Academic literature on the topic 'Reference condition approach'
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Journal articles on the topic "Reference condition approach"
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Nestler, John M., Charles H. Theiling, Kenneth S. Lubinski, and David L. Smith. "Reference condition approach to restoration planning." River Research and Applications 26, no. 10 (November 24, 2010): 1199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1330.
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Naveršnik, Klemen, and Rok Jurečič. "Humidity-corrected Arrhenius equation: The reference condition approach." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 500, no. 1-2 (March 2016): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.047.
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Johnson, Richard K. "Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems: Using the Reference Condition Approach." Freshwater Biology 50, no. 1 (January 2005): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01295.x.
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Bowman, Michelle F., and Keith M. Somers. "Considerations when Using the Reference Condition Approach for Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.039.
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Abstract The use of the reference condition approach (RCA) in environmental assessments is becoming more prevalent. Although the RCA was not explicitly described in Green's (1979) book on statistical methods for environmental biologists, we expanded his decision key for selecting an appropriate environmental study design to include this approach. The RCA compares the biological community at a potentially impacted ‘test’ site to communities found in minimally impacted ‘reference’ sites. However, to implement the RCA there are a number of assumptions and decisions that must be made. We compare several common multimetric and multivariate bioassessment methods to illustrate that four key decisions inherent in the RCA framework (i.e., criteria used for reference site selection, for grouping similar reference sites, for comparing test and reference sites, and for evaluating the cause of impacts) can markedly affect test site appraisals. Specific guidelines should be developed to select appropriate reference sites. Based on analyses of real and simulated data, we recommend a minimum of 20, but preferably 30 to 50 reference sites per group, and verification of groupings with more than one classification method. New approaches (e.g., test site analysis) incorporating the strengths of both multimetric and multivariate methods can be used to compare test and reference sites. Additional ecological information, models relating degree of impact to a stressor or habitat gradient, and variance partitioning can also be used to isolate the probable cause of impairment, and are particularly valuable when appropriate reference sites are unavailable.
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Hammer, Anke, Bernadette M. Jansma, Monique Lamers, and Thomas F. Münte. "Pronominal Reference in Sentences about Persons or Things: An Electrophysiological Approach." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (February 2005): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053124947.
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German pronouns (erMALE/masculine, sieFEMALE/feminine) that refer to a person are determined by the biological gender (MALE/FEMALE) and/or syntactic gender (masculine/feminine) of the person. Pronouns (ermasculine, siefeminine) that refer to a thing are determined by the syntactic gender of this thing (Garten [garden]masculine, Tasche [hand-bag]feminine). The study aimed to investigate whether semantic integration, syntactic integration, or both are involved in establishing co-reference between pronoun and subject/antecedent in sentences. Here we focused on two event-related potential components: the SPS/P600, related to syntactic violation and reanalysis, and the N400 component, related to semantic integration problems. In one condition, a person was introduced as antecedent and later referred to by a pronoun, which either agreed in biological/syntactic gender or not (biological/syntactic gender violation). In a second condition, a thing was introduced as antecedent and the corresponding pronoun either agreed in syntactic gender or not (syntactic gender violation). Results at critical pronouns showed a P600 effect for incongruent compared with congruent pronouns in both conditions with a centro-parietal maximum. This effect was larger for the person compared to the thing condition. We interpreted this finding as reflecting a syntactic integration process that can be influenced by conceptual/semantic and syntactic information of the antecedent type. Furthermore, at the word following the pronoun, we observed an N400 for the thing but not for the person condition. We suggest, supported by the results of a control experiment, that this effect reflects continuous integration processes for things, whereas for persons the integration seems to be finished at pronoun position.
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García-Unanue, Jorge, José L. Felipe, Julio del Corral, and Leonor Gallardo. "Assessing Financial Condition of Municipal Sports Agencies: A Data Benchmarking Approach." Open Sports Sciences Journal 9, no. 1 (May 12, 2016): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01609010043.
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This study analyzes the development of the financial condition of local decentralized public sports services over a period of 10 years, obtaining benchmarks to serve as a point of reference. In order to do this, the elements of flexibility, independence, and sustainability are analyzed through three indicators in 2,139 observations obtained from municipal sports service organi-zations in Spain from 2002 to 2011. The majority of the organizations show results that are theoretically adequate in terms of flexibility and sustainability, but not independence. For this reason, the statistics presented can be used as a point of reference in order to classify the organizations in the sector according to their financial performance.
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Ryan, J. P., P. R. Archer-Lock, A. J. Czernuszewicz, N. R. Gillott, P. H. Hinton, D. Ibeson, S. A. Malde, D. Paul, and N. Shah. "Financial Condition Assessment." British Actuarial Journal 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 519–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700002464.
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ABSTRACTThis paper explores an approach to assessing the adequacy of capital resources for non-life insurance companies. It examines the range of risks faced by these companies and the factors that influence the analysis of their impact on an organisation's financial condition. The paper considers how the actuarial profession may contribute to this process, with particular reference to the regulatory regime envisaged in the United Kingdom.
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Fu, Liping, Lalita Thakali, Tae J. Kwon, and Taimur Usman. "A risk-based approach to winter road surface condition classification." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 3 (March 2017): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0215.
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This paper presents a risk-based approach for classifying the road surface conditions of a highway network under winter weather events. A relative risk index (RRI) is developed to capture the effect of adverse weather conditions on the collision risk of a highway in reference to the normal driving conditions. Based on this index, multiple risk factors related to adverse winter weather conditions can be considered either jointly or separately. The index can also be used to aggregate different types of road conditions observed on any given route into a single class for risk-consistent condition classification and reporting. Two example applications are shown to illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
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BATES PRINS, SAMANTHA C., and ERIC P. SMITH. "Using biological metrics to score and evaluate sites: a nearest-neighbour reference condition approach." Freshwater Biology 52, no. 1 (January 2007): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01675.x.
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Dash, Byomakesh, Renu Sharma, and Bidyadhar Subudhi. "A multiobjective grid interactive solar photovoltaic DSTATCOM system using cascaded observer-based DFLL approach." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 5 (June 30, 2020): 641–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2020-0009.
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Purpose A cascaded observer-based transfer delay frequency locked loop (CODFLL) algorithm is developed to control the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to address various power quality (PQ) issues arise because of distorted grid and load conditions. Moreover, frequency locked loop is included along with the observer to take care of the frequency drift from nominal value and to improve its performance during steady state and transient conditions. During daylight, the proposed system works as photovoltaic (PV) DSTATCOM and performs multiple functions for improving PQ whilst transferring power to grid and load. The system under consideration acts as DSTATCOM during night and bad weather condition to nullify the PQ issues. Design/methodology/approach CODFLL control algorithm generates reference signal for hysteresis controller. This reference signal is compared with an actual grid signal and a gate pulse is produced for a voltage source converter. The system is made frequency adaptive by transfer delay adaptive frequency locked loop (FLL). Peak power is extracted from a PV source using the perturb and observe technique irrespective of disturbances encountered in the system. Findings The PV system’s performance with the proposed controller is studied and compared with conventional control algorithms such as least mean fourth (LMF), improved second-order generalized integrator frequency locked loop (ISOGI-FLL), synchronous reference frame phased lock loop (SRF-PLL) and frequency adaptive disturbance observer (DOB) for different cases, for example, steady-state condition, dynamic condition, variable insolation, voltage sag and swell and frequency wandering in the supply side. It is found that the proposed method tracks the frequency variation faster as compared to ISOGI-FLL without any oscillations. During unbalanced loading conditions, CODFLL exhibits zero oscillations. Harmonics in system parameters are reduced to the level of IEEE standard; unity power factor is maintained at the grid side; hassle-free power flow takes place from the source to the grid and load; and consistent voltage profile is maintained at the coupling point. Originality/value CODFLL control algorithm is developed for PV-DSTATCOM systems to generate a reference grid current.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reference condition approach"
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Sellens, Claire, and n/a. "The Reference Condition Approach in Disturbed Landscapes: Accounting for Natural Disturbance and a Reference Condition defined by Good Management Practices for River Protection." University of Canberra. School of Resource, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081029.131335.
