Journal articles: 'Redundant cues'

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Jones, Peter M., and Tara Zaksaite. "The redundancy effect in human causal learning: No evidence for changes in selective attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 8 (January 1, 2018): 1748–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1350868.

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Several recent papers have reported a difference in associative learning for two kinds of redundant cues, such that a blocked cue (e.g., X in A+ AX+) apparently forms a stronger association with the outcome than an uncorrelated cue (e.g., Y in BY+ CY-). This difference is referred to as the redundancy effect, and is of interest because it is contrary to the predictions of a number of popular learning models. One way of reconciling these models with the redundancy effect is to assume that the amount of attention paid to redundant cues changes as a result of experience, and that these changes in attention influence subsequent learning. Here, we present two experiments designed to evaluate this idea, in which we measured overt attention using an eye tracker while participants completed a learning task that elicited the redundancy effect. In both experiments, gaze duration was longer for uncorrelated cues than for blocked cues, but this difference disappeared when we divided gaze durations by trial durations. In Experiment 2, we failed to observe any difference in gaze duration when blocked and uncorrelated cues were subsequently presented together. While the observed difference in gaze duration for the two types of redundant cue may contribute to differences in learning during initial training, we suggest that the principal causes of the redundancy effect are likely to lie elsewhere.

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Jones, Peter M., and John M. Pearce. "The fate of redundant cues: Further analysis of the redundancy effect." Learning & Behavior 43, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-014-0162-x.

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Janda, Laura A., and Robert J. Reynolds. "Construal vs. redundancy: Russian aspect in context." Cognitive Linguistics 30, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 467–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0084.

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AbstractThe relationship between construal and redundancy has not been previously explored empirically. Russian aspect allows speakers to construe situations as either Perfective or Imperfective, but it is not clear to what extent aspect is determined by context and therefore redundant. We investigate the relationship between redundancy and open construal by surveying 501 native Russian speakers who rated the acceptability of both Perfective and Imperfective verb forms in complete extensive authentic contexts. We find that aspect is largely redundant in 81% of uses, and in 17% of contexts aspect is relatively open to construal. We contend that anchoring in redundant contexts likely facilitates the independence of construal in contexts with less redundancy. However further research is needed to discover what makes contexts redundant since known cues for aspect are absent in the majority of such contexts. Native speakers are fairly consistent in giving the original aspect high ratings, but less consistent in rating the non-original aspect, indicating potential problems in testing the reactions of speakers to non-authentic data.

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Burtscher, Michael J., John M. Levine, and E. Tory Higgins. "On the Motivational Basis of Cue Identification in Teams." Small Group Research 49, no. 5 (August 3, 2018): 519–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496418791044.

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Although identifying cues indicating a problem represents a crucial aspect of team adaptation, little is known about the conditions under which team members do this correctly. To address this issue, the current study focused on the motivational basis of cue identification by investigating interactive effects of members’ regulatory focus, their contribution redundancy, and the team performance context. Participants working in 105 three-person teams were asked to identify problem cues in a signal detection task. Utilizing a 2 (regulatory focus: promotion vs. prevention) x 2 (performance context: status quo vs. loss) x 2 (contribution redundancy: low vs. high) mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) design with contribution redundancy as a within-participants factor, we obtained the predicted three-way interaction: In the status quo condition, prevention-focused, but not promotion-focused, team members were less accurate in identifying problem cues when their contributions were redundant. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the motivational basis of team adaptation.

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Espinoza‐Varas, Blas, and Caroline B. Monahan. "Discrimination of redundant spectral‐temporal cues. I. Interindividual differences." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 4 (October 1991): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.401501.

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Uengoer, Metin, Anja Lotz, and John M. Pearce. "The fate of redundant cues in human predictive learning." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 39, no. 4 (2013): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034073.

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Bretman, Amanda, James D. Westmancoat, Matthew J. G. Gage, and Tracey Chapman. "Males Use Multiple, Redundant Cues to Detect Mating Rivals." Current Biology 21, no. 7 (April 2011): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.008.

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Calhoun, Gloria L., John V. Fontejon, Mark H. Draper, Heath A. Ruff, and Brian J. Guilfoos. "Tactile versus Aural Redundant Alert Cues for UAV Control Applications." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 48, no. 1 (September 2004): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120404800130.

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Duan, Fuzhou, Yanyan Wu, Hongliang Guan, and Chenbo Wu. "Saliency Detection of Light Field Images by Fusing Focus Degree and GrabCut." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 7411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197411.

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In the light field image saliency detection task, redundant cues are introduced due to computational methods. Inevitably, it leads to the inaccurate boundary segmentation of detection results and the problem of the chain block effect. To tackle this issue, we propose a method for salient object detection (SOD) in light field images that fuses focus and GrabCut. The method improves the light field focus calculation based on the spatial domain by performing secondary blurring processing on the focus image and effectively suppresses the focus information of out-of-focus areas in different focus images. Aiming at the redundancy of focus cues generated by multiple foreground images, we use the optimal single foreground image to generate focus cues. In addition, aiming at the fusion of various cues in the light field in complex scenes, the GrabCut algorithm is combined with the focus cue to guide the generation of color cues, which realizes the automatic saliency target segmentation of the image foreground. Extensive experiments are conducted on the light field dataset to demonstrate that our algorithm can effectively segment the salient target area and background area under the light field image, and the outline of the salient object is clear. Compared with the traditional GrabCut algorithm, the focus degree is used instead of artificial Interactively initialize GrabCut to achieve automatic saliency segmentation.

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Monahan, Caroline B., and Blas Espinoza‐Varas. "Discrimination of redundant spectral‐temporal cues. II. Level and duration effects." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 4 (October 1991): 2248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.401502.

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Pearce, John M., Jemma C. Dopson, Mark Haselgrove, and Guillem R. Esber. "The fate of redundant cues during blocking and a simple discrimination." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 38, no. 2 (2012): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027662.

