Journal articles: 'Reference spurs'

1

Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on the Flowering of `Delicious' Apple. II. Nutritional Effects with Specific Reference to Phosphorus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (November 1995): 1018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1018.

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In each of 3 years, vegetative spurs were sampled from l-year-old wood of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing on B.9, M.26 EMLA, M.7 EMLA, P.18, and seedling rootstocks. Mineral concentrations of spur leaves and bud apical meristems were determined, and related to spur bud development. The spur leaf P concentration decreased during the growing season each year, hut was unaffected by rootstock. Spur leaves of trees on B.9 rootstock had 30% higher Ca concentrations than trees on M.26 EMLA or seedling rootstocks. In each year, trees growing on M.26 EMLA rootstocks had the highest leaf Mg concentrations. Mineral concentrations were generally unrelated to spur leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, or specific leaf weight. Phosphorus concentrations in spur bud apical meristems declined during two of the three growing seasons of the study and were unaffected by rootstock. Bud P concentration was weakly negatively related to bud diameter and bud appendage number in one year of the study. More vigorous spurs (as indicated by higher spur leaf number, leaf area, and leaf dry weight) had higher bud K levels during each year. No relationships between bud development and either spur leaf mineral concentration or bud apical meristem mineral levels were evident, suggesting that a direct role of mineral nutrition influenced by rootstock at the site of flower formation was unlikely.

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Solomko, V. A., and P. Weger. "Monolithically integrated frequency synthesiser with distributed reference spurs." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 2, no. 6 (2008): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds:20080059.

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Zahnreich, Sebastian, Hans-Peter Rösler, Carina Schwanbeck, Heiko Karle, and Heinz Schmidberger. "Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes and therapeutic response of heel spur patients treated by orthovoltage X-rays or a linear accelerator." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 196, no. 12 (July 10, 2020): 1116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-020-01662-4.

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Abstract Purpose Biodosimetric assessment and comparison of radiation-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand breaks (DSBs) by γH2AX immunostaining in peripheral leukocytes of patients with painful heel spur after radiation therapy (RT) with orthovoltage X‑rays or a 6-MV linear accelerator (linac). The treatment response for each RT technique was monitored as a secondary endpoint. Patients and methods 22 patients were treated either with 140-kV orthovoltage X‑rays (n = 11) or a 6-MV linac (n = 11) with two weekly fractions of 0.5 Gy for 3 weeks. In both scenarios, the dose was prescribed to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) dose reference point. Blood samples were obtained before and 30 min after the first RT session. γH2AX foci were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy to assess the yield of DSBs at the basal level and after radiation exposure ex vivo or in vivo. The treatment response was assessed before and 3 months after RT using a five-level functional calcaneodynia score. Results RT for painful heel spurs induced a very mild but significant increase of γH2AX foci in patients’ leukocytes. No difference between the RT techniques was observed. High and comparable therapeutic responses were documented for both treatment modalities. This trial was terminated preliminarily after an interim analysis (22 patients randomized). Conclusion Low-dose RT for painful heel spurs with orthovoltage X‑rays or a 6-MV linac is an effective treatment option associated with a very low and comparable radiation burden to the patient, as confirmed by biodosimetric measurements.

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Nouri, Mohamed T., Daniel P. Lawrence, Mohammad A. Yaghmour, Themis J. Michailides, and Florent P. Trouillas. "Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Causing Canker, Shoot Blight and Fruit Rot of Almond in California." Plant Disease 102, no. 8 (August 2018): 1638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-17-1967-re.

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Almond trees with trunk and branch cankers were observed in several orchards across almond-producing counties in California. Symptoms of cankers included bark lesions, discoloration of xylem tissues, longitudinal wood necrosis, and extensive gumming. Spur and shoot blight associated with rotted fruit were detected in two orchards in Kern County. The fungus Neoscytalidium dimidiatum was consistently recovered from the various cankers, infected fruit, and blighted shoots and its identity was confirmed based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-α, and β-tubulin genes comparing 47 strains from California with reference specimens within the family Botryosphaeriaceae and coupled with detailed morphological observations validated the identity of the pathogenic fungus. Pathogenicity tests conducted in the field using 1- to 2-year-old branches inoculated with mycelium plugs or conidial suspensions and attached fruit inoculated with conidial suspensions fulfilled Koch’s postulates. N. dimidiatum appeared highly virulent in almond-producing cankers of up to 22 cm in length within 4 weeks using mycelium plug inoculations as well as severe fruit rot combined with spur blight on the fruit-bearing spurs. This study reports, for the first time, the fungus N. dimidiatum as a pathogen of almond in California causing canker, shoot blight, and fruit rot. Disease symptoms are described and illustrated.

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Herzel, Frank, and Dietmar Kissinger. "Design and layout strategies for integrated frequency synthesizers with high spectral purity." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 9 (June 5, 2017): 1791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717000654.

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Design guidelines for fractional-N phase-locked loops with a high spectral purity of the output signal are presented. Various causes for phase noise and spurious tones (spurs) in integer-N and fractional-N phase-locked loops (PLLs) are briefly described. These mechanisms include device noise, quantization noise folding, and noise coupling from charge pump (CP) and reference input buffer to the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and vice versa through substrate and bondwires. Remedies are derived to mitigate the problems by using proper PLL parameters and a careful chip layout. They include a large CP current, sufficiently large transistors in the reference input buffer, linearization of the phase detector, a high speed of the programmable frequency divider, and minimization of the cross-coupling between the VCO and the other building blocks. Examples are given based on experimental PLLs in SiGe BiCMOS technologies for space communication and wireless base stations.

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Blakey, Gregory L., Cindy B. McCloskey, Joel M. Guthridge, Christopher L. Williams, Rufei Lu, Jon T. Hayes, Kendal G. Pinkston, and Michael L. Talbert. "COVID-19 Pandemic Spurs Evolution of an Academic Pathology Department and Laboratory." Academic Pathology 8 (January 1, 2021): 237428952110370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23742895211037029.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused much suffering through disease and death, disruption of daily life, and economic havoc. Global health infrastructure has been challenged, in some cases failing. In the United States, the inability of laboratories to provide adequate testing for the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has been the subject of negative press and national debate. Even so, these challenges have prompted pathology practices and clinical labs to change their organizations and operations for the better. The natural positive evolution of the University of Oklahoma Department of Pathology and OU Health Laboratories has been greatly accelerated by the global pandemic. While developing a substantial COVID testing response, our department of pathology and laboratories have evolved a much nimbler organizational structure, established an important research partnership, built a translational research resource, created a significant reference lab capability, and completed many key hires against a national background of hiring freezes and pay cuts. Also, the high visibility of the clinical lab and pathologists during the outbreak has reinforced the value of lab medicine to patient care across our health system. In the midst of significant ongoing changes to the structure and financing of our underlying organizations, high trust among departmental, hospital, health system, and medical school leadership during the pandemic has promoted these positive changes, allowing us to emerge much stronger from this crisis.