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This study has contributed to the development of the reference condition approach in
disturbed landscapes. The reference condition approach has been an important development
for the bioassessment of aquatic ecosystems by providing a practical tool for the accurate
assessment of river condition. The selection of appropriate reference sites is critical to the
success of the predictive model in terms of being able to distinguish between natural variation
in biota and the effects of human disturbance. Capturing natural variability and explaining it
is a key difference between the reference condition approach and other study designs (e.g.
before/after/control/impact). Natural disturbances such as drought or bushfire can
significantly alter the ecological condition of streams, and although the ecological condition
of streams affected by natural drought or bushfire is part of the natural cycle, this natural
variation of the ecological condition is rarely incorporated into many study designs because of
a mismatch in time scales. Human disturbance has also significantly altered the condition of
landscapes through the development of agriculture and urbanisation. In urban or agricultural
landscapes it can be impossible to locate streams that have not been modified by human
activity for use as a reference condition. This study looked at the effects of natural disturbance
on the reference condition, in terms of the way natural disturbance affects the prediction of
stream condition and also the incorporation of the condition of streams experiencing natural
disturbance into a predictive model. Additionally this study identified an alternative
benchmark for modified landscapes based on the presence of good management practices for
river protection, and tested this benchmark for the assessment of streams impacted by
urbanisation.
Drought and bushfire regularly disturb aquatic ecosystems in Australia, and affected reference
sites in the ACT and South Coast region of New South Wales in 2002 and 2003. Drought and
bushfire conditions affected macroinvertebrates and environmental variables across these
streams, and the majority of sites were assessed as significantly impaired using regional
AUSRIVAS (AUstralian RIVers Assessment System) models. This indicated the existing
reference conditions for these regions had not incorporated the ecological conditions of
reference sites suffering these natural disturbances. Many of the environmental variables used
to predict the condition of streams were also affected by drought or bushfire. The changes to
environmental variables affected how sites were assessed in models, but the overall
assessment was not significantly changed from the initial assessment that drought or bushfire
had significantly impaired the ecological condition.
To reduce potential assessment errors associated with changes to predictor variables an
attempt was made to construct new models with changeable variables excluded. However, it
was not possible to completely exclude these types of variables, and subsequent models were
no better than the original models in terms of changes to predictor variables affecting the
generation of expected taxa lists. The changes to environmental variables did not affect the
actual assessment of site condition because although group membership probabilities were
changed the probabilities of taxon occurrence did not change significantly. The different
reference site groups all contained some common taxa that occurred at most sites and even
when group probabilities changed this did not change the probability of these taxa occurring
at a test site. For regional models, such as the ACT or NSW South Coast, changes to predictor
variables may not significantly affect the assessment of site condition.
Incorporating reference sites under drought conditions into a predictive model was an
effective way of discriminating the effects of drought from human disturbance. The model
only provided two different ecological conditions, a single drought measurement and a single
non-drought measurement, so the model did not fully encompass the potential natural
variability. The model has value as a starting point and was effective in distinguishing sites
affected by human disturbance from sites affected by drought.
Good Management Practice (GMP) for river protection is any intervention that minimises
human impact on stream condition. Urban sites protected by GMP were used as an alternative
benchmark to a minimally impacted reference condition. The criteria used to select reference
sites were not sufficiently robust to detect a significant benefit of GMP on physical or
chemical characteristics of protected sites, compared to sites without GMP. In general
however, the physical and chemical condition of GMP sites was better than sites without
GMP and there were significant differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages of GMP and
non-GMP sites. A refinement to the site selection process is proposed to include a specific
assessment of GMP effectiveness for the protection it is designed to provide. This will
substantially improve the robustness of a GMP benchmark and provide a clearer picture of the
factors controlling biota in urban streams protected by GMP.
The GMP benchmark was developed into a predictive model for the assessment of urban
stream health, and in terms of the assessment of test site condition, it did not differ
significantly from a model using minimally impacted sites. The purpose of the GMP
benchmark was to provide an alternative reference condition for the assessment of stream
health in modified landscapes when minimally impacted sites are unavailable or provide an
unattainable benchmark. The GMP reference condition as an alternative can provide an
attainable and realistic benchmark. The development and application of the suggested site
selection protocol will improve the robustness of the GMP benchmark and better account for
natural variation in the biota and physical characteristics of the sites used to determine the
reference condition.
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Theiling, Charles H. "Defining ecosystem restoration potential using a multiple reference condition approach: Upper Mississippi River System, USA." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/605.
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Large scale ecosystem restoration is an important societal issue because significant risks, costs, and benefits can accrue on large landscapes. It is important to understand baseline ecosystem conditions, existing condition, and to the extent possible estimate ecosystem response to alternative management scenarios. Incorporating ecosystem process and function into restoration planning and implementation will make ecosystem restoration projects sustainable. The Upper Mississippi River System is an excellent case study for such issues because it is an important, multiple-use ecosystem with significant ongoing investment in ecosystem, agri-system, and navigation system management.
Large-scale geomorphology, hydrology, and land cover information was compared among presettlement, contemporary, and potential future reference conditions to examine ecosystem state and evaluate mechanisms responsible for ecosystem condition. The UMRS was scaled by physiographically similar characteristics into large floodplain reaches several hundred river miles in length, geomorphic reaches 50 to several hundred miles, and a mile-by-mile segmentation of the river floodplain extent. Ecologically relevant geomorphic classes were devised from existing data and evaluated by river reach to characterize presettlement geomorphology, and dams and levees were superimposed to reflect the altered hydrogeomorphology of the contemporary ecosystem. A pre- and post-impact Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration river stage analysis evaluated dam impacts, and pre-dam and post-dam aquatic habitat class distribution was compared. A floodplain inundation simulation analysis provided new information on the potential spatial distribution of frequent floods. Land cover data available for presettlement and modern reference periods were compared at several spatial scales. Multivariate analyses evaluated land cover characteristics among geomorphic reaches, as well as to assess the influence of hydrogeomorphic drivers on land cover for presettlement and contemporary reference periods.
The objective of this research was to clearly delineate the divergence of environmental conditions among reference periods to evaluate which drivers need to be, and can be, altered to change ecosystem state. Hydrogeomorphic response to development indicates several restoration objectives that are appropriate system-wide and others that are best suited to specific river reaches. Similar data sources are available for much of the rest of the United States through the Public Land Survey and engineering surveys of any significant civil works projects.
