Journal articles: 'Reference condition approach'

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Nestler, John M., Charles H. Theiling, Kenneth S. Lubinski, and David L. Smith. "Reference condition approach to restoration planning." River Research and Applications 26, no. 10 (November 24, 2010): 1199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1330.

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Naveršnik, Klemen, and Rok Jurečič. "Humidity-corrected Arrhenius equation: The reference condition approach." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 500, no. 1-2 (March 2016): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.047.

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Johnson, Richard K. "Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems: Using the Reference Condition Approach." Freshwater Biology 50, no. 1 (January 2005): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01295.x.

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Bowman, Michelle F., and Keith M. Somers. "Considerations when Using the Reference Condition Approach for Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.039.

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Abstract The use of the reference condition approach (RCA) in environmental assessments is becoming more prevalent. Although the RCA was not explicitly described in Green's (1979) book on statistical methods for environmental biologists, we expanded his decision key for selecting an appropriate environmental study design to include this approach. The RCA compares the biological community at a potentially impacted ‘test’ site to communities found in minimally impacted ‘reference’ sites. However, to implement the RCA there are a number of assumptions and decisions that must be made. We compare several common multimetric and multivariate bioassessment methods to illustrate that four key decisions inherent in the RCA framework (i.e., criteria used for reference site selection, for grouping similar reference sites, for comparing test and reference sites, and for evaluating the cause of impacts) can markedly affect test site appraisals. Specific guidelines should be developed to select appropriate reference sites. Based on analyses of real and simulated data, we recommend a minimum of 20, but preferably 30 to 50 reference sites per group, and verification of groupings with more than one classification method. New approaches (e.g., test site analysis) incorporating the strengths of both multimetric and multivariate methods can be used to compare test and reference sites. Additional ecological information, models relating degree of impact to a stressor or habitat gradient, and variance partitioning can also be used to isolate the probable cause of impairment, and are particularly valuable when appropriate reference sites are unavailable.

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Hammer, Anke, Bernadette M. Jansma, Monique Lamers, and Thomas F. Münte. "Pronominal Reference in Sentences about Persons or Things: An Electrophysiological Approach." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (February 2005): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053124947.

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German pronouns (erMALE/masculine, sieFEMALE/feminine) that refer to a person are determined by the biological gender (MALE/FEMALE) and/or syntactic gender (masculine/feminine) of the person. Pronouns (ermasculine, siefeminine) that refer to a thing are determined by the syntactic gender of this thing (Garten [garden]masculine, Tasche [hand-bag]feminine). The study aimed to investigate whether semantic integration, syntactic integration, or both are involved in establishing co-reference between pronoun and subject/antecedent in sentences. Here we focused on two event-related potential components: the SPS/P600, related to syntactic violation and reanalysis, and the N400 component, related to semantic integration problems. In one condition, a person was introduced as antecedent and later referred to by a pronoun, which either agreed in biological/syntactic gender or not (biological/syntactic gender violation). In a second condition, a thing was introduced as antecedent and the corresponding pronoun either agreed in syntactic gender or not (syntactic gender violation). Results at critical pronouns showed a P600 effect for incongruent compared with congruent pronouns in both conditions with a centro-parietal maximum. This effect was larger for the person compared to the thing condition. We interpreted this finding as reflecting a syntactic integration process that can be influenced by conceptual/semantic and syntactic information of the antecedent type. Furthermore, at the word following the pronoun, we observed an N400 for the thing but not for the person condition. We suggest, supported by the results of a control experiment, that this effect reflects continuous integration processes for things, whereas for persons the integration seems to be finished at pronoun position.

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García-Unanue, Jorge, José L. Felipe, Julio del Corral, and Leonor Gallardo. "Assessing Financial Condition of Municipal Sports Agencies: A Data Benchmarking Approach." Open Sports Sciences Journal 9, no. 1 (May 12, 2016): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01609010043.

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This study analyzes the development of the financial condition of local decentralized public sports services over a period of 10 years, obtaining benchmarks to serve as a point of reference. In order to do this, the elements of flexibility, independence, and sustainability are analyzed through three indicators in 2,139 observations obtained from municipal sports service organi-zations in Spain from 2002 to 2011. The majority of the organizations show results that are theoretically adequate in terms of flexibility and sustainability, but not independence. For this reason, the statistics presented can be used as a point of reference in order to classify the organizations in the sector according to their financial performance.

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Ryan, J. P., P. R. Archer-Lock, A. J. Czernuszewicz, N. R. Gillott, P. H. Hinton, D. Ibeson, S. A. Malde, D. Paul, and N. Shah. "Financial Condition Assessment." British Actuarial Journal 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 519–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700002464.

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ABSTRACTThis paper explores an approach to assessing the adequacy of capital resources for non-life insurance companies. It examines the range of risks faced by these companies and the factors that influence the analysis of their impact on an organisation's financial condition. The paper considers how the actuarial profession may contribute to this process, with particular reference to the regulatory regime envisaged in the United Kingdom.

