Journal articles: 'Redundancy'

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Kanno, Yoshihiro, and Yakov Ben-Haim. "Redundancy and Robustness, or When Is Redundancy Redundant?" Journal of Structural Engineering 137, no. 9 (September 2011): 935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000416.

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Barnard, Catherine. "Redundant approaches to redundancy." Cambridge Law Journal 59, no. 1 (March 2000): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819730033001x.

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THE apparently straightforward definition of redundancy contained in section 139 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 has generated a disproportionate and confused body of case law. In essence, redundancy pay is payable in three situations: the business disappears (s. 139(1)(a)(i)); the workplace disappears (s. 139(1)(a)(ii)); the job disappears (s. 139(1)(b)). As far as the disappearing workplace is concerned, recent cases have shown the courts taking a more pragmatic approach. The old contractual test laid down in UK Atomic Energy Authority v. Claydon [1974] I.C.R. 128 (where, by my contract, can I be required to work?) has been replaced by the geographic approach (where, in practice, do I work?): Bass Leisure Ltd v. Thomas [1994] I.R.L.R. 104 (E.A.T.) and High Table v. Horst [1997] I.R.L.R. 513 (C.A.). A similar pragmatism can be detected in the House of Lords' ruling in Murray v. Foyle Meats Ltd. [1999] I.R.L.R. 562 concerning the third aspect of the definition of redundancy, the disappearing job (s. 139(1)(b)).

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Harada, Takashi. "Mode changes of redundantly actuated asymmetric parallel mechanism." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 3 (May 26, 2015): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215588479.

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A novel parallel mechanism which enlarges the workspace by singularity-free mode changes is proposed. The proposed mechanism has inherited the design of Linear DELTA, three translational degree-of-freedom and the moving plate driven by three linear actuators. In addition, the mechanism is extended by redundant actuation by four linear actuators and asymmetric design. New criterions about redundancy and singularity of redundantly actuated parallel mechanism using summation and product of determinants of minor matrices of the transposed Jacobian matrix are proposed. Redundant actuation and asymmetric design enables singularity-free mode changes with loss redundancy but maintains non-singularity, which is evaluated by the proposed criterions. Numerical simulations demonstrate the singularity-free mode changes of the proposed mechanism.

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Gitay, Habiba, J. Bastow Wilson, and William G. Lee. "Species Redundancy: A Redundant Concept?" Journal of Ecology 84, no. 1 (February 1996): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261706.

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Cymek, D. H., S. Jahn, and D. H. Manzey. "Monitoring and Cross-Checking Automation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601033.

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The present study addresses effects of human redundancy on automation monitoring and cross-checking. Thirty-six participants performed a multi-task, consisting of three subtasks that mimic basic work demands of operators in a control room of a chemical plant. One of the tasks was to monitor and cross-check a highly reliable and safety-critical automated process. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: (1) “Non-redundant”: participants worked on all tasks alone as the only responsible operator. (2) “Redundant”: participants were informed that a second crewmate would work in parallel on the automation monitoring task and that they both were responsible for ensuring safe operation of the automation. Results provide evidence for social loafing effects in automation cross-checking. Participants working redundantly with another crewmate were found to cross-check the automation significantly less than participants, who were working alone. Even if the combined team performance of the participants working in the redundant condition was considered, the number of cross-checks did not significantly differ from the performance in the non-redundant condition. This result suggests that human redundancy can induce social loafing effects which fully compensate a possible reliability gain intended to be achieved by this measure. It challenges the often stated assumption that “four eyes see more than two” and shows that human redundancy does not necessarily lead to enhanced safety in automation monitoring.

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Liu, Lu, Xin Chen, and Dong Cao. "Research of Redundancy Management on Fight Control Computer for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1573.

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Redundancy technology is very important to improve the reliability and fault tolerant of redundant flight control computer for unmanned aerial vehicle. The key technology is redundancy management strategies and methods. The redundancy management strategies and methods are researched based on hardware redundancy and software management for the sample redundant flight control computer The redundancy management strategies make full use of the advantages of distributed systems and the CAN bus transmission characteristics, and solve the problem of fault diagnosis and fault treatment and system reconfiguration. Results show that the strategies meet the design specifications of application requirements.

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Conkur, E. Sahin, and Rob Buckingham. "Clarifying the definition of redundancy as used in robotics." Robotica 15, no. 5 (September 1997): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574797000672.