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Tregurtha, Norma. "An approach to human development in rural Western Cape with specific reference to farm workers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50259.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Using the conceptual framework of the human development approach as proposed by Amartya Sen, this dissertation attempts to measure the absolute and relative development status of Western Cape farm workers for 1996 and 2001. The dissertation begins by presenting a critical analysis of the traditional neo-classical model of development, and goes further to demonstrate how, from the early 1970s, the validity of this model was increasingly questioned by the broader development fraternity and eventually supplanted by the human development approach in the 1990s. The human development approach is based on two conceptual roots namely; social exclusion theory and the capability model of Amartya Sen. Social exclusion theory identifies important themes such as gender and culture which the neo-classical development approach failed to reflect in its theoretical and methodological structures while the capability model establishes the philosophical and theoretical foundations of human development. More specifically it clarifies the question: 'what is wellbeing, how do we measure it and how is it linked to development and poverty? From the perspective of the human development approach, wellbeing is about being able to exercise economic, social and political choice or freedom. These freedoms are labelled capabilities and are they are derived from functioning choices. A functioning represents different aspects of the state of a person, and can either be an activity such as working or a state of existence such as being educated. A functioning is an achievement whereas a capability is the possible options or choices open to a person. It is on the basis of a person's capability set that an evaluation of their level of wellbeing is possible. The human development approach therefore measures development in terms of capabilities The key methodological challenges related to measuring development in terms of human capabilities are numerous. The theory of human development does not specify which capabilities to include when measuring poverty or wellbeing, in addition it provides no method to rank capabilities. Capabilities can simultaneously expand in some areas while contract in others. Because there is no method of ranking capabilities it is impossible to conclude whether on balance, development has taken place. Finally on a practical level the data requirements to measure wellbeing in a multivariate way are significant and are more often than not based on detailed household socio-economic surveys that are not easily replicated over time. For these reasons, while development economists endorse the theory of human development on an ideological and strategic level, methodologically there is still a tendency to measure it in terms of income levels. Despite these challenges a number of empirical applications of the human development approach have emerged in recent years and a cross-section of these studies is described as part of this dissertation. The main methodological issues that have to be confronted when operationalising the human development approach are also documented while the appropriateness of using the theory of fuzzy sets to measure vague concepts such as poverty and wellbeing, is emphasized. Drawing on data from the 1996 and 2001 Population Census this dissertation confronts these measurement challenges and by limiting the analysis to 6 functionings namely; housing, housing services, education, health, social relations, employment and economic achievements, attempts to measure the overall development status of Western Cape farm workers. By comparing this result with the achievement of other labour groups such as the unemployed and workers employed elsewhere in the economy it is also possible to conclude on their relative development status. With respect to functioning achievement (measured as fuzzy scores), in 2001 farm workers scored the lowest of all the labour groups in terms of housing services, social relations and education achievement. In terms of their access to economic resources, while farm workers individual and household monthly income levels exceeded that of the unemployed - their fuzzy score was roughly half of that achieved by workers in other sectors. These various functionings were weighted and aggregated to arrive at an overall wellbeing indicator, and almost no difference could be detected in the score achieved by farm workers and the unemployed. This result was found to be relatively insensitive to the weight assigned to a particular functioning. While there is almost no difference in the overall level of human development "enjoyed" by farm workers and the unemployed, a large difference was found between farm workers and other workers in the economy. It can be argued that this discrepancy is indicative of the high concentration of unskilled workers found in the agricultural sector. However when occupation was brought into consideration, a relatively large discrepancy in development levels between farm workers and employed unskilled workers, could still be detected. In terms of gender, overall women farm workers scored slightly higher than men, however in terms of personal income they scored considerably lower than men. This difference could not be attributed to differences in the number of hours worked per week and confirms the findings of other studies that showed that women farm workers do not receive equal wages for equal work effort. In terms of development status, the results generated by the 1996 population census, were consistent with 2001 however, here farm workers scored poorly in terms of the housing, housing services, education and social relations functioning. It was only with respect to the employment and economic resources functionings that farm workers ranked above the unemployed. By applying the frequency-based membership functions generated for 1996 to the 2001 data set, it was possible to detect absolute changes in development status that took place between 1996 and 2001. Relative to the other labour groups, farm workers consistently exhibited the highest rate of progress. Education, social relations and housing services functionings scores in 2001, were 20% higher than 1996 levels. Key Words: Poverty, development, wellbeing, human development approach, capabilities, functionings, fuzzy sets, Western Cape, Western Cape agriculture, farm workers
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konseptuele raamwerk van die menslike ontwikkelings benadering, soos uiteengesit deur Amartya Sen, dien as vertrekpunt vir hierdie navorsing. Die navorsing poog om die absoluute and relatiewe ontwikkelingsvlak van Wes Kaapse plaaswerkers vir 1996 en 2001, te meet. 'n Kritiese ontleding van die neoklassieke model van ontwikkeling word geskets, en daama gaan die analise verder om te bewys hoe die ontwikkelingsdenkskool as geheel, vanaf die laat 1970s, die geldigheid van hierdie model bevraagteken het. Hierdie model was uiteindelik in die vroee 1990s vervang deur die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering. Die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering is gebaseer op twee konseptuele wortels naamlik; sosiale uitsluitingsteorie en die vermoensmodel van Amartya Sen. Die sosiale uitsluitingsteorie identifiseer belangrike temas soos geslag en kultuur wat die neoklassieke model nagelaat het om te inkorporeer in sy teoretiese en metodologiese struktuur, terwyl die vermoensmodel, die filosofiese and teoretiese fondasie van die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering vasstel. Meer spesifiek dit verhelder die vraag "wat is welvaart, hoe meet ons dit en wat is die verband tussen ontwikkeling en armoede". Van uit die perspektief van die mens like ontwikkelingsbenadering, gaan welvaart oor die uitoefening van ekonomiese, sosiale en politiese keuses of vryhede. Hierdie vryhede is genoem vermoens en is afgelei vanaf verrigtingskeuses. 'n Verrigting reflekteer verskillende aspekte van 'n person en kan 'n aktiwitiet wees soos werk of 'n stand van bestaan soos geletteredheid. 'n Verrigting is 'n prestasie terwyl 'n vermoe is die reeks moontlike opsies of keuses is wat 'n persoon teekom. Dit is op die basis van 'n persoon se vermoens stel, dat 'n evaluasie van sy vlak van welvaart moontlik is. Dus meet die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering ontwikkeling in terme van vermoens. Daar is baie metodologiese struikelblokke wat oorkom moet word voordat ontwikkeling in terme van menslike vermoens gemeet kan word. Die teorie van menslike onwikkeling spesifiseer nie watter vermoens ingesluit moet wees by die meting van armoede of welvaart nie. V erder is daar geen metode om vermoens te rangskik nie. V ermoens kan gelyktydig groei in een area en krimp in 'n ander. Omdat geen metode bestaan om vermoens te rangskik nie, is dit onmoontlik om vas te stel of ontwikkeling wel plaas gevind het. Op 'n praktiese vlak, die data of inligtingsbehoefte om welvaart op 'n veelsydige manier te meet, is groot. Dit is normal weg gebaser op gedetailleerde huishoudelike sosio-ekonomies vraelyste wat nie maklik herhaalbaar is oor tyd nie. Vir hierdie redes, terwyl ontwikkelingsekonoome die teorie van menslike ontwikkeling op beide ideologiese en strategiese vlak aanvaar, bestaan daar nog altyd die geneigdheid om dit te meet in terme van inkomste. Ongeag hierdie uitdagings, het 'n hoeveelheid empiriese toepassings van die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering wel na vore gekom en 'n deursnee hiervan is beskryf as deel van hierdie navorsing. Die hoof metodologiese vraagstukke wat uitgestryk moet word voordat die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering prakties toegepas kan word, is uiteengesit. Die toepaslikheid van die teorie van "fuzzy sets", om vae konsepte soos armoed en welvaart te meet, is ook beklemtoon. Die resultate van die 1996 en 2001 bevolkingssensus word hi er gebruik om hierdie meetingsuitdaging te konfronter. Die analise word beperk tot net ses verrigtinge naamelik; behuising, behuisingsdienste, opvoeding, gesondheid, sosiale verhoudings, indiensneming en ekonomiese prestasie. Hiermee probeer die narvorsing die algehele ontwikkelingsstatus van die Wes Kaapse plaaswerkers meet. Hierdie resultate word direk vergelyk met die resultate van ander werkersgroepe soos die werkloses en werkers in ander sektore van die ekonomie, om die relatiewe ontwikkelingsstatus van plaaswerkers vas te stel. In terme van hulle verrigtingsprestasie (gemeet in terme van "fuzzy scores") in 2001 het plaaswerkers die laagste van al die werkersgroepe gevaar wat betref behuising, sosiale verhoudings en opvoedingsvlakke. In terme van toegang tot ekonomiese goedere, terwyl plaaswekers se individuele en huishoudelike maandelikse inkomste vlakke die van die werkloses veebygesteek het, was hulle telling die helfte van dit wat werkers in andere sektore behaal het. Hierdieverrigtings prestasies was geweeg en bymekaar getel om n algehele welvaartsindeks te bereken. Dit was bevind dat hierdie resultaat relatief ongevoelig was tot gewigsmetodologie. Terwyl daar amper geen verskil was tussen die vlak van ontwikkeling van plaaswerkers en die van werkloses nie, is 'n goot verskil tussen plaaswerkers en ander werkers in die ekonomie gevind Hierdie verskil kon nie toegekryf word aan die groot konsentrasies van onopgeleide werkers werksaam in die landbou sektor nie. As beroep in ag geneem word, bly daar nog altyd 'n verskil tussen plaaswerkers en ander onopgeleide werkers. In terme van geslag, het vroulike plaaswerkers, oor die algemeen beter gevaar as manlike werkers, alhoewel hulle in terme van persoonlike inkomste agter gebly het. Hierdie verskil kon nie toegeskryf wees aan die hoeveelheid ure gewerk per week nie en bevestig die bevindinge van ander navorsingsresultate wat gewys het dat vroulike plaaswerkes nie gelyke lone verdien vir dieselfde werk nie. In terme van ontwikkelingsvlakke, stem die 1996 resultate met die van 2001 ooreen. In 1996 het plaaswerker slegter gevaar in behuising, behuisingsdienste, opvoeding en sosisale verhoudings verrigtinge. Die was alleenlik in terme van indiensneming en ekonomiese verrigtinge dat plaaswerkes bo die werkloses gerang het. Deur middel van die toepassing van die 1996 lidmaatskapsvergelyking op die 2001 datastel, was dit moontlik om die absolute verandering in ontwikkelingsstatus van Wes Kaapse plaaswerkers te meet. Relatief tot die ander werkersgroepe, het plaaswerkers die vinnigste voorsprong gemaak. In 2001 was opvoeding, sosiale verhoudinge en die behuisings verrigting, 20% hoer as die van 1996. Sleutelterme: armoede, ontwikkeling, welvaart, menslike ontwikkelings benaadering, vermoens, verrigtinge, "functionings", "fuzzy sets", Wes-Kaap, Wes-Kaapse landbou, plaaswerkers
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Lategan, Louis Gerhardus. "A study of the current South African housing environment with specific reference to possible alternative approaches to improve living conditions / Louis Gerhardus Lategan." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9517.