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Fu, Liping, Lalita Thakali, Tae J. Kwon, and Taimur Usman. "A risk-based approach to winter road surface condition classification." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 3 (March 2017): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0215.

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This paper presents a risk-based approach for classifying the road surface conditions of a highway network under winter weather events. A relative risk index (RRI) is developed to capture the effect of adverse weather conditions on the collision risk of a highway in reference to the normal driving conditions. Based on this index, multiple risk factors related to adverse winter weather conditions can be considered either jointly or separately. The index can also be used to aggregate different types of road conditions observed on any given route into a single class for risk-consistent condition classification and reporting. Two example applications are shown to illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach.

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BATES PRINS, SAMANTHA C., and ERIC P. SMITH. "Using biological metrics to score and evaluate sites: a nearest-neighbour reference condition approach." Freshwater Biology 52, no. 1 (January 2007): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01675.x.

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Dash, Byomakesh, Renu Sharma, and Bidyadhar Subudhi. "A multiobjective grid interactive solar photovoltaic DSTATCOM system using cascaded observer-based DFLL approach." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 5 (June 30, 2020): 641–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2020-0009.

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Purpose A cascaded observer-based transfer delay frequency locked loop (CODFLL) algorithm is developed to control the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to address various power quality (PQ) issues arise because of distorted grid and load conditions. Moreover, frequency locked loop is included along with the observer to take care of the frequency drift from nominal value and to improve its performance during steady state and transient conditions. During daylight, the proposed system works as photovoltaic (PV) DSTATCOM and performs multiple functions for improving PQ whilst transferring power to grid and load. The system under consideration acts as DSTATCOM during night and bad weather condition to nullify the PQ issues. Design/methodology/approach CODFLL control algorithm generates reference signal for hysteresis controller. This reference signal is compared with an actual grid signal and a gate pulse is produced for a voltage source converter. The system is made frequency adaptive by transfer delay adaptive frequency locked loop (FLL). Peak power is extracted from a PV source using the perturb and observe technique irrespective of disturbances encountered in the system. Findings The PV system’s performance with the proposed controller is studied and compared with conventional control algorithms such as least mean fourth (LMF), improved second-order generalized integrator frequency locked loop (ISOGI-FLL), synchronous reference frame phased lock loop (SRF-PLL) and frequency adaptive disturbance observer (DOB) for different cases, for example, steady-state condition, dynamic condition, variable insolation, voltage sag and swell and frequency wandering in the supply side. It is found that the proposed method tracks the frequency variation faster as compared to ISOGI-FLL without any oscillations. During unbalanced loading conditions, CODFLL exhibits zero oscillations. Harmonics in system parameters are reduced to the level of IEEE standard; unity power factor is maintained at the grid side; hassle-free power flow takes place from the source to the grid and load; and consistent voltage profile is maintained at the coupling point. Originality/value CODFLL control algorithm is developed for PV-DSTATCOM systems to generate a reference grid current.

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Vrba, Jan, Matous Cejnek, Jakub Steinbach, and Zuzana Krbcova. "A Machine Learning Approach for Gearbox System Fault Diagnosis." Entropy 23, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091130.

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This study proposes a fully automated gearbox fault diagnosis approach that does not require knowledge about the specific gearbox construction and its load. The proposed approach is based on evaluating an adaptive filter’s prediction error. The obtained prediction error’s standard deviation is further processed with a support-vector machine to classify the gearbox’s condition. The proposed method was cross-validated on a public dataset, segmented into 1760 test samples, against two other reference methods. The accuracy achieved by the proposed method was better than the accuracies of the reference methods. The accuracy of the proposed method was on average 9% higher compared to both reference methods for different support vector settings.

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Panesar, Angad S., and Marco Bernagozzi. "Two-Phase Expander Approach for Next Generation of Heat Recovery Systems." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 8, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.3.203-213.

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This study presents the numerical adaptations to the semi-empirical expander model in order to examine the feasibility of piston expanders under off-design and two-phase scenarios. This expander model considers supply valve pressure drop, condensation phenomena, heat losses, leakage losses and friction losses. Using Aspen HYSYS©, the expander model is utilised in simulating the next generation of integrated engine cooling and exhaust heat recovery system for future heavy-duty engines. The heat recovery system utilises water-propanol working fluid mixture and consists of independent high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) expander. The results of off‑design and two-phase operation are presented in terms of expander efficiency and the different sources of loss, under two distinctive engine speed-load conditions. The heat recovery system, operating with the LP expander at two-phase and the HP expander at superheated condition, represented the design point condition. At the design point, the system provided 15.9 kW of net power, with an overall conversion efficiency of 11.4%, representing 10% of additional engine crankshaft power. At the extreme off-design condition, the two-phase expander operation improved the system performance as a result of the nullification of leakage losses due to the much denser working fluid. The optimised two-phase operation of the LP expander (x=0.55) and the HP expander (x=0.9) at the extreme-off design condition improved the system power by nearly 50% (17.4 vs. 11.7 kW) compared to the reference state. Finally, adapting piston air motors as two-phase expanders for experimental evaluation and reduction in frictional losses was a recommended research direction. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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Bailey, Robert C., Garry Scrimgeour, David Coté, Dan Kehler, Simon Linke, and Yong Cao. "Bioassessment of stream ecosystems enduring a decade of simulated degradation: lessons for the real world." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 4 (April 2012): 784–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-010.