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Dore, Alice A., Amanda Bretman, and Tracey Chapman. "Fitness consequences of redundant cues of competition in male Drosophila melanogaster." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 12 (May 4, 2020): 5517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6293.

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Endsley, Mica R., and S. Armida Rosiles. "Vertical Auditory Localization for Spatial Orientation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 1 (October 1995): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900113.

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The use of three-dimensional auditory technology which provides localization of auditory cues presented through headphones is proposed as a means of providing supplemental information to pilots on the spatial orientation of an aircraft. This technique shows promise for reducing accidents due to spatial disorientation associated with high visual load. A study was conducted using Air Force pilots as subjects to determine desirable cue characteristics for accurately localizing auditory cues using this technique. The study examined the use of nine different cue types at each of two frequency levels. It was found that the accuracy of subjects' localization of cues in elevation was greatly enhanced by the use of multidimensional cues which provided redundant elevation information through varying frequencies and distance from the horizon cues in addition to the inherent spatial location information.

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Wahn, Basil, Basil Wahn, and Peter König. "Vision and Haptics Share Spatial Attentional Resources and Visuotactile Integration Is Not Affected by High Attentional Load." Multisensory Research 28, no. 3-4 (2015): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002482.

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Human information processing is limited by attentional resources. Two questions that are discussed in multisensory research are (1) whether there are separate spatial attentional resources for each sensory modality and (2) whether multisensory integration is influenced by attentional load. We investigated these questions using a dual task paradigm: Participants performed two spatial tasks (a multiple object tracking [‘MOT’] task and a localization [‘LOC’] task) either separately (single task condition) or simultaneously (dual task condition). In the MOT task, participants visually tracked a small subset of several randomly moving objects. In the LOC task, participants either received visual, tactile, or redundant visual and tactile location cues. In the dual task condition, we found a substantial decrease in participants’ performance and an increase in participants’ mental effort (indicated by an increase in pupil size) relative to the single task condition. Importantly, participants performed equally well in the dual task condition regardless of whether they received visual, tactile, or redundant multisensory (visual and tactile) location cues in the LOC task. This result suggests that having spatial information coming from different modalities does not facilitate performance, thereby indicating shared spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality. Also, we found that participants integrated redundant multisensory information optimally even when they experienced additional attentional load in the dual task condition. Overall, findings suggest that (1) spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality overlap and that (2) the integration of spatial cues from these two modalities occurs at an early pre-attentive processing stage.

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Issidorides, Diana C. "Comprehensie van Vreemdtalige Input." Taalverwerving in onderzoek 30 (January 1, 1988): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.30.03iss.

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Within a psycholinguistic approach to second language learning, an attempt is made to investigate the question of how morphology, syntax (word order phenomena), semantics and pragmatics affect the comprehension of Dutch sentences for normative learners of that language. When talking to nonnative language-learners, native spea-kers often tend to dehberately modify their speech -'simplify' it - in an attempt to make the target language more comprehensible. Omitting semantically redundant function words and copulas, or deliberate-ly modifying the word order in a sentence, are but a few characteris-tics of sucn 'simplifications'. In trying to determine whether, and what kinds of, linguistic simplifications promote comprehension, an important theoretical issue arises, namely, the relationship between linguistic (structural) and cognitive (ease of information processing) simplification. That one form of simplification is by no means a guarantee for the other form is an important assumption that forms the backbone to our approach. The results from research on morphological simplifications (omission of redundant function words in utterances) in two parallel experiments - an artificial and a natural language one (Dutch) - are discus-sed. They suggest that the presence of semantically redundant functi-on words is not experienced as bothersome "noise" in the successful inference of the meaning of unfamiliar utterances, as long as supra-segmental cues are present. The suprasegmental structure provides the listener/learner with cues for locating the potentially meaningful elements of such utterances. Research on syntactic simplifications is also discussed. Its aim was to examine the role and effect of syntactic and semantic cues on sen-tence interpretation. Two important questions were: (a) What are the processing strategies and cues responsible for the interpretation of Dutch sentences by native speakers, and how do they compare to those employed by nonnative speakers? (b) Are the processing stra-tegies and cues that are responsible and decisive for first language comprehension also those employed in second language comprehension? The performance of Dutch control subjects on a Dutch sentence interpretation task is presented, and hypotheses are put forward as to the locus and cause of eventual performance differences in a nonnative subject population (English learners of Dutch). Some relevant theoretical implications of our findings are also mentioned.

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Helfer, Karen S. "Auditory and Auditory-Visual Perception of Clear and Conversational Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 2 (April 1997): 432–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4002.432.

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Research has shown that speaking in a deliberately clear manner can improve the accuracy of auditory speech recognition. Allowing listeners access to visual speech cues also enhances speech understanding. Whether the nature of information provided by speaking clearly and by using visual speech cues is redundant has not been determined. This study examined how speaking mode (clear vs. conversational) and presentation mode (auditory vs. auditory-visual) influenced the perception of words within nonsense sentences. In Experiment 1, 30 young listeners with normal hearing responded to videotaped stimuli presented audiovisually in the presence of background noise at one of three signal-to-noise ratios. In Experiment 2, 9 participants returned for an additional assessment using auditory-only presentation. Results of these experiments showed significant effects of speaking mode (clear speech was easier to understand than was conversational speech) and presentation mode (auditoryvisual presentation led to better performance than did auditory-only presentation). The benefit of clear speech was greater for words occurring in the middle of sentences than for words at either the beginning or end of sentences for both auditory-only and auditory-visual presentation, whereas the greatest benefit from supplying visual cues was for words at the end of sentences spoken both clearly and conversationally. The total benefit from speaking clearly and supplying visual cues was equal to the sum of each of these effects. Overall, the results suggest that speaking clearly and providing visual speech information provide complementary (rather than redundant) information.

