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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reference technique

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Academic literature on the topic 'Reference technique'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Reference technique"

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Wenno, Eldaa Crystle, Kalvin Karuna, and Henderika Serpara. "A critical review of whole theory: Stationenlernen learning technique and German language learning outcomes." Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) 16, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v16i3.20334.

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This critical review aims to describe the integrity of paraphrasing the theory or references and scientific journals that become references. The contribution of this research is as a reference and input to develop the creativity of critical thinking of the quoters. The method used is listening and analyzing the journal's contents as a source of data; critically identifying the parts of the journal containing quotations, direct quotations, and paraphrasing of the theories being referenced. The results of the critical review show several weaknesses, including several quotes that are not accompanied by relevant data and references, errors in citing reference sources. In addition, quotations or paraphrases have paid attention to the integrity of meaning with several techniques, namely complete and partial paraphrasing techniques. Partial is divided into two; according to the research formulation, the theory is paraphrased and several points of the combined theory are paraphrased because they are closely related and complementary. This critical review implies that it is a follow-up study to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a scientific article based on relevant theories, studies, and previous research results.

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Postnikov, A. V. "Interferometric technique with a reference scale." Applied Optics 61, no. 10 (March 30, 2022): 2869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.452544.

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Joos, G., P. D. Ziogas, and D. Vincenti. "A model reference adaptive PWM technique." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 5, no. 4 (October 1990): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/63.60693.

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Qiang Bian, Qiang Bian, Zhangqi Song Zhangqi Song, Yuzhong Chen Yuzhong Chen, and Xueliang Zhang Xueliang Zhang. "Pulse reference-based compensation technique for intensity-modulated optical fiber sensors." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 12 (2017): 120603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.120603.

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Cho, Kyoung-Woo, Eun-Young Chang, and Chang-Heon Oh. "Radial Reference Map-Based Location Fingerprinting Technique." Journal of information and communication convergence engineering 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jicce.2016.14.4.207.

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Tereshchenko, V. E. "Technique for relation global reference system and local realization of global reference system by continuously operated reference stations." Geodesy and Cartography 962, no. 8 (September 20, 2020): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-962-8-24-37.

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The article suggests a technique for relation global kinematic reference system and local static realization of global reference system by regional continuously operated reference stations (CORS) network. On the example of regional CORS network located in the Novosibirsk Region (CORS NSO) the relation parameters of the global reference system WGS-84 and its local static realization by CORS NSO network at the epoch of fixing stations coordinates in catalog are calculated. With the realization of this technique, the main parameters to be determined are the speed of displacement one system center relativly to another and the speeds of rotation the coordinate axes of one system relatively to another, since the time evolution of most stations in the Russian Federation is not currently provided. The article shows the scale factor for relation determination of coordinate systems is not always necessary to consider. The technique described in the article also allows detecting the errors in determining the coordinates of CORS network in global coordinate system and compensate for them. A systematic error of determining and fixing the CORS NSO coordinates in global coordinate system was detected. It is noted that the main part of the error falls on the altitude component and reaches 12 cm. The proposed technique creates conditions for practical use of the advanced method Precise Point Positioning (PPP) in some regions of the Russian Federation. Also the technique will ensure consistent PPP method results with the results of the most commonly used in the Russian Federation other post-processing methods of high-precision positioning.

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Monica, Septia Wahyu, Santirianingrum Soebandhi, and Ani Wulandari. "The Influence of Brand Images, Social Media Marketing, Prices and Reference Groups Towards Buying Decision In Swiwings Narotama Outlet Surabaya." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems86.

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This study aims to examine the influence of Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price And Reference Groups towards Purchasing Decision in Swiwings Narotama Outlet. Data collection techniques used was questionnaire with the analysis technique of multiple linear regression. The study found that Brand Image, Price have no significant effect towards Purchasing Decision, meanwhile Social Media and Reference Group have a significant effect towards buying decisions at Swiwings Narotama Outlet in Surabaya. Simultaneously, Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price and Group References have a significant effect towards Buying Decisions in Swiwings Narotama Outlet.

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Monica, Septia Wahyu, Santirianingrum Soebandhi, and Ani Wulandari. "The Influence of Brand Images, Social Media Marketing, Prices and Reference Groups Towards Buying Decision In Swiwings Narotama Outlet Surabaya." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems86.

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This study aims to examine the influence of Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price And Reference Groups towards Purchasing Decision in Swiwings Narotama Outlet. Data collection techniques used was questionnaire with the analysis technique of multiple linear regression. The study found that Brand Image, Price have no significant effect towards Purchasing Decision, meanwhile Social Media and Reference Group have a significant effect towards buying decisions at Swiwings Narotama Outlet in Surabaya. Simultaneously, Brand Image, Social Media Marketing, Price and Group References have a significant effect towards Buying Decisions in Swiwings Narotama Outlet.

