Academic literature on the topic 'Redundant cues'

Several recent papers have reported a difference in associative learning for two kinds of redundant cues, such that a blocked cue (e.g., X in A+ AX+) apparently forms a stronger association with the outcome than an uncorrelated cue (e.g., Y in BY+ CY-). This difference is referred to as the redundancy effect, and is of interest because it is contrary to the predictions of a number of popular learning models. One way of reconciling these models with the redundancy effect is to assume that the amount of attention paid to redundant cues changes as a result of experience, and that these changes in attention influence subsequent learning. Here, we present two experiments designed to evaluate this idea, in which we measured overt attention using an eye tracker while participants completed a learning task that elicited the redundancy effect. In both experiments, gaze duration was longer for uncorrelated cues than for blocked cues, but this difference disappeared when we divided gaze durations by trial durations. In Experiment 2, we failed to observe any difference in gaze duration when blocked and uncorrelated cues were subsequently presented together. While the observed difference in gaze duration for the two types of redundant cue may contribute to differences in learning during initial training, we suggest that the principal causes of the redundancy effect are likely to lie elsewhere.

AbstractThe relationship between construal and redundancy has not been previously explored empirically. Russian aspect allows speakers to construe situations as either Perfective or Imperfective, but it is not clear to what extent aspect is determined by context and therefore redundant. We investigate the relationship between redundancy and open construal by surveying 501 native Russian speakers who rated the acceptability of both Perfective and Imperfective verb forms in complete extensive authentic contexts. We find that aspect is largely redundant in 81% of uses, and in 17% of contexts aspect is relatively open to construal. We contend that anchoring in redundant contexts likely facilitates the independence of construal in contexts with less redundancy. However further research is needed to discover what makes contexts redundant since known cues for aspect are absent in the majority of such contexts. Native speakers are fairly consistent in giving the original aspect high ratings, but less consistent in rating the non-original aspect, indicating potential problems in testing the reactions of speakers to non-authentic data.

Although identifying cues indicating a problem represents a crucial aspect of team adaptation, little is known about the conditions under which team members do this correctly. To address this issue, the current study focused on the motivational basis of cue identification by investigating interactive effects of members’ regulatory focus, their contribution redundancy, and the team performance context. Participants working in 105 three-person teams were asked to identify problem cues in a signal detection task. Utilizing a 2 (regulatory focus: promotion vs. prevention) x 2 (performance context: status quo vs. loss) x 2 (contribution redundancy: low vs. high) mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) design with contribution redundancy as a within-participants factor, we obtained the predicted three-way interaction: In the status quo condition, prevention-focused, but not promotion-focused, team members were less accurate in identifying problem cues when their contributions were redundant. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the motivational basis of team adaptation.

In the light field image saliency detection task, redundant cues are introduced due to computational methods. Inevitably, it leads to the inaccurate boundary segmentation of detection results and the problem of the chain block effect. To tackle this issue, we propose a method for salient object detection (SOD) in light field images that fuses focus and GrabCut. The method improves the light field focus calculation based on the spatial domain by performing secondary blurring processing on the focus image and effectively suppresses the focus information of out-of-focus areas in different focus images. Aiming at the redundancy of focus cues generated by multiple foreground images, we use the optimal single foreground image to generate focus cues. In addition, aiming at the fusion of various cues in the light field in complex scenes, the GrabCut algorithm is combined with the focus cue to guide the generation of color cues, which realizes the automatic saliency target segmentation of the image foreground. Extensive experiments are conducted on the light field dataset to demonstrate that our algorithm can effectively segment the salient target area and background area under the light field image, and the outline of the salient object is clear. Compared with the traditional GrabCut algorithm, the focus degree is used instead of artificial Interactively initialize GrabCut to achieve automatic saliency segmentation.

