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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference technique'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 December 2024

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1

Wenno, Eldaa Crystle, Kalvin Karuna, and Henderika Serpara. "A critical review of whole theory: Stationenlernen learning technique and German language learning outcomes." Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) 16, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v16i3.20334.

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This critical review aims to describe the integrity of paraphrasing the theory or references and scientific journals that become references. The contribution of this research is as a reference and input to develop the creativity of critical thinking of the quoters. The method used is listening and analyzing the journal's contents as a source of data; critically identifying the parts of the journal containing quotations, direct quotations, and paraphrasing of the theories being referenced. The results of the critical review show several weaknesses, including several quotes that are not accompanied by relevant data and references, errors in citing reference sources. In addition, quotations or paraphrases have paid attention to the integrity of meaning with several techniques, namely complete and partial paraphrasing techniques. Partial is divided into two; according to the research formulation, the theory is paraphrased and several points of the combined theory are paraphrased because they are closely related and complementary. This critical review implies that it is a follow-up study to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a scientific article based on relevant theories, studies, and previous research results.

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2

Postnikov, A. V. "Interferometric technique with a reference scale." Applied Optics 61, no. 10 (March 30, 2022): 2869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.452544.

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3

Joos, G., P. D. Ziogas, and D. Vincenti. "A model reference adaptive PWM technique." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 5, no. 4 (October 1990): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/63.60693.

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4

Qiang Bian, Qiang Bian, Zhangqi Song Zhangqi Song, Yuzhong Chen Yuzhong Chen, and Xueliang Zhang Xueliang Zhang. "Pulse reference-based compensation technique for intensity-modulated optical fiber sensors." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 12 (2017): 120603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.120603.

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5

Cho, Kyoung-Woo, Eun-Young Chang, and Chang-Heon Oh. "Radial Reference Map-Based Location Fingerprinting Technique." Journal of information and communication convergence engineering 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jicce.2016.14.4.207.

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6

Tereshchenko, V. E. "Technique for relation global reference system and local realization of global reference system by continuously operated reference stations." Geodesy and Cartography 962, no. 8 (September 20, 2020): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-962-8-24-37.

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The article suggests a technique for relation global kinematic reference system and local static realization of global reference system by regional continuously operated reference stations (CORS) network. On the example of regional CORS network located in the Novosibirsk Region (CORS NSO) the relation parameters of the global reference system WGS-84 and its local static realization by CORS NSO network at the epoch of fixing stations coordinates in catalog are calculated. With the realization of this technique, the main parameters to be determined are the speed of displacement one system center relativly to another and the speeds of rotation the coordinate axes of one system relatively to another, since the time evolution of most stations in the Russian Federation is not currently provided. The article shows the scale factor for relation determination of coordinate systems is not always necessary to consider. The technique described in the article also allows detecting the errors in determining the coordinates of CORS network in global coordinate system and compensate for them. A systematic error of determining and fixing the CORS NSO coordinates in global coordinate system was detected. It is noted that the main part of the error falls on the altitude component and reaches 12 cm. The proposed technique creates conditions for practical use of the advanced method Precise Point Positioning (PPP) in some regions of the Russian Federation. Also the technique will ensure consistent PPP method results with the results of the most commonly used in the Russian Federation other post-processing methods of high-precision positioning.

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7

Monica, Septia Wahyu, Santirianingrum Soebandhi, and Ani Wulandari. "The Influence of Brand Images, Social Media Marketing, Prices and Reference Groups Towards Buying Decision In Swiwings Narotama Outlet Surabaya." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems86.

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This study aims to examine the influence of Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price And Reference Groups towards Purchasing Decision in Swiwings Narotama Outlet. Data collection techniques used was questionnaire with the analysis technique of multiple linear regression. The study found that Brand Image, Price have no significant effect towards Purchasing Decision, meanwhile Social Media and Reference Group have a significant effect towards buying decisions at Swiwings Narotama Outlet in Surabaya. Simultaneously, Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price and Group References have a significant effect towards Buying Decisions in Swiwings Narotama Outlet.