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In South Africa issues regarding the dissatisfactory delivery of low-cost housing developments are well known. Low-cost housing has generally been delivered in a manner which attempts to address housing backlogs, instead of focussing on establishing quality environments and sustainable communities.
In order to address the current deficient approaches to low-cost residential development, a literature and empirical investigation was conducted with the purpose of exploring the South African status quo. Issues for improvement were researched within the existing knowledge base.
The literature reviewed for this study encompassed government literature, policies and legislation as well as work from both national and international authors from a variety of fields, given the diverse nature and multiple impacts related to housing development. These literary works provided evidence to the conclusions drawn and informed the recommendations made accordingly.
The empirical research conducted included several structured interviews, the distribution of questionnaires and the evaluation of various South African case studies. Empirical results added a quantitative measure to the evidence provided by the literature study and thus offered further conclusions and recommendations.
The recommendations made were categorised according to their contribution to planning, management and design. It is believed that the adoption of these preliminary recommendations may greatly improve the housing delivery process and quality of life experienced by low-income beneficiaries. The issues covered in this study include research, conclusions and recommendations on:
* Investigating the South African status quo with regard to housing policies and legislature.
* Identifying the merits of historical theoretical models and their value in modern day housing development.
* Discussing the importance of a locally focussed development approach with regard to the role of local municipalities versus provincial authorities in low-cost residential development.
* Identifying the value of low-cost housing in local economic development and sustainable socio-economic growth.
* Discussing the role of community participation in delivering sustainable neighbourhoods and communities.
* Investigating the need for higher density development with specific reference to the integration of various housing typologies.
* Exploring the relevance and benefits of alternative construction materials in low-cost residential development.
* Exploring the informal backyard rental sector.
* Exploring the approaches followed in South African case studies of varying successes in various provinces.
It should be noted that the research conducted for this study, the conclusions drawn and the recommendations made provide substantial value, but are all mainly provided as preliminary concepts to be elaborated in a future PhD study.Thesis (MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Cavalcanti, Bianor Scelza. "The "Equalizer" Administration: Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26644.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the managerial â actionâ of public administrators in the management of their organizations within the brazilian context.
It seeks to understand the relationships between managers and formal management mechanisms by exploring the complementary nature of the effective managerial action in the face of structural deficiencies and flaws, considering the possibility of overcoming the structuralism-subjectivism dichotomy present in the construction of the Theory of Organizations.
Initially, the study provides a review of the literature on organizational design. It highlights the â goodness of fitâ proposition on strategic choice issues concerning the main organizational variables design and organizational goal attainment. It also calls special attention to the emerging interest of designing theorists on interpretivist aproachs to the matter, such that of Karl Weick.
A review of the the administrative reforms in Brazil is made from the perspective of the main stream organizational design conceptual framework. It highlights the complex dynamics of a constant search for differenciation and flexibilization subject to patherns of advances and reversals, due to the centrality, streng and pervasiveness of the bureaucratic model. It is concluded that in no single given moment, a public manager and his team, may count on a formal organizational design wich attends the â congruencyâ criteria, devised by organizational design conceptual frameworks, to explain organizational results in different environmental sets. Although this conclusion may explain failure at the public sector, it can not provide understanding on the many instances of significative success attained by government operations in spite of inadequate formal administrative structures. This point calls for a better understanding from the interpretivist aproach, on how public administrators, strongly associated with good organizational results, engage into transformative action, in order to superate administrative structures flaws and disfuncional cultural patherns of conduct, structurally present and constantly reproduced, in vigorous develloping countries, such as Brazil.
The dissertation transcribes the testimony of four outstanding public administrators, doing a deep incursion in the managerial real world of public administration, as subjectivelly defined by them and transformed by their engagement into action.Through the thematic version of the Oral History methodology, full segments of the complete enterviews are
cathegorized into the thirty two managerial strategies captured wich are presented on a recathegorized manner under eight main strategies: (1) Interchanging Frames of Reference; (2) Exploring the Formal Limits; (3) Playing the Bureaucracy Game; (4) Inducing the Inclusion of Others (5)Promoting Internal Cohesion; (6) Creating Shields against Transgressions; (7) Overcoming Internal Restrictions; (8) Letting the Structures Blossom. Each one of these eight blocks of strategies presented, deserves further reflexive interpretation by the author, on the light of the interpretivist aproach to organizational design.
A final effort is made, now on theory building, for improuving understanding on the matter. In order to find a significant meaning underlining all the strategies extracted from the â practical constiounessâ of the enterviweers as revealed in their report, the author resort to a methafor. This methafor helps to: (1) better describe and understand a not adequately treated phenomenon, namely, good results under inadequate structural social and organizational conditions; (2) reveal the logic and the meaning underlining all the strategies adopted to generate results under these unfaithfull conditions; (3) name, accordingly to the nature of the managerial transformative social action envolved, an open ended class of managerial interventions of a pragmatic sort driven by an ethics of results much common to good managers, that is, the concept of â managerial equalizationâ ; and (4) give back to public administrators, represented by the enterviwees, to be incorporated in their â discursive counciousnessâ , something the most effective and experienced public managers already have as tacit knowledge built in their â practical counsciousnessâ , and so, help the education and development of new talents.Ph. D.
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Downie, Aaron J. "Using impact simulations to evaluate the power of Skeena Reference Condition Approach stream bioassessments." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/440.
Full textAbstract:
Effective use of bioassessments requires an understanding of their performance. This
study evaluated the performance of Skeena Reference Condition Approach (RCA)
bioassessments by calculating Type I and Type II error rates and power using a data set of
artificially-impacted test sites.
Results from this study demonstrated that there are trade-offs between the two error
types. Type I error rates – the chance of concluding that a site is impacted when it isn’t – were
higher than expected based on decision points set in the assessments. Type II error rates – the
chance of concluding that a site is not impacted when it is – were often even greater.
To achieve sustainable development, resource managers who use Skeena bioassessments
must carefully consider the risks associated with making errors, and may wish to set decision
points that result in more Type I errors in order to reduce the likelihood of making costly Type II
errors.
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Manci, Thembayona Paulus Emmanuel. "The response of African religion to poverty, with specific reference to the Umzimkhulu Municipality." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/580.
Full textAbstract:
"The Response of African Religion to Poverty with specific reference to the Umzimkhulu Municipality" is a particular effort of the wider world that researches the ways and means for combating the scourge of poverty in society aiming at securing a better future for the future generations.
In as much as African traditional religion is part of the culture, tradition and custom of its tenants, and as such aims at the wellbeing of its tenants, it is able to offer a response to poverty. It teaches about the importance of the values of community, meaningful and life-affirming relationships and the value of ubuntu. All these clamour for extended sharing and extended participation which are essential if society will continue to exist.