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Yu, He, Cong Wang, David A. Humphreys, Maoliu Lin, Luqman Ali, and Fanyi Meng. "Analysis of Time and Frequency Response for Single/Multi-Tone Stimulus Harmonic Phase-Reference Based on Prime Number Algorithm." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111836.

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We present a spectrally-dense phase-reference and its calibration for nonlinear vector network analyzers (NVNAs) using a step recovery diode (SRD) comb-generator with a multi-tone stimulus. Frequency selection for multi-tone stimulus based on prime number algorithms was used with the Digital Real-Time Oscilloscope (DRTO) to avoid the sub-Nyquist spurs components and to increase the effective sampling rate so that the waveform can be observed in greater detail. The measured results were calibrated to minimize drift and jitter and achieved excellent agreement between the prime number and the exact frequency strategies except at the sub-Nyquist frequencies. The analysis indicates that the prime number selected frequencies show significantly improved performance by avoiding the DRTO distortion components. We have verified the validity of the method described in this paper by experimental measurement results.

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8

Martins, D. J., and S. D. Johnson. "Hawkmoth pollination of aerangoid orchids in Kenya, with special reference to nectar sugar concentration gradients in the floral spurs." American Journal of Botany 94, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.4.650.

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9

Han, Jae-Soub, Tae-Hyeok Eom, Seong-Wook Choi, Kiho Seong, Dong-Hyun Yoon, Tony Tae-Hyong Kim, Kwang-Hyun Baek, and Yong Shim. "A Reference-Sampling Based Calibration-Free Fractional-N PLL with a PI-Linked Sampling Clock Generator." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206824.

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Sampling-based PLLs have become a new research trend due to the possibility of removing the frequency divider (FDIV) from the feedback path, where the FDIV increases the contribution of in-band noise by the factor of dividing ratio square (N2). Between two possible sampling methods, sub-sampling and reference-sampling, the latter provides a relatively wide locking range, as the slower input reference signal is sampled with the faster VCO output signal. However, removal of FDIV makes the PLL not feasible to implement fractional-N operation based on varying divider ratios through random sequence generators, such as a Delta-Sigma-Modulator (DSM). To address the above design challenges, we propose a reference-sampling-based calibration-free fractional-N PLL (RSFPLL) with a phase-interpolator-linked sampling clock generator (PSCG). The proposed RSFPLL achieves fractional-N operations through phase-interpolator (PI)-based multi-phase generation instead of a typical frequency divider or digital-to-time converter (DTC). In addition, to alleviate the power burden arising from VCO-rated sampling, a flexible mask window generation method has been used that only passes a few sampling clocks near the point of interest. The prototype PLL system is designed with a 65 nm CMOS process with a chip size of 0.42 mm2. It achieves 322 fs rms jitter, −240.7 dB figure-of-merit (FoM), and −44.06 dBc fractional spurs with 8.17 mW power consumption.

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10

Kuo, Feng-Wei, Masoud Babaie, Huan-Neng Ron Chen, Lan-Chou Cho, Chewn-Pu Jou, Mark Chen, and Robert Bogdan Staszewski. "An All-Digital PLL for Cellular Mobile Phones in 28-nm CMOS with −55 dBc Fractional and −91 dBc Reference Spurs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 65, no. 11 (November 2018): 3756–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2018.2855972.

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11

Ney, David. "Allegory and Empiricism: Interpreting God's Two Books in Newtonian England." Journal of Theological Interpretation 10, no. 2 (2016): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26373913.

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ABSTRACT Allegorical biblical interpretation is often criticized as being far more interested in heavenly than in earthly realities. This perspective is consistent with the fact that the popularization of empirical science in Newtonian England was accompanied by a rejection of allegory. But the interpretation of Ps 19 in Newtonian England suggests that interest in empirical science can equally be fueled by allegorical biblical interpretation. George Watson interprets the term sun in Ps 19 as a reference to Christ. For Watson, however, this interpretation is not a justification to dispense with the physical object we call the sun. To the contrary, it is what spurs him on to study it empirically. Psalm 19 accordingly becomes a window of divine contemplation that invites the interpreter to explore the analogical relationship between what the sun does in the physical world and what Christ does in the spiritual realm.

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Ney, David. "Allegory and Empiricism: Interpreting God's Two Books in Newtonian England." Journal of Theological Interpretation 10, no. 2 (2016): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jtheointe.10.2.0193.

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ABSTRACT Allegorical biblical interpretation is often criticized as being far more interested in heavenly than in earthly realities. This perspective is consistent with the fact that the popularization of empirical science in Newtonian England was accompanied by a rejection of allegory. But the interpretation of Ps 19 in Newtonian England suggests that interest in empirical science can equally be fueled by allegorical biblical interpretation. George Watson interprets the term sun in Ps 19 as a reference to Christ. For Watson, however, this interpretation is not a justification to dispense with the physical object we call the sun. To the contrary, it is what spurs him on to study it empirically. Psalm 19 accordingly becomes a window of divine contemplation that invites the interpreter to explore the analogical relationship between what the sun does in the physical world and what Christ does in the spiritual realm.

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13

Weck, Nadja. "Obstacles on the Path to Urban Greatness: Competing Plans for the Creation of Greater Lviv (“Wielki Lwów”)." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 4 (May 1, 2017): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217705351.

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Like in many other provinces, during the Habsburg period, the main point of orientation for Galicia was Vienna. This also applies to architecture and urban development. Galicia’s technical elite applied the theoretical and practical experience it gathered in Vienna to the towns and cities of this northeastern Crown land. Ignacy Drexler, born in 1878 in the Austro-Hungarian Lemberg, was a representative of a new generation of engineers and architects who did not necessarily have to spend time in the imperial capital to earn their spurs. Increasingly, besides the more or less obligatory stay in Vienna, other European countries became points of reference. Drexler did not live to see the realization of important aspects of his comprehensive plan for the city, but his ideas and the data he compiled were indispensable for the future development of his hometown. They shape urban planning in Lviv to this day.

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Persell, Michelle. "CAPITALISM, CHARITY, AND JUDAISM: THE TRIUMVIRATE OF BENJAMIN FARJEON." Victorian Literature and Culture 27, no. 1 (March 1999): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150399271112.

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BENJAMIN LEOPOLD FARJEON (1838–1903) was a novelist of, at best, middling abilities who achieved a modicum of popular success working in the sentimental realist tradition. He was also Jewish, a fact that he neither avoided nor obsessed over. It is just Farjeon’s laissez-faire approach towards ethnic identity that spurs our interest today. He assumed an attitude that was only beginning to be possible in the British Empire in the middle to late Victorian period. Over the years, Farjeon has made perfunctory appearances in such familiar survey and reference materials as Richard Altick’s The English Common Reader (1957), John Sutherland’s The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction (1989), and Linda Gertner Zatlin’s Nineteenth Century Anglo-Jewish Novel (1981), but the only substantial piece of scholarship devoted solely to his work is Lillian Faderman’s dissertation “B. L. Farjeon: Victorian Novelist” (1967). Where Faderman provides a broad-based chronicle of Farjeon’s publications, I focus here on one aspect of his legacy — i.e., how he partook of an incipient opportunity to construct a position for Jews as Englishmen in economic terms.