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Monica, Septia Wahyu, Santirianingrum Soebandhi, and Ani Wulandari. "The Influence of Brand Images, Social Media Marketing, Prices and Reference Groups Towards Buying Decision In Swiwings Narotama Outlet Surabaya." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems86.

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This study aims to examine the influence of Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price And Reference Groups towards Purchasing Decision in Swiwings Narotama Outlet. Data collection techniques used was questionnaire with the analysis technique of multiple linear regression. The study found that Brand Image, Price have no significant effect towards Purchasing Decision, meanwhile Social Media and Reference Group have a significant effect towards buying decisions at Swiwings Narotama Outlet in Surabaya. Simultaneously, Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price and Group References have a significant effect towards Buying Decisions in Swiwings Narotama Outlet.

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9

Edan, Salam Jabbar, Maryam Nadhim Rasoul, and Amir A. Aljarrah. "A Proposed Technique for Gray Image Colorization." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 5099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19343.

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The colorization of the gray-scale image is the process of using color image (has a similar "mood") to add color to a grayscale image. In this paper, we proposed new approach for colorization gray-scale images depending on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). We used SVD to add color to a grayscale image by determining the best pixel value in the reference image, based on comparing the first column values from the left singular vector matrix of 3x3 block and the pixel value in the center of block of the gray image with other corresponding values in the reference image. Finally, use the best match to transfer color from color image to gray-scale image. The results of the proposed colorization approach are good and plausible.

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10

N. Lavanya, N. Lavanya, and G. Sudha Rani G. Sudha Rani. "Elimination of Harmonics in Three Phase Inverter by Using Modifying Reference PWM Technique." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2013/80.

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11

Zhang, Chao Zhu, and Ahmed Kareem Abdullah. "Discussion of Approach for Extracting Pure EOG Reference Signal from EEG Mixture Based on Wavelet Denoising Technique." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 23 (June 2015): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.23.9.

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Several problems in EEG-brain signal analysis are not solved, such as presence of an artifact during the recording process, particularly the eye artifact (ElectroOculoGram (EOG)) which makes the analysis of EEG-brain signals very difficult. Blind source separation technique is one of the important techniques used to clean the EEG signals from different types of artifacts. Independent component analysis (ICA) techniques are widely used for this purpose, but unfortunately the ICA techniques have inherent shortcoming such as source ambiguity and unordered components. Therefore, the researchers used ICA-Reference algorithm. The main problem in ICA-Reference algorithm is to find clean reference signal to extract the wanted signal. Recently, many algorithms proposed to generate the artifact reference, but unfortunately, clean artifact signal not satisfied. In this paper wavelet denoising technique is used to solve this problem by decompose the artifact reference signal into pure artifact signal and residual neural signal. The proposed algorithm used frontal channels instead of EOG channels to extract the EOG reference signal.

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12

YAMADA, Hiroyoshi, Hiroshi SAKAI, and Yoshio YAMAGUCHI. "On Array Calibration Technique for Multipath Reference Waves." IEICE Transactions on Communications E94-B, no. 5 (2011): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e94.b.1201.

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13

Ivanov, V. G., and V. V. Losev. "Design Automation Technique of Silicon Bandgap Voltage Reference." Russian Microelectronics 47, no. 7 (November 2018): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739718070041.

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14

Arnolds, Bernhard J., and Gerhard-Michael von Reutern. "Transcranial Dopplersonography. Examination technique and normal reference values." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 12, no. 2 (February 1986): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(86)90016-5.

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15

Fischer, Uwe, Rainer Ertle, Kerstin Rebrin, and Ernst-Joachim Freyse. "Wick Technique: Reference Method for Implanted Glucose Sensors." Artificial Organs 13, no. 5 (November 12, 2008): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1989.tb01557.x.