During multisensory integration, information from distinct sensory systems that refers to the same physical event is combined. For example, the sound and image that an individual generates as s/he interacts with the world, will provide the nervous system with multiple cues which can be integrated to estimate the individual’s position in the environment. However, the information that is perceived through different sensory pathways/systems can be qualitatively different. The information can be redundant and describe the same property of an event in a common reference frame (i.e., the image and sound referring to the individual’s location), or it can be complementary. Combining complementary information can be advantageous in that it extends the range and richness of the information available to the nervous system, but can also be superfluous and unnecessary to the task at hand – i.e. olfactory cues about the individuals perfume can increase the richness of the representation but not necessarily aid in localisation. Over the last century or so, a large body of research has focused on different aspects of multisensory interactions at both the behavioural and neural levels. It is currently unclear whether the mechanisms underlying multisensory interactions for both type of cue are similar or not. Moreover, the evidence for differences in behavioural outcome, dependent on the nature of the cue, is growing. Such cue property effects possibly reflect a processing heuristic for more efficient parsing of the vast amount of sensory information available to the nervous system at any one time. The present thesis assesses the effects of cue properties (i.e., redundant or complementary) on multisensory processing and reports a series of experiments demonstrating that the nature of the cue, defined by the task of the observer, influences whether the cues compete for representation as a result of interacting, or whether instead multisensory information produces an optimal increase in reliability of the event estimate. Moreover, a bridging series of experiments demonstrate the key role of redundancy in inferring that two signals have a common physical cause and should be integrated, despite conflict in the cues. The experiments provide insights into the different strategies adopted by the nervous system and some tentative evidence for possible, distinct underlying mechanisms.

An important issue in human cognition concerns the origins and nature of the capacity to represent number. A great deal of research has focused on infants’ comprehension of the cardinal properties of number but another essential component of the concept of number is ordinality, which refers to the inherent “greater than” or “less than” relationships between numbers. Until recently, the development of this aspect of human numerical cognition in infancy had received little attention. while little is know. The aim of the current series of studies was to investigate whether the ability to appreciate ordinal relationships between numerical magnitudes is present in preverbal infants at an earlier age than previously reported. The current investigation thus includes a series of 6 experiments conducted with infants of 4 and 7 months of age and provides evidence for the debate about functional affordances of infants’ numerical representation, demonstrating that, under certain conditions, the ability to detect and grasp ordinal information embedded in non-numerical and numerical sequences of visual stimuli could be present early in infancy, at respectively 4 months and 7 months of age. Importantly, this study provided also evidence that account for the existence of a basic mapping of number to space the presence, showing that 7-month-old infants are able to link oriented spatial codes to representations of numerical magnitude.

Using an allergist task, Uengoer, Lotz and Pearce (2013) found that in a design A+/AX+/BY+/CY-, the blocked cue X was indicated to cause the outcome to a greater extent than the uncorrelated cue Y. This finding has been termed “the redundancy effect” by Pearce and Jones (2015). According to Vogel and Wagner (2017), the redundancy effect “presents a serious challenge for those theories of conditioning that compute learning through a global error-term” (p. 119). One such theory is the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model, which predicts the opposite result, that Y will have a stronger association with the outcome than X. This thesis explored the basis of the redundancy effect in human causal learning. Evidence from Chapter 2 suggested that the redundancy effect was unlikely to have been due to differences in attention between X and Y. Chapter 3 explored whether differences in participants’ certainty about the causal status of X and of Y contributed to the redundancy effect. Manipulations aimed at disambiguating the effects that X had on the outcome, including outcome-additivity training and low outcome rate, resulted in lower ratings for this cue and a smaller redundancy effect. However, the redundancy effect was still significant with both manipulations, suggesting that while participants’ uncertainty about the causal status of X contributed to it, there may have been other factors. Chapter 4 investigated whether another factor was a lack of inhibition for cue C. In a scenario where inhibition was more plausible than in an allergist task, a negative correlation between causal ratings for C and for Y, and a positive correlation between ratings for C and the magnitude of the redundancy effect, were found. In addition, establishing C as inhibitory resulted in a smaller redundancy effect than establishing C as neutral. Overall, findings of this thesis suggest that the redundancy effect in human causal learning is the result of participants’ uncertainty about the causal status of X, and a lack of inhibition for C. Further work is recommended to explore whether combining manipulations targeting X and Y would reverse the redundancy effect, whether effects of outcome additivity and outcome rate on X are the result of participants’ uncertainty about this cue, and the extent to which participants rely on single versus summed error.