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Several descriptions of redundancy are presented in the literature, often from widely different perspectives. Therefore, a discussion of these various definitions and the salient points would be appropriate. In particular, any definition and redundancy needs to cover the following issues; the difference between multiple solutions and an infinite number of solutions; degenerate solutions to inverse kinematics; task redundancy; and the distinction between non-redundant, redundant and highly redundant manipulators.

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Wu, J., J.-S. Wang, L.-P. Wang, and T.-M. Li. "Dexterity and stiffness analysis of a three-degree-of-freedom planar parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes456.

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The current paper deals with the dexterity and stiffness of a three-degree of freedom (DOF) planar parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy, which is a subpart of a four-DOF-hybrid machine tool. Based on the kinematics, the dexterity is analysed. The stiffness indices, which are the maximum deflection of the moving platform under the action of a unit force and the minimum eigenvalue of the stiffness matrix of the manipulator, are presented for investigating the stiffness. According to the minimum eigenvalue index, it is proved that actuation redundancy can improve the stiffness of the parallel manipulator. Moreover, the relationship between the singular configuration and the stiffness of the parallel manipulator is discussed. Compared with the corresponding non-redundant parallel manipulator without the redundant link, the redundantly actuated parallel manipulator has better dexterity and higher stiffness.

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Ma, Shugen, Shigeo Hirose, and Hiroshi Yoshinada. "Efficient Redundancy Control of Redundant Manipulators." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 14, no. 5 (1996): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.14.703.

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Potkonjak, Veljko. "Application of redundant robots to constrained-motion tasks." Robotica 10, no. 5 (September 1992): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700010602.

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SUMMARYThe problem of the constrained motion of robot end-effector is discussed. The redundant robot is considered, redundancy being added in order to improve robot working characteristics. In the phase of free motion towards the constraint the errors of basic non-redundant configuration are corrected by means of redundancy. During the constrained motion redundancy plays the role either of active or passive compliance. Between these two phases, the collision with the constraint occurs, and the impact can be absorbed by using redundancy.

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Okabe, Kousuke. "Kinematic redundancy: Kinetics for use with redundant manipulators." Open Access Government 38, no. 1 (April 11, 2023): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-038-10675.

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Kinematic redundancy: Kinetics for use with redundant manipulators Kousuke Okabe, an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, explores kinematic redundancy and the redundant manipulator using the Grassmann algebra. In recent years, the industrial world has witnessed the launch of manipulators with kinematic redundancy such as those from Yaskawa Electric Corporation's MOTOMAN-SIA series. However, for many of these, redundancy is applied kinematically, through contact avoidance between the arm and the environment, and not dynamically. The robot's operations include contact avoidance and turning movements. Much of the time when it is not required, the redundancy is not utilised, but rather consumes more energy due to the increased weight.

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Corradi, David, Dawit Tibebu Trinenuh, Geraldine Clarebout, and Jan Elen. "How Multiple External Representations Can Help or Constrain Learning in Science." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 13, no. 3 (2014): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.13.3.411.

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Redundant information has been found to be an important factor that can limit or enhance learning with multiple external representations (MER). As such, it is seen as a crucial factor in understanding how MER can help increase conceptual understanding with low prior knowledge learners, especially when these representations are presented in a sequence. In this study, multiple levels of redundant information are compared with each other to understand how redundancy determines learning with MER when these MER are sequenced. Ninety-two participants, undergraduates in education (age: M = 19.92 years, SD = 2.78 years), with low prior knowledge of the subject of chemistry participated in pretest-intervention-posttest randomized design to study texts and pictorial representations in a sequence. More specifically, we compared (a) 0% redundancy in MER, (b) 25% redundancy, (c) 50% redundancy, and (d) 100% redundancy. Results indicate that partial redundant information leads to the largest increase in understanding and ideas remembered.

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Wang, Hai Tao, Jian Zhou Li, Yan Li, Xue Ping Zhang, and Hui Chen. "A Probabilistic Based Redundancy Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.718.

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Existing redundancy control algorithms in WSN often have some evident shortcomings such as hypothesis is too much, application backgrounds are not clear, the precision of redundancy control is low and computing complexity is high. In this paper a probabilistic based redundancy control algorithm (PBRCA) is proposed. Aiming at specific application scenarios, PBRCA introduces the probabilistic estimation theory, taking uncertainty in reasonable range as cost to determine redundant nodes in network and allow as many redundant nodes as possible to sleep. This algorithm requires fewer assumed conditions and less computational complexity as well as high flexibility. In addition, it can adapt to various redundancy control requirements of WSN with different network scales and node densities. Simulation results show that, PBRCA can control network topology node redundancy effectively with little cost and improve network efficiency.