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The effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities of simulated degradation of streams enabled evaluation of the effects of starting condition, type of degradation, and biota descriptor on the type 1 and type 2 error rates of bioassessment. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities from five reference streams in the Fraser River basin (British Columbia, Canada) were used as the starting conditions of replicated simulations of the effects of suspended sediments in three temporal patterns (none, one-time severe, constant moderate). The dynamics of the simulated stream communities and the type 1 and type 2 errors associated with bioassessments, as described by (i) taxon richness, (ii) EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) richness, (iii) proportion of EPT individuals in the community, (iv) difference in composition from the median reference community (MCDist), (v) Simpson’s diversity, and (vi) Simpson’s equitability, depended on the combination of starting condition, simpact treatment, and the biota descriptor. To reduce type 1 and type 2 errors in bioassessments using the reference condition approach, bioassessment programs should include (i) matching of test and expected reference communities and refinement of the definition of reference condition and (ii) several biota descriptors that include measures of richness, tolerance, and community composition.

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Tsvetkova, O. A., O. O. Voronkova, and O. E. Buyanova. "Modern approach to therapy of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 95, no. 3 (May 10, 2017): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-3-281-285.

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A case of the treatment of a patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with pirfenidone and nintedanib is reported with reference to the role of these medications in therapy of his condition in the context of modern theory of its pathogenesis.

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Tonn, William M., Cynthia A. Paszkowski, Garry J. Scrimgeour, Peter K. M. Aku, Marc Lange, Ellie E. Prepas, and Kim Westcott. "Effects of Forest Harvesting and Fire on Fish Assemblagesin Boreal Plains Lakes: A Reference Condition Approach." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132, no. 3 (May 2003): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0514:eofhaf>2.0.co;2.

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Sun, Wenchun, Shouliang Huo, Chunzi Ma, Beidou Xi, Zhuoshi He, Jingtian Zhang, Jing Su, and Da An. "Estimating nutrient criteria of the lakes and reservoirs by reference condition approach and stressor-response models." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 79 (2017): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20795.

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Pardo, Isabel, Carola Gómez-Rodríguez, Jean-Gabriel Wasson, Roger Owen, Wouter van de Bund, Martyn Kelly, Cathy Bennett, et al. "The European reference condition concept: A scientific and technical approach to identify minimally-impacted river ecosystems." Science of The Total Environment 420 (March 2012): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.026.

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Rodriguez, Pilar, Zuriñe Maestre, Maite Martinez-Madrid, and Trefor B. Reynoldson. "Evaluating the Type II error rate in a sediment toxicity classification using the Reference Condition Approach." Aquatic Toxicology 101, no. 1 (January 17, 2011): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.09.020.

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Indriawati, Katherin, Achmad Jazidie, and Trihastuti Agustinah. "Reconfigurable Controller Based on Fuzzy Descriptor Observer for Nonlinear Systems with Sensor Faults." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.59.

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In this paper, the FTC system for multiple operating condition nonlinear systems subjected to sensor faults is developed by applying reconfigurable control scheme. The scheme generates any modified control signal using appropriate additive reference signal to the nominal control system. The proposed observer is developed based on descriptor approach in the fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno model configuration in order to accommodate some operating conditions of a nonlinear system. The simulation result shows that the proposed method has capability to compensate more than one sensor fault occurred in a three-tank benchmark system even there is a change in condition operation as well as in reference signal.

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Brezas, Spyros, and Volker Wittstock. "Study on the Properties of Aerodynamic Reference Sound Sources." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 105, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 960–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919377.

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Towards the establishment of traceability in sound power in airborne sound, the present study focuses on the dissemination procedure. Aerodynamic reference sound sources were studied as potential transfer standards. Initially, the sources were examined in the up-to-present requirements. The core of the study is the correction required for the transition from calibration to in situ conditions. The influence of atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature and fan rotation speed was investigated and the corresponding correction was determined. A comparison to an existing correction was also performed. Near field effects were another part of the study. The related uncertainty was estimated in a transparent approach. The dependency of the uncertainty on the in situ and calibration condition values is also presented.

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Proulx, C. L., B. W. Kilgour, A. P. Francis, R. F. Bouwhuis, and J. R. Hill. "Using a conductivity–alkalinity relationship as a tool to identify surface waters in reference condition across Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 53, no. 4 (June 15, 2018): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2018.030.