African traditional religion maintains an ethic that says: `Real poverty results from the
blockage of the vital links'. Celebrating economic achievements in food must be preceded by the celebration of people. `Batho pele': is the contemporary Democratic South Africa's slogan that suggests putting people in the center of life. It does not only call us to serve the poor, but also to allow them to champion the courses of the kind of service they desire.
African traditional religion teaches that, together with the other institutions that govern the lives of people, religion and politics should have among other things a concern about production and distribution of the resources, hence the claim: `Food is also politics'. In their dealing with the problem of poverty, religion, politics and other social institutions ought to dedicate a special place to instilling positive attitudes towards the concept of work among their tenants. In this way the slogan `Batho pele' or people first, does not merely mean waiting to be served, but it also means that every body to the best of their ability ought to be doing something towards the production of the items of service.
The inclusiveness of African religion in terms of what it calls `community' cautions society about the importance of the other beings in its consideration of poverty alleviation. Our economic wellbeing depends mostly on our attitude towards the other non-personal neighbours, prominent among which is our common abode, the earth, the land.Religious Studies & Arabic
D.Th. (Religious Studies)
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Ramaboea, Paul Hlabana. "The effects of epilepsy on families living in Mamelodi with special reference to the role of the social worker." Diss., 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15853.
Full textAbstract:
A study of the relevant theoretical concepts and
empirical research was undertaken to explore the role
of the social worker pertaining to the problem of
epilepsy in the black community of Mamelodi.
The sample comprised 40 families in which there was a
person with epilepsy. Data were obtained through an
interview schedule administered by the researcher.
The literature study highlighted the phenomenon
epilepsy, causes of epilepsy/ psychosocial effects of
epilepsy on the epileptic and his family and the
treatment of the epileptic. However/ it became quite
clear that a multi-disciplinary team approach is
vital importance in the treatment of an epileptic
Furthermore/ significant others like traditional healers, faith healers, priests, relatives and friends were identified as some of the important informal support systems.
Although the findings of study cannot be generalised to the entire population they can be of great
significance for further research.'n Studie van die relevante konsepte asook empiriese navorsing is gedoen om die rol van die maatskaplike werker met betrekking tot die probleem van epilepsie in die swart gemeenskap van Mamelodi te eksploreer. Die steekproef is saamgestel uit 'n groep van 40 gesinne met 'n epileptikus in hul midde. Inlighting is verkry deur groep van onderhoudskedule. Die literatuurstudie beklemtoon die volgende: die verskynsel van epilepsie, oorsake van epilepsie, psigososiale gevolge van epilepsie op die per soon met epilepsie en sy gesin en die behandeling van die epileptikus. Dit het egter duidelik na vore gekom dat 'n multi-dissiplinere spanbenadering van die uiterste belang is in die behandeling van die epilepsielyer. Dit het ook duidelik geword dat betekenisvolle ander persone soos tradisionele genesers, geloofsgenesers priesters, familie en vriende van die mees belangrike steunstelsels is. Alhoewel bevindinge van die studie nie veralgemeen kan word en van toepassing gemaak kan word op die bevolking as geheel nie, kan dit egter van groot belang vir verdere navorsing wees.
Social Work
M.A. (Social Science)
Books on the topic "Reference condition approach"
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1951-, Norris Richard H., and Reynoldson Trefor B, eds. Bioassessment of freshwater ecosystems: Using the reference condition approach. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2004.
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Davidson, Jennifer. Applying the reference condition approach to monitor invertebrates in streams of the Sudbury mining area. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Faculty of Graduates Studies, 2002.
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E, Ulbricht Catherine, and Natural Standard (Firm), eds. Natural Standard medical conditions reference: An integrative approach. St. Louis: Mosby, 2009.
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Fraser, D. A. S. On conditional reference for a real parameter: A differential approach on the sample space. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of statistics, 1988.
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Abolition of poverty in India: With special reference to target group approach in Gujarat. New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, 1986.
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Giusti, Francesco, and Benjamin Lewis Robinson, eds. The Work of World Literature. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-19.
Full textAbstract:
The contentious discourse around world literature tends to stress the ‘world’ in the phrase. This volume, in contrast, asks what it means to approach world literature by inflecting the question of the literary. Debates for, against, and around ‘world literature’ have brought renewed attention to the worldly aspects of the literary enterprise. Literature is studied with regard to its sociopolitical and cultural references, contexts and conditions of production, circulation, distribution, and translation. But what becomes of the literary when one speaks of world literature? Responding to Derek Attridge’s theory of how literature ‘works’, the contributions in this volume explore in diverse ways and with attention to a variety of literary practices what it might mean to speak of ‘the work of world literature’. The volume shows how attention to literariness complicates the ethical and political conundrums at the centre of debates about world literature.
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Black, Thomas R. Doing quantitative research in the social sciences: An integrated approach to research design, measurement and statistics. London: SAGE, 1999.
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Reynoldson, Trefor B., Robert Bailey, and Richard H. Norris. Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems: Using the Reference Condition Approach. Springer, 2005.
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Chalmers, David J. Two‐Dimensional Semantics. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0024.
Full textAbstract:
Two-dimensional approaches to semantics, broadly understood, recognize two ‘dimensions’ of the meaning or content of linguistic items. On these approaches, expressions and their utterances are associated with two different sorts of semantic values, which play different explanatory roles. Typically, one semantic value is associated with reference and ordinary truth-conditions, while the other is associated with the way that reference and truth-conditions depend on the external world. The second sort of semantic value is often held to play a distinctive role in analyzing matters of cognitive significance and/or context-dependence. In this broad sense, even Frege's theory of sense and reference might qualify as a sort of two-dimensional approach.
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S, Umadevi, University of Kerala. Dept. of Economics., and Workshop on "New Frontiers in Economics" (1988 : Trivandrum, India), eds. Approaches to economic analysis: With special reference to India. Trivandrum: Kairali Books International, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Reference condition approach"
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Bailey, Robert C., Richard H. Norris, and Trefor B. Reynoldson. "The Reference Condition Approach." In Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems, 145–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8885-0_7.
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"Glomerular disease." In Oxford Desk Reference Nephrology, edited by Jonathan Barratt, Peter Topham, Sue Carr, Mustafa Arici, and Adrian Liew, 104–39. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198777182.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Glomerular diseases are common causes of end-stage kidney disease in many parts of the world. The epidemiology of glomerular diseases varies across countries, contributed in part by genetic predisposition and in part by differences in screening and biopsy practices. While glomerulonephritis could be considered a primary condition due to inherent pathologies in the kidneys, e.g. minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy, it can be secondary to systemic conditions with distinct histopathological features on kidney biopsies. Likewise, even though histopathological patterns like mesangiocapillary and endocapillary glomerulonephritis may represent primary inflammatory features of kidney diseases, they may often manifest as a feature and be a suggestion of an underlying secondary systemic condition. For certain glomerular diseases, the natural history may be one of spontaneous remission, or may follow a remitting–relapsing course even with treatment. The approach to treatment involves general management measures to reduce proteinuria and provide symptomatic relief, with consideration for immunosuppression in those who present with significant morbidities or who have clinical features suggestive of a poor prognostic risk profile.
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"Landscape Influences on Stream Habitats and Biological Assemblages." In Landscape Influences on Stream Habitats and Biological Assemblages, edited by Bruce W. Kilgour and Les W. Stanfield. American Fisheries Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569766.ch30.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract.</em>—Assessments of stream fish or benthos assemblages normally involve a contrast of conditions at test sites to conditions represented by regional reference sites that are either minimally or least disturbed. Identification of reference sites is difficult and normally involves a variety of subjective criteria. The development of reference models for stream fish and benthos in the Canadian tributaries of Lake Ontario is particularly challenging because there are few undeveloped areas and there is no consensus on criteria for a least-disturbed condition. Rather than identify sites as representing a least-disturbed condition, we developed a series of models that relate the existing biophysical condition of streams (i.e., the fish, benthos, and instream habitat) to landscape (i.e., slope, geology, catchment area) and land use/land cover (percent impervious cover [PIC]). Relationships between indices of biophysical condition and PIC can be used to hindcast or estimate the expected biophysical condition at a variety of land cover scenarios. The models cannot be used to predict conditions outside the calibration data range, but this approach does allow us to make use of a disturbance gradient and make predictions with a minimal number of least-disturbed sites. The difference between the hindcast reference and present day conditions is an estimate of present-day impacts. Results from this exercise provided an estimate of the magnitude of impairment of streams in the Canadian portion of the Lake Ontario region.