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Buehlmann, Cornelia, Michael Mangan, and Paul Graham. "Multimodal interactions in insect navigation." Animal Cognition 23, no. 6 (April 22, 2020): 1129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01383-2.

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AbstractAnimals travelling through the world receive input from multiple sensory modalities that could be important for the guidance of their journeys. Given the availability of a rich array of cues, from idiothetic information to input from sky compasses and visual information through to olfactory and other cues (e.g. gustatory, magnetic, anemotactic or thermal) it is no surprise to see multimodality in most aspects of navigation. In this review, we present the current knowledge of multimodal cue use during orientation and navigation in insects. Multimodal cue use is adapted to a species’ sensory ecology and shapes navigation behaviour both during the learning of environmental cues and when performing complex foraging journeys. The simultaneous use of multiple cues is beneficial because it provides redundant navigational information, and in general, multimodality increases robustness, accuracy and overall foraging success. We use examples from sensorimotor behaviours in mosquitoes and flies as well as from large scale navigation in ants, bees and insects that migrate seasonally over large distances, asking at each stage how multiple cues are combined behaviourally and what insects gain from using different modalities.

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ARIAS-TREJO, NATALIA, LISA M. CANTRELL, LINDA B. SMITH, and ELDA A. ALVA CANTO. "Early comprehension of the Spanish plural." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 6 (February 24, 2014): 1356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000615.

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ABSTRACTUnderstanding how linguistic cues map to the environment is crucial for early language comprehension and may provide a way for bootstrapping and learning words. Research has suggested that learning how plural syntax maps to the perceptual environment may show a trajectory in which children first learn surrounding cues (verbs, modifiers) before a full mastery of the noun morpheme alone. The Spanish plural system of simple codas, dominated by one allomorph -s, and with redundant agreement markers, may facilitate early understanding of how plural linguistic cues map to novel referents. Two-year-old Mexican children correctly identified multiple novel object referents when multiple verbal cues in a phrase indicated plurality as well as in instances when the noun morphology in novel nouns was the only indicator of plurality. These results demonstrate Spanish-speaking children's ability to use plural noun inflectional morphology to infer novel word referents which may have implications for their word learning.

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Espinoza‐Varas, Blas, Mohamed Bingabr, and Philip Loizou. "Amplification and training effects in resolution and cross‐spectral integration of redundant cues." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (May 2007): 3184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782369.

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Uengoer, Metin, Harald Lachnit, and John M. Pearce. "The fate of redundant cues in human predictive learning: The outcome ratio effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 8 (January 17, 2019): 1945–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818820042.

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In four experiments, participants were shown a sequence of pairs of pictures of food and asked to predict whether each pair signalled an allergic reaction in a hypothetical patient. The pairs of pictures were used to present two simple discriminations that differed in their outcome ratio. A rich discrimination, 3AX+ BX−, involved three trials in which the compound of two foods, AX, was followed by a reaction, for every trial in which the compound BX was not followed by the outcome. A lean discrimination, CY+ 3DY− was based on the opposite outcome ratio. Upon the completion of this training, participants were asked to rate how likely an individual food would be followed by the allergic reaction. In each experiment, the rating for X was stronger than for Y. This outcome ratio effect poses a challenge for theories of learning that assume changes in associative strength are governed by a common error term, based on the significance of all the cues present on a trial. Instead, the results are consistent with the assumption that changes in associative strength are governed by an individual error term, based on the significance of a single cue.

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Sharpe, M. J., and S. Killcross. "The Prelimbic Cortex Contributes to the Down-Regulation of Attention Toward Redundant Cues." Cerebral Cortex 24, no. 4 (December 12, 2012): 1066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs393.

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Venus, Carol A., and Gerald J. Canter. "The effect of redundant cues on comprehension of spoken messages by aphasic adults." Journal of Communication Disorders 20, no. 6 (December 1987): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(87)90035-9.

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Martínez, D. A., E. Mojica-Nava, K. Watson, and T. Usländer. "MULTI-AGENT LEARNING FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENT REDUNDANCY IDENTIFICATION FOR MOBILE SENSORS IN AN IOT CONTEXT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W11 (September 20, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w11-33-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> From an IoT point of view, the continuous growth of cheap and versatile sensor technologies has generated a massive data flow in communication networks, which most of the time carries unnecessary or redundant information that requires larger storage centers and more time to process and analyze data. Most of this redundancy is due to fact that network nodes are unable to identify environmental cues showing measurement changes to be considered and instead remain at a static location getting the same data. In this work we propose a multi-agent learning framework based on two theoretical tools. Firstly, we use Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) to make each node capable of getting information from the environment based on its current measurement and the measurements taken by its neighbors. Secondly, we use the rate distortion function to define a boundary where the information coming from the environment is neither redundant nor misunderstood. Finally, we show how the framework is applied in a mobile sensor network in which sensors decide to be more or less exploratory by means of the parameter s of the Blahut-Arimoto algorithm, and how it affects the measurement coverage in a spatial area being sensed.</p>

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Calhoun, Gloria L., Mark H. Draper, Brian J. Guilfoos, and Heath A. Ruff. "Tactile and Aural Alerts in High Auditory Load UAV Control Environments." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (September 2005): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900132.

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Tactile displays may alleviate visual workload in complex UAV control stations, cueing operators to high priority events via the haptic channel. Previous results suggest that tactile alerts (vibration on wrists) can substitute for aural alerts, as a redundant cue to visual alerts in relatively short test sessions. The present experiment investigated whether tactile alerts are advantageous in high auditory loads during longer periods of vigilance. Participants responded to events alerted via aural or tactile redundant cues, while performing multiple tasks in a simulated UAV control station. Results did not show an advantage of tactile over aural alerts in high auditory loads over 30-minute periods. Despite the lack of performance advantage of tactile alerts over aural alerts, research participants favored the tactile alerts, rating them as more salient and faster in attracting their attention.