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Tran, Hoang Ngoc, Flore Chappuis, Sébastien Incerti, Francois Bochud, and Laurent Desorgher. "Geant4-DNA Modeling of Water Radiolysis beyond the Microsecond: An On-Lattice Stochastic Approach." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 6023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116023.

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In this work, we use the next sub-volume method (NSM) to investigate the possibility of using the compartment-based (“on-lattice”) model to simulate water radiolysis. We, first, start with a brief description of the reaction-diffusion master equation (RDME) in a spatially discretized simulation volume (“mesh”), which is divided into sub-volumes (or “voxels”). We then discuss the choice of voxel size and merging technique of a given mesh, along with the evolution of the system using the hierarchical algorithm for the RDME (“hRDME”). Since the compartment-based model cannot describe high concentration species of early radiation-induced spurs, we propose a combination of the particle-based step-by-step (“SBS”) Brownian dynamics model and the compartment-based model (“SBS-RDME model”) for the simulation. We, finally, use the particle-based SBS Brownian dynamics model of Geant4-DNA as a reference to test the model implementation through several benchmarks. We find that the compartment-based model can efficiently simulate the system with a large number of species and for longer timescales, beyond the microsecond, with a reasonable computing time. Our aim in developing this model is to study the production and evolution of reactive oxygen species generated under irradiation with different dose rate conditions, such as in FLASH and conventional radiotherapy.

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Barghouthi, Atheer, Marcu Hellfeld, Corrado Carta, and Frank Ellinger. "Optimization of a 61.44 GHz BiCMOS HBT integrated PLL for ultra-fast settling time." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, no. 4 (February 16, 2012): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000025.

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The design of a 61.44 GHz integrated Phase-locked loop (PLL) on a 180 GHz BiCMOS technology is presented. The PLL was optimized for a very fast settling time of 4 µs as required by the system specifications. Because the receiver is using a carrier recovery circuit that can follow the slow changes of the carrier such as phase noise, the sensitivity of the bit error rate to phase noise at the receiver end is very low. As a result, to achieve the required dynamic behavior, the phase noise performance could be sacrificed and the loop bandwidth was increased until the needed settling time was achieved, while taking the suppression of the reference spurs into consideration. Capacitor multiplication was used to enable the integration of the loop filter (LF) on chip and the effect of the capacitor multiplier on the total PLL phase noise performance was quantified and evaluated. In addition, a very close matching between the measured and simulated phase noise of the system was achieved. The PLL consumes a power of 200 mW from 2 and 3 V supply voltages, while delivering a differential output power of −7 dBm, sufficient to drive the following I/Q modulator without additional amplification.

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Díaz, Gonzalo A., and Bernardo A. Latorre. "Infection Caused by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Associated with Esca-like Symptoms in Grapevine in Chile." Plant Disease 98, no. 3 (March 2014): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1180-re.

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Trunk diseases such as esca have been recognized as an economically important problem of grapevine worldwide. A study was conducted to characterize the distribution of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in Chile. A field survey of young and mature grapevines from 67 vineyards located along a 1,315-km north-south axis demonstrated that P. chlamydospora was present in 94.9% of the grapevine samples showing the black-wood streaking symptom (BWS) but not the characteristic foliar symptoms of esca. Phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) combined with β-tubulin (BT) genes grouped Chilean isolates together with reference isolates from South Africa and the United States, whereas Spanish isolates were clustered separately. Chilean isolates differed by only 2 to 3 bp for BT and ITS, respectively. Conidia germinated at 5 to 35°C, with an optimal temperature of 25 to 30°C. Isolates were pathogenic, and Koch's postulates were fulfilled in separate sets of inoculations of axenic plantlets, cuttings, 2-year-old plants, spurs, and shoots of V. vinifera. This study showed that P. chlamydospora was associated consistently with BWS and no other apparent symptom in young and mature grapevines, including nursery plants, in Chile. Inoculum was absent from the soil, grapevine pruning debris, sap samples, and herbaceous weeds, which is in contrast to past studies. At this time, Vitis spp. are the only known hosts of P. chlamydospora in Chile.

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Liu, H. Y., J. L. Sears, C. Obermeier, G. C. Wisler, E. J. Ryder, J. E. Duffus, and S. T. Koike. "First Report of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus Isolated from Lettuce." Plant Disease 83, no. 3 (March 1999): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.3.301b.

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In recent years a disease causing dieback and necrosis of Romaine and leaf lettuce has become increasingly important in California and incidence is becoming more widespread. This disease has been primarily found in areas where soil has been dredged from a river or in flooded land. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) isolates have been isolated from roots and leaves of symptomatic lettuce. The particles are isometric with a diameter of 30 nm. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) profiles are identical to the tomato and Prunus isolates of TBSV. However, spurs are formed in agar double diffusion tests when antisera to the tomato and Prunus isolates were used. A similar dieback disease of lettuce was observed in several counties of California during the mid-1980s. Symptoms of this disease are very similar to those described for the “brown blight” disease of lettuce reported in the 1920s (1), including severe stunting of plants and extensive chlorosis, mottling, and necrosis of older leaves. Plants infected early in their development may die. Although inoculation under greenhouse conditions has not reproduced the dieback disease in lettuce, TBSV has been consistently isolated from field-grown, symptomatic lettuce. The question of whether this new dieback disease of lettuce is caused only by lettuce isolates of TBSV or if some other viruses are also involved needs further studies. Reference: (1) I. C. Jagger. Phytopathology 30:53, 1940.

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Maxim, Adrian. "Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles: A low reference spurs 1-5 GHz 0.13 μm CMOS frequency synthesizer using a fully-sampled feed-forward loop filter architecture." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 42, no. 11 (November 2007): 2503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2007.907171.

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Getman, V. "NATIONAL PARK “VERKHOVYNSKYI”: THE NATURAL AND HISTORIC VALUES CULTURED." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 73 (2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2019.73.9.