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Edan, Salam Jabbar, Maryam Nadhim Rasoul, and Amir A. Aljarrah. "A Proposed Technique for Gray Image Colorization." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 5099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19343.

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The colorization of the gray-scale image is the process of using color image (has a similar "mood") to add color to a grayscale image. In this paper, we proposed new approach for colorization gray-scale images depending on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). We used SVD to add color to a grayscale image by determining the best pixel value in the reference image, based on comparing the first column values from the left singular vector matrix of 3x3 block and the pixel value in the center of block of the gray image with other corresponding values in the reference image. Finally, use the best match to transfer color from color image to gray-scale image. The results of the proposed colorization approach are good and plausible.

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N. Lavanya, N. Lavanya, and G. Sudha Rani G. Sudha Rani. "Elimination of Harmonics in Three Phase Inverter by Using Modifying Reference PWM Technique." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2013/80.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reference technique"

1

Chan, Yiu Fai. "A new curvature-compensation technique for bandgap voltage reference." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ28924.pdf.

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Boo, Hyun Ho. "Virtual ground reference buffer technique in switched-capacitor circuits." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99812.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-125).
The performance of switched-capacitor circuits depends highly on the op-amp specifications. In conventional designs, trade-offs in speed, noise, and settling accuracy make it difficult to implement power-efficient switched-capacitor circuits. The problem originates from the inverse relationship between the feedback factor and the signal gain. This thesis proposes the virtual ground reference buffer technique that enhances performance by improving the feedback factor of the op-amp without affecting signal gain. A key concept in the technique is the bootstrapping action of level-shifting buffers. It exploits op-amp-based circuits whose principles are very well understood and the design techniques are mature. The solution ultimately relaxes the required op-amp requirements including unity-gain bandwidth, noise, offset voltage and open-loop gain that would otherwise result in complex design and high power consumption. The concept is demonstrated in a 12-b 250MS/s pipelined ADC.
by Hyun Ho Boo.
Ph. D.

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Headlee, Jonathan Michael. "A No-reference Image Enhancement Quality Metric and Fusion Technique." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1428755761.

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Xi-Hua, Li. "A NEW DATA PROCESSING TECHNIQUE OF PPM/PPK WITHOUT THE REFERENCE PULSE." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613478.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 29-November 02, 1990 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
This paper describes the technical principle that signals conversion, data-processing and data storage are directly carried out without filling up with the reference pulse for PPM and PPK (pulse position keying). By means of analysis for typical frame structure of PPM/PPK signals, a variety of math models of signal time relationship of the system were found, and based on this, a engineering way and a principle block diagram for signals conversion, data processing and data storage were given out.

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Gonzalez-Sanchez, Jorge A. "Corrosion fatigue initiation in stainless steels : the scanning reference electrode technique." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19701/.

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The early stages of damage by corrosion fatigue in austenitic and duplex stainless steel were studied using a novel scanning reference electrode technique (SRET). Emphasis was made on the role played by corrosion pits, which can act as stress concentrators and promote fatigue crack nucleation. SRET measurements conducted during the potentiostatic generation of pits on the austenitic stainless steels in artificial seawater showed that the pit current density increases with the time of application of anodic polarisation. The data of the volume of metal dissolved calculated from pit current density obtained by SRET agreed well with the measurements of pit profiles. The austenitic and duplex stainless steels showed high resistance to pitting corrosion in artificial seawater at free corrosion potential. The use of a 0.05 M FeCl3 solution as the electrolyte promoted severe localised attack in 304 and 316L stainless steel specimens. SRET tests carried out simultaneously with the application of cyclic stress to the specimens permitted the evolution of the electrochemical activity of corrosion pits to be followed. Transformation from pitting to fatigue cracking was observed. In this work it is proposed that a decrease of the pit electrochemical activity in terms of pit current density, is related to the nucleation of the corrosion fatigue crack. From SRET measurements a critical pit depth was calculated for the nucleation of the fatigue crack. A threshold stress intensity factor range was then calculated, which was found to be similar to the values reported in the literature. It is suggested at the end of this thesis that parallel studies and measurements of the pit-to-crack transition can be conducted in order to corroborate the reliability of SRET measurements to assess semi-quantitatively the threshold conditions for the transition. The scanning reference electrode technique showed advantages over other electrochemical methods used to assess the damage induced by localised corrosion in that it provides in-situ, spatially resolved, real-time electrochemical activity measurements.