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Luque, David, Sara Molinero, Mina Jevtović, and Tom Beesley. "Testing the automaticity of an attentional bias towards predictive cues in human associative learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 5 (January 23, 2020): 762–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819897590.

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It is well established that associative learning, such as learning new cue–outcome pairings, produces changes in attention: cues that are good predictors of relevant outcomes become prioritised compared with those that are non-predictive or redundant. However, there is controversy about whether such a learnt attentional bias results from a controlled orientation of attention, or whether it can be involuntary in nature. In three experiments, participants learned that cues of certain colours were predictive or non-predictive, and we assessed attention to cues using a dot-probe task. On dot-probe trials, participants were instructed to control attention by orienting towards a cue of a certain shape (target), while trying to ignore another cue (distractor). Although the colours of the cues were critical for the associative learning task, they were irrelevant for the dot-probe task. The results show that, even though participants’ controlled attention was focused on the target shape (as evident in response times and accuracy data), response times to the probe were slower (Experiments 1 and 2) and error rates were higher (Experiments 2 and 3) when the distractor was of a (previously) predictive colour. These data suggest that attention was captured involuntarily by the predictive value of the distractor, despite this being counterproductive to the task goal.

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Espinoza‐Varas, Blas, Shelagh Bowman‐Edmundson, and Hyunsook Jang. "Effects of high‐frequency amplification and training on impaired‐listeners’ ability to discriminate redundant cues." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (April 2005): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777598.

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KYOYA, Ikuko. "The influence of idiosyncratic and redundant attributes which are not definite cues within categorization tasks." Japanese Journal of Cognitive Psychology 9, no. 2 (2012): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5265/jcogpsy.9.81.

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Schuyler, S. C., and D. Pellman. "Search, capture and signal: games microtubules and centrosomes play." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.2.247.

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Accurate distribution of the chromosomes in dividing cells requires coupling of cellular polarity cues with both the orientation of the mitotic spindle and cell cycle progression. Work in budding yeast has demonstrated that cytoplasmic dynein and the kinesin Kip3p define redundant pathways that ensure proper spindle orientation. Furthermore, it has been shown that the Kip3p pathway components Kar9p and Bim1p (Yeb1p) form a complex that provides a molecular link between cortical polarity cues and spindle microtubules. Recently, other studies indicated that the cortical localization of Kar9p depends upon actin cables and Myo2p, a type V myosin. In addition, a BUB2-dependent cell cycle checkpoint has been described that inhibits the mitotic exit network and cytokinesis until proper centrosome position is achieved. Combined, these studies provide molecular insight into how cells link cellular polarity, spindle position and cell cycle progression.

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Chamberlin, H. M., and P. W. Sternberg. "Multiple cell interactions are required for fate specification during male spicule development in Caenorhabditis elegans." Development 118, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.297.

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The B blast cell divides postembryonically in C. elegans males to produce 47 progeny that include all of the cells of the copulatory spicules. During the early development of the B lineage, the anterior daughter of B, B.a, generates eight cells. These cells migrate to form four pairs of cells that flank the developing cloaca (ventral, dorsal, and two identical lateral pairs). For each pair, the more anterior cell produces a distinct lineage ('anterior fate') from the posterior cell ('posterior fate'). For the ventral and dorsal pairs, either cell can migrate to the anterior position and produce the anterior lineage, and the other cell migrates posterior and produces the posterior lineage (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977, Dev. Biol. 56, 110–156). The migration is variable, although the resultant fate pattern is invariant. In the two lateral pairs, both the migration and fate pattern are invariant. Using a laser microbeam to selectively ablate neighboring cells we have found that the cells of the lateral pair also respond to positional cues. For all four pairs other male-specific blast cells provide extracellular cues. In general, F and U promote anterior fates, Y promotes some posterior fates, and the B.a progeny promote posterior fates. Several of these cues are redundant. By ablating combinations of cells we have deduced how these signals may act in concert to specify the fates of the B.a progeny. We propose that fate specification in these pairs depends on three general classes of extracellular cues: positional cues, modulators of positional cues, and lateral signals. The B lineage thus provides an opportunity to study with single cell resolution the integration of multiple intercellular signals.

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Brentari, Diane, and Laurinda Crossley. "Prosody on the hands and face." Sign Language and Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.5.2.03bre.

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The analysis in this paper deals with the prosodic cues that were present in a one-hour lecture by a native signer of American Sign Language (ASL). Special attention is paid to the interaction of the dominant hand (H1) and the nondominant hand (H2), as well as to facial expressions articulated on the lower face. In our corpus, we found that H1 and H2 interact in several prosodic contexts; we analyze four of them here: Single Prosodic Word, Multiple Prosodic Words in an Intermediate Phrase, Parenthetical, and Forward- Referencing. Our main finding is that, while the spread of the nondominant hand (H2-Spread) is an important redundant cue to prosodic structure, the primary cue is on the lower face. Our findings also confirmed positional cues and domain effects of H2-Spread in Prosodic Words and Phonological Phrases that were previously found in Israeli Sign Language.

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Ocasio-Torres, Maria E., Todd A. Crowl, and Alberto M. Sabat. "Effect of multimodal cues from a predatory fish on refuge use and foraging on an amphidromous shrimp." PeerJ 9 (March 12, 2021): e11011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11011.