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The basis for preserving ecological balance and rational use of natural landscapes is the formation of a system of protected areas and objects. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, on the large areas naturally develop radical forests (virgin forests), the habitats of the bear, wolf, and many rare species of plants are preserved. Thus, the natural ecosystems of the Ukrainian Carpathians in the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine are the most represented. The consequence of increasingly global anthropogenic influence became a global phenomenon of fragmentation (decomposition) of the natural landscapes. One of relatively preserved natural variety is the areas of the national park “Verkhovynskyi”. The National Park “Verkhovynskyi” is a very important centre of the natural and cultural diversity of Ukraine. The main representative of the flora in the region is spruce common. Shrubberies on the territory of the Chyvchyn Mountains are represented by thickets of mountain pine. The biological value of the territory of the NP “Verkhovynskyi” is largely determined by the uniqueness of the high-altitude spruce forests. In the park, the animal world is rich and varied. Its biological uniqueness of its territory is largely determined by local landscape diversity. The landscape structure of the park area is the result of long-term interaction of the main landscape-factor factors: geological-geomorphological, hydro-climatic and biotic. The leading role belongs to the geological and geomorphological properties of the territory, which determine the climatic characteristics, the regime of humidification, distribution of biota and soil cover. The dominant position in the structure of landscapes is the high-altitude terrain of the steep-sloping erosion-denudation forest middle mountains. In contact with the Peneplainized highlands, the area has an island distribution in the form of mid-mountain spurs of the main ridge. Characteristic are tracts of convex crests of spurs, saddles and steep slopes. The historical and cultural value of the NP “Verkhovynskyi” district is based on the rich events of the history of the region. The territory of Verkhovyna district is the heart of Hutsulshchyna, and its centre is the village Verkhovyna. The successful operation of the NP “Verkhovynskyi” will be a major impetus for the tourist development of the Verkhovyna district. The orientation of the national natural park for the development of recreational activities will increase the number of tourists, will create additional demand for accommodation and food services that will be provided by the local population. Development of the tourism infrastructure of the park will give an impetus to the restoration and full functioning of the former and the creation of new settlements. Particular attention should be paid to laying the network of roads and tourist routes and their improvement. The scientific value of the territory of the NP “Verkhovynskyi” is high, which lies in the unique ability to study local natural ecosystems that are very close to natural or reference. The article analyzes in detail the natural peculiarity of the national park, and, to the extent possible volume of the article – unusually rich landscape and recreational resources (in particular, humanistic, historical, cultural, etc.) of its territory.

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Krogh, Thøger P., Ulrich Fredberg, Christian Ammitzbøl, and Torkell Ellingsen. "Ultrasonographic Characteristics of the Common Extensor Tendon of the Elbow in Asymptomatic Individuals: Thickness, Color Doppler Activity, and Bony Spurs." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 232596711770418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117704186.

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Background: Ultrasonography (US) of the common extensor tendon (CET) of the elbow is often part of the assessment of patients with lateral epicondylitis. This US assessment is currently based on general tendinopathy references and not well-defined US entities. Purpose: To describe CET thickness, color Doppler activity, and bony spurs on US in asymptomatic volunteers and to investigate the influence of sex, age, height, body mass index (BMI), weight, and elbow dominance on the measurements. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Tendon thickness, color Doppler activity, and bony spurs of the CET were measured sonographically in 264 adults (50% women) aged 20 to 96 years. Two different tendon-thickness measuring techniques were applied, labeled the “plateau measure” and the “1-cm measure.” Color Doppler activity was based on a 0 to 4 rating scale (negative, grades 0 and 1; positive, grades 2-4). A bony spur was defined as a bony outgrowth (≥0.3 mm) arising at the insertional site of the CET. Results: With both tendon-thickness measuring techniques, the CET in the dominant elbow was thicker than that in the nondominant elbow, and male tendons were thicker than female tendons (all P ≤ .03). In regression analysis, tendon thickness correlated with weight, color Doppler activity, and arm dominance for both measuring techniques in multiple regression analysis. In addition, the plateau measure correlated with height and the presence of bony spurs. No correlations were observed regarding BMI, sex, or age. Positive color Doppler activity was found in 9% of examined elbows, with no difference between the sexes regarding dominant versus nondominant elbows (all P ≥.20). Bony spurs were found to increase with age, from 23% for people in their 20s to 74% in people older than 70 years. Bony spurs were more common in the dominant elbow ( P ≤ .01). Women had a higher prevalence of bony spurs than men, but only in the dominant elbow ( P = .03). Conclusion: This study presents the US characteristics and normal values of the CET. In 264 asymptomatic participants, the CET was found to be thicker in men and in the dominant elbow. No difference in tendon thickness could be demonstrated with regard to different age groups. Color Doppler activity was found to be positive in nearly 1 of 10 asymptomatic subjects. Bony spurs were a common finding; they increased in prevalence with every decade in age and were considered part of the aging process. Normal variations in CET morphologic characteristics should therefore be considered when implementing US in trials and clinical practice.

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Guimbard, Sébastien, Nicolas Reul, Roberto Sabia, Sylvain Herlédan, Ziad El Khoury Hanna, Jean-Francois Piollé, Frédéric Paul, et al. "The Salinity Pilot-Mission Exploitation Platform (Pi-MEP): A Hub for Validation and Exploitation of Satellite Sea Surface Salinity Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 4600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224600.

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The Pilot-Mission Exploitation Platform (Pi-MEP) for salinity is an ESA initiative originally meant to support and widen the uptake of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission data over the ocean. Starting in 2017, the project aims at setting up a computational web-based platform focusing on satellite sea surface salinity data, supporting studies on enhanced validation and scientific process over the ocean. It has been designed in close collaboration with a dedicated science advisory group in order to achieve three main objectives: gathering all the data required to exploit satellite sea surface salinity data, systematically producing a wide range of metrics for comparing and monitoring sea surface salinity products’ quality, and providing user-friendly tools to explore, visualize and exploit both the collected products and the results of the automated analyses. The Salinity Pi-MEP is becoming a reference hub for the validation of satellite sea surface salinity missions by providing valuable information on satellite products (SMOS, Aquarius, SMAP), an extensive in situ database (e.g., Argo, thermosalinographs, moorings, drifters) and additional thematic datasets (precipitation, evaporation, currents, sea level anomalies, sea surface temperature, etc.). Co-localized databases between satellite products and in situ datasets are systematically generated together with validation analysis reports for 30 predefined regions. The data and reports are made fully accessible through the web interface of the platform. The datasets, validation metrics and tools (automatic, user-driven) of the platform are described in detail in this paper. Several dedicated scienctific case studies involving satellite SSS data are also systematically monitored by the platform, including major river plumes, mesoscale signatures in boundary currents, high latitudes, semi-enclosed seas, and the high-precipitation region of the eastern tropical Pacific. Since 2019, a partnership in the Salinity Pi-MEP project has been agreed between ESA and NASA to enlarge focus to encompass the entire set of satellite salinity sensors. The two agencies are now working together to widen the platform features on several technical aspects, such as triple-collocation software implementation, additional match-up collocation criteria and sustained exploitation of data from the SPURS campaigns.

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Mandal, Debashis, Pradip Mandal, and Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya. "Prediction of reference spur in frequency synthesisers." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 9, no. 2 (March 2015): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2014.0019.

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Jahangirzadeh, Sakineh, Amir Amirabadi, and Ali Farrokhi. "Low spur frequency synthesiser using randomly shifted reference spur to higher frequencies." International Journal of Electronics 107, no. 12 (May 27, 2020): 2044–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2020.1756448.

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Agarwal, Neeraj, Neeru Agarwal, Chih-Wen Lu, and Masahito Oh-e. "A 33 MHz Fast-Locking PLL with Programmable VCO and Automatic Band Selection for Clock Generator Application." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141743.