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16

Füzessy, Z., F. Gyimesi, and I. Bányász. "Difference holographic interferometry (DHI): Single reference beam technique." Optics Communications 68, no. 6 (November 1988): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(88)90241-6.

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17

Pouet, Bruno, Tom Chatters, and Sridhar Krishnaswamy. "Synchronized reference updating technique for electronic speckle interferometry." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 12, no. 2 (June 1993): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00567569.

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18

Eleveld, Nick, Diana C. Esquivel-Franco, Gea Drost, Anthony R. Absalom, Clark J. Zeebregts, Jean-Paul P. M. de Vries, Jan Willem J. Elting, and Natasha M. Maurits. "The Influence of Extracerebral Tissue on Continuous Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Adults: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2023): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082776.

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Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique for measuring regional tissue haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and oxygen saturation (rSO2). It may be used to monitor cerebral perfusion and oxygenation in patients at risk of cerebral ischemia or hypoxia, for example, during cardiothoracic or carotid surgery. However, extracerebral tissue (mainly scalp and skull tissue) influences NIRS measurements, and the extent of this influence is not clear. Thus, before more widespread use of NIRS as an intraoperative monitoring modality is warranted, this issue needs to be better understood. We therefore conducted a systematic review of published in vivo studies of the influence of extracerebral tissue on NIRS measurements in the adult population. Studies that used reference techniques for the perfusion of the intra- and extracerebral tissues or that selectively altered the intra- or extracerebral perfusion were included. Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria and were of sufficient quality. In 14 articles, Hb concentrations were compared directly with measurements from reference techniques, using correlation coefficients. When the intracerebral perfusion was altered, the correlations between Hb concentrations and intracerebral reference technique measurements ranged between |r| = 0.45–0.88. When the extracerebral perfusion was altered, correlations between Hb concentrations and extracerebral reference technique measurements ranged between |r| = 0.22–0.93. In studies without selective perfusion modification, correlations of Hb with intra- and extracerebral reference technique measurements were generally lower (|r| < 0.52). Five articles studied rSO2. There were varying correlations of rSO2 with both intra- and extracerebral reference technique measurements (intracerebral: |r| = 0.18–0.77, extracerebral: |r| = 0.13–0.81). Regarding study quality, details on the domains, participant selection and flow and timing were often unclear. We conclude that extracerebral tissue indeed influences NIRS measurements, although the evidence (i.e., correlation) for this influence varies considerably across the assessed studies. These results are strongly affected by the study protocols and analysis techniques used. Studies employing multiple protocols and reference techniques for both intra- and extracerebral tissues are therefore needed. To quantitatively compare NIRS with intra- and extracerebral reference techniques, we recommend applying a complete regression analysis. The current uncertainty regarding the influence of extracerebral tissue remains a hurdle in the clinical implementation of NIRS for intraoperative monitoring. The protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020199053).

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19

Ali, Noman, Shumaila Rafiq, Nazia Noor, Abdur Rehman, Bilal Hussain, and Remisha Zahid Shah. "Comparison of Tonsillectomy Techniques with Reference to their Histopathological Healing Patterns." Annals of Punjab Medical College 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29054/apmc/2023.1503.

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Background: Various techniques are available for tonsillectomy. Selection of the technique is based on the duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, post operative pain, duration and healing pattern of the tonsillar fossa. Objective: To compare the outcome of better healing pattern in dissection ligation technique and electrocautery technique of tonsillectomy. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Settings: ENT Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore Pakistan. Duration: Two years from December 01, 2019 to November 30, 2021. Methods: 106 patients with symptoms of recurrent attacks of sore throat with fever, obstructive sleep apnea, pain and difficulty in swallowing were included. Patients were randomized into two groups by random number table. Group A was operated by dissection-ligation technique and group B was operated by electrocautery technique. On 7th post tonsillectomy day healing score was calculated by taking tissue sample for histopathology from the tonsillar fossa. Results: Mean age of patients in group A was 13.79 ± 2.23 and in group B was 13.54 ± 2.09 years. In group A there were 55% males while 40% females in group B. Statistically significant difference were found in terms of profound inflammation, formation of abundant granulation tissue and collagen fibers reticular pattern between two groups on histopathology. Conclusion: Healing outcomes are better in dissection ligation technique than electrocautery technique of tonsillectomy.