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Abstract The underlying natural relationship between conductivity and alkalinity was used to identify surface water quality monitoring sites that are in a ‘reference’ or minimally disturbed condition. Data from over 40,500 freshwater samples from 1,230 sites were combined for the time period of 2005–2015 from various federal, provincial, and joint federal–provincial/territorial freshwater monitoring programs (e.g., Freshwater Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Program, Ontario's Provincial Water Quality Monitoring Network). Of the samples, 30,347 provided conductivity and alkalinity data. Surface water samples with a measured conductivity that deviated (by more than 41 μS/cm) from the predicted conductivity calculated from the sample's alkalinity were deemed to be non-representative of a reference condition, while samples within 41 μS/cm of the predicted value were deemed representative of a reference condition. The 41 μS/cm cutoff value was determined using signal detection theory. The conductivity–alkalinity model was validated through a comparison with land cover data by demonstrating that samples identified as ‘reference’ were typically from catchments that had minimal anthropogenic disturbances. The proposed approach provides a rapid means of evaluating the reference condition of a watercourse, and of identifying data that provide an estimate of reference condition.

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Cunningham, W. C. "Use of water activity characteristics enables a simplified approach for defining the reference moisture condition for FDA cocoa powder in-house reference material." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, no. 26 (August 14, 2013): 8615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7175-8.

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Christensen, Bent T., Birger F. Pedersen, Jørgen E. Olesen, and Jørgen Eriksen. "Land-use and agriculture in Denmark around year 1900 and the quest for EU Water Framework Directive reference conditions in coastal waters." Ambio 50, no. 10 (March 18, 2021): 1882–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01536-8.

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AbstractThe EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to protect the ecological status of coastal waters. To establish acceptable boundaries between good and moderate ecological status, the WFD calls for reference conditions practically undisturbed by human impact. For Denmark, the nitrogen (N) concentrations present around year 1900 have been suggested to represent reference conditions. As the N load of coastal waters relates closely to runoff from land, any reduction in load links to agricultural activity. We challenge the current use of historical N balances to establish WFD reference conditions and initiate an alternative approach based on parish-level land-use statistics collected 1896/1900 and N concentrations in root zone percolates from experiments with year 1900-relevant management. This approach may be more widely applicable for landscapes with detailed historic information on agricultural activity. Using this approach, we find an average N concentration in root zone percolates that is close to that of current agriculture. Thus, considering Danish coastal waters to be practically unaffected by human activity around year 1900 remains futile as 75% of the land area was subject to agricultural activity with a substantial potential for N loss to the environment. It appears unlikely that the ecological state of coastal waters around year 1900 may serve as WFD reference condition.

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Reynoldson, Trefor B., Stephanie Strachan, and John L. Bailey. "A tiered method for discriminant function analysis models for the Reference Condition Approach: model performance and assessment." Freshwater Science 33, no. 4 (December 2014): 1238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678947.

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S, Manasa, T. N. Mahesh, and C. V. Rajashekhar. "AYURVEDIC APPROACH ON LICHEN PLANUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KITIBHA KUSHTHA: A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 12, no. 4 (August 28, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1204102.

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Skin disease makes as a great impact as other serious medical conditions when assessed by effects on health-related quality of life. There has been widespread acknowledgment that skin diseases can affect physical, social, and psychological aspects of patient’s everyday lives, as well as their partners, family, and friends, one such disease is Lichen planus. Lichen planus is a pruritic, benign, papulo-squamous, inflammatory dermatosis of unknown aetiology that affects either or all the skin, mucous membrane, hair, and nails. In its classical form, it presents with violaceous, scaly, flat topped, polygonal and papules. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the diagnosis is considered as Kitibha Kushtha. Kitibha Kushtha is vata and kapha dosha dominant condition in class of Kshudra Kushtha which has lakshanas like Shyava, Kina-khara sparsha, Parusha. Here, an effort was made to treat a thirty-eightyears old female diagnosed with Kitibha Kushtha vis-a-vis Lichen planus by classical Ayurveda regimens. She was administered with Shodhana therapies (bio-cleansing procedures) and then followed by intake of Thuvaraka rasayana and Shamana Aushadhis. The total duration of the treatment was 44 days, and the Study subject assessed before treatment and after treatment for improvement using Lichen planus Severity Index. All the symptoms observed in the beginning were found considerably reduced, and the severity also found mild.

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De Lurdes Delgado, Maria, and Sylvie Droit-Volet. "Testing the representation of time in reference memory in the bisection and the generalization task: The utility of a developmental approach." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, no. 6 (June 2007): 820–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210600790471.

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This study examined the effect of the variability of representation of durations in reference memory on temporal discrimination performance in children aged 5 and 8 years as well as in adults using a bisection (Experiment 1) and a generalization task (Experiment 2). In each task, the participants were familiarized before the blocks of tested trials with either the same referent duration values (fixed condition) or a distribution of referent duration values, with a mean equal to the referent durations used in the fixed condition and a .20 coefficient of variation (variable condition). The results showed that the sensitivity to duration was lower in the variable than in the fixed condition in the children and, to a lesser extent, in the adults. The modelling of the data indicated that this effect was due to the increase in the variability of the representation of durations in reference memory, but also to changes in the decisional processes.

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Tao, Gaoliang, Xueliang Zhu, Jianchao Cai, Henglin Xiao, Qingsheng Chen, and Yin Chen. "A Fractal Approach for Predicting Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Deformable Clay." Geofluids 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8013851.