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This paper presents a prototype of an auto-ranging phase-locked loop (PLL) with low jitter noise over a wide operating frequency range using the multiband programmable voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) gain stage with automatic band selection. We successfully reduce the VCO gain (Kvco) and retain the desired frequency band. The proposed PLL comprises a prescaler, phase frequency detector (PFD), charge pump (CP), programmable VCO and automatic band selection circuit. The PLL prototype with all subblocks was implemented using the TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M process. Contrary to conventional PLL architectures, the proposed architecture incorporates a real-time check and automatic band selection circuit in the secondary loop. A high-performance dual-loop PLL wide tuning range was realized using an ASIC digital control circuit. A suitable way to maintain the Kvco low is to use multiple discrete frequency bands to accommodate the required frequency range. To maintain a low Kvco and fast locking, the automatic frequency band selection circuit also has two indigenous, most probable voltage levels. The proposed architecture provides the flexibility of not only band hopping but also band twisting to obtain an optimized Kvco for the desired output range, with the minimum jitter and spurs. The proposed programmable VCO was designed using a voltage-to-current-converter circuit and current DAC followed by a four-stage differential ring oscillator with a cross-coupled pair. The VCO frequency output range is 150–400 MHz, while the input frequency is 25 MHz. A sequential phase detection loop with a negligible dead zone was designed to adjust fine phase errors between the reference and feedback clocks. All circuit blocks of the proposed PLL were simulated using the EDA tool HSPICE and layout generation by Laker. The simulation and measured results of the proposed PLL show high linearity, with a dead zone of less than 10 pV. The differential VCO was used to improve the linearity and phase noise of the PLL. The chip measured results show rms jitter of 19.10 ps. The PLL prototype also has an additional safety feature of a power down mode. The automatic band selection PLL has good immunity for possible frequency drifting due to temperature, process and supply voltage variations. The proposed PLL is designed for −40 to +85 °C, a wide temperature range.

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Wang, Xin Jie, and Tadeusz Kwasniewski. "A reduced reference spur multiplying delay-locked loop." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 44, no. 8 (November 20, 2015): 1620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2176.

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Albertsson-Wikland, Kerstin G., Aimon Niklasson, Anton Holmgren, Lars Gelander, and Andreas F. M. Nierop. "A new type of pubertal height reference based on growth aligned for onset of pubertal growth." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0127.

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AbstractObjectivesGrowth references of today traditionally describe growth in relation to chronological age. Despite the broad variation in age of pubertal maturation, references related to biological age are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we aimed to develop a new type of pubertal height reference for improved growth evaluation during puberty, considering individual variation in pubertal timing.MethodsLongitudinal length/height measures were obtained from birth to adult height in 1,572 healthy Swedish children (763 girls) born at term ∼1990 to nonsmoking mothers and Nordic parents, a subgroup of GrowUp1990Gothenburg cohort. A total height reference was constructed from Quadratic-Exponential-Puberty-Stop (QEPS)-function-estimated heights from individual height curves that had been aligned for time/age at onset of pubertal growth (5% of P-function growth). References that separated growth into specific pubertal heightSDS (P-function growth) and basic heightSDS (QES-function growth) were also generated.ResultsReferences (cm and SDS) are presented for total height, and height subdivided into that specific to puberty and to basic growth arising independently of puberty. The usefulness of the new pubertal growth reference was explored by identifying differences in the underlying growth functions that translate into differences in pubertal height gain for children of varying body mass, height, and with different pubertal timings.ConclusionsA new type of height reference allowing alignment of individual growth curves, based on the timing of the pubertal growth spurt was developed using QEPS-model functions. This represents a paradigm shift in pubertal growth research and growth monitoring during the adolescent period.

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Choi, Hyun-Woo, and Young-Shig Choi. "A Reference Spur Suppressed PLL with Two-Symmetrical Loops." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 51, no. 5 (May 25, 2014): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2014.51.5.099.

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Ko, Han-Gon, Woorham Bae, Gyu-Seob Jeong, and Deog-Kyoon Jeong. "Reference Spur Reduction Techniques for a Phase-Locked Loop." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 38035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905767.

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Kamal, N., S. F. Al‐Sarawi, and D. Abbott. "Reference spur suppression technique using ratioed current charge pump." Electronics Letters 49, no. 12 (June 2013): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.1010.

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Wood, D. A., and R. H. Katz. "Supporting reference and dirty bits in SPUR's virtual address cache." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 17, no. 3 (June 1989): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74926.74940.

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Correa-Rodríguez, María, Rossana Gomez-Campos, Marco Antonio Cossio-Bolaños, Florelba Campo-Lucumí, Katherine González-Ruíz, and Robinson Ramírez-Vélez. "Estimation of Pubertal Growth-Spurt Parameters in Children and Adolescents in Colombia: Comparison between Low and Moderate Altitudes." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 3847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133847.

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Context-specific information, including differences in geographical areas, such as distinct altitudes, can be important to explain variations in physical growth. We aimed to compare the estimation of maximum growth velocity and pubertal growth-spurt parameters of children and adolescents living at low and moderate altitudes in Colombia. A cross-sectional study, including a representative cohort of 30.305 (51% boys) children and adolescents aged 1–18 years from Colombia, was performed. The heights were measured with standardized techniques. The Preece–Baines growth model was used to estimate the mathematical and biological parameters of the height-growth velocities and growth spurts for both sexes. The altitudes were categorized as low (18 to 564 m above sea level) or moderate (2420 to 2640 m above sea level). There were no differences in final height (h1), peak height velocity size (hθ), age at peak height velocity (APHV), or peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) between the subjects living in both altitudes (p > 0.05). The APHV was estimated at 12.75 ± 0.75 years in the boys and at 10.05 ± 0.65 years in the girls. The girls reached the APVH 2.70 years earlier than the boys. Regarding the PHV, the boys reached higher growth velocity, which was 6.85 ± 0.55 cm/y. In conclusion, there were no significant differences in final height, peak height, APHV, or PHV between the children and adolescents living at distinct altitudes in Colombia. The PHV occurred approximately 3 years earlier in the girls than in the boys. Furthermore, the girls’ estimated PHV, APHV, and final height were lower than those of the boys. This study allows additional insight into pubertal growth-spurt parameters and also provides a valuable reference database for the assessment of Colombian children and adolescents.

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Besoain, X., C. Torres, G. A. Díaz, and B. A. Latorre. "First Report of Neofusicoccum australe Associated with Botryosphaeria Canker of Grapevine in Chile." Plant Disease 97, no. 1 (January 2013): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-12-0652-pdn.