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Background Prey can alter their behavior when detecting predator cues. Little is known about which sensory channel, number of channels, or the interaction among channels that shrimp species use to evaluate the threat from predators. The amphidromous shrimp Xiphocaris elongata has an induced defense, an elongated rostrum, where predatory fishes are present. We sought to test if kairomones or visual cues when presented singly from fish either eating flakes or shrimp, had more effect on altering the temporal feeding and refuge use patterns of long-rostrum (LR) X. elongata. We were also interested in elucidating potential interactions among cues when presented simultaneously in different combinations (kairomones + visual + mechanosensory, kairomones + alarm + visual, kairomones + alarm, kairomones + visual) on the same response variables. We expected that when presented alone kairomones will significantly increase refuge use and decrease foraging, particularly late at night, in comparison to visual cues alone, and that multiple cues when presented simultaneously will further increase refuge use and decrease foraging at night. Methods We exposed shrimp to individual or multiple cues from the predatory fish mountain mullet, Augonostomus monticola. We examined shrimp behavior with respect to refuge use and foraging activity during four time periods (after sunset, nighttime, sunrise, and sunset) in a 24-hour period. Results Shrimp presented fish visual and chemical cues singly did not differ from one another but differed from control shrimp (no cues) with respect to refuge use or foraging. The number of shrimp using refuge in the treatment with most cues (KVM: kairomones+ visual + mechanosensory) was higher than in all the treatments with less cues. A significant decline in foraging was observed when multiple cues were presented simultaneously. The highest number of shrimp foraged one hour after sunset and at nighttime. A significant interaction was observed between cue treatments and time periods, with shrimp in the KVM treatment foraging less and using more refuge late at night and at sunrise than shrimp in other treatments or time periods. Conclusions The observation that fish chemical and visual cues when presented singly produced similar refuge use and foraging patterns was contrary to expectation and suggests that visual and chemical cues, when presented alone, provide redundant information to X. elongata with regards to predation threat. The significant increase in refuge use and reduction in foraging observed in the KVM treatment suggest multimodal signal enhancement in the perception of threat. This makes evolutionary sense in “noisy” environments, such as streams, where detection, localization, and intention of predators is much improved when cues are received through multiple sensory channels.

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Chen, Fei, Lena L. N. Wong, and Yi Hu. "Effects of Lexical Tone Contour on Mandarin Sentence Intelligibility." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 1 (February 2014): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0324).

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Purpose This study examined the effects of lexical tone contour on the intelligibility of Mandarin sentences in quiet and in noise. Method A text-to-speech synthesis engine was used to synthesize Mandarin sentences with each word carrying the original lexical tone, flat tone, or a tone randomly selected from the 4 Mandarin lexical tones. The synthesized speech signals were presented to 11 normal-hearing listeners for recognition in quiet and in speech-shaped noise at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Results Normal-hearing listeners nearly perfectly recognized the Mandarin sentences produced with modified tone contours in quiet; however, performance declined substantially in noise. Conclusions Consistent with previous findings to some extent, the present findings suggest that lexical tones are relatively redundant cues for Mandarin sentence intelligibility in quiet and that other cues could compensate for the distorted lexical tone contour. However, in noise, the results provide direct evidence that lexical tone contour is important for the recognition of Mandarin sentences.

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Lian, Heng, Long Wang, Ning Ma, Chuan-Miao Zhou, Lin Han, Tian-Qi Zhang, and Jia-Wei Wang. "Redundant and specific roles of individual MIR172 genes in plant development." PLOS Biology 19, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): e3001044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001044.

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Evolutionarily conserved microRNAs (miRNAs) usually have high copy numbers in the genome. The redundant and specific roles of each member of a multimember miRNA gene family are poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that the miR156-SPL-miR172 axis constitutes a signaling cascade in regulating plant developmental transitions. Here, we report the feasibility and utility of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to investigate the functions of all 5 MIR172 family members in Arabidopsis. We show that an Arabidopsis plant devoid of miR172 is viable, although it displays pleiotropic morphological defects. MIR172 family members exhibit distinct expression pattern and exert functional specificity in regulating meristem size, trichome initiation, stem elongation, shoot branching, and floral competence. In particular, we find that the miR156-SPL-miR172 cascade is bifurcated into specific flowering responses by matching pairs of coexpressed SPL and MIR172 genes in different tissues. Our results thus highlight the spatiotemporal changes in gene expression that underlie evolutionary novelties of a miRNA gene family in nature. The expansion of MIR172 genes in the Arabidopsis genome provides molecular substrates for the integration of diverse floral inductive cues, which ensures that plants flower at the optimal time to maximize seed yields.

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Pitts, Brandon J., and Nadine Sarter. "What You Don’t Notice Can Harm You: Age-Related Differences in Detecting Concurrent Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Cues." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60, no. 4 (February 22, 2018): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818759102.

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Objective This research sought to determine whether people can perceive and process three nonredundant (and unrelated) signals in vision, hearing, and touch at the same time and how aging and concurrent task demands affect this ability. Background Multimodal displays have been shown to improve multitasking and attention management; however, their potential limitations are not well understood. The majority of studies on multimodal information presentation have focused on the processing of only two concurrent and, most often, redundant cues by younger participants. Method Two experiments were conducted in which younger and older adults detected and responded to a series of singles, pairs, and triplets of visual, auditory, and tactile cues in the absence (Experiment 1) and presence (Experiment 2) of an ongoing simulated driving task. Detection rates, response times, and driving task performance were measured. Results Compared to younger participants, older adults showed longer response times and higher error rates in response to cues/cue combinations. Older participants often missed the tactile cue when three cues were combined. They sometimes falsely reported the presence of a visual cue when presented with a pair of auditory and tactile signals. Driving performance suffered most in the presence of cue triplets. Conclusion People are more likely to miss information if more than two concurrent nonredundant signals are presented to different sensory channels. Application The findings from this work help inform the design of multimodal displays and ensure their usefulness across different age groups and in various application domains.

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Chabrolles, Laura, Imen Ben Ammar, Marie S. A. Fernandez, Nicolas Boyer, Joël Attia, Paulo J. Fonseca, M. Clara P. Amorim, and Marilyn Beauchaud. "Appraisal of unimodal cues during agonistic interactions in Maylandia zebra." PeerJ 5 (August 1, 2017): e3643. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3643.

