied variables were associated with a specific type of peritoneal transport.Conclusions. Peritoneal permeability among Costa Rican CAPD patients is different from the original population described by Twardowski et al. and from other Latin-American population. This supports the theory that ethnical differences could be responsible for such variations and they validate our statement that each region should possess value references of their own.

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25

Helbock, Harold J. "Letter to the Editor." Pediatrics 94, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.1.136.

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I acknowledge the reports referenced by Drs Reynolds and Hanna.1,2 These presentations indeed raised the issue of adrenal insufficiency in ill premature infants. Given the limits of space I deleted reference to the Portland Group's abstract when I added their full publication.3 For the same reason, other references were included only as required by the text. I regret and apologize for any inadvertent discourtesy resulting from my choice of references. We agree that it is important to recognize adrenal abnormalities in the small premature infant.

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26

Huang, Chiung-chih. "The pragmatic function of self/other reference in Mandarin child language." Chinese Language and Discourse 3, no. 1 (June 11, 2012): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.3.1.02hua.

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This study investigated self/other reference in Mandarin child language by testing the hypothesis that children’s overt self/other reference is related to the pragmatic notion of social control (Budwig, 1989, 1990, 1995). The participants were two Mandarin-speaking children and their mothers. Natural mother–child conversations were video-recorded when the children were between the ages of 2;2 and 3;1. Each child and maternal utterance with an implicit or explicit self/other reference was categorized by function as either control act or assertive. The analysis showed that the children tended to use overt forms for self/other reference in control acts while using null forms in assertives. In contrast, the mothers’ speech did not reflect such a distinction. The results suggest that social control appears to be a salient notion to Mandarin-speaking children, and that the children organize their use of self/other reference forms around the pragmatic notion of social control.

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27

Siti marfu'ah and Khristianto. "Reference Grammatical Cohesion in Christine Lindop’s The Bridge and other Love Stories: A Discourse Analysis." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 6, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.1.11.

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This research describes the types and function of reference in a short story book written by Christine Lindop under the title The Bridge and Other Love Stories. This research applies discourse analysis, especially on the reference. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach. The data source of this research is a short story telling about the bridge and love stories that happened. The data of this research are words, phrases, and sentences contained in a short story. The results of this research show that the types of reference used in the short story include personal reference, demonstrative reference, definite article reference and comparative reference. Meanwhile, the function of reference is to risk word repetition, to show the close of scale, and to compare things or situations.

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28

PICOLLO, LAVINIA. "REFERENCE IN ARITHMETIC." Review of Symbolic Logic 11, no. 3 (January 14, 2018): 573–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020317000351.

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AbstractSelf-reference has played a prominent role in the development of metamathematics in the past century, starting with Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem. Given the nature of this and other results in the area, the informal understanding of self-reference in arithmetic has sufficed so far. Recently, however, it has been argued that for other related issues in metamathematics and philosophical logic a precise notion of self-reference and, more generally, reference is actually required. These notions have been so far elusive and are surrounded by an aura of scepticism that has kept most philosophers away. In this paper I suggest we shouldn’t give up all hope. First, I introduce the reader to these issues. Second, I discuss the conditions a good notion of reference in arithmetic must satisfy. Accordingly, I then introduce adequate notions of reference for the language of first-order arithmetic, which I show to be fruitful for addressing the aforementioned issues in metamathematics.

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29

Editorial, E. "Corrigendum: A. Hepatica in European ground squirrel (citellus citellus) compared to other experimental animals." Veterinarski glasnik 71, no. 2 (2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1702141e.

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BLAGOJEVIC Milos, PROKIC Bogomir Bolka, CUPIC-MILADINOVIC Dejana, A. HEPATICA IN EUROPEAN GROUND SQUIRREL (CITELLUS CITELLUS) COMPARED TO OTHER EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS, Veterinarski glasnik, 2016 70(1-2):31-39 The Editor-in-Chief has been informed that authors of above-referenced article made a corrigendum to it. The article should include the following reference at the end of section Introduction (Blagojevic i sar., 2015). Also, at the section Literature following reference should be stated in full: Blagojevic Milos, Vitorovic Dusko, Adamovic Ivana, Nesic Ivana, Brkic Zlata, Zdravkovic Marija, Djordjevic Milena, Jovic Slavoljub, Zoric Zoran, Cupic Dejana, Vascularization of the kidney of the ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) in comparison with other experimental animals, Veterinarski glasnik, 2015 69(1-2):31-40 <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the corrected article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/VETGL1602031B">10.2298/VETGL1602031B</a></b></u>

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30

Veljković, Nataša, Igor Antolović, and Leonid Stoimenov. "Visual Analysis in Reference Management Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.633.