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A survey of trunk diseases was conducted in 2010 in vineyards (n = 14) in central Chile (latitude 33°51′ to 36°30′), specifically of Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon,’ which is the main wine-grape cultivar (38,806 ha) in Chile. The following symptoms of trunk disease were observed in 5- to 19-year-old grapevines: short internodes, dead spurs, dead cordons (arms), and shoot dieback. Upon cutting into cordons and trunks of symptomatic vines, brown, V-shaped cankers of hard consistency were observed. A total of 56 wood cankers were collected, and small pieces of symptomatic wood (approximately 4 mm in diameter) taken from the canker margin were surface disinfected (75% ethanol, 30 s) and placed on acidified PDA (0.5 ml of 96% lactic acid per liter; APDA), which was incubated for 4 to 7 days at 24°C. Colonies, tentatively identified as a species within the Botryosphaeriaceae based on the presence of whitish-to-gray aerial mycelium and exhibiting rapid growth (4 to 5 cm colony diameter in 48 h), were hyphal-tip purified to APDA for identification. Colonies produced globose, black pycnidia with unicellular, hyaline, ellipsoidal, densely granulate, externally smooth, and thin-walled conidia of 17.0 ± 0.7 ± 6.7 ± 0.4 μm (n = 20). A yellow pigmentation was observed at the center of 48-h colonies on APDA. Morphologically, these isolates were identified as Neofusicoccum australe (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingfield) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips (2,3). BLASTn searches of the ITS rDNA region, amplified with PCR primers ITS4/ITS5 (532 bp), and a 400-bp section of the beta-tubulin subunit 2 gene amplified with primers Bt2a and Bt2b of N. australe (GenBank Accession No. JX290091 and JX679868, respectively) revealed 99% similarity with the ITS and beta-tubulin sequences of N. australe reference strains EF638778 and HQ392761, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using N. australe isolate Vid1559 on 2-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon plants (n = 4), which were inoculated by wounding the woody stem with a scalpel approximately 1 cm below the most basal bud, placing an 8-mm mycelial plug taken from a 7-day culture into the wound, and then sealing the wound with Parafilm. Non-inoculated controls (n = 4) were ‘mock’ inoculated with sterile agar plugs. After 3 months under field conditions, during spring and summer, the woody stems were examined for vascular discoloration (VD), characteristic of a wood canker. Inoculated plants had stems with light-brown, necrotic VD with a mean length of 15.2 cm, measured from the inoculation point. No VD was observed on the controls. N. australe was reisolated from 100% of the inoculated plants, completing Koch's postulates. Of 14 vineyards surveyed, 8% were infected with N. australe. N. australe is known as a trunk pathogen of grape (4), and other species of Botryosphaeriaceae have been associated with grapevine trunk disease in Chile (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. australe causing Botryosphaeria canker of grape in Chile, where the pathogen is previously reported on blueberry (2). References: (1) G. A. Díaz et al. Plant Dis. 95:1032, 2011. (2) J. G. Espinoza et al. Plant Dis. 92:1407, 2008. (3) Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:1030, 2004. (4) J. R. Úrbez-Torres Phytopathol. Mediterr. 50:S5, 2011.

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Sun, Depeng, Ruixue Ding, Feng Bu, Shuai Lu, Hongzhi Liang, Rong Zhou, Shubin Liu, and Zhangming Zhu. "A Type-II Dual-Path PLL With Reference-Spur Suppression." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 70, no. 4 (April 2022): 2280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2022.3145369.

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Mugilmathi, BK, K. Vasudeva Reddy, and Vipin SG. "ROLE OF BINDU DAGDHA TYPE OF AGNIKARMA IN MANAGEMENT OF VATAKANTAKA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CALCANEAL SPUR: A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 13, no. 5 (October 15, 2022): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1305120.

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Background: Calcaneal spur is a cartilaginous outgrowth at the joint margins of calcaneum, which later gets ossified. A calcaneal spur is one of the most typical causes of heel pain. Pain may aggravate on physical activities. In Ayurveda, the calcaneal spur can be correlated to vatakantaka, where vata gets accumulated in the joints of the feet producing pain. This condition can be effectively treated by agnikarma procedure. Bindu dagdha is one type of agnikarma based on akruti where therapeutic heat is applied in dot or pointed form. A 47-year-old female patient suffering from calcaneal spur in the right heel was treated with three sittings of bindu dagdha type of agnikarma. In the first sitting, she had partial relief of the symptoms like reduction in difficulty in walking, tenderness and swelling. At the end of the third sitting, she could walk without difficulty. Result & conclusion: In para-surgical procedures, agnikarma is considered superior as the disease does not re-occur. Agnikarma removes the srotovarodha and pacifies the vitiated doshas causing a reduction in pain. In the present case study, the bindu dagdha type of agnikarma has therapeutically given promising results in the pain management of calcaneal spur.

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Yu, Tao, Ping Yi Wang, Cheng Yu Yang, Gui Jing Gao, and Ji Sheng Zhang. "Experimental Study of Water Force Acting on Spur Dike." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3558.

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The water forces acting on spur dike were systematically analyzed under the different influenced factors (flow discharge, water depth, bottom slope, length of spur dike). The results indicate that : ①the total pressure decreases with increasing flow, increases along with the water depth basically assumes the linearity to increase; ②the fluctuation pressure decreases along with the water depth and dike length increases, increases along with the discharge increases on each sampling points. The research results may not only be of great significance in understanding spur dike scour and destruction mechanism, but also provide a valuable reference for the design of spur dike.

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Elsayed, Mohamed M., Mohammed Abdul-Latif, and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio. "A Spur-Frequency-Boosting PLL With a −74 dBc Reference-Spur Suppression in 90 nm Digital CMOS." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 48, no. 9 (September 2013): 2104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2013.2266865.

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Li, Qian, Yi Bian, Zhi Ping Zhong, Gui Hua Liu, and Ying Chen. "Study on the Large Module Spur Gear Cold Forming Process by Means of Numerical Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2642.

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The cold forging process of large module spur gear with four modules and 59mm breadth is performed by means of numerical simulation method. Two processes to forming such spur gears were compared by the simulation method, one is with the closed-die performing and extrusion in the finish-forging, the other is with divided-flow method in the finish-forging. Especially, the divided-flow method is analyzed in detail. The necessary reference and basis to realize practical cold precision forging process of spur gear with large modulus is provided eventually.

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Fu, Haipeng, Deyun Cai, Junyan Ren, Wei Li, and Ning Li. "A low reference spur quadrature phase-locked loop for UWB systems." Journal of Semiconductors 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 115012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/32/11/115012.

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Gritsinskaya, V. L., V. P. Novikova, and A. I. Khavkin. "Variability of the dynamics of somatometric parameters in schoolchildren with different nutritional status (longitudinal study)." Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 15, no. 5 (2020): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2020-5-68-72.