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20

Horn, Paul S., Lan Feng, Yanmei Li, and Amadeo J. Pesce. "Effect of Outliers and Nonhealthy Individuals on Reference Interval Estimation." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.12.2137.

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Abstract Background: Improvement in reference interval estimation using a new outlier detection technique, even with a physician-determined healthy sample, is examined. The effect of including physician-determined nonhealthy individuals in the sample is evaluated. Methods: Traditional data transformation coupled with robust and exploratory outlier detection methodology were used in conjunction with various reference interval determination techniques. A simulation study was used to examine the effects of outliers on known reference intervals. Physician-defined healthy groups with and without nonhealthy individuals were compared on real data. Results: With 5% outliers in simulated samples, the described outlier detection techniques had narrower reference intervals. Application of the technique to real data provided reference intervals that were, on average, 10% narrower than those obtained when outlier detection was not used. Only 1.6% of the samples were identified as outliers and removed from reference interval determination in both the healthy and combined samples. Conclusions: Even in healthy samples, outliers may exist. Combining traditional and robust statistical techniques provide a good method of identifying outliers in a reference interval setting. Laboratories in general do not have a well-defined healthy group from which to compute reference intervals. The effect of nonhealthy individuals in the computation increases reference interval width by ∼10%. However, there is a large deviation among analytes.

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21

Shofiana Jamilah, Ana, Agnes Larasati, and Luthfi Nasiroh Khoirun Nisa. "ANAPHORIC AND CATAPHORIC REFERENCES USED IN THE CHAPEL SHORT STORY." FRASA: English Education and Literature Journal 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47701/frasa.v4i2.2910.

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This study aims to analyze the endophoric reference including the types of Anaphora and cataphoric reference that are contained in the short story titled "The Chapel". The researcher uses the descriptive qualitative method to analyze the selection of endophoric reference including the types of Anaphora and cataphoric reference. The data is in the form of a script of "The Chapel" short story. The technique of collecting data by reading the The Chapel short story and then marking words according to the types of anaphoric and cataphoric. The results showed there are 45 anaphoric references and 5 cataphoric references found in the short story.

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22

Yousfi, Abdelkader, Tayeb Allaoui, and Abdelkader Chaker. "A new approach to extract reference currents for multilevel shunt active filter in three phase systems." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1459-1467.

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<span lang="EN-US">In this article, we present a new study of technique to extract reference currents for three-level shunt active filter controlling by fuzzy logic. The APFs is realized using three phase voltage and the carrier-based PWM strategy. A new technique for identifying reference currents will be developed. It is based on concordia method using multi-variable filter, and makes the total or selective extraction harmonic currents of references, and by consequence making their compensations, total or selective. The results of digital simulation in the Matlab-Simulink environment of a system of power to thyristor outputs on an inductive load show well the effectiveness of this new technique of extraction of the harmonics of reference.</span><p> </p>

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23

Dwivedi, Shivendra, and Prabhat Pandey. "Efficient Data Mining Technique in Higher Education System: Analysis with Reference to Madhya Pradesh." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 5 (July 1, 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/57537.

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24

Skowronski, J. M. "Nonlinear model reference adaptive control." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 28, no. 2 (October 1986): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000005269.

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AbstractThe known linear model reference adaptive control (MRAC) technique is extended to cover nonlinear and nonlinearizable systems (several equilibria, etc) and used to stabilize the system about a model. The method proposed applies the same Liapunov Design Technique but avoids the classical error equation. Instead it operates in the product of the state spaces of plant and model, aiming at convergence to a diagonal set. Control program, Liapunov functions and adaptive law are specified. The case is illustrated on a two-degrees of freedom robotic manipulator.