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The relative hydraulic conductivity is one of the key parameters for unsaturated soils in numerous fields of geotechnical engineering. The quantitative description of its variation law is of significant theoretical and technical values. Parameters in a classical hydraulic conductivity model are generally complex; it is difficult to apply these parameters to predict and estimate the relative hydraulic conductivity under deformation condition. Based on the fractal theory, a simple method is presented in this study for predicting the relative hydraulic conductivity under deformation condition. From the experimental soil-water characteristic curve at a reference state, the fractal dimension and air-entry value are determined at a reference state. By using the prediction model of air-entry value, the air-entry values at the deformed state are then determined. With the two parameters determined, the relative hydraulic conductivity at the deformed state is predicted using the fractal model of relative hydraulic conductivity. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of deformable Hunan clay is measured by the instantaneous profile method. Values of relative hydraulic conductivity predicted by the fractal model are compared with those obtained from experimental measurements, which proves the rationality of the proposed prediction method.

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Tuppen, John. "Recent Developments in Alpine Tourism: A Life Cycle Approach." Turyzm/Tourism 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2002): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.12.2.09.

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The article presents recent trends in the tourist economy in the Alpine region. With reference to the development cycle of the tourist product, proposed by Butler, the author claims that the Alpine tourist centres have already reached the maturity stage. Their further development requires active intervention in order to refresh the tourist product. Further in the article, a variety of tourist development strategies have been presented, which might improve the poor condition of many tourist centres in the region under discussion.

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Bailey, Robert C., Simon Linke, and Adam G. Yates. "Bioassessment of freshwater ecosystems using the Reference Condition Approach: comparing established and new methods with common data sets." Freshwater Science 33, no. 4 (December 2014): 1204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678771.

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Irino, Satoshi, and Yukio Kurihara. "A Method for Deriving Quasi-healthy Cohorts From Clinical Data." Biomedical Informatics Insights 10 (January 1, 2018): 117822261877775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178222618777758.

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We evaluated quasi-healthy cohorts (model cohorts), derived from clinical data, to determine how well they simulated control cohorts. Control cohorts comprised individuals extracted from a public checkup database in Japan, under the condition that their values for 3 basic laboratory tests fall within specific reference ranges (3Ts condition). Model cohorts comprised outpatients, extracted from a clinical database at a hospital, under the 3Ts condition or under the condition that their values for 4 laboratory tests fall within specific reference ranges (4Ts condition). Because even a patient with a serious illness, such as cancer, may present with normal values on basic laboratory tests, one additional condition was added: the duration (1 or 3 months; 1M or 3M) during which patients were not hospitalized after their first laboratory test. For evaluations, cohorts were specified by age and sex. The 4Ts + 3M condition was the most effective condition, under which model cohorts were used to successfully simulate age-dependent changes and sex differences in laboratory test values for control cohorts. Therefore, by properly setting the conditions for extracting quasi-healthy individuals, we can derive cohorts from clinical data to simulate various types of cohorts. Although some issues with the proposed method remain to be solved, this approach presents new possibilities for using clinical data for cohort studies.

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Amrutkar, Prashant, and Amruta Amrutkar. "AN AYURVEDIC APPROACH TO A CASE OF LOW BACK PAIN (KATIGRAHA) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i1.2021.3093.

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Katigraha is a condition where the lower back region is afflicted with Vitiated Vata and present with symptoms such as pain with stiffness. Katigraha mentioned in Ayurveda can be correlated with Lumbar spondylosis due to similarity of clinical manifestations. About 60% to 80% of the population in India suffer from this condition. The current case study was carried out at the Department of Panchakarma, B.S.D.Trust’s Ayurved Hospital and Research Centre,Wagholi,Pune. A 44 year male patient suffering with lumbar spondylosis was treated with samanya chikitsa of vata vyadhi i.e.Abhyanga, Swedana, Basti and Kati Basti treatment. Patient was treated for a period of 8 days. The response to the treatment was recorded and therapeutic effect was evaluated through symptomatic relief. Clinically, cardinal symptoms were significantly reduced and degree of anterior flexion increased from 40 degree to 90 degree. Radiographically, X Ray L.S. Spine showed an improvement in loss of lumbar lordosis. However, it still shows that the patient is suffering from lumbar spondylosis.

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Sokolova, A. G., F. Ya Balitsky, and V. D. Sizarev. "PECULIARITIES OF MACHINERY CONDITION VIBRATION MONITORING WITH USING THE S-DISCRIMINANTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 268 (October 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.10.pp.004-011.

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The paper presents the results of the specific vibration condition monitoring approach for maintenance of unique critical equipment provided complete access impossibility to its components (due to radiation environment) throughout the entire operation period. The approach bases on the previously proposed S-discriminants of vibrations which are calculated with adaptation to the reference state of the equipment. The method showed its high efficiency in detecting the moment of machine operation process imbalance and in tracking the equipment components degradation, starting from the earliest stage. It is illustrated on the example of the movable neutron reflector PO-3 of the IBR-2 research reactor that it is possible not only to detect in time the moment when a fault occurs, but also to make a preliminary express diagnosis of its condition.