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Objective. To identify specific features of pubertal growth spurt in adolescents depending on their nutritional status in prepuberty. Patients and methods. We analyzed the dynamics of height and weight in 645 children (331 boys and 314 girls) aged between 8 and 16 years. All study participants were divided into three groups depending on whether their weight and height at the age of 8 years were within the normal limits given in the ‘WHO Growth Reference 2007’: children with physical development; underweight children; and overweight children. Results. The dynamics of somatometric parameters during pubertal growth spurt varied between children with different nutritional status. Underweight boys demonstrated prolonged and low-amplitude pubertal growth pattern; in boys with normal physical development, the growth spurt was usually shorter and had high amplitude. In overweight boys, the pubertal growth spurt started with higher annual increase in height, had a more pronounced amplitude, and was shorter than in peers (р < 0.001 ÷ р < 0.05). Both underweight girls and girls with normal physical development demonstrated low-amplitude pubertal growth spurt lasting for two years. Overweight girls had two peaks of pubertal growth spurt, which usually started earlier than in other girls (р < 0.001 ÷ р < 0.01). Conclusion. Our findings can be used as a guide for predicting pubertal spurt in children during medical examinations, determining adequate physical activity in physical education classes at school and in sports sections. Key words: children, nutritional status, pubertal growth spurt

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Liu, Gui Hua, Zhi Ping Zhong, Yi Bian, and Qian Li. "Numerical Simulation on Precision Forging Process for Spur-Gear with Large Module." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.927.

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The whole precision forging process of spur-gear with large module (module: 4) including warm forging, cold extrusion and cold sizing is analyzed. By using finite element method, cold sizing step of spur-gear basing on hollow-divided-flow method is simulated, the influenc of hollow diameter on the forging force and material flow is discussed in detail. Futher research shows that appropriate different tooth reduction is benefit to forming tooth profile without mechaning after forging. According to the research, to form such spur gear with module 4 and breadth 59mm studied in this paper, the hollow diameter should be 18mm and the tooth reduction should be 1.2mm. The necessary reference and basis to realize practical precision forging process of spur gear with large module is provided eventually.

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Kafle, Mukesh Raj. "Numerical Simulation of Meandering Effects on Velocity Field and Separation Zone past a Spur Dike in Rigid Bed." Nepal Journal of Civil Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njce.v1i1.43371.

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This study presents a numerical model to simulate two-dimensional flow field near a vertical impermeable spur dike in a sine-generated rigid bed meandering channel. Comprehensive study of resultant velocity and separation zone past the spur dike on five different channels with meandering angles 0°, 15°, 30°, 45° and 60° were carried out and compared. The CFD model Nays 2D was used to simulate the flow field. Cubic- Interpolated Pseudo-Particle (CIP) method was used as finite difference method to analyze the advection terms. The study reveals that unlike straight channel, flow field and separation zone past the spur dike are influenced by the position of spur dike and angle of meandering. For meandering angle equal or greater than 60° and position of spur dike at s*=0.5 with reference to the straight rectangular channel from the upstream end on the right bank, significance of spur dike as a flow deflector does not prevail. With the same flow parameters and channel characteristics, the velocity amplification is maximum to angle of meandering equal to 30°.

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Xu, Hua, Yangfan Li, Zeya Zhao, Xiaojun Wang, and Fanyi Zhang. "Experimental Study on the Local Scour of Submerged Spur Dike Heads under the Protection of Soft Mattress in Plain Sand-Bed Rivers." Water 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030413.

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Submerged spur dikes are widely applied in the channel regulation structures of plain sand-bed rivers such as the lower reaches of the Yangtze River; thus, the issue of local scour protection near regulating structures is especially important for structure design engineering. To further scientific research on the local scour of submerged spur dike heads, we investigated rulers describing the variance of the incoming flow dynamic, scale of the spur dike body, width of river bottom protection, etc., responding to the maximum local scouring depth of a submerged spur dike and the distance between the submerged spur dike and dam axis under the conditions of river bottom protection. According to principles of dimensional analysis, we established computational formulas for the maximum local scouring depth of a submerged spur dike and the distance between the submerged spur dike and dam axis, with consideration of bottom protection works for the remaining soft mattress. These research results not only enrich existing research on the calculation of local scour of channel-regulating structures, but they are also a relevant technical reference for the design of water conservancy and waterway engineering.

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Díaz, G. A., D. Prehn, X. Besoain, E. R. Chávez, and B. A. Latorre. "Neofusicoccum parvum Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Chile." Plant Disease 95, no. 8 (August 2011): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0260.

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During 2009 and 2010, a survey (n = 520) of diseased grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) was done in vineyards located in Maipo and Colchagua valleys (33°43′ to 34°36′S) in Chile. Symptoms of trunk diseases (TD) were observed on >10-year-old grapevines and consisted of short internodes, dead spurs and arms, and dieback. In cross sections, diseased arms and trunks exhibited brown, V-shaped cankers of hard consistency. Collected canker samples from cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon, Carménère, Red Globe, Syrah, and Thompson Seedless were surface sterilized in 75% ethanol for 45 s and plated onto potato dextrose agar modified with 0.005% tetracycline, 0.01% streptomycin, and 0.1% Igepal CO-630 (MPDA; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 7 days at 20°C. White-to-gray colonies with aerial mycelium growth turned dark gray after 3 to 5 days and tentatively identified as Botryosphaeriaceae. Hyphal tips of these colonies were transferred to MPDA and kept at 20°C with continuous light. After 30 days, colonies developed black, globose pycnidia with unicellular, hyaline, ellipsoidal, densely granulate, externally smooth, and thin-walled conidia that measured (16.3) 19.3 ± 2.3 (25.9) × (5.8) 7.4 ± 0.8 (9.2) μm (n = 20). Morphologically, these isolates were identified as Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips (2). Nucleotide BLAST analysis of the region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of rDNA of N. parvum isolates HMUC-104 and HMUC-105 (GenBank Accession Nos. JF273631 and JF273632) were amplified with ITS4 and ITS5 primers and revealed >99% similarity with the sequence of reference isolate (EU833984). Pathogenicity tests were conducted using isolates HMUC-104 and HMUC-105 on 30-day-old Carménère grapevines (n = 8) rooted in vitro by placing a 3- to 5-mm mycelial plug on the surface of the propagation medium. Additionally, detached green shoots (GS) (n = 5) and dormant canes (DC) (n = 6) 15-cm long were inoculated by placing a 3- to 5-mm mycelial plug underneath a cut aseptically made in the cortex. The GS and DC were placed in humidity chambers at 20 and 25°C, respectively. For controls, an equal number of rooted vines, in vitro vines, GS, and DC were treated with sterile agar plugs. Leaf number (LN), shoot length (SL), and root length (RL) were assessed on rooted plants in vitro after 30 days at 20°C. The extent of vascular discoloration (VD) of GS and DC were determined 15 and 45 days, respectively. N. parvum significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the LN, SL, and RL relative to the control plants. The length of VD varied from 54.86 to 55.39 mm and 14.8 to 15.48 mm in inoculated GS and DC, respectively. No VD symptoms were observed on the controls. N. parvum was reisolated from 100% of the inoculated in vitro plants, GS, and DC, completing Koch's postulates. N. parvum has been documented as a canker pathogen on V. vinifera and is known to contribute to the decline of grapevines. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum causing bot canker on grapevines in Chile, but has previously been reported in Australia, Spain, and the United States. Of 520 diseased plants in this study, 10 to 15% prevalence was estimated for TD and almost 2% prevalence was associated to N. parvum. Other Botryosphaeriaceae spp. were isolated with N. parvum from grapevine TD in Chilean vineyards (1,3,4). References: (1) J. Auger et al. Plant Dis. 88:1286, 2004. (2) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (3) B. A. Latorre et al. Phytopathology 76:1112, 1986. (4) A. Morales et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 49:112, 2010.