Discrimination of a word-final stop consonant voicing contrast, /bid/-/bit/, by 12 infants (6-8 and 10-12 months) and 6 adults was investigated in a category-change conditioned headturn procedure across three stimulus conditions: full cue (FC), burst and closure cues neutralized (BCCN), and vowel duration neutralized (VDN). Adults performed at ceiling levels for all three conditions. No infant age differences were observed. However, there was some evidence that infants benefitted from the presence of redundant acoustic cues (FC $>$ BCCN, but FC $ le$ VDN). Infants performed significantly better with the VDN stimuli indicating that final release burst information is more salient to infants than vowel duration differences for this /bid/-/bit/ contrast. This result differs from findings of prior research on adult and infant perception of such contrasts which showed a prominent use of the preceding vowel duration cue. This finding suggests that vowel duration becomes useful as a cue to final stop voicing with linguistic sophistication.

Speech recognition is known to become more difficult as aging progresses. Though age-related hearing loss accounts for a significant portion of this difficulty, changes in cognitive processing and in the central auditory nervous system are also thought to contribute. Age-related speech recognition declines become most apparent for complex speech signals in which acoustic cues may be degraded, missing, or misaligned temporally. Each phoneme normally contains multiple, redundant acoustic cues signaling its presence and identity. The redundancy hypothesis suggests that older listeners require this natural redundancy of acoustic cues to a greater extent than do younger listeners, and it is the paucity of redundant cues within complex signals that makes them especially difficult for older listeners. The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether age-related redundancy effects existed when only single or dual acoustic cues signaled the presence of a stop consonant. Closure gap and release burst amplitude were varied for two phoneme contrast pairs (/p/ in speed/seed and /t/ in steam/seam) constructed from natural recordings. Six older and 6 younger participants with normal hearing (better than 25 dB HL from 250-4000 Hz) were tested. Using a 2-alternative forced choice (AFC) paradigm, participants indicated whether they heard the word as containing the stop consonant or not. ANOVA of the results revealed a main effect of burst amplitude and inconsistent effects of age but no interaction between burst amplitude and age, p = .803 for /p/ and .232 for /t/. For those steam/seam contrast stimuli in which closure gap was the only cue to stop presence, older listeners reached threshold perception of /t/ as gap duration increased but younger listeners did not. Because they do not show an interaction between age and the presence of redundant acoustic cues, these combined patterns of results do not support the redundancy hypothesis. They suggest rather that older and younger listeners with comparable hearing make similar use of the redundant presence of stop closure gap and consonant release bursts.

This study applied dual processing theory, the theory of working memory, and the theory of cue summation to examine how the video and audio in a television news story interact with or against each other when the story uses pull quote graphics to convey key information to viewers. Using eye-tracking, the study produced visual depictions of exactly what viewers look at on the screen when the words in the reporter's voice track match the text in the pull quote graphic verbatim, when the reporter summarizes the text in the graphic, and when the reporter's voice track ignores the text in the pull quote. The study tested the effect on recall when viewers were presented with these three story conditions—high redundancy, medium redundancy, and low redundancy, respectively. Key findings included the following: first, that stories with low redundancy resulted in lower recall and memory sensitivity scores (a measure of memory strength) than pull quotes that the reporter either summarized or read verbatim on the air. Second, it was found that neither high-redundancy nor medium-redundancy stories were superior or inferior to the other when looking at the effect on recall and memory sensitivity. And finally, in high-, medium-, and low-redundancy conditions, subjects stated that they relied more on the reporter's narration than the pull quote to get information. The study states possible implications for news producers and reporters and suggests future research in the broadcast television news industry.

Opera buffa is cited as the source for the topical variety of classical style instrumental music. It is also cited as a topic within instrumental music. This essay argues, with examples from works by Haydn, Mozart, Galuppi, Cimarosa, and Martín y Soler, that musical devices of opera buffa were not on the whole exported to instrumental music but rather were translated to the subtler and more refined instrumental idiom. When opera buffa is identified as a topic in instrumental music, it is more often the presumed gestural world of the comic stage that is evoked than the actual musical devices most characteristic of the genre. And when we study topics in opera—either buffa or seria—it is worth taking into account that they have the capacity not only redundantly to confirm verbal and visual cues, but also to complicate them by suggesting irony or parody, among other things.