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This paper deals with representation of scientific references’ data and visual analysis of this data using web based scientific reference management software. The Reference application, is a web based reference management software, that enables easy administration and management of authors and scientific references. Similar web based reference management systems additionally support advanced tools for data visualization and exploration but the downside of this solutions is that they require installation of additional plugins due to the fact that visualization within the web browsers requires advanced graphics capabilities thus limiting the usability of these applications. The Reference application on the other hand introduces a solution for data visualization and exploration that relies on extensive usage of the latest HTML5 web standard featuring support for rich graphic intensive web applications hence forcing maximum usability and compatibility with the modern web browsers. This paper describes the visualization tool within Reference application, its implementation and functionalities.

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31

Oeding, P., and Birgit ÖStervold. "THE STABILITY OF OXFORD STAPHYLOCOCCUS H AND OTHER PENICILLIN REFERENCE STRAINS." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 46, no. 2 (August 17, 2009): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00327.x.

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32

Dinsdale, A. "Reference data for the thermodynamic properties of elements and other components." Journal de Chimie Physique 90 (1993): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jcp/1993900189.

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33

Rouger, Ph, and P. Y. Le Pennec. "The future of blood groups and other markers in reference laboratories." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 2, no. 4 (January 1995): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1246-7820(05)80100-4.

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34

McClung, Jennifer Susan, and Stephen David Reicher. "Representing other minds: Mental state reference is moderated by group membership." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 76 (May 2018): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.013.

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35

吴, 照章. "Hong Kong Traffic Experience Reference to Other Cities in Our Country." Open Journal of Transportation Technologies 06, no. 03 (2017): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojtt.2017.63015.

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36

Frusciano, Thomas J. "From the Other Side of the Reference Desk: A Personal Perspective." Journal of Archival Organization 6, no. 1-2 (August 12, 2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332740802254456.

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37

Verdesca, Anthony F. "Does a Library Provide Access or Meaning? and Other Reference Questions." Journal of Access Services 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2010): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15367960903400935.

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38

Wen, Louise Y., and Steven K. Howard. "Value of expert systems, quick reference guides and other cognitive aids." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 27, no. 6 (December 2014): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000000130.

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39

Salomon, L. J., P. Boukobza, J. Crequat, G. Brodaty, C. Talmant, and M. Althuser. "P10.15: French fetal biometry: reference equations and comparison with other charts." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 26, no. 4 (September 2005): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.2480.

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40

Yu, Yongping, Ming Lin, Xiao Liang, Zenghui Xi, Yifei Wang, Jianbo Sun, Dayu Niu, et al. "Changes of knowledge sources concerning public sports policy (2001-2020): based on core journals of China sports science." SHS Web of Conferences 145 (2022): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214501012.

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This paper systematically reviews changes of knowldege sources concerning public sports policy based on core journals of China sports science. Author selected and analyzed all references of peer-reviewed articles published in core journals of China sports science (2001-2020) with reference number, reference resource, language distribution and discipline category. Results: over the past years, books and journals are the most top references. As far as references language is concerned, there were Chinese, English, German, and Japanese, and others language. it appeared the change that is from Chinese to foreign language in cited references, especially, English references have a majority of increasing in recent years. In addition, discipline distribution of references has changes that are obvious from single discipline to multiple disciplines, and the effect of other disciplines on public sports policy is significant.

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41

Lee, Dorothy E. "Research Note: Reference others and Self-Destruction." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 2 (October 1988): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.623.

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48 students were presented hypothetical situations having to do with smoking, drinking liquor, using other drugs, and over-eating. They were asked to indicate their reference others and the others' expectations for their behavior in these situations. Family members and friends were the most frequently named reference others, varying in importance with the situation. Perception of reference others' expectations tends to correspond with respondents' behavior, encouraging drinking and discouraging smoking and drugs. Inconsistencies between reference-others' expectations and respondents' behaviors and respondents' values elicited comments suggesting that the questions alone may lead respondents to feel dissatisfied with the behavior.

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42

Clem, Emily. "Against non-reference-tracking theories of switch-reference." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4317.

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Recent accounts of switch-reference have suggested that direct reference tracking is not involved. Instead, these accounts have sought to derive patterns of switch-reference from other independently attested phenomena such as control and coordination. What these diverse theories have in common is the prediction that same subject constructions should contain only one instance of a subject DP. I present evidence from Amahuaca showing that overt DP subjects can appear in both clauses in same subject constructions, contra the predictions of these non-reference-tracking theories. However, there is also evidence that Amahuaca same subject marked clauses are structurally smaller than different subject marked clauses. This size asymmetry is predicted by non-reference-tracking accounts but not by traditional direct reference-tracking theories. Thus while the Amahuaca data provide evidence against non-reference-tracking theories of switch-reference, they suggest that direct reference-tracking accounts must also be modified in order to account for the full range of data.