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Lee, Eojin, Seung-Myeong Yu, Yunha Kang, and Junyoung Song. "Phase-locked Loop with True Random Number Generator for Reference Spur Reduction." IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieiespc.2021.10.2.146.

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Biswas, Debdut, and Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya. "Charge pump with reduced current mismatch for reference spur minimization in PLLs." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 95, no. 2 (March 17, 2018): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-018-1163-z.

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Zhao, Xin Hai, Dan Dan Liu, Xing Hui Wang, and Xiang Hong Wu. "Optimization of the Isothermal Forging Process of a Spur Bevel Gear." Materials Science Forum 878 (November 2016): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.878.28.

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In this paper, the optimization of the parameters of the isothermal forging technology to form spur bevel gear was studied. The goal of the optimization is to decrease the forming load during the process. Then, some factors included the ratio of height to diameter of billet, thickness and position of punching recess, deformation temperature and velocity were taken as the optimization values and the orthogonal experimental method was employed to carried out the optimization. After the optimization, a set of optimum technology parameters were obtained. The result demonstrates that the precise spur bevel gear can be formed with less forming load and without causing under-filling and folding defect by using the isothermal forging and choosing suitable parameter, which provides reference to form the spur bevel gear.

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Durie, Brian G. M., Michael Katz, Jason McCoy, and John Crowley. "Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Myeloma: Time Dependent Correlation with Aredia® and Zometa® Use." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.756.756.

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Abstract Osteonecrosis of the jaws was evaluated in 812 myeloma patients responding to a web-based survey. Data items collected included age, sex, diagnosis, type and duration of bisphosphonate treatment, dental problems such as pain, bone spurs, tooth decay, poor healing, infection, gum disease, and other details, as well as treatment for dental problems. Information about other treatments was also recorded, including melphalan, cytoxan, thalidomide, bortozemib (VELCADE®), VAD, dexamethasone, prednisone, methylprednisone, erythropoietin, interferon, as well as high dose aklylating agents, as part of autologous and/or allogeneic or syngeneic transplants. Details of radiation therapy were gathered, with special reference to head and neck irradiation. There was the option to provide text details, which added helpful information. Of the 812 myeloma patients, 46 (5.7%) indicated a diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the jaws and an additional 46 patients had findings suspicious for early osteonecrosis, giving a total of 92 patients or 11.4% of respondents affected. The true occurrence rate of osteonecrosis in the U.S. myeloma population is currently unknown. A minimal estimate is 0.5 – 1% based upon the current plus accumulated reported cases thus far. The focus of these analyses is not the percentage, but the comparison of affected with unaffected patients. The strongest correlation was with use of Aredia and/or Zometa in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p < .0001). The only other therapy with a significant correlation was prednisone as part of melphalan/prednisone or alone, but not other steroid use. In an analysis of time dependency, only Aredia and/or Zometa use showed a significant correlation. The time dependence was assessed from 3 months to 36 months. The results are shown in Table 1. The odds ratio is > 1 at 3 months. The P-value becomes significant at 12 months; more so at 24 and 36 months. For these and other correlations, there was an identical trend with osteonecrosis and/or suspicious findings. Additional analysis assessed the interaction between steroid use, prednisone in particular, and increased risk combined with Aredia and/or Zometa. There was no indication of interaction. Both Aredia and/or Zometa and prednisone use were separate factors in the multivariate analyses. The full clinical details and the impact of dental treatment and preventative measures are being further evaluated. Preliminary analysis indicates increase risk in patients undergoing tooth extraction, root canal and other surgical procedures, as well as a decreased occurence in patients with recent dental prophylaxis, but these issues require further analysis and investigation. Conclusions: The new entity of osteonecrosis of the jaws in myeloma patients is most strongly associated with use of Aredia and/or Zometa. This risk is time-dependent and becomes significant at 12 months, increasing thereafter to 36 months. Prednisone is an additional and separate risk factor that is not time-dependent. Risk appears to be increased by major dental procedures and poor dental hygiene. These analyses can help form the basis for new recommendations for bisphosphonate use, as well as dental treatment and prevention strategies. Table 1 ≥ 3 months ≥ 6 months ≥ 9 months ≥ 12 months ≥ 24 months ≥ 36 months Odds Ratio 1.33 1.40 1.97 2.20 2.44 2.56 P-Value 0.46 0.32 0.06 0.03 0.004 0.004

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Michailidis, Michail, Chrysanthi Polychroniadou, Maria-Anastasia Kosmidou, Dafni Petraki-Katsoulaki, Evangelos Karagiannis, Athanassios Molassiotis, and Georgia Tanou. "An Early Calcium Loading during Cherry Tree Dormancy Improves Fruit Quality Features at Harvest." Horticulturae 7, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060135.

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The possible role of an early calcium application via sprays (0.25, 0.5 and 1M CaCl2) on dormant buds to improve sweet cherry (cv. Ferrovia) fruit quality at harvest was investigated. Fruit quality characteristics were also investigated in response to the age of spurs, the ripening stage, and their interactions. Results indicate that calcium enters the dormant flower buds and the phloem but not to the dormant vegetative buds. At harvest, the levels of Zn, Mn, and Cu were declined in fruits by increasing CaCl2 doses of sprays. Fruit respiratory activity was higher and on–tree fruit cracking was lower in red-colour (unripe) cherries as well as in fruit that was produced by 2-year-old short spurs or by Ca-treated buds. Differences in the sweet cherry skin metabolic profiles were identified. Fruit produced from Ca-exposed spurs exhibited lower levels of ribose and other cell-wall-related sugars and higher sucrose, maltose, and quininic acid levels. Nutrient shift was increased in red cherries, while anthocyanins were boosted in the black ones. PCA analysis was performed between the high dose of calcium spray and a control for mineral element content and cherry quality traits. This study illustrates that the high dose of calcium application during bud dormancy can effectively improve sweet cherry fruit characteristics, in terms of calcium content, cracking incidence, and fruit set. Overall, the present study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of calcium nutrition in fruit crops, which will provide references for alternative nutrient management and quality control in sweet cherry production.

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Ho, Cheng-Ru, and Mike Shuo-Wei Chen. "A Digital PLL With Feedforward Multi-Tone Spur Cancellation Scheme Achieving <–73 dBc Fractional Spur and <–110 dBc Reference Spur in 65 nm CMOS." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 3216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2596770.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference spurs'

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