Abstract Chapter 3 compares the politics and outcomes of restructuring policies focused on managing collective redundancies. There were often strong social partnerships at the incumbent employers around the time of market liberalization and/or privatization, with generous voluntary redundancy and early retirement plans. However, after the mid-2000s, management came under increased pressure to reduce the cost of these plans. While broad industry trends were similar, the cases differed significantly in the scale and pace of cuts, the overall generosity of redundancy payments, as well as the form and outcome of associated labor conflict. Overall, where constraints on exit were stronger, employers adopted more social approaches to downsizing. However, each case shows change over time, as management sought to exploit loopholes and cut costs. Unions had success in countering these trends through collective voice where they were able to build solidarity across their membership, and to draw on broader forms of labor solidarity among unions and with other actors in civil society.

Abstract The gains of labour in the post WW I period and the new perceptions of employers on labour management were short-lived due to the great depression that engulfed the western world soon. The personnel managers who were looking forward to having new approaches to integrate labour with the respective organizations had now to inflict retrenchments and pay cuts on workmen. The depression was followed by another World War, which brought about unimaginable devastation to human civilization. Not only labour, but all sections of population in the warring nations suffered. War-time emergency robbed the workers of a substantial part of the gains that they had made during their century long struggle to combine and agitate for their rights. New ways to motivate the workers on which the man managers had just acquired novel ideas became redundant. But then, even during these difficult years personnel management did not cease to evolve itself.

Discovering trend reversals between two data cubes provides users with novel and interesting knowledge when the real-world context fluctuates: What is new? Which trends appear or emerge? With the concept of emerging cube, the authors capture such trend reversals by enforcing an emergence constraint. In a big data context, trend reversal predictions promote a just-in-time reaction to these strategic phenomena. In addition to prediction, a business intelligence approach aids to understand observed phenomena origins. In order to exhibit them, the proposal must be as fast as possible, without redundancy but with ideally an incremental computation. Moreover, the authors propose an algorithm called C-Idea to compute reduced and lossless representations of the emerging cube by using the concept of cube closure. This approach aims to improve efficiency and scalability while preserving integration capability. The C-Idea algorithm works à la Buc and takes the specific features of emerging cubes into account. The proposals are validated by various experiments for which we measure the size of representations.

Timex, a US Corporation, established its watch-making presence in Dundee in 1947. The firm’s production and labour processes were bifurcated by skill and gender. Engineering workers, mainly men, made components in workshops; semi-skilled workers, mainly women, assembled watches on production lines. In the 1970s Timex moved into electronics sub-contracting. A major crisis followed in 1983 when watch-making was abandoned. Engineers occupied their workshops, defending the moral economy right to work in a city and period of rising unemployment, and avoided compulsory redundancy. Timex left Dundee in 1993 when workers refused damaging pay and fringe benefit cuts. The politics of Timex fed a broader Scottish narrative where working-class security was compromised by hostile multinational capital and unsympathetic Westminster decision-makers.

This chapter explores in depth the way in which the affordances of artefacts constrain or enable specific uses and/or experiences. In the first half of the chapter, we will consider a range of objects and materials from this perspective. We have seen from the previous chapter that evaluating use and behaviour from artefact affordances is not always a straightforward process. Affordances may suit a range of functions. Apparently functional features of artefacts may become redundant as the use of the artefact changes. Use of functional features can change even though the features themselves remain the same—for instance if they afford a range of functions. Aspects of artefact form may relate to task efficiency, rather than whether or not a task can be performed, and so may be ignored when quality of performance is less important. Any attempt to study behaviour through artefact design must engage with these issues, and I have chosen to do this mainly through careful selection of objects. Firstly, we can choose artefacts that performonly a very narrow range of functions in normative use, and in which system function uses may be identifiable through wear marks or changes to the artefact. Secondly, artefact forms can be selected that constrain or enforce particular behaviour, or affect experience in a predictable way. Evidence of affordances will also be studied alongside other types of evidence such as visual sources or contextual information. The objects chosen for investigation in this chapter are cone cups, drinking horns, spoons, strigils, styli, locks and keys (including key finger-rings), and dice. Most of these are artefacts that also exist in modern or more recent historical material culture, and while the benefits of this are obvious in terms of comparisons and an understanding of artefact features through direct experience of similar modern items, we will also need to be aware of any assumptions about the performance of artefacts that may be conditioned by modern perceptions of what an artefact is for, and how it can or should be used.