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Sokolova, A. G., F. Ya Balitsky, and V. D. Sizarev. "PECULIARITIES OF MACHINERY CONDITION VIBRATION MONITORING WITH USING THE S-DISCRIMINANTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 268 (October 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.10.pp.004-011.

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The paper presents the results of the specific vibration condition monitoring approach for maintenance of unique critical equipment provided complete access impossibility to its components (due to radiation environment) throughout the entire operation period. The approach bases on the previously proposed S-discriminants of vibrations which are calculated with adaptation to the reference state of the equipment. The method showed its high efficiency in detecting the moment of machine operation process imbalance and in tracking the equipment components degradation, starting from the earliest stage. It is illustrated on the example of the movable neutron reflector PO-3 of the IBR-2 research reactor that it is possible not only to detect in time the moment when a fault occurs, but also to make a preliminary express diagnosis of its condition.

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D’Emilia, Giulio, Antonella Gaspari, and Emanuela Natale. "Physical and Metrological Approach for Feature’s Definition and Selection in Condition Monitoring." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 5186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235186.

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In this paper, a methodology is described aiming at emphasizing physical and metrological criteria in feature selection for condition monitoring of a real scale mechatronic system. The device is used for packaging applications according to the movements of its end effector, driven by a couple of brushless servomotors and a kinematic mechanical linkage. The approach is hybrid, meaning that the starting feature set is built with reference to both experimental data from different sensors and to the indication of a simplified kinematic and dynamic model of the mechanical linkage itself. A critical comparison and mixing of theoretical and experimental data, based also on a physical interpretation of differences, suggests some more features, with respect to the classical ones, of hybrid type, which could be mostly correlated to the effects of statuses and defects of the system to be identified. The whole procedure is step by step validated, in order to evaluate the variability of features, throughout the whole procedure. The variability is analyzed depending on the actions that are realized in order to define, select, and use the proposed features for data processing by advanced algorithms, like the most typically used classifiers and artificial neural networks. A comparison with the state-of-the-art automatic feature’s selection procedure is also presented. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology is able to classify with high accuracy many statuses of the mechatronic system, which are only slightly different as for set-up settings and/or mechanical wear and lubrication conditions of mechanical parts of the mechatronic system. Issues to be pursued to a more effective generalization of the method are also discussed.

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Yago, Martín, and Carolina Pla. "Reference-mean-centered statistical quality control." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 58, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-1034.

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AbstractBackgroundStatistical quality control (SQC) procedures generally use rejection limits centered on the stable mean of the results obtained for a control material by the analyzing instrument. However, for instruments with significant bias, re-centering the limits on a different value could improve the control procedures from the viewpoint of patient safety.MethodsA statistical model was used to assess the effect of shifting the rejection limits of the control procedure relative to the instrument mean on the number of erroneous results reported as a result of an increase in the systematic error of the measurement procedure due to an out-of-control condition. The behaviors of control procedures of type 1ks (k = 2, 2.5, 3) were studied when applied to analytical processes with different capabilities (σ = 3, 4, 6).ResultsFor measuring instruments with bias, shifting the rejection limits in the direction opposite to the bias improves the ability of the quality control procedure to limit the risk posed to patients in a systematic out-of-control condition. The maximum benefit is obtained when the displacement is equal to the bias of the instrument, that is, when the rejection limits are centered on the reference mean of the control material. The strategy is sensitive to error in estimating the bias. Shifting the limits more than the instrument’s bias disproportionately increases the risk to patients. This effect should be considered in SQC planning for systems running the same test on multiple instruments.ConclusionsCentering the control rule on the reference mean is a potentially useful strategy for SQC planning based on risk management for measuring instruments with significant and stable uncorrected bias. Low uncertainty in estimating bias is necessary for this approach not to be counterproductive.

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Herlihy, Alan T., Steven G. Paulsen, John Van Sickle, John L. Stoddard, Charles P. Hawkins, and Lester L. Yuan. "Striving for consistency in a national assessment: the challenges of applying a reference-condition approach at a continental scale." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27, no. 4 (December 2008): 860–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/08-081.1.

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Valois, A. E., W. B. Keller, and C. W. Ramcharan. "Recovery in a multiple stressor environment: using the reference condition approach to examine zooplankton community change along opposing gradients." Journal of Plankton Research 33, no. 9 (May 29, 2011): 1417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr036.

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Salerno, Franco, Gaetano Viviano, Elisa Carraro, Emanuela Chiara Manfredi, Andrea Lami, Simona Musazzi, Aldo Marchetto, Nicolas Guyennon, Gianni Tartari, and Diego Copetti. "Total phosphorus reference condition for subalpine lakes: A comparison among traditional methods and a new process-based watershed approach." Journal of Environmental Management 145 (December 2014): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.011.

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Liu, Dan, and Dirk J. Pons. "Development of a stress-based creep-fatigue equation: Accommodating pure-fatigue to pure-creep for the high-cycle loading regime." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 27, no. 9 (October 9, 2017): 1397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789517735678.