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Mossman, Judith. "Euripides' Hecuba : a re-evaluation, with special reference to dramatic technique." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670312.

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Livingstone, Niall. "Isocrates' Busiris : a commentary; with special reference to rhetorical purpose and technique." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321516.

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Hettiarachchi, Don Lahiru Nirmal Manikka. "An Accelerated General Purpose No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Metric and an Image Fusion Technique." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1470048998.

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Allport, David M. "Evaluation of two reference planes to the horizon in the natural head position." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2565.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 35 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30).

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Nebe, Warren. "A critical analysis of the teaching technique role play, with particular reference to educational drama." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12745.

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Bibliography: leaves 192-196.
This study analyses Role Play teaching techniques employed in Educational Drama and examines the possibility that the current practice of Role Play may actually obstruct the personal and collective empowerment of students, thereby limiting the educative potential of drama.

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Books on the topic "Reference technique"

1

Newton, David E. DNA technology: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2010.

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Sharon, Munden, ed. The Alexander technique resource book: A reference guide. Lanham, Md: The Scarecrow Press, 2009.

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Chen, Pu. The scanning reference electrode technique for localizes corrosion. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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Peter, Hince, and MacEachern Sally, eds. Illustrator's reference manual: Nudes. Secaucus, N.J: Chartwell Books, 1989.

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Gorst, Brian. The complete oil painter: The essential reference source for beginning to professional artists. New York: Watson-Guptill, 2003.

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Ray, Barbara Weber. The expanded reference manual of the radiance technique: The radiance technique A to Z. St. Petersburg, Fla: Radiance Associates, 1987.

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Mohrhardt, David. Encyclopedia of bird reference drawings. Lancaster, Pa: Fox Chapel Pub., 1992.

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Benward, Bruce. Ear training: A technique for listening. 5th ed. Madison, Wis: Brown & Benchmark Publishers, 1996.

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Benward, Bruce. Ear training: A technique for listening. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

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Benward, Bruce. Ear training: A technique for listening. 3rd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: W.C. Brown Publishers, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reference technique"

1

Kelm, R. "RigorousVariance Component Estimation in Weekly Intra-Technique and Inter-Technique Combination for Global Terrestrial Reference Frames." In Geodetic Reference Frames, 39–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00860-3_6.

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Jani, Kuntesh, and Rajeev Srivastava. "Data Reduction Technique for Capsule Endoscopy." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 269–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8759-3_10.

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Thompson, Lewis, and Hua Lee. "Mutual Reference Technique for Array Calibration." In Acoustical Imaging, 589–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8772-3_95.

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Ramadas, Meera, and Ajith Abraham. "Enhanced Differential Evolution with Fuzzy c-Means Technique." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 137–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04097-0_7.

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Arab, Farnaz, and Mazdak Zamani. "VW16E: A Robust Video Watermarking Technique Using Simulated Blocks." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 193–221. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44270-9_9.

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Saravanan, D., Dennis Joseph, and S. Vaithyasubramanian. "Effective Utilization of Image Information Using Data Mining Technique." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 207–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32644-9_22.

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Tanir, E., R. Heinkelmann, H. Schuh, J. Kusche, and J. P. van Loon. "Assessment of the Results of VLBI Intra-Technique Combination Using Regularization Methods." In Geodetic Reference Frames, 45–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00860-3_7.

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Abdullah, Wan Nurfatin Faiqa Wan, Muhammad Rafie Mohd. Arshad, Kamal Karkonasasi, Seyed Aliakbar Mousavi, and Hasimah Mohamed. "RFID Smart Shelf Based on Reference Tag Technique." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 499–509. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99007-1_47.

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Jakob, R. P., P. M. Ballmer, K. Zuber, and H. U. Stäubli. "Meniscus Repair with Special Reference to Arthroscopic Technique." In The Knee and the Cruciate Ligaments, 333–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84463-8_38.

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Mukpuou, Samuel Malou, Ashish Pandey, and V. M. Chowdary. "Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Remote Sensing Technique." In Water Management and Water Governance, 91–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58051-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reference technique"

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Li, Jingwen, Zijian Zhong, Changfeng Shao, and Xinghui Li. "Multi-reference fringe locking technique for interference lithography." In Optical Metrology and Inspection for Industrial Applications XI, edited by Gerd Ehret, Benyong Chen, and Sen Han, 25. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3036327.

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Shan, Shuonan, Zijian Zhong, Tianshi Lu, and Xinghui Li. "Laser self-reference technique for high-precision lithographic alignment." In Advanced Laser Processing and Manufacturing VIII, edited by Yuji Sano, Minghui Hong, Jianhua Yao, and Ting Huang, 7. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3036345.