With the phenomenal growth of electronic data and information, there are many demands for developments of efficient and effective systems (tools) to address the issue of performing data mining tasks on data warehouses or multidimensional databases. Association rules describe associations between itemsets (i.e., sets of data items) (or granules). Association mining (or called association rule mining) finds interesting or useful association rules in databases, which is the crucial technique for the development of data mining. Association mining can be used in many application areas, for example, the discovery of associations between customers’ locations and shopping behaviours in market basket analysis. Association mining includes two phases. The first phase is called pattern mining that is the discovery of frequent patterns. The second phase is called rule generation that is the discovery of the interesting and useful association rules in the discovered patterns. The first phase, however, often takes a long time to find all frequent patterns that also include much noise as well (Pei and Han, 2002). The second phase is also a time consuming activity (Han and Kamber, 2000) and can generate many redundant rules (Zaki, 2004) (Xu and Li, 2007). To reduce search spaces, user constraintbased techniques attempt to find knowledge that meet some sorts of constraints. There are two interesting concepts that have been used in user constraint-based techniques: meta-rules (Han and Kamber, 2000) and granule mining (Li et al., 2006). The aim of this chapter is to present the latest research results about data warehousing techniques that can be used for improving the performance of association mining. The chapter will introduce two important approaches based on user constraint-based techniques. The first approach requests users to inputs their meta-rules that describe their desires for certain data dimensions. It then creates data cubes based these meta-rules and then provides interesting association rules. The second approach firstly requests users to provide condition and decision attributes that used to describe the antecedent and consequence of rules, respectively. It then finds all possible data granules based condition attributes and decision attributes. It also creates a multi-tier structure to store the associations between granules, and association mappings to provide interesting rules.

A continuous surface rendered monocularly by outline and surface contours is interpreted in three dimensions as having a definite shape in depth. A random dot stereogram of the same surface, devoid of monocular cues, usually conveys a more compelling 3-D impression of the surface. The natural viewing condition, of course, is a binocular projection containing redundantly consisent monocular cues.

Image captioning is currently viewed as a problem analogous to machine translation. However, it always suffers from poor interpretability, coarse or even incorrect descriptions on regional details. Moreover, information abstraction and compression, as essential characteristics of captioning, are always overlooked and seldom discussed. To overcome the shortcomings, a swell-shrink method is proposed to redefine image captioning as a compositional task which consists of two separated modules: modality transformation and text compression. The former is guaranteed to accurately transform adequate visual content into textual form while the latter consists of a hierarchical LSTM which particularly emphasizes on removing the redundancy among multiple phrases and organizing the final abstractive caption. Additionally, the order and quality of region of interest and modality processing are studied to give insights of better understanding the influence of regional visual cues on language forming. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Abstract To avoid redundant trial and error experiments in hope of achieving acceptable surface roughness, reliable predictive models must be engineered to anticipate surface characteristics based on process parameter inputs. In the present study, two rigorously tested supervised machine-learning based models are proposed to predict the arithmetic average (Ra) of profile deviation for the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM). Firstly, a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model with Rational Quadratic kernel function is constructed after ten-fold cross validation of the training data. Secondly, using the same training data and the same ten-fold cross validation, a feed-forward narrow neural network (NN) is employed. Primary input parameters of SLM process, namely laser power, scanning speed, hatch spacing, layer thickness and volumetric energy density are mined from literature investigating as-built surface characteristics of SLMed Ti-6Al-4V alloy. To further test the developed machine-learning models, ten 8 × 8 × 8 mm Ti-6Al-4V cubes are manufactured and a comparative between two non-parametric (GPR and NN) models is performed by predicting the surface roughness (Ra) of the ten samples. It is discovered that the NN model underperforms with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.76 μm, as opposed to its counterpart GPR model, exhibiting RMSE of 0.82 μm. Additionally, analyses of the surface characteristics of the fabricated samples, the surface profiles, and impact of such a predictive model are provided.