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Communication is essential during social interactions including animal conflicts and it is often a complex process involving multiple sensory channels or modalities. To better understand how different modalities interact during communication, it is fundamental to study the behavioural responses to both the composite multimodal signal and each unimodal component with adequate experimental protocols. Here we test how an African cichlid, which communicates with multiple senses, responds to different sensory stimuli in a social relevant scenario. We tested Maylandia zebra males with isolated chemical (urine or holding water coming both from dominant males), visual (real opponent or video playback) and acoustic (agonistic sounds) cues during agonistic interactions. We showed that (1) these fish relied mostly on the visual modality, showing increased aggressiveness in response to the sight of a real contestant but no responses to urine or agonistic sounds presented separately, (2) video playback in our study did not appear appropriate to test the visual modality and needs more technical prospecting, (3) holding water provoked territorial behaviours and seems to be promising for the investigation into the role of the chemical channel in this species. Our findings suggest that unimodal signals are non-redundant but how different sensory modalities interplay during communication remains largely unknown in fish.

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Parker, Gordon, Gordon Parker, and Kay Parker. "Influence of Symptom Attribution on Reporting Depression and Recourse to Treatment." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 4 (August 2003): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01205.x.

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Objective: A Bristol general practice study demonstrated the extent to which patients' attribution style influences psychological diagnostic case rates. We pursue this issue and several implications in this Australian study. Method: A survey was undertaken of six general practices in Sydney, and involving more than 900 routine general practice patients. Subjects completed questionnaires assessing personality styles observed in those with clinical depression, attributional response (i.e. ‘psychological’, ‘somatic’ and ‘normalizing’) to three somatic cues, state depression, lifetime depression, use of antidepressant medication, and recourse to professional help. Results: Responders attributing psychological explanations to the somatic cues had the highest state and lifetime depression rates, viewed their depression as more likely to be a ‘disorder’ and were more likely to have received treatment for depression. Those with a personality style of ‘anxious worrying’ reported increased morbidity across all depression variables, but personality did not make attributional style redundant in multivariate analyses. Conclusions: Interpreting somatic cues in a psychological way is associated with higher rates of reported depression and increased recourse to depression treatment. Thus, a normalizing response style may make depression recognition and detection difficult. Study findings challenge the capacity of self-report measures to detect depression, especially in general practice settings.

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Santos-Carreras, Laura, Kaspar Leuenberger, Evren Samur, Roger Gassert, and Hannes Bleuler. "Tactile Feedback Improves Performance in a Palpation Task: Results in a VR-Based Testbed." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 21, no. 4 (November 2012): 435–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00126.

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Robotic surgery provides many benefits such as reduced invasiveness and increased dexterity. This comes at the cost of no direct contact between surgeon and patient. This physical separation prevents surgeons from performing direct haptic exploration of tissues and organs, imposing exclusive reliance on visual cues. Current technology is not yet able to both measure and reproduce a realistic and complete sense of touch (interaction force, temperature, roughness, etc.). In this paper, we put forward a concept based on multimodal feedback consisting of the integration of different kinds of visual and tactile cues with force feedback that can potentially improve both the surgeon's performance and the patient's safety. We present a cost-effective tactile display simulating a pulsating artery that has been integrated into a haptic workstation to combine both tactile and force-feedback information. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of different feedback types, including tactile and/or visual cues, on the performance of subjects carrying out two typical palpation tasks: (1) exploring a tissue to find a hidden artery and (2) identifying the orientation of a hidden artery. The results show that adding tactile feedback significantly reduces task completion time. Moreover, for high difficulty levels, subjects perform better with the feedback condition combining tactile and visual cues. As a matter of fact, the majority of the subjects in the study preferred this combined feedback because redundant feedback reassures subjects in their actions. Based on this work, we can infer that multimodal haptic feedback improves subjects' performance and confidence during exploratory procedures.

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Wystrach, Antoine, Michael Mangan, and Barbara Webb. "Optimal cue integration in ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1816 (October 7, 2015): 20151484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1484.

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In situations with redundant or competing sensory information, humans have been shown to perform cue integration, weighting different cues according to their certainty in a quantifiably optimal manner. Ants have been shown to merge the directional information available from their path integration (PI) and visual memory, but as yet it is not clear that they do so in a way that reflects the relative certainty of the cues. In this study, we manipulate the variance of the PI home vector by allowing ants ( Cataglyphis velox ) to run different distances and testing their directional choice when the PI vector direction is put in competition with visual memory. Ants show progressively stronger weighting of their PI direction as PI length increases. The weighting is quantitatively predicted by modelling the expected directional variance of home vectors of different lengths and assuming optimal cue integration. However, a subsequent experiment suggests ants may not actually compute an internal estimate of the PI certainty, but are using the PI home vector length as a proxy.

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Kang, Pil Jung, Kristi E. Miller, Julia Guegueniat, Laure Beven, and Hay-Oak Park. "The shared role of the Rsr1 GTPase and Gic1/Gic2 in Cdc42 polarization." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 20 (October 2018): 2359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0145.

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The Cdc42 GTPase plays a central role in polarity development in many species. In budding yeast, Cdc42 is essential for polarized growth at the proper site and also for spontaneous cell polarization in the absence of spatial cues. Cdc42 polarization is critical for multiple events in the G1 phase prior to bud emergence, including bud-site assembly, polarization of the actin cytoskeleton, and septin filament assembly to form a ring at the new bud site. Yet the mechanism by which Cdc42 polarizes is not fully understood. Here we report that biphasic Cdc42 polarization in the G1 phase is coupled to stepwise assembly of the septin ring for bud emergence. We show that the Rsr1 GTPase shares a partially redundant role with Gic1 and Gic2, two related Cdc42 effectors, in the first phase of Cdc42 polarization in haploid cells. We propose that the first phase of Cdc42 polarization is mediated by positive feedback loops that function in parallel—one involving Rsr1 via local activation of Cdc42 in response to spatial cues and another involving Gic1 or Gic2 via reduction of diffusion of active Cdc42.