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Agarwal, Anshul, and Satyam Mandavilli. "Variable voltage reference using feedback control technique." In 2009 1st Asia Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ASQED 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asqed.2009.5206240.

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Kim, Eunha, and Seokmoon Ryoo. "Reference-Based Testing Technique for Automated Test Generation." In 2010 International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsa.2010.58.

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Takizawa, Shota, and Shinichi Kawamoto. "Automatic reference point assignment technique for voice morphing." In 2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce.2017.8229359.

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Kui Wang and Jian Yang. "A reference signal extraction technique of passive radar." In IET International Radar Conference 2013. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.0404.

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Bader, Todd R. "Reference-comb generation technique for multichannel down-conversion." In Aerospace Sensing, edited by Shi-Kay Yao and Brian M. Hendrickson. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.138371.

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Yan, Liangjun, Wenbao Hu, Xingbing Xie, and Zhenwei Xu. "The study of near reference technique in CSAMT." In GEM Beijing 2011, edited by Xiong Li, Yaoguo Li, and Xiaohong Meng. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3659047.

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Asatryan, David. "Novel Technique for Ro-Reference Image Quality Assessment." In 2019 Computer Science and Information Technologies (CSIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csitechnol.2019.8895039.

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Akhmetov, Denis B., and Alexander S. Korotkov. "The reference spur reduction technique for frequency synthesizers." In 2018 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eiconrus.2018.8317055.

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Reports on the topic "Reference technique"

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Harrelson, Cheryl C., C. L. Rawlins, and John P. Potyondy. Stream channel reference sites: An illustrated guide to field technique. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-245.

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Adjei, Daniel. A Resistorless Precision Curvature-Compensated Bandgap Voltage Reference Based on the VGO Extraction Technique. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-69.

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Author, Unknown. L51752 Water Crossing Design and Installation Manual. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010323.

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The pipeline industry has recognized the need for a reference guide to assist design personnel in the selection of the most environmentally appropriate and cost-effective construction techniques for pipeline water and wetland crossings. Operating companies have already been developing, implementing, and perfecting water and wetland crossing techniques and associated preventative, mitigative, and monitoring procedures in order to minimize the impacts on water quality and associated habitat. However, these activities, to date have largely been performed on an individual basis with little transfer of technology or information, which has led to duplication of effort inmany areas. This document outlines relevant background studies and investigations, crossing technique selection and design, methods of prevention and mitigation, inspection and monitoring, restoration and the present regulatory framework under which pipeline watercourse crossings are assessed and constructed. The specific study contents and design procedures are presented as a guide from which qualified personnel can develop specific programs and mitigative techniques.

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Hahn, H. A. The action characterization matrix: A link between HERA (Human Events Reference for ATHEANA) and ATHEANA (a technique for human error analysis). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/631272.

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Macdonald. L51750 New Technique to Assess Level of Cathodic Protection in Underground Pipe Systems (Phases I and II). Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010611.

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This report introduces the Variable Frequency Impedance Tomography (VFIT) method for assessing the effectiveness of non-interruptible power supplies (sacrificial anodes) for protecting coated buried pipe. This method imposes a low-amplitude alternating voltage between the pipe and a reference electrode placed on the surface. A potentiostat/galvanostat controls the electric potential by modulating the current between the pipe and a surface counter electrode. The principle interpretive tool used in this study was an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that had been \trained\" on simulated pipe with a defective coating and on field data from a test pipe.

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Maitongngam, Kritpisut, Varakorn Kosaisavee, and Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul. Antigen detection methods of Opisthorchis viverrini in human: Systematic review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0123.

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Review question / Objective: Research question - Among all of the available antigen methods for Opisthorchis viverrini in human, which one is the most accurate result. Objectives - General objective. To meta-analyze the accuracy of Opisthorchis viverrini antigen detection methods in human. Specific objectives -To compare the overall detection accuracy of Opisthorchis viverrini antigen in humans among FECT and other antigen detection methods -To systematically review Opisthorchis viverrini antigen methods in human -To investigate the effect of bias on the Opisthorchis viverrini antigen detection results in terms of participant selection, index test, reference standard, and flow and timing -To investigate the heterogeneity of the Opisthorchis viverrini antigen detection methods in human. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria 1.1 Research articles related to antigen detection method of Opisthorchis viverrini in humans. 1.2 Research articles in the databases between 2000 - 2021. 2. Exclusion criteriaResearch articles which do not use Formalin Ethyl acetate Concentration Technique (FECT) as the reference standard.