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Waldmann, Carl, Andrew Rhodes, Neil Soni, and Jonathan Handy. "Looking after critically ill children." In Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care, 645–51. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0035.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses paediatrics in critical care and includes discussion on both paediatric transfers for the adult intensivist and looking after a vulnerable child (safeguarding children for the adult practitioner). With the centralization of specialist services into a limited number of hospitals across the UK, an increasing number of children require an interhospital transfer. These include but are not limited to the transfer of the critically ill child. Between 2012 and 2014, 18 500 transfers of critically ill or injured children were undertaken across the UK, of which 2400 were undertaken by non-specialist teams. These patients are some of the sickest children. It is while in transit that these patients are most at risk and the transferring team is most exposed. To minimize risks it is important that the team holds the relevant skills to stabilize and transfer children. A systematic approach is vital. The patient’s condition should be optimized before transfer and any likely difficulties anticipated and a plan to tackle any complications swiftly and effectively is agreed prior to the transfer. In this chapter we offer our approach to the safe transfer of the critically ill child. The second part of this chapter offers an introduction into the safeguarding of vulnerable children. A 2009 survey conducted by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children asking children to self-report abuse and neglect found that 18.6% of 11–17-year-olds said they had experienced some type of severe maltreatment. The high prevalence of child abuse makes it likely for the medical practitioner who is mostly caring for adult patients to encounter vulnerable children in clinical practice. This will often happen when participating in the resuscitation of a critically ill or injured child, when anaesthetizing a child, or when looking after a caregiver of such a child. The aim of this chapter is to provide these practitioners with the information that will help them to identify possible child abuse and make them aware of their responsibilities towards these children and their options for action.
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Gao, Shang, and Cuicui Du. "Multi-Channel IoT-Based Ensemble-Features Fault Diagnosis for Machine Condition Monitoring." In Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/saem200037.
Full textAbstract:
This paper proposes a multi-channel internet of things (IoT)-based industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) with ensemble-features fault diagnosis for machine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, the rolling bearing is taken as an example of monitored industrial equipment due to its wide use in industrial processes. The rolling bearing vibration signals are measured for further processing and analysis. On-sensor node ensemble feature extraction and fault diagnosis using Back Propagation network are then investigated to address the tension between the higher system requirements of IWSNs and the resource-constrained characteristics of sensor nodes. A two-step classifier fusion approach using Dempster-Shafer theory is also explored to increase diagnosis result quality. Four rolling bearing operating in cage fracture, rolling ball spalling, inner ring spalling and outer ring spalling are monitored to evaluate the proposed system. The final fault diagnosis results using the proposed classifier fusion approach give a result certainty of at least 94.21%, proving the feasibility of the proposed method to identify the bearing-fault patterns. This paper is conducted to provide new insights into how a high-accuracy IoT-based ensemble-features fault diagnosis algorithm is designed and further giving advisable reference to more IWSNs scenarios.
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"Advancing an Ecosystem Approach in the Gulf of Maine." In Advancing an Ecosystem Approach in the Gulf of Maine, edited by Stephen S. Hale. American Fisheries Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874301.ch13.
Full textAbstract:
<i>Abstract</i>.—Spatial patterns of subtidal benthic invertebrates and physicalchemical variables in the nearshore Gulf of Maine (Acadian biogeographic province) were studied to provide information to calibrate benthic indices of ecological condition, determine physical-chemical factors affecting species distributions, and compare recent data with historical biogeographic studies. Knowledge of the distribution of species and how they are affected by biotic, environmental, and anthropogenic factors is essential to the pursuit of ecosystem-based management. Five years (2000–2004) of data from 268 reference stations of the National Coastal Assessment were used. Multidimensional scaling done on Bray-Curtis similarity matrices of species’ relative abundance (367 species) showed faunal transitions around Cape Ann and Cape Elizabeth, with a weaker transition around Penobscot Bay. The southernmost area shared 41% of its species with the northernmost area. An ordination of environmental data (temperature, salinity, sediment percent silt-clay, depth) correlated well with the ordination of benthic relative abundance data (<I>R </I>= 0.75, <i>p </i>< 0.03). Temperature was the most important factor affecting broad species distribution patterns, followed by salinity. A multivariate regression tree first split the fauna at a temperature of 16°C. Species richness increased with increasing salinity but showed no relationship with latitude or percent silt-clay. Accuracy of benthic indices for the nearshore Gulf of Maine might be improved by taking biogeographical differences among subregions into account. These results provide a foundation for ecosystem-based management, valuation of ecosystem services, conservation, and ocean spatial planning.
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Fox, Richard. "Tradition as Argument." In More Than Words, 121–52. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501725340.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter argues for the idea of tradition as the temporal condition of practice. It is suggested that anthropologists and historians necessarily presuppose tradition – or something like it – when they set out to interpret other people’s practices as reasonable human action. The chapter reviews positive, genealogical and operationalized models of tradition, as applied to Southeast Asian culture and society. But each comes up wanting. So, as an alternative, the chapter returns to MacIntyre to examine his approach to tradition as an ‘argument extended through time’. This account of tradition is considered with specific reference to a public ritual-cum-parade called the Grebeg Aksara, which was organized by the Balinese scholar and public intellectual, Ida Wayan Oka Granoka. As with MacIntyre’s account of practice (Chapter 5), the ethnography seems to suggest certain limitations in his approach to tradition.
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Wang, Yanjin, Rongchang Guo, and Xiaochun Wu. "Severity Analysis of Debris Flow Hazards in Chengkang Railway Based on G1-ANP and Improved Radar Chart." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200227.
Full textAbstract:
Debris flow causes huge casualties and economic losses to railway construction and transportation every year, so it is of great significance to analyze the severity of debris flow to reduce the loss. For the debris flow hazards severity analysis, an integrated approach based on G1-ANP was proposed. Firstly, under the condition of the environmental risk, induced conditional risk, and vulnerability risk, the 16 index factors have been selected, for example, the degree of slope, land use type, flow accumulation, and annual mean rainfall. Then, considering the interaction among risk factors, a multi-level G1-ANP risk factor structure model has been established based on the criteria of buried capacity, impact velocity, and scouring distance (or area) of debris flow and the solution process of the model was described. Finally, the risk severity and the proportion of the various risks for each section were calculated using the weighted method. The analysis results are shown in the improved radar chart. The results show that the overall severity of debris flow in the Chengkang railway is not very high. The results can provide a reference for the management of debris flow hazards prevention and reduce the losses caused by hazards in railway operation.
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Citro, Francesca, Giovanna Lucianelli, and Serena Santis. "Financial Conditions, Financial Sustainability, and Intergenerational Equity in Local Governments." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 101–24. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3713-7.ch005.
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The chapter offers a necessary summary of the key concepts of financial conditions, financial sustainability, and intergenerational equity in local governments through a close examination of different approaches. Focusing on a narrative literature review approach, the chapter has two main aims: first, to provide evidence on how to define the terms of theoretical and practical underpinnings to represent financial conditions in local governments in order to clarify the distinctive feature of financial conditions with a particular focus on the specific measures for budgetary solvency: sustainability, flexibility, and vulnerability; second, taking into account that the link between financial sustainability and intergenerational equity seems to be under-investigated, the authors discuss what the conditions for achieving financial health are while ensuring intergenerational equity with reference to the level of citizens' quality of life.
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Loriaux, Sylvie. "The (Difficult) Universality of Economic and Social Rights." In International Development and Human Aid. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414470.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter argues that there are strong reasons to be concerned with the universality of economic and social rights. The main reasons are that, firstly, the existence of human rights cannot be determined without reference to concrete conditions of life, and that, secondly, concrete conditions of life are today not sufficiently similar across the world to justify all human beings possessing the economic and social rights asserted in human rights doctrine. The chapter also raises some concerns about the emphasis placed by political approaches on the role that human rights are intended to play in global political life. Underlying this emphasis is the idea that universality is a necessary but not a sufficient existence condition for human rights: in order for a right to qualify as a human right, it must not only be universal, but it must also be important enough to justify an international response.