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43

Corkett, Michael. "The Quality of Canadian and U.S. Government Health Documents Remains Unchallenged Until Better Research Can Be Undertaken." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 1, no. 4 (December 11, 2006): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8rc71.

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A review of: Lambert, Frank. “Assessing the Authoritativeness of Canadian and American Health Documents: A Comparative Analysis Using Informetric Methodologies.” Government Information Quarterly 22.2 (2005): 277-96. Objective - To assess by means of citation analysis whether the public trust afforded health documents published by the Canadian and U.S. governments is appropriate, and to ascertain whether differences in the respective health care systems influence how publications are produced. Design – Comparative study. Setting – The Canadian Depository Service Program (DSP) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) web sites. Subjects – One hundred sixty-six electronic documents sourced from the DSP website, and 284 electronic documents sourced from the DHHS website. Methods – Subjects were randomly selected from repositories offering the most comprehensive collections. Documents with evidence of references to other works used in preparation were separated from those without such characteristics. Data variables were collected from documents with evidence of references. Statistical analysis of the data was undertaken. Main results – Of the respective samples, 89 (53%) from the DSP and 109 (38.4%) from the DHHS contained references. Personal authors were identified in 46 (51.7%) and 63 (58%) of the respective subsets. Handbooks and guidebooks accounted for the largest portion of the DSP subset (29; 32.6%) and government periodicals were the largest constituent of the DHHS subset (41; 37.6%). Scholarly journals were the most common reference type for both the DSP (44%) and the DHHS (58.5%) subsets. The number of references per document was widely dispersed for both subsets; the DSP mean was approximately 64 (SD=114.68) and the DHHS was 73.71 (SD=168.85). Kruskal-Wallis subset analysis of median number of references by document type found differences generalizable to the entire DSP and DHHS populations. Health Canada Reports, handbooks, and guidebooks contained significantly more references than periodical articles or fact sheets. Certain DHSS documents, classified as “other,” contained more references than periodical articles. Canadian documents were more likely to contain references than U.S. documents. Comparison of documents to determine whether one country employs more rigorous citation practices did not produce statistically significant results. U.S. Federal Government documents are more likely to be referenced in other U.S. government health documents, compared to Canadian publications. The presence of references in documents from either country significantly affected likelihood of being cited by web authors. Conclusion – Significant differences in reference use frequencies between DSP and DHHS documents challenges Foskett’s stance that documents of value contain references (Foskett). Use of peer-reviewed scholarly journals for both DSP and DHHS publications was reassuring, suggesting a fairly rigorous publication standard. Reliance of DHHS publications upon federal government documents remains unclear. Referencing of DSP documents, irrespective of reference usage suggests a level of trust towards Canadian government health publications. Web authors appear more comfortable citing referenced DHHS documents. Further study could involve the examination of reference frequency by journal compared against journal impact factors.

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Mulligan, Bret. "Gout, Beasts, and Other Metaphorical Punishments in ap 11.226-231." Mnemosyne 68, no. 5 (September 14, 2015): 721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341463.

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The reference to retributive gout in 11.229 serves as a semiotic hinge between two sets of interdependent poems in what may be a coherent Ammianic sequence (ap 11.226-231). Ammianos’ approval of gout as a just punishment in 11.229 establishes themes of retribution and somatic torment that are elaborated in 11.230-231, riddling epigrams that express the hope that their target will endure repeated execution on the cross (11.230) and then in the arena (11.231). The torturous executions hoped for in 11.230-231 are further contextualized by analogous references to mythic and fabulistic punishments in an adjacent set of poems by the same author (11.226-228). When these epigrams are considered in light of the retributive nature and metaphorical implications of gout, their wit and substance can be better appreciated.

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Padberg, Susanne, Mechthild Burow, and Markus Stoeppler. "Methyl mercury determination in environmental and biological reference and other materials by quality control with certified reference materials (CRMs)." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 346, no. 6-9 (1993): 686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321272.

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Yang, Fufang, Jingang Qu, Georgios M. Kontogeorgis, and Jean-Charles de Hemptinne. "Reference Density Database for 20 Aqueous Alkali Halide Solutions." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 043104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124173.