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Hammouti, A., S. Larmagnat, C. Rivard, and D. Pham Van Bang. Use of CT-scan images to build geomaterial 3D pore network representation in preparation for numerical simulations of fluid flow and heat transfer, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331502.

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Non-intrusive techniques such as medical CT-Scan or micro-CT allow the definition of 3D connected pore networks in porous materials, such as sedimentary rocks or concrete. The definition of these networks is a key step towards the evaluation of fluid flow and heat transfer in energy resource (e.g., hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs) and CO2 sequestration research projects. As material heterogeneities play a role at all scales (from micro- to project-scale), numerical models represent a powerful tool for bridging the gap between small-scale measurements provided by X-ray imaging techniques and larger-scale transport properties. This study uses pre-existing medical CT-scan datasets of reference material, namely glass beads and conventional reservoir rocks (Berea sandstone, Boise sandstone, Indiana limestone) to extract the 3D geometry of connected pores using an open-source software (Spam). Pore networks from rock samples were generated from dry and then saturated samples. Binarized datasets were produced for these materials (generated by a thresholding technique) to obtain pore size distribution and tortuosity, as well as preferential paths for fluid flow. Average porosities were also calculated for comparison with those obtained by conventional commercial laboratory techniques. The results obtained show that this approach works well for medium and coarse-grained materials that do not contain a large percentage of fine particles. However, this approach does not allow representative networks to be obtained for fine-grained rocks, due to the fact that small pores (or pore throats) cannot be taken into account in the datasets obtained from the medical CT-Scan. A next step, using datasets produced from a micro- CT scan, is planned in order to be able to generate representative networks in this type of material as well.

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Bruce. L51642 Field Nondestructive Examination of ERW Pipe Seams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010587.

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Electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe has been used in the natural gas transmission industry for many years. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has recently expressed interest in the integrity of the weld seam in pipelines made from ERW pipe that was manufactured prior to 1970. Specifically, the DOT has requested that natural gas transmission and hazardous liquid pipeline operators determine whether or not their pipelines that meet this description require hydrostatic proof testing. The initial concern from the DOT was for seam weld selective corrosion, although reference has since been made to growth of manufacturing discontinuities in the ERW seam. Early ERW pipe was manufactured using either direct current or low-frequency alternating current, processes that were prone to producing incomplete fusion discontinuities. These discontinuities (also referred to as cold welds, penetrators, etc.), if present in a pipeline, can grow under normal service or under upset operating conditions resulting in leaks or ruptures. There exists a need for a method that a pipeline operator could use to demonstrate the integrity of pipelines that were made from this older ERW pipe other than hydrostatic testing, which is expensive and potentially harmful to pipeline integrity. The use of a nondestructive-examination (NDE) technique would enable an operator to sample the integrity of a suspect pipeline during other routine in-service maintenance operations without the need for hydrostatic testing. The detection of incomplete fusion discontinuities is difficult if not impossible with conventional NDE techniques. The intimate mechanical contact between compressed surfaces causes a small amount of reflection and a large amount of transmission of ultrasonic signals. Recently however, several ultrasonic techniques have been introduced to study these types of discontinuities in resistance spot welds and inertia friction welds. These new techniques are based on ultrasonic spectroscopy, that is, the frequency dependence of the various ultrasonic interfacial parameters. These parameters include reflection and transmission coefficients and the frequency dependence of ultrasonic volumetric parameters (e.g., velocity and attenuation).

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ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT OMAHA NE. Flood Proofing: Techniques, Programs, and References. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada625089.

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Bishop, Megan, Jay Clausen, Samuel Beal, and Patrick Sims. Comparison of the quantitation of heavy metals in soil using handheld LIBS, XRFS, and ICP-OES. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47182.

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Handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging analytical technique that shows the potential to replace X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS) in the field characterization of soils containing heavy metals. This study explored the accuracy and precision of handheld LIBS for analyzing soils containing copper and zinc to support LIBS as a re-placement for XRFS technology in situ. Success was defined by handheld LIBS results that could be replicated across field analyzers and verified by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). A total of 108 soil samples from eight military installations were pressed into 13 mm pellets and then analyzed by XRFS and LIBS. Handheld LIBS has a spot-size area 100-fold smaller than that of XRFS, and though it provided accurate measurements for NIST-certified reference materials, it was not able to measure unknown soils of varying soil texture with high particle size variability, regardless of sample size. Thus, soil sample particle size heterogeneity hindered the ability to provide accurate results and replicate quantitation results across LIBS and XRFS. Increasing the number of particles encountered by each shot through particle size reduction improved both field-analyzer correlation and the correlation between handheld LIBS and ICP-OES from weak (<15%) to strong (>80%).

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