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Anton, E., R. Righter, and I. M. Verloop. "Scheduling under redundancy." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 50, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3561074.3561085.

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In the present extended abstract we investigate the impact that the scheduling policy has on the performance of redundancy systems when the usual exponentially distributed i.i.d. copies assumption is relaxed. In particular, we investigate the performance, in terms of the total number of jobs in the system, not only for redundancy-oblivious policies, such as FCFS (First-Come-First-Serve) and ROS (Random- Order-of-Service), but also for redundancy-aware policies of the form Π1-?2, where Π1 discriminates among job classes and Π2 discriminates among jobs of the same class. Examples of first-level policies are LRF (Least-Redundant-First) and MRF (Most-Redundant-First), where under LRF, respectively MRF, within a server jobs with fewer copies, respectively more copies, have priority over jobs with more copies, respectively fewer copies. Second-level policies could be FCFS or ROS.

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Ju, Jeongwoo, Heechul Jung, and Junmo Kim. "Extending Contrastive Learning to Unsupervised Redundancy Identification." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 2201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042201.

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Modern deep neural network (DNN)-based approaches have delivered great performance for computer vision tasks; however, they require a massive annotation cost due to their data-hungry nature. Hence, given a fixed budget and unlabeled examples, improving the quality of examples to be annotated is a clever step to obtain good generalization of DNN. One of key issues that could hurt the quality of examples is the presence of redundancy, in which the most examples exhibit similar visual context (e.g., same background). Redundant examples barely contribute to the performance but rather require additional annotation cost. Hence, prior to the annotation process, identifying redundancy is a key step to avoid unnecessary cost. In this work, we proved that the coreset score based on cosine similarity (cossim) is effective for identifying redundant examples. This is because the collective magnitude of the gradient over redundant examples exhibits a large value compared to the others. As a result, contrastive learning first attempts to reduce the loss of redundancy. Consequently, cossim for the redundancy set exhibited a high value (low coreset score). We first viewed the redundancy identification as the gradient magnitude. In this way, we effectively removed redundant examples from two datasets (KITTI, BDD10K), resulting in a better performance in terms of detection and semantic segmentation.

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Wang, Jinsong, Jun Wu, Tiemin Li, and Xinjun Liu. "Workspace and singularity analysis of a 3-DOF planar parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy." Robotica 27, no. 1 (January 2009): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574708004517.

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SUMMARYThis paper deals with the position workspace, orientation workspace, and singularity of a 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy, which is created by introducing a redundant link with active actuator to a 3-DOF nonredundant parallel manipulator. Based on the kinematic analysis, the position workspace and orientation workspace of the redundantly actuated parallel manipulator and its corresponding nonredundant parallel manipulator are analyzed, respectively. In the singularity analysis phase, the relationship between the generalized input velocity and the generalized output velocity is researched on the basis of the theory of singular value decomposition. Then a method to investigate the singularity of parallel manipulators is presented, which is used to determine the singularity of the redundantly actuated parallel manipulator. In contrast to the corresponding nonredundant parallel manipulator, the redundant one has larger orientation workspace and less singular configurations. The redundantly actuated parallel manipulator is incorporated into a 4-DOF hybrid machine tool which also includes a feed worktable to demonstrate its applicability.

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Nguyen, Anh Tuan, Jian Xu, Diu Khue Luu, Qi Zhao, and Zhi Yang. "Advancing System Performance with Redundancy: From Biological to Artificial Designs." Neural Computation 31, no. 3 (March 2019): 555–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01166.

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Redundancy is a fundamental characteristic of many biological processes such as those in the genetic, visual, muscular, and nervous systems, yet its driven mechanism has not been fully comprehended. Until recently, the only understanding of redundancy is as a mean to attain fault tolerance, which is reflected in the design of many man-made systems. On the contrary, our previous work on redundant sensing (RS) has demonstrated an example where redundancy can be engineered solely for enhancing accuracy and precision. The design was inspired by the binocular structure of human vision, which we believe may share a similar operation. In this letter, we present a unified theory describing how such utilization of redundancy is feasible through two complementary mechanisms: representational redundancy (RPR) and entangled redundancy (ETR). We also point out two additional examples where our new understanding of redundancy can be applied to justify a system's superior performance. One is the human musculoskeletal system (HMS), a biological instance, and the other is the deep residual neural network (ResNet), an artificial counterpart. We envision that our theory would provide a framework for the future development of bio-inspired redundant artificial systems, as well as assist studies of the fundamental mechanisms governing various biological processes.