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Fu, Mingliang, and Weijia Zhou. "DeepHMap++: Combined Projection Grouping and Correspondence Learning for Full DoF Pose Estimation." Sensors 19, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051032.

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In recent years, estimating the 6D pose of object instances with convolutional neural network (CNN) has received considerable attention. Depending on whether intermediate cues are used, the relevant literature can be roughly divided into two broad categories: direct methods and two-stage pipelines. For the latter, intermediate cues, such as 3D object coordinates, semantic keypoints, or virtual control points instead of pose parameters are regressed by CNN in the first stage. Object pose can then be solved by correspondence constraints constructed with these intermediate cues. In this paper, we focus on the postprocessing of a two-stage pipeline and propose to combine two learning concepts for estimating object pose under challenging scenes: projection grouping on one side, and correspondence learning on the other. We firstly employ a local-patch based method to predict projection heatmaps which denote the confidence distribution of projection of 3D bounding box’s corners. A projection grouping module is then proposed to remove redundant local maxima from each layer of heatmaps. Instead of directly feeding 2D–3D correspondences to the perspective-n-point (PnP) algorithm, multiple correspondence hypotheses are sampled from local maxima and its corresponding neighborhood and ranked by a correspondence–evaluation network. Finally, correspondences with higher confidence are selected to determine object pose. Extensive experiments on three public datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms several state of the art methods.

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Johnsen, Sönke, Kenneth J. Lohmann, and Eric J. Warrant. "Animal navigation: a noisy magnetic sense?" Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): jeb164921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.164921.

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ABSTRACTDiverse organisms use Earth's magnetic field as a cue in orientation and navigation. Nevertheless, eliciting magnetic orientation responses reliably, either in laboratory or natural settings, is often difficult. Many species appear to preferentially exploit non-magnetic cues if they are available, suggesting that the magnetic sense often serves as a redundant or ‘backup’ source of information. This raises an interesting paradox: Earth's magnetic field appears to be more pervasive and reliable than almost any other navigational cue. Why then do animals not rely almost exclusively on the geomagnetic field, while ignoring or downplaying other cues? Here, we explore a possible explanation: that the magnetic sense of animals is ‘noisy’, in that the magnetic signal is small relative to thermal and receptor noise. Magnetic receptors are thus unable to instantaneously acquire magnetic information that is highly precise or accurate. We speculate that extensive time-averaging and/or other higher-order neural processing of magnetic information is required, rendering the magnetic sense inefficient relative to alternative cues that can be detected faster and with less effort. This interpretation is consistent with experimental results suggesting a long time course for magnetic compass and map responses in some animals. Despite possible limitations, magnetoreception may be maintained by natural selection because the geomagnetic field is sometimes the only source of directional and/or positional information available.

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Arcucci, Silvia, Fernanda Ramos-Delgado, Coralie Cayron, Nicole Therville, Marie-Pierre Gratacap, Céline Basset, Benoit Thibault, and Julie Guillermet-Guibert. "Organismal roles for the PI3Kα and β isoforms: their specificity, redundancy or cooperation is context-dependent." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 1199–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20210004.

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PI3Ks are important lipid kinases that produce phosphoinositides phosphorylated in position 3 of the inositol ring. There are three classes of PI3Ks: class I PI3Ks produce PIP3 at plasma membrane level. Although D. melanogaster and C. elegans have only one form of class I PI3K, vertebrates have four class I PI3Ks called isoforms despite being encoded by four different genes. Hence, duplication of these genes coincides with the acquisition of coordinated multi-organ development. Of the class I PI3Ks, PI3Kα and PI3Kβ, encoded by PIK3CA and PIK3CB, are ubiquitously expressed. They present similar putative protein domains and share PI(4,5)P2 lipid substrate specificity. Fifteen years after publication of their first isoform-selective pharmacological inhibitors and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that mimic their complete and specific pharmacological inhibition, we review the knowledge gathered in relation to the redundant and selective roles of PI3Kα and PI3Kβ. Recent data suggest that, further to their redundancy, they cooperate for the integration of organ-specific and context-specific signal cues, to orchestrate organ development, physiology, and disease. This knowledge reinforces the importance of isoform-selective inhibitors in clinical settings.

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Villchur, Edgar. "A Different Approach to the Noise Problem of the Hearing Impaired." American Journal of Audiology 2, no. 2 (July 1993): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889.0202.47.

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Hearing aid design to alleviate the noise problem has concentrated on improving the signal-to-noise ratio with the aid, using devices such as directional microphones, adaptive filters, and circuits that discriminate between steady-state noise and speech. The design approach discussed here is directed at improving the speech recognition of hearing-impaired listeners at a given signal-to-noise ratio, by restoring to their perception speech cues they no longer hear because of their impairment. This allows them to retain more of the redundant information in speech after masking has taken its toll, and empowers their ability to separate desired from undesired signals (what Broadbent calls "selective listening" in persons with normal hearing). Experimental results are presented.

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Kuperman, Victor, and Avital Deutsch. "Morphological and visual cues in compound word reading: Eye-tracking evidence from Hebrew." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 12 (July 20, 2020): 2177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820940297.