In the present paper, we apply a debriefing technique aided by eye movement recordings to elicitation of clinical reasoning processes during chest x-rays diagnosis. It can be expected that this technique allows us to obtain elaborated information regarding hidden cognitive processes compared to conventional verbal protocol approach. Two experiments where medical tasks of 20 medical doctors (10 majoring in radiology/ respiratology and 10 majoring in surgery/acute medicine) on diagnosis of chest x-rays images were recorded with a video camera and an eye tracking system were performed. In the first experiment, each one of 5 chest x-rays having four patterns of cancer, pneumonia, normal and others were shown. A participant was asked to make his/her diagnosis decisions about whether each of chest x-rays. Immediately afterwards, a debriefing where each eye tracking recording was used as a cue to verbalize the participant’s implicit diagnosis processes was conducted. In the second experiment, a comparative diagnosis on the current patient’s status was carried out. Five pairs of x-rays images were shown to each participant. In each pair, one was a current image and the other one was an image taken a year ago. The participant examined the current patient’s status by identifying small changes with time. The debriefing stimulated by eye movement recordings was performed just after the task. Based on the verbal protocols form the debriefing session, each participant’s reasoning processes were traced. The results indicated that there were mainly four effective reasoning strategies as followings: Postponement of lung field interpretation, avoidance of preconception by applying redundant scanning rule, critical area revisited, and complying with one’s mental check-list at any moment. At the same time, one problematic strategy was also identified that can be named as “single lesion focusing strategy.” Based on all results as well as implications obtained, we discuss insights relating to effective medical reasoning processes as well as validity of verbal protocols/comments on eye mark recordings.

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) allow users to interact with machines without involving muscles. Patients with heavy motor impairment can benefit from these systems. Different states of mind of a user are discriminated to translate them into basic commands (left, right, etc.). But traditional BCI are mainly based on visual attention, and users can be quickly tired (eye fatigue, repetitive tasks, etc.). In some cases, the sight is not available for a relevant BCI, while the sense of touch can remain usable.We have implemented an electroencephalography-based BCI using the user's sense of touch. This paper describes the design and study of two BCI applications controlled by an Steady-State Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials (SSSEP), over a control group of 10 healthy subjects.We use two mechanical vibrators (C2 tactors) taped to each wrist. When they vibrate at a specific frequency, SSSEP are measurable on the electroencephalography. A somatosensory gating is the capacity of the brain to filter out stimuli perceived as redundant or irrelevant during a goal-oriented activity. This phenomenon is exploited in our BCI by asking users to imagine themselves moving their arms (motor imagery) while they are perceiving vibrations on them. These intentions are detectable in 4 possible classes (idle, left arm, right arm, and both arms simultaneous).The first application is a 2-level puzzle called SokoBCI, in which the user controls the motion of a 3D avatar and have to reach different locations to plant trees. The second application consists of driving a go-kart around a figure-of-eight track. For both applications, the main instruction given to the users is to perform the task as fast as possible. The major difference between these applications is inertia, present in the kart model, and not in SokoBCI. SokoBCI levels design and the road circuit are designed to balance the use of turns and forward commands. The "idle" command is used as a default state of mind command, therefore, it should be avoided during active control of the application. The rhythm of the command during a block, and therefore the presence of mechanical stimulations, as well as the feedback and breaks, are cued using a three-colour light.Each participant performed 4 blocks of recordings, for each application. Each block lasts around 7 minutes, except in SokoBCI if the levels are finished before, and have a fixed Sham feedback accuracy. Sham feedback is used to artificially fix the performance of the system. The accuracy is fixed during a block and could take the values: 45%, 60%, 75% and 90%. The four possible accuracies are tested once for each application during the session. Applications and tested accuracies order are pseudo-random. The applications (design and goal), as well as the given instructions are designed so that one or two (max) commands are "good" at each step, depending on the current state of the applications.We measure two kinds of data:- Quantitative: at the beginning and end of each series of 4 blocks, i.e. beginning and end of one application, a questionnaire about the awakeness, fatigue, mood orientation or experienced pain level from the stimulation of the vibration is given to the participant.In addition, at the end of every block, a NASA Task Load Index and System Usability Scale questionnaire are filled up by the users.- Qualitative: at the end of the session, a short interview is also conducted.We collect the user's perception of the experiment and Sham feedback.Using the SUS scores (0-100), we build a model of the relationship between the accuracy of the system and the perceived usability of each application. Therefore, we can predict a range of accuracies to reach, in order to achieve a specific degree of perceived usability. For example, thanks to our model, an accuracy of 80% is matched to a SUS Score of 70, which itself could be qualified as "Good", according to the well-known mapping between SUS Score and adjectives.