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Fayadh, Rashid A., Mousa K. Wali, and Doaa Yousif Al_taee. "Transmitted reference UWB wireless receiver based on FFT technique." International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration 4, no. 34 (September 12, 2017): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/ijatee.2017.434001.

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26

Shen, Jie, Houpeng Chen, Shenglan Ni, and Zhitang Song. "A Curvature Compensation Technique for Low-Voltage Bandgap Reference." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217193.

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Based on the standard 40 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process, a curvature compensation technique is proposed. Two low-voltage, low-power, high-precision bandgap voltage reference circuits are designed at a 1.2 V power supply. By adding IPTAT (positive temperature coefficient current) and ICTAT (negative temperature coefficient current) to the output resistance, the first-order compensation bandgap voltages can be obtained. Meanwhile, the third high-order compensation current is also superimposed on the same resistance. We make use of the collector current of the bipolar transistor to compensate for the nonlinear term of VBE. The simulation results show that TC (temperature coefficient) of the first circuit reference could be reduced from 29.1 × 10−6/°C to 5.71 × 10−6/°C over the temperature range of −25 to 125 °C after temperature compensation. The second one could be reduced from 17 × 10−6/°C to 5.22 × 10−6/°C.

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27

Al‐Ebrahim, Khaled E. "Conventional coronary bypass remains the gold standard reference technique." Journal of Cardiac Surgery 37, no. 5 (February 13, 2022): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocs.16339.

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28

KIKUCHI, Hitoshi. "Photonic Millimeter-Wave Reference Signal Generation Technique for ALMA." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 130, no. 4 (2010): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.130.221.

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29

YOSHIDA, Shuhei, Takaaki MATSUBARA, Hiroyuki KURATA, Shuma HORIUCHI, and Manabu YAMAMOTO. "Multi-Dimensional Shift Multiplexing Technique with Spherical Reference Waves." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E96.C, no. 12 (2013): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e96.c.1520.

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LEE, Yun-Gu, and Ki-Hoon LEE. "Improved Reference Frame by Adopting a Video Stabilization Technique." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E97.D, no. 9 (2014): 2545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2014edl8084.

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31

Meneghini, Robert, Jeffrey A. Jones, and Leslie H. Gisell. "Analysis of a Dual-Wavelength Surface Reference Radar Technique." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE-25, no. 4 (July 1987): 456–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.1987.289857.

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32

Lasheen, Mohamed, Ali Kamel Abdel Rahman, Mazen Abdel‐Salam, and Shinichi Ookawara. "Adaptive reference voltage‐based MPPT technique for PV applications." IET Renewable Power Generation 11, no. 5 (March 21, 2017): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0749.

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33

Ganz, M. W., and R. T. Compton. "A data-derived reference signal technique for adaptive arrays." IEEE Transactions on Communications 37, no. 9 (1989): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.35378.

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34

HIRATA, Kenji, and Kiminao KOGISO. "An Off-Line Reference Management Technique for Constraint Fulfillment." Transactions of the Institute of Systems, Control and Information Engineers 14, no. 11 (2001): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5687/iscie.14.554.

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35

ISHITOBI, Mitsuaki, and Zenta IWAI. "Active vibration control using a model reference adaptive technique." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 57, no. 534 (1991): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.57.377.

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36

Liu, Xi, Qian Liu, Xiaoshi Jin, Yongrui Zhao, and Lee Jong-Ho. "Negative voltage bandgap reference with multilevel curvature compensation technique." Journal of Semiconductors 37, no. 5 (May 2016): 055008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/37/5/055008.

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37

Kalla, Praveen, Ramji Koona, P. Ravindranath, and I. Sudhakar. "Coordinate Reference Frame Technique for Robotic Planar Path Planning." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 9 (2018): 19073–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.260.

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38

Tsuchida, K., Y. Oowaki, M. Ohta, D. Takashima, S. Watanabe, K. Ohuchi, and F. Masuoka. "The stabilized reference-line (SRL) technique for scaled DRAMs." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 25, no. 1 (1990): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.50279.