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Hebrew noun–noun compounds offer a valuable opportunity to study the long-standing question of how morphologically complex words are processed during reading. Specifically, in some morpho-syntactic environments, the first (head) noun of a compound carries a suffix—a clear orthographic marker of being part of a compound—whereas in others it is homographic with a stand-alone noun. In addition to this morphological cue, Hebrew occasionally employs hyphenation as a visual signal that two nouns, which are typically separated by a space, are combined in a compound. In a factorial design, we orthogonally manipulated the morphological and the visual cues and recorded eye movements of 75 proficient Hebrew readers while they read sentences with embedded compounds. The effect of hyphenation on reading times was inhibitory. This slow-down was significantly weaker in compounds where the syntactic relation between constituents was overtly marked by a suffix compared with compounds without a morphological marker. We interpret these findings as evidence that hyphenation is largely a redundant cue but morphological markers of compounding are psychologically valid cues for semantic integration of compounds. We discuss the implications of this finding for accounts of morphological processing.

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Chamberlin, H. M., and P. W. Sternberg. "The lin-3/let-23 pathway mediates inductive signalling during male spicule development in Caenorhabditis elegans." Development 120, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.10.2713.

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During Caenorhabditis elegans male spicule development, four pairs of precursor cells respond to multiple positional cues and establish a pattern of fates that correlates with relative anterior-posterior cell position. One of the extracellular cues is provided by the F and U cells, which promote anterior fates. We show that the genes in the lin-3/let-23 signalling pathway required for hermaphrodite vulval induction also mediate this F/U signal. Reduction-of-function mutations in lin-3, let-23, sem-5, let-60 or lin-45 disrupt the fate of anterior cells. Likewise, activation of the pathway with ubiquitously produced signal results in posterior cells inappropriately adopting the anterior fates even in the absence of F and U. We have further used this genetic pathway to begin to understand how multiple positional cues are integrated to specify cell fate. We demonstrate that lin-15 acts in spicule development as it does in vulval induction, as a negative regulator of let-23 receptor activity. A second extracellular cue, from Y.p, also acts antagonistically to the lin-3/let-23 pathway. However, this signal is apparently integrated into the lin-3/let-23 pathway at some step after lin-45 raf and is thus functionally distinct from lin-15. We have also investigated the role of lin-12 in forming the anterior/posterior pattern of fates. A lin-12 gain-of-function defect is masked by redundant positional information from F and U.

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Xu, Yajing, Haitao Yang, Si Li, Xinyi Wang, and Mingfei Cheng. "Contextual Coefficients Excitation Feature: Focal Visual Representation for Relationship Detection." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031191.

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Visual relationship detection (VRD), a challenging task in the image understanding, suffers from vague connection between relationship patterns and visual appearance. This issue is caused by the high diversity of relationship-independent visual appearance, where inexplicit and redundant cues may not contribute to the relationship detection, even confuse the detector. Previous relationship detection models have shown remarkable progress in leveraging external textual information or scene-level interaction to complement relationship detection cues. In this work, we propose Contextual Coefficients Excitation Feature (CCEF), a focal visual representation, which is adaptively recalibrated from original visual feature responses by explicitly modeling the interdependencies between features and their contextual coefficients. Specifically, contextual coefficients are obtained by calculation of both the spatial coefficients and generated-label ones. In addition, a conditional Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) regularized with a relationship classification loss is designed to alleviate inadequate training of generated-label coefficients due to long tail distribution of relationship. Experimental results demonstrate the effective improvements of our method on relationship detection. In particular, our method improves the recall from 8.5% to 23.2% of predicting unseen relationship from zero-shot set.

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Gibson, Brett M., and Edward A. Wasserman. "Pigeons learn stimulus identity and stimulus relations when both serve as redundant, relevant cues during same-different discrimination training." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 29, no. 1 (2003): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.29.1.84.

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Fritzsch, Bernd, Karen L. Elliott, and Gabriela Pavlinkova. "Primary sensory map formations reflect unique needs and molecular cues specific to each sensory system." F1000Research 8 (March 27, 2019): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17717.1.

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Interaction with the world around us requires extracting meaningful signals to guide behavior. Each of the six mammalian senses (olfaction, vision, somatosensation, hearing, balance, and taste) has a unique primary map that extracts sense-specific information. Sensory systems in the periphery and their target neurons in the central nervous system develop independently and must develop specific connections for proper sensory processing. In addition, the regulation of sensory map formation is independent of and prior to central target neuronal development in several maps. This review provides an overview of the current level of understanding of primary map formation of the six mammalian senses. Cell cycle exit, combined with incompletely understood molecules and their regulation, provides chemoaffinity-mediated primary maps that are further refined by activity. The interplay between cell cycle exit, molecular guidance, and activity-mediated refinement is the basis of dominance stripes after redundant organ transplantations in the visual and balance system. A more advanced level of understanding of primary map formation could benefit ongoing restoration attempts of impaired senses by guiding proper functional connection formations of restored sensory organs with their central nervous system targets.

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Calhoun, Gloria L., Mark H. Draper, Heath A. Ruff, and John V. Fontejon. "Utilty of a Tactile Display for Cueing Faults." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 26 (September 2002): 2144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602609.

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Tactile displays have been proposed as a multisensory interface technology that can relieve the typically overburdened visual channel of operators. This study compared the ability of operators, while simultaneously completing a tracking task, to detect and identify system faults in a monitoring task with three types of alert cues: tactile, visual, and redundant tactile and visual. For the tactile display, the location and vibration pulse speed of two tactors were mapped to four system faults. Response time was significantly faster with the tactile cue. Also, the tactile cue resulted in less interference with the concurrent tracking task, while not degrading vigilance to an additional concurrent visual monitoring task. These results suggest that further tactile cue research is warranted to examine potential applications in complex systems, such as control stations for unmanned aerial vehicles.

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Sánchez, D., J. C. Nieh, and R. Vandame. "Visual and chemical cues provide redundant information in the multimodal recruitment system of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona mexicana (Apidae, Meliponini)." Insectes Sociaux 58, no. 4 (July 7, 2011): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-011-0181-y.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Redundant cues'

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