Introducción: La consolidación del desarrollo urbano es asociada a la movilidad, en mayor medida si se trata de AUTOPISTAS. Involucrando lógicas propias y autónomas, resultan funcionales exclusivamente a sus fines: contener y conducir de modo eficiente el flujo vehicular, partiendo de imponer sus también propios condicionamientos espaciales -estructuras de soporte, intercambiadores, organizadores bajo, sobre y a nivel, puentes, túneles, pantallas visuales, entre otros-. Queda afectado entonces el sector del territorio sobre el que descienden, por una secuencia dominantemente lineal de distintas categorías de impactos, vinculados además al nivel de consolidación urbana. Como producto de la interacción entre Fijos y Flujos -TERRITORIO/ AUTOPISTAS-, es que surgen las Situaciones Intersticiales urbanas, encaradas aquí desde un origen investigativo en donde el Intersticio fue entendido como diferencia entre entidades territoriales anteriores y nuevas superpuestas, redundante en hibridación material o funcional de respectivas condiciones originales, y abordado como producto de acciones y relaciones sociales, temporales y espaciales. Este espacio intersticial, fue considerado entonces información ineludible al abordar operaciones sobre áreas urbanas en correlato con flujos de movilidad autopistas. Objetivos: Se pretende generar un corpus de inferencias conducente a la elaboración de futuros diagnósticos, pautas y estrategias, a fin de “mitigar” los impactos afectantes e irresueltos que producen la sumatoria de situaciones intersticiales y remanentes espaciales, para ser eficientemente incorporados como variables a tomar en cuenta en los estudios del territorio en tanto urbano. Metodología: Los datos emergen de la aplicación de un instrumento de lectura e interpretación sistémica que atiende a la complejidad del tejido urbano y la superposición de estratos físicos y fenomenológicos: Herramienta Intersticio, en situaciones intersticiales “bajo autopista” en un recorte de Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires/ RMBA – Argentina. Conclusiones: Conclusiones genéricas producto del análisis, evidencian que el Flujo Autopista-AU corta/secciona a la CIUDAD, aceptado como hecho consumado su implantación y descenso en aras de la conectividad del territorio. Los DETERMINANTES ESPACIALES (modulación, soporte, senda-techo entre otros) condicionan las apropiaciones de manera tal que sea cual fuere el carácter del ámbito de inserción, contexto y autopista establecen un vínculo que–rozando en algunos casos la indiferencia-, no incita a contexto y autopista establecen un vínculo que–rozando en algunos casos la indiferencia-, no incita a “pleitos” urbanos verificables… Una adecuación (voluntaria?) que no evita que programa y usos predominantes, incidan desde este status quo en la dinámica del sitio… Aunque en muchos casos no difieran de los propios del sector de pertenencia, domina el conflicto en el escenario y su función de uso, situación que no ocurre cuando el mismo uso tiene una pertenencia al tejido urbano de la ciudad: es que la Autopista deja en su abajo, una suerte de confusión entre lo público y lo privado, que sumada a la incidencia de estructura de soporte y plano superior límite, hacen que se produzcan siempre indefiniciones y/o conflictos -problemas propios de las infraestructuras en el territorio cuando no poseen diagnósticos desde la gestión de pertenencia-. Afrontar específicamente la evaluación de las condiciones de habitabilidad de las situaciones intersticiales estudiadas y/o la determinación de casos pasibles de una optimización -reconfiguración de la situación presente-, conducen a reconocer la necesidad de una proyección del “sobre” y “bajo” autopista de manera conjunta. Sumado a lo anterior, se confirma como necesaria la planificación previa de los intersticios “bajo autopista”, apoyada en el estudio realizado en esta investigación, desde una potencialidad espacial latente y mal aprovechada, así como desde la anarquía evidente que los distintos usos-programas encontrados en esos espacios de muestra, en general con calidad urbana degradada. El ineludible vínculo entre el desarrollo urbano y la movilidad, deberá