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39

THIBAUT, M., and M. ANSEL. "A technique for laser microscopy with reference to nocardiosis." Cell Biology International Reports 14 (September 1990): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1651(90)91121-j.

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40

Paradies, Marcus. "An Efficient Blocking Technique for Reference Matching using MapReduce." Datenbank-Spektrum 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2011): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13222-011-0051-9.

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41

Kamal, N., S. F. Al‐Sarawi, and D. Abbott. "Reference spur suppression technique using ratioed current charge pump." Electronics Letters 49, no. 12 (June 2013): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.1010.

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42

Valiente, David, Luis Payá, José M. Sebastián, Luis M. Jiménez, and Oscar Reinoso. "Dynamic Catadioptric Sensory Data Fusion for Visual Localization in Mobile Robotics." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015002.

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This approach presents a localization technique within mobile robotics sustained by visual sensory data fusion. A regression inference framework is designed with the aid of informative data models of the system, together with support of probabilistic techniques such as Gaussian Processes. As a result, the visual data acquired with a catadioptric sensor is fused between poses of the robot in order to produce a probability distribution of visual information in the 3D global reference of the robot. In addition, a prediction technique based on filter gain is defined to improve the matching of visual information extracted from the probability distribution. This work reveals an enhanced matching technique for visual information in both, the image reference frame, and the 3D global reference. Real data results are presented to confirm the validity of the approach when working in a mobile robotic application for visual localization. Besides, a comparison against standard visual matching techniques is also presented. The suitability and robustness of the contributions are tested in the presented experiments.

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43

Kim, Shiho, J. S. Kim, I. K. You, W. J. Lee, B. G. Yu, and Herman Maes. "A Constant Reference Bit-line Voltage Data Sensing Technique Without Reference Cell for 1T1C FeRAMs." Integrated Ferroelectrics 47, no. 1 (January 2002): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713718289.

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44

Moustafa, Nasser A., and János Kornis. "Comparative measurement in speckle interferometry using holographically generated reference wave by single reference beam technique." Optics Communications 172, no. 1-6 (December 1999): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(99)00415-0.

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45

Sudarno and Erni Hastuti. "Translation Technique of English Reference Cohesion Device in Tough Customer Novel into Indonesian." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.8.13.

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This study aims to describe and analyze the translation technique of the English reference cohesion device in Tough Customer novel by Sandra Brown and its translation Kesempatan Kedua in Indonesian by Maria Lubis. The descriptive analysis method is used to analyze the research. The source of data is in the form of words from sentences contained in the novel, which is the object of research, namely the text of Tough Customer and its translation Kesempatan Kedua. The data collection technique used the note-taking technique. Data were analyzed, including data reduction, presentation, and conclusions. The results showed that the amplification and transposition technique translation in transferring messages or meaning cohesion device of pronoun references from English to Indonesian is to translate them into Indonesian. Furthermore, the translator transfers the cohesion device by considering the noun that is the reference.

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Mustafi, Sara, and Tatiana Latychevskaia. "Fourier Transform Holography: A Lensless Imaging Technique, Its Principles and Applications." Photonics 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020153.

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Fourier transform holography (FTH) is a lensless imaging technique where the wave scattered by an object is superimposed with the wave scattered by a reference source positioned in the same plane. The distribution of the object is then reconstructed by simply calculating the Fourier transform of the recorded hologram. In this study, we outline the basic principles of FTH and provide an overview of the different types of references and the associated reconstruction algorithms. Current applications of FTH with different waves (light, electron, and X-ray) are presented, and their relationships with other coherent imaging techniques are discussed.

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Pradhan, Mohan Pratap, Mrinal Kanti Ghose, and Gourav Mittal. "EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE FOR AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ELEVATION FROM A REFERENCE IMAGE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v4i1c.3117.