Conference papers on the topic "Reference condition approach"
1
Wei-gang, Chen, Liu Wo-ye, Gao Yan, and Han Fei. "Approach and application of technology readiness assessment based-on multilevel reference condition." In 2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2013.6586538.
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Tokuda, Kenji, Kimiaki Yoshida, and Masataka Yatomi. "Reference Stress Based Assessment for Creep-Fatigue Life Under Multiaxial Condition." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28274.
Full textAbstract:
The reference stress method has been developed to assess the service life for many components under creep condition. However, in order to use the reference stress as a representative stress to assess the creep fatigue life, some modifications are needed. The σd approach based on reference stress, used in RCC-MR, is one of the most common method to assess creep fatigue crack incubation. The aim of this paper is to develop a novel model based on reference stress and the σd approach to estimate the life subjected to creep-fatigue interaction under multiaxial condition for defect free structures. Three kinds of circumferentially notched bar specimens were used in order to examine the creep-fatigue interaction under multiaxial conditions. Finite element analyses were conducted to develop a simplified life assessment method and to calculate the creep fatigue damage in the test specimens. The predicted creep fatigue lives are in good agreement with the experimental results using notched bar specimens of 316H stainless steel.
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Johansen, Sigrid S., and Amir R. Nejad. "On Digital Twin Condition Monitoring Approach for Drivetrains in Marine Applications." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95152.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A digital twin is a virtual representation of a system containing all information available on site. This paper presents condition monitoring of drivetrains in marine power transmission systems through digital twin approach. A literature review regarding current operations concerning maintenance approaches in todays practices are covered. State-of-the-art fault detection in drivetrains is discussed, founded in condition monitoring, data-based schemes and model-based approaches, and the digital twin approach is introduced. It is debated that a model-based approach utilizing a digital twin could be recommended for fault detection of drivetrains. By employing a digital twin, fault detection would be extended to relatively highly diagnostic and predictive maintenance programme, and operation and maintenance costs could be reduced. A holistic model system approach is considered, and methodologies of digital twin design are covered. A physical-based model rather than a data based model is considered, however there are no clear answer whereas which type is beneficial. That case is mostly answered by the amount of data available. Designing the model introduces several pitfalls depending on the relevant system, and the advantages, disadvantages and appropriate applications are discussed. For a drivetrain it is found that multi-body simulation is advised for the creation of a digital twin model. A digital twin of a simple drivetrain test rig is made, and different modelling approaches were implemented to investigate levels of accuracy. Reference values were derived empirically by attaching sensors to the drivetrain during operation in the test rig. Modelling with a low fidelity model showed high accuracy, however it would lack several modules required for it to be called a digital twin. The higher fidelity model showed that finding the stiffness parameter proves challenging, due to high stiffness sensitivity as the experimental modelling demonstrates. Two industries that could have significant benefits from implementing digital twins are discussed; the offshore wind industry and shipping. Both have valuable assets, with reliability sensitive systems and high costs of downtime and maintenance. Regarding the shipping industry an industrial case study is done. Area of extra focus is operations of Ro-Ro (roll on-roll off) vessels. The vessels in the case study are managed by Wilhelmsen Ship Management and a discussion of the implementation of digital twins in this sector is comprised in this article.
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Ghoreishi, S. H., H. Naji, M. R. M. Tabatabai, and G. Mompean. "Numerical Approach to Improve Flushing Efficiency by a Dynamic Morphological Model." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61281.
Full textAbstract:
The process of sediment flushing is simulated by a 3D numerical model in which sediment and flow interaction are reflected in the reservoirs. RANS equations are solved numerically by finite volume with a k-ε turbulence model. The convection-diffusion equation for the sediment concentration is solved. The Van-Rijn’s reference level concentration equation is adopted as a boundary condition. Bed changes are obtained by application of sediment continuity equation. The numerical results show that the flushing efficiency is related to the outflow discharge, initial conditions of water level and number and location of the bottom outlets.
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Escalona, José L., Juana Mayo, and Jaime Domínguez. "Influence of Reference Conditions in the Analysis of the Impact of Flexible Bodies." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21330.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper, the floating frame of reference approach is applied to the dynamics of the impact of flexible bodies, while component mode synthesis is used to describe deformation. The influence of the reference conditions, that indicate the type of attachment between the body fixed frame of reference and the flexible bodies, is investigated. Rigid and free attachments allow the use of fixed interface and free interface normal modes, respectively. A finite number of fixed interface modes does not fulfil the natural boundary condition at the attachment point. Free interface normal modes cannot describe the compressive forces at the contact surface. However, it is shown that both set of modes are able to describe the impact-induced elastic waves. In the evaluation of the kinematic coefficient of restitution, these two approaches differ significantly. When free attachment is considered, the derivatives of the reference co-ordinates coincide with the equivalent rigid body velocities of the flexible bodies, remaining constant after the impact. However, if the body frame of reference is rigidly attached, the equivalent rigid body velocities of the flexible body have to be evaluated as a linear combination of the derivative of reference and elastic co-ordinates. The axial impact of a rigid body on a flexible rod and the transverse impact of a flexible pendulum with a fixed stop are simulated to illustrate these facts. Hertzian contact forces are assumed to occur during impact.
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Karabelas, George, Geoff Redfern, Brad Jacobs, Andrew Roberts, Upul Fernando, Brian Tink, and Mark Varley. "A Collaborative Approach to Root Cause Analysis: With Reference to Suncor Energy Terra Nova Flexible Flowlines and Risers." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42404.
Full textAbstract:
One riser and two flowline sections installed in the Suncor Energy Terra Nova riser replacement programme were shown to leak during field tests performed after site installation. No hydrocarbon loss occurred nor was there an environmental incident; however, the scheduled production start-up for the pipes was delayed. The pipes were designed and manufactured to comply with API [1] code and had successfully undergone full-scale factory acceptance testing (FAT) at 1.5 times design pressure following manufacture. Investigations confirmed that the leaks in both pipes occurred due to a crack in the polymer (PVDF) barrier within the end-fitting region of the pipe. It was also concluded that the crack in the barrier in these pipes occurred after completion of the FAT and sometime during the transportation, storage and subsequent installation of the pipes in the field. It was identified that the problem in the barrier resulted from an unknown thermo-mechanical loading condition of the pipe during this period, and also related to specific design features of some components in those end-fittings. The TapRoot Root Cause Analysis (RCA) tool was used to guide the investigation effort and consider all available data. Small and full-scale tests were performed to simulate and understand the end fitting design in the environments and conditions experienced during transport, installation and offshore testing. What is presented here is a brief outline of the incident and details of the subsequent investigation. The investigation was conducted over a period of 18 months with the participation of all parties involved in the design, manufacture, installation and operation of the flexibles. This paper summarises the investigation process followed, documents the results, discusses the results and outlines the conclusions and recommendations arising from this investigation.
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Zhang, Qian, Wei Feng, Liang Wan, Fei-Peng Tian, and Ping Tan. "Active Recurrence of Lighting Condition for Fine-Grained Change Detection." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/690.
Full textAbstract:
This paper addresses active lighting recurrence (ALR), a new problem that actively relocalizes a light source to physically reproduce the lighting condition for a same scene from single reference image. ALR is of great importance for fine-grained visual monitoring and change detection, because some phenomena or minute changes can only be clearly observed under particular lighting conditions. Hence, effective ALR should be able to online navigate a light source toward the target pose, which is challenging due to the complexity and diversity of real-world lighting \& imaging processes. We propose to use the simple parallel lighting as an analogy model and based on Lambertian law to compose an instant navigation ball for this purpose. We theoretically prove the feasibility of this ALR strategy for realistic near point light sources and its invariance to the ambiguity of normal \& lighting decomposition. Extensive quantitative experiments and challenging real-world tasks on fine-grained change monitoring of cultural heritages verify the effectiveness of our approach. We also validate its generality to non-Lambertian scenes.