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Background The creep-fatigue damage in low-cycle regime has been described by a strain-based creep-fatigue equation through integrating creep effect into fatigue damage. Need There is a need to develop a creep-fatigue equation which describes the stress-controlled creep-fatigue behaviour in high-cycle regime. Approach This stress-based creep-fatigue equation was developed through superposing a fatigue mechanism with a creep mechanism. This creep-fatigue equation was then validated on GP91 casting steel. The creep-fatigue data were transformed to the reference condition and collapsed into one power-law curve with good quality. Outcomes This result verified the formulas of the fatigue component and the creep component, and demonstrated the method of extracting the coefficients. The full-range characteristic of this creep-fatigue equation is discussed. In addition, the introduction of the compatibility presents a better description of the reference condition. Originality A new creep-fatigue equation is provided with demonstrably good ability to cover the full range of conditions from the pure-fatigue condition to the pure-creep condition for the high-cycle regime. The method of extracting the coefficients is also provided.

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Zirek, Abdulkadir, and Altan Onat. "A novel anti-slip control approach for railway vehicles with traction based on adhesion estimation with swarm intelligence." Railway Engineering Science 28, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 346–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40534-020-00223-w.

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AbstractAnti-slip control systems are essential for railway vehicle systems with traction. In order to propose an effective anti-slip control system, adhesion information between wheel and rail can be useful. However, direct measurement or observation of adhesion condition for a railway vehicle in operation is quite demanding. Therefore, a proportional–integral controller, which operates simultaneously with a recently proposed swarm intelligence-based adhesion estimation algorithm, is proposed in this study. This approach provides determination of the adhesion optimum on the adhesion-slip curve so that a reference slip value for the controller can be determined according to the adhesion conditions between wheel and rail. To validate the methodology, a tram wheel test stand with an independently rotating wheel, which is a model of some low floor trams produced in Czechia, is considered. Results reveal that this new approach is more effective than a conventional controller without adhesion condition estimation.

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Kobayashi, Takahisa, and Donald L. Simon. "Hybrid Kalman Filter Approach for Aircraft Engine In-Flight Diagnostics: Sensor Fault Detection Case." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 3 (November 17, 2006): 746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2718572.

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In this paper, a diagnostic system based on a uniquely structured Kalman filter is developed for its application to in-flight fault detection of aircraft engine sensors. The Kalman filter is a hybrid of a nonlinear on-board engine model (OBEM) and piecewise linear models. The utilization of the nonlinear OBEM allows the reference health baseline of the diagnostic system to be updated, through a relatively simple process, to the health condition of degraded engines. Through this health baseline update, the diagnostic effectiveness of the in-flight sensor fault detection system is maintained as the health of the engine degrades over time. The performance of the sensor fault detection system is evaluated in a simulation environment at several operating conditions during the cruise phase of flight.

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Dumais, Susan T., and Annette L. Wright. "Reference by Name vs. Location in a Computer Filing System." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 8 (September 1986): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000821.

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The traditional name-based approach to storing and retrieving information in computers in now being supplemented on some systems by a spatial alternative – often driven by an office or desktop metaphor. These systems attempt to take advantage of the important role that location plays in retrieving objects in the real world (i.e. we must know where things are in order to retrieve them). This paper extends recent research by Jones and Dumais (1986) which used paper and pencil simulations to compare reference by name versus location. A computer filing system was developed in which folders could be stored and retrieved using combinations of location and name cues. Accuracy of location reference in a Location-only condition was initially comparable to that in a Name-only condition, but declined much more rapidly with increases in the number of objects. Adding location to name information did not improve retrieval accuracy, but was costly in terms of initial specification time. These results call into question the generality of spatial metaphors for information retrieval applications.

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Akkerman, Abraham. "Housing as a Heuristic Condition in the Simultaneous Projection of Population and Households." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no. 4 (April 2006): 765–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37125.

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Conventional population projections regard individuals, rather than households, as population units of reference. Such an approach has been questioned on both methodological and empirical grounds. Furthermore, in applications to smaller populations, conventional population projections have repeatedly yielded poor results. The simultaneous projection of population and households, on the other hand, regards households as population units of reference, but, in applications based on the notion of the household composition matrix, it has occasionally yielded analytically infeasible results. In the present study I examine the simultaneous projection of population and households in a etropolitan area, under feasibility constraints. A housing-market specification is expressed as a feasibility condition against multipliers of the household composition matrix, extracted here for the Cleveland Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), 1990. The feasibility condition is shown to function as a gateway to exogenous considerations regarding the transfer of headship in households, and is exemplified in a forecast of population and households for the Cleveland CMSA.

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Hu, Qing, Linlin Xu, and Xinyu Cheng. "A CORS-Based Differential Correction Approach for AIS Mobile Stations." Sensors 18, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 3626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113626.