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In Geographic information system (GIS) identification of elevation detail pertaining to a contour in a reference map or topological map plays an important role while creating digital elevation model or digital surface model of a terrain. Traditional technique involving manual identification of elevation demands greater effort and time where in one needs to tediously identify and enter the elevation value. These identified elevations can be later used for creating digital elevation model. In order to reduce the complexity involved in same, effective and efficient automated technique can be devised that identifies the elevation associated with a contour. In addition the automated technique should also ensure correctness and reliability of the elevation details identified. The alignment of elevation details in the feature space adds to the complexity of the problem. Over years several techniques have been proposed based on object oriented technique and pattern detection. Â This proposed work introduces a novel rotation invariant technique for identifying number associated with contours taking into consideration friend pattern chain of the significant pixels representing a digit in a number.

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Sikaris, Kenneth A. "Separating disease and health for indirect reference intervals." Journal of Laboratory Medicine 45, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labmed-2020-0157.

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Abstract The indirect approach to defining reference intervals operates ‘a posteriori’, on stored laboratory data. It relies on being able to separate healthy and diseased populations using one or both of clinical techniques or statistical techniques. These techniques are also fundamental in a priori, direct reference interval approaches. The clinical techniques rely on using clinical data that is stored either in the electronic health record or within the laboratory database, to exclude patients with possible disease. It depends on the investigators understanding of the data and the pathological impacts on tests. The statistical technique relies on identifying a dominant, apparently healthy, typically Gaussian distribution, which is unaffected by the overlapping populations with higher (or lower) results. It depends on having large databases to give confidence in the extrapolation of the narrow portion of overall distribution representing unaffected individuals. The statistical issues involved can be complex, and can result in unintended bias, particularly when the impacts of disease and the physiological variations in the data are under appreciated.

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A. Subki, A. Shamsul Rahimi, Zahariah Manap, Mohd Zaidi Tumari, Aiman Zakwan Jidin, Shahrizal Saat, Amar Faiz Zainal Abidin, and Muhammad Salihin Saealal. "Analysis on three phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter based on sinusoidal and third harmonic injected pulse width modulation via level shifted and phase shifted modulation technique." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp160-169.

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This work proposes a comparative analysis of sinusoidal and third harmonic injected reference signal modulation accompany with level-shifted PWM technique named as phase disposition (LSPD), phase opposition disposition (LSPOD), and alternate phase opposition disposition (LSAPOD) and phase-shifted PWM technique. Switching pulses from both reference signal and PWM technique have been fed into three phase eleven level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) fed on a resistive-inductive load with the modulation depth (MD) set to varied from 80% to 100%. For voltage source inverter, total harmonic distortion (THD) content is critical and must be within the allowable range. To prove the feasibility of the reference signal with carrier signal schemes, the entire simulation of the modulation techniques is established and conducted via the Simulink environment. According to the analyzed result, the performance is acceptable in terms of %THDV and %THDI values. Simulation analysis also indicates, at full modulation depth, due to higher fundamental output voltage component produces via the THIPWM modulation technique compared to the SPWM technique, this causes higher %THDV value.

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Tanji, T., and S. Manabe. "Differential Microscopy by Electron Holography With an Electron Trapezoidal Prism." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600009466.

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Electron holography has been successfully used in the observation of phase objects such as magnetic fields and electrostatic potentials. Electron holograms are constructed by the interference of a modulated object wave and a well-defined reference wave and in most cases the reference wave is required to be a plane wave. Frequently, however, the magnetic or electric field extends beyond the interference region, resulting in a distorted reference wave. The reconstructed wave from a hologram made with a distorted reference wave does not accurately express the object wave but the difference from the reference wave.Differential interferometry is a useful technique in the absence of a well-defined reference wave. Some electron holography techniques using two-beam illumination for differential interferometry have been proposed. We have also proposed a new technique for differential microscopy by conventional electron off-axis holography, which utilizes an electron biprism to shear the object wave. Shearing of the object wave is essential for differential interferometry.

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