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Kobayashi, Takahisa, and Donald L. Simon. "Hybrid Kalman Filter Approach for Aircraft Engine In-Flight Diagnostics: Sensor Fault Detection Case." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90870.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, a diagnostic system based on a uniquely structured Kalman filter is developed for its application to inflight fault detection of aircraft engine sensors. The Kalman filter is a hybrid of a nonlinear on-board engine model (OBEM) and piecewise linear models. The utilization of the nonlinear OBEM allows the reference health baseline of the diagnostic system to be updated, through a relatively simple process, to the health condition of degraded engines. Through this health baseline update, the diagnostic effectiveness of the in-flight sensor fault detection system is maintained as the health of the engine degrades over time. The performance of the sensor fault detection system is evaluated in a simulation environment at several operating conditions during the cruise phase of flight.
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Toffolo, Andrea, and Andrea Lazzaretto. "Locating Causes of Malfunctions in Energy Systems With Evolutionary Algorithms: A Global and a Local Approach." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15868.
Full textAbstract:
Energy system performance may differ from the expected one during actual operation because of the effects of faults, anomalies, wear and tear due to normal use. One of the main issues of diagnosis, i.e. the procedure to discover the causes of malfunctions, is to find the way back from measured altered performance to the original cause. Several procedures were proposed in the literature to solve the diagnostic problem, usually based on the comparison between a reference non-malfunctioning condition and an actual, possibly malfunctioning, condition. A different strategy is suggested in the paper. A direct search of the possible causes of malfunctions is performed by means of an evolutionary algorithm: a component fault is arbitrarily introduced in a model of the healthy system by substituting the reference characteristic curve with an altered one, and the algorithm is used to search for a combination of different kinds of performance modifiers that generates the same measured effects of the actual anomaly. A global and a local approach are proposed and applied to a real test case plant, also in presence of measurement noise. The local approach demonstrates to be more effective in terms of accuracy and computational effort.
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Grasso, Marco, Bianca Maria Colosimo, and Giovanni Moroni. "The Use of Adaptive PCA-Based Condition Monitoring Methods in Machining Processes." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82676.
Full textAbstract:
In different manufacturing applications the assessment of the health conditions of a machine tool, together with the quality and stability of the process, requires the capability of dealing with response variables described in terms of profile data. In the frame of in-process monitoring of sensor signals this is the case, for instance, of monitoring either series production of large lots of parts or machining processes characterized by cyclic signals, where both the condition of the machine components and the final quality of the worked piece may be correlated with the stability of repeating signal profiles in time. However, as far as real time data acquisition is concerned, and when measurements are performed with high sampling frequency, data are likely to be auto-correlated, and hence it is of fundamental importance to develop adaptive monitoring tools robust with respect to non-steady state conditions. The paper deals with the utilization of profile monitoring approaches for in-process monitoring of manufacturing operations and investigates their applicability to the problem of monitoring auto-correlated signals. In particular Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied in combination with an adaptive approach based on a moving time window for continuously revise the reference model is evaluated and discussed. A real case study is used to test the performances of the method: the task is to detect tool chipping and breakage in end milling operations by means of real-time monitoring of cutting force signals. The evolution of tool wear imposes a trend in observed signals which leads to the need for an adaptive approach to properly isolate the breakage event from the slow pattern change due to wear mechanism.
Reports on the topic "Reference condition approach"
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Berkowitz, Jacob. Quantifying functional increases across a large-scale wetland restoration chronosequence. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41500.
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Over 300,000 ha of forested wetlands have undergone restoration within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley region. Restored forest successional stage varies, providing opportunities to document wetland functional increases across a large-scale restoration chronosequence using the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach. Results from >600 restored study sites spanning a 25-year chronosequence indicate that: 1) wetland functional assessment variables increased toward reference conditions; 2) restored wetlands generally follow expected recovery trajectories; and 3) wetland functions display significant improvements across the restoration chronosequence. A functional lag between restored areas and mature reference wetlands persists in most instances. However, a subset of restored sites have attained mature reference wetland conditions in areas approaching or exceeding tree diameter and canopy closure thresholds. Study results highlight the importance of site selection and the benefits of evaluating a suite of wetland functions in order to identify appropriate restoration success milestones and design monitoring programs. For example, wetland functions associated with detention of precipitation (a largely physical process) rapidly increased under post restoration conditions, while improvements in wetland habitat functions (associated with forest establishment and maturation) required additional time. As the wetland science community transitions towards larger scale restoration efforts, effectively quantifying restoration functional improvements will become increasingly important.
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Pruitt, Bruce, K. Killgore, William Slack, and Ramune Matuliauskaite. Formulation of a multi-scale watershed ecological model using a statistical approach. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38862.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this special report is to provide a statistical stepwise process for formulation of ecological models for application at multiple scales using a stream condition index (SCI). Given the global variability of aquatic ecosystems, this guidance is for broad application and may require modification to suit specific watersheds or stream reaches. However, the general statistical treatise provided herein applies across physiographies and at multiple scales. The Duck River Watershed Assessment in Tennessee was used, in part, to develop and test this multiscale, statistical approach; thus, it is considered a case example and referenced throughout this report. The findings of this study can be utilized to (1) prioritize water-sheds for restoration, enhancement, and conservation; (2) plan and conduct site-specific, intensive ecosystem studies; and (3) assess ecosystem outcomes (that is, ecological lift) applicable to future with and without restoration actions including alternative, feasibility, and cost-benefit analyses and adaptive management.
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Henderson, Tim, Mincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285306.
Full textAbstract:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile for this unit. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be recorded such that other researchers may evaluate it in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN, methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285337.
Full textAbstract:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286915.
Full textAbstract:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be protected and conserved for researchers to study and evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers...
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Bowles, David, Michael Williams, Hope Dodd, Lloyd Morrison, Janice Hinsey, Tyler Cribbs, Gareth Rowell, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, and Jeffrey Williams. Protocol for monitoring aquatic invertebrates of small streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network: Version 2.1. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284622.
Full textAbstract:
The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks. Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropo-genic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol.
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Job, Jacob. Mesa Verde National Park: Acoustic monitoring report. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286703.
Full textAbstract:
In 2015, the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division (NSNSD) received a request to collect baseline acoustical data at Mesa Verde National Park (MEVE). Between July and August 2015, as well as February and March 2016, three acoustical monitoring systems were deployed throughout the park, however one site (MEVE002) stopped recording after a couple days during the summer due to wildlife interference. The goal of the study was to establish a baseline soundscape inventory of backcountry and frontcountry sites within the park. This inventory will be used to establish indicators and thresholds of soundscape quality that will support the park and NSNSD in developing a comprehensive approach to protecting the acoustic environment through soundscape management planning. Additionally, results of this study will help the park identify major sources of noise within the park, as well as provide a baseline understanding of the acoustical environment as a whole for use in potential future comparative studies. In this deployment, sound pressure level (SPL) was measured continuously every second by a calibrated sound level meter. Other equipment included an anemometer to collect wind speed and a digital audio recorder collecting continuous recordings to document sound sources. In this document, “sound pressure level” refers to broadband (12.5 Hz–20 kHz), A-weighted, 1-second time averaged sound level (LAeq, 1s), and hereafter referred to as “sound level.” Sound levels are measured on a logarithmic scale relative to the reference sound pressure for atmospheric sources, 20 μPa. The logarithmic scale is a useful way to express the wide range of sound pressures perceived by the human ear. Sound levels are reported in decibels (dB). A-weighting is applied to sound levels in order to account for the response of the human ear (Harris, 1998). To approximate human hearing sensitivity, A-weighting discounts sounds below 1 kHz and above 6 kHz. Trained technicians calculated time audible metrics after monitoring was complete. See Methods section for protocol details, equipment specifications, and metric calculations. Median existing (LA50) and natural ambient (LAnat) metrics are also reported for daytime (7:00–19:00) and nighttime (19:00–7:00). Prominent noise sources at the two backcountry sites (MEVE001 and MEVE002) included vehicles and aircraft, while building and vehicle predominated at the frontcountry site (MEVE003). Table 1 displays time audible values for each of these noise sources during the monitoring period, as well as ambient sound levels. In determining the current conditions of an acoustical environment, it is informative to examine how often sound levels exceed certain values. Table 2 reports the percent of time that measured levels at the three monitoring locations were above four key values.