contar con instrumentos propios que contemplen estos espacios, no como remanente de una intervención, sino de manera sostenible, compatible con la preservación y mejora del medioambiente natural y urbano, contribuyendo por las actividades que induce, directa e indirectamente en la formación de capital social. Introduction: Urban consolidation development is associated to motility, in great part if is referred to HIGHWAYS. Involving own and autonomy logics, they results functionality exclusively to its purpose: to content and conduce in an efficient way vehicular fluxes, starting from impose its own spatial conditions - support structures, organizing under and upper level of bridges panels, tunnels, visuals screens, and so on-. The territorial sector where it happens this descending is affected because of a domineerig lineal sequence of different categories of impacts entailed besides to urban consolidation level. As a product of interaction between Fix and Fluxes -TERRITORY/ HIHGWAYS-, is that appears urban Interstitials Situations, faced here from an investigative origin where Interstice was understood as the difference between previous territorial entities and new ones superposed, redounding in material or functional hybridization of respective original conditions, and boarded as a product of social, and spatial actions and relations. So, this interstitial space, was considered unavoidable information when boarding operations over urban areas in relation with motility fluxes highways. Objectives: The research, presently in development pretends to fix regulations and strategies appointing to a systematically formulation of typological patterns taking in account interstitially space, unavoidable information to face actions over urban areas in relation with motility high-way fluxes and appropriation in the under high-way. Methodologies: Is based in data emerging from the application of a reading and systemic interpretation instrument appointing to the complexity of urban tissue and the superposition of physics and phenomenological layers, -Interstitial Tool-, in interstitials situations “under highway” in a fragment of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region / RMBA – Argentina. By other way, digital descriptions are used as the best choice for representing all this process –still unfinished-, by the application of digital methods to board the understanding of the mentioned urban problematic. Conclusions: Generic conclusions as result of the analysis, put in evidence that the motility high-way fluxes cuts/sections the CITY, accepted its implantation and descent as a consummated fact in account of territorial connectivity. SPATIAL DETERMINING (modulation, support, way-cover between others), conditions appropriations in that way, that it doesn’t matter character of the insertion contour; context and highway establishes a nexus; an urban adequation (voluntary or involuntary) that cannot avoid that programs and uses doesn’t fall into a sort of accepted status quo, even if in much cases have no difference from proper uses of the insertion area; conflict takes possession of the scene and its uses, all that because the highway leaves in its “under” a sort of confusion between public and privat activities, adding to this, the incidence of the supporting structure and upper plane that conduces always to not resulted conditions and/or conflicts proper from this kind of infrastructures over territories when there isn’t governmental diagnostics and actions-. The evaluation of specific conditions of habitability of the interstitial situations mentioned, must be boarded to be changed, as well as those cases apt to be optimized, producing a reconfiguration of present situation. There is a responsibility about a simultaneous design of the upper and under highways. The unavoidable bond between urban development and motility must depend on, own instruments that overview those spaces , not as remnants of another intervention but in a sustainability way, compatible with preservation and an natural and urban ambient improvement, contributing to all that makes direct or indirectly to construct the social capital of urban areas.