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A reference density database of aqueous alkali halide solutions is presented. The solutes are the 20 alkali halides consisting of the cations Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and anions F−, Cl−, Br−, I−. Experimental density data of these aqueous electrolyte solutions are extensively collected and critically evaluated. A data evaluation procedure is proposed, utilizing support vector regression (SVR) to compare the experimental datasets against each other. Data evaluation is based on agreement with data from other sources rather than accuracy claimed in the literature. Datasets with large deviation from others are identified and removed. The proposed reference database consists of 11 081 data points of 586 datasets from 309 references. Maximum deviations between the selected datasets do not exceed 1%, and are smaller than 0.5% for most of the aqueous alkali halide solutions. SVR models are also trained based on the reference database. Data distribution is visualized using a Gaussian mixture model. Applicability domains of the SVR models are analyzed using Williams plots. An executable program is provided for calculations based on the SVR models.

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Werkhoven, Sander. "Health and Reference Classes." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 45, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhz042.

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Abstract In this article, I address two objections developed by Kingma against Boorse’s (1977) bio-statistical theory of health, the objections that choice of reference classes renders the theory both circular and problematically value-laden. These objections not only apply to the bio-statistical theory of health but also to other naturalistic theories, like the dispositional theory of health. I present three rejoinders. First, I argue that the circularity objection arises from excessive methodological demands. Second, I argue that naturalists can resist the normativist claim that health and pathology are differentiated on the basis of personal or cultural values. Finally, I show that it is possible to justify choices between rival theories of health without the interference of evaluative commitments. With these rejoinders, I conclude that the bio-statistical theory, as well as other naturalistic theories of health utilizing reference classes, is not undermined by Kingma’s arguments.

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Lenerz, Jürgen. "Scrambling and reference in German." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 23 (January 1, 2001): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.23.2001.117.

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Although the linear order of arguments (and adverbials) in German is relatively free, it underlies certain restrictions; these don’t apply to the so-called unmarked order for arguments (Lenerz 1977) and adverbials (Frey/Pittner 1998). It is a common assumption to take the unmarked order as basic and derive all other orders from it by scrambling, whatever its specific characteristics may be (cf., amongst others, Haider/Rosengren 1998). The observable restrictions obtaining for some linear ordering may then be considered as constraints on a movement operation (scrambling). [...] In the following, I will try to present the outlines of a possible explanation for the restriction, based on a proposal governing the proper referential interpretation of indefinite NPs.

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Hatop, Götz. "Extraction, analysis and publication of bibliographical references within an institutional repository." Library Hi Tech 34, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-01-2016-0003.

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Purpose – The academic tradition of adding a reference section with references to cited and otherwise related academic material to an article provides a natural starting point for finding links to other publications. These links can then be published as linked data. Natural language processing technologies are available today that can perform the task of bibliographical reference extraction from text. Publishing references by the means of semantic web technologies is a prerequisite for a broader study and analysis of citations and thus can help to improve academic communication in a general sense. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines the overall workflow required to extract, analyze and semantically publish bibliographical references within an Institutional Repository with the help of open source software components. Findings – A publication infrastructure where references are available for software agents would enable additional benefits like citation analysis, e.g. the collection of citations of a known paper and the investigation of citation sentiment.The publication of reference information as demonstrated in this article is possible with existing semantic web technologies based on established ontologies and open source software components. Research limitations/implications – Only a limited number of metadata extraction programs have been considered for performance evaluation and reference extraction was tested for journal articles only, whereas Institutional Repositories usually do contain a large number of other material like monographs. Also, citation analysis is in an experimental state and citation sentiment is currently not published at all. For future work, the problem of distributing reference information between repositories is an important problem that needs to be tackled. Originality/value – Publishing reference information as linked data are new within the academic publishing domain.

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McCullagh, Mark. "Inferentialism and Singular Reference." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 35, no. 2 (June 2005): 183–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2005.10716587.

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In Making It Explicit (1994) Robert Brandom claims that we may distinguish those linguistic expressions with object-representational purport — the singular terms — from others merely by the structure of their inferential relations. A good part of his inferentialist program rests on this claim. At first blush it can seem implausible: linguistic expressions stand in inferential relations to each other, so how could we appeal to those relations to decide on the obtaining of what seems to be relation between linguistic expressions and objects in general (viz., x purports to represent y)? It is perhaps not surprising then that Brandom's proposal fails. But it definitely is surprising how it fails. The problem is that in order to specify the sort of generality there is to an expression's inferential role, one must appeal to some version of the traditional distinction between extensional and nonextensional occurrences of expressions, and there appears to be no way to draw anything like that distinction in inferentialist terms. For the inferential proprieties governing the different occurrences an expression can have are so varied that they do not determine a binary partition of those occurrences.

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