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In order to remedy the inadequacy of the sources of differential corrections in current automatic identification system (AIS) and to improve the positioning accuracy of AIS mobile stations using single-point positioning, a differential correction approach for AIS mobile stations based on the continuously operating reference station (CORS) network is proposed. In the approach, AIS server derives real-time pseudo-range differential corrections from each reference station in CORS network and generates the corrections for AIS mobile stations. Then AIS base stations transmit these differential corrections to mobile stations using broadcast or addressed binary messages for positioning. Load analysis and testing show that this approach can effectively meet the need for differential corrections for most AIS mobile stations under the condition that the occupancy rate of the AIS channel is less than 1% when using broadcast binary messages. In addition, since this method is based on the existing CORS network, it is straightforward to implement in engineering projects and does not require additional hardware upgrades to the existing differential global positioning system (DGPS) and AIS infrastructure.

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Maeda, Michiharu, Noritaka Shigei, Hiromi Miyajima, and Kenichi Suzaki. "Reduction Models in Competitive Learning Founded on Distortion Standards." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 12, no. 3 (May 20, 2008): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2008.p0314.

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Two reductions in competitive learning founded on distortion standards are discussed from the viewpoint of generating necessary and appropriate reference vectors under the condition of their predetermined number. The first approach is termed the segmental reduction and competitive learning algorithm. The algorithm is presented as follows: First, numerous reference vectors are prepared and the algorithm is processed under competitive learning. Next, reference vectors are sequentially eliminated to reach their prespecified number based on the partition error criterion. The second approach is termed the general reduction and competitive learning algorithm. The algorithm is presented as follows: First, numerous reference vectors are prepared and the algorithm is processed under competitive learning. Next, reference vectors are sequentially erased based on the average distortion criterion. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches compared to conventional techniques in average distortion. The two approaches are applied to image coding to determine their feasibility in quality and computation time.

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Khodadadeh, Soussan. "Quantitative Approach to Osteoarthritic Gait Assessment." Engineering in Medicine 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1987_016_005_02.

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Measurements of the gait of 42 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip are made using only a pair of small force plates with computer interfacing. The use of more complex and expensive television systems is thus avoided. The force between the foot and plate is measured during gait, resolved into vertical, horizontal, and lateral force components, and graphs of the time variations of these components produced. It is shown that an accurate on-line assessment of pre- and post-operative gait can be made, but only by reference to all three force component curves. A numerical assessment of the gait condition is obtained as the total of scores for clearly identified separate features of each curve. This helps the clinician to arrive at a firm value and should reduce subjective variations arising from attempts to assign a single overall number for the ‘quality’ of each curve.

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Hou, Hailiang, Xiaohong Nian, Shaozhang Xu, Miaoping Sun, and Hongyun Xiong. "Robust decentralized control for large-scale web-winding systems: A linear matrix inequality approach." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, no. 7 (January 6, 2016): 953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331215622534.

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In this paper, a robust decentralized control scheme is proposed for web-winding systems. The control input for each subsystem is divided into two parts, a reference control input and a control compensation. First, the reference control inputs and the error dynamic models are presented. Then, based on the error dynamic model, a decentralized controller is designed to compute the control compensation, and the relevant sufficient condition for the existence of the decentralized controller is derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). By virtue of regarding some parameters as interval variables, the proposed controller has good robustness with regard to parameter variations and is adapted to the changes of set point. Finally, a three-motor web-winding system is considered as an application example, and simulation and experimental tests illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

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Brownlee, Rachel D., Philip H. Kass, and Rebecca L. Sammak. "Blood Pressure Reference Intervals for Ketamine-sedated Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000072.

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Appropriate calculation and use of reference intervals have widespread clinical and research implications. Unfortunately, reference intervals for blood pressure in one of the most commonly used NHP species, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), have never been calculated. Although anesthetic drugs and noninvasive methods of blood pressure measurement both have known effects on blood pressure values, their use provides the safest, fastest, and most widely used approach to clinical evaluation and blood pressure collection in this species. We analyzed noninvasive blood pressure measurements from 103 healthy, ketamine-sedated, adult (age, 8 to 16 y) rhesus macaques, representing both sexes, with various body condition scores by using 2 types of sphygmomanometers at 3 different anatomic locations. Reference intervals were calculated for each device, in each location, thus establishing normative data beneficial to clinical veterinarians assessing animal health and encouraging researchers to use noninvasive methods. Age, body condition score, sex, type of sphygmomanometer, and location of cuff placement were all found to influence blood pressure measurements significantly, providing important information necessary for the appropriate interpretation of noninvasive blood pressure values in rhesus macaques.

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McDaniel, Tana, and Timothy Pascoe. "Applying the reference condition approach to Lake of the Woods: sediment and benthic invertebrate community assessment for lake-wide management." Lake and Reservoir Management 33, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 452–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2017.1379573.

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Bailey, Robert C., Matthew G. Kennedy, Michael Z. Dervish, and And Ronald M. Taylor. "Biological assessment of freshwater ecosystems using a reference condition approach: comparing predicted and actual benthic invertebrate communities in Yukon streams." Freshwater Biology 39, no. 4 (June 1998): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00317.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference condition approach'

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