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Müller, Andreas. "On the terminology and geometric aspects of redundant parallel manipulators." Robotica 31, no. 1 (April 20, 2012): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574712000173.

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SUMMARYParallel kinematics machines (PKMs) can exhibit kinematics as well as actuation redundancy. While the meaning of kinematic redundancy has been already clarified for serial manipulators, actuation redundancy, which is only possible in PKMs, is differently classified in the literature. In this paper a consistent terminology for general redundant PKM is proposed. A kinematic model is introduced with the configuration space (c-space) as central part. The notion of kinematic redundancy is recalled for PKM. C-space, output, and input singularities are distinguished. The significance of the c-space geometry is emphasized, and it is pointed out geometrically that input singularities can be avoided by redundant actuation schemes. In order to distinguish different actuation schemes of PKM, a nonlinear control system is introduced whose dynamics evolves on c-space. The degree of actuation (DOA) is introduced as the number of independent control vector fields, and PKMs are classified as full-actuated and underactuated machines. Relating this DOA to degree of freedom allows to classify the actuation redundancy.

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Isern, E., and J. Figueras. "IDDQ Detectable Bridges in Combinational CMOS Circuits." VLSI Design 5, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/93809.

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Undetectable stuck-at faults in combinational circuits are related to the existence of logic redundancy (s-redundancy). Similarly, logically equivalent nodes may cause some bridging faults to become undetectable by IDDQ testing. An efficient method for the identification and removal of such functionally equivalent nodes (f-redundant nodes) in combinational circuits is presented. OBDD graphs are used to identify the functional equivalence of candidate to f-redundancy nodes. An f-redundancy removal algorithm based on circuit transformations to improve bridging fault testability, is also proposed. The efficiency of the identification and removal of f-redundancy has been evaluated on a set of benchmark circuits.

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Royal, Kenneth D., Kurt O. Gilliland, and Georgette A. Dent. "A Student-Led Methodology for Evaluating Curricular Redundancy." Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation 10, no. 23 (March 13, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v10i23.386.

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Background: Curricular redundancy can be a significant problem for any educational curriculum. Redundancy can be both desirable and undesirable, but differentiating the two can be quite challenging. Further, pinpointing undesirable redundancy and quantifying it so as to produce an estimate of inefficiency is even more difficult. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to describe a student-led strategy for evaluating redundancy in a highly integrated medical school curriculum. It is our hope that the methodology presented here will serve as a useful evaluation model for persons attempting similar work in various educational arenas. Setting: A highly-integrated medical school at a large public university. Intervention: This research did not require an intervention. Research Design: We identified two advanced medical students and asked them to identify redundant material across the first two years of the medical school curriculum. The students had to operationalize ‘redundancy’, develop an evaluation plan/framework, and evaluate the extent to which undesirable redundancy was prevalent in the current curriculum. Data Collection and Analysis: Students reviewed course syllabi, notes, and materials and documented the amount of redundant material they found in the curriculum. Findings: A total of approximately 167 hours, or 8.35 weeks, could be eliminated from the curriculum; the vast majority of the redundancy occurred as a result of small group activities.

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Cașcaval, Petru, and Florin Leon. "Optimization Methods for Redundancy Allocation in Hybrid Structure Large Binary Systems." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 3698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193698.

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This paper addresses the issue of optimal redundancy allocation in hybrid structure large binary systems. Two aspects of optimization are considered: (1) maximizing the reliability of the system under the cost constraint, and (2) obtaining the necessary reliability at a minimum cost. The complex binary system considered in this work is composed of many subsystems with redundant structure. To cover most of the cases encountered in practice, the following kinds of redundancy are considered: active redundancy, passive redundancy, hybrid standby redundancy with a hot or warm reserve and possibly other cold ones, triple modular redundancy (TMR) structure with control facilities and cold spare components, static redundancy: triple modular redundancy or 5-modular redundancy (5MR), TMR/Simplex with cold standby redundancy, and TMR/Duplex with cold standby redundancy. A classic evolutionary algorithm highlights the complexity of this optimization problem. To master the complexity of this problem, two fundamentally different optimization methods are proposed: an improved evolutionary algorithm and a zero-one integer programming formulation. To speed up the search process, a lower bound is determined first. The paper highlights the difficulty of these optimization problems for large systems and, based on numerical results, shows the effectiveness of zero-one integer programming.

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Singh, Harshinder, and Neeraj Misra. "On redundancy allocations in systems." Journal of Applied Probability 31, no. 4 (December 1994): 1004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215324.

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Allocation of a redundant component in a system in order to optimize, in some sense, the lifetime of the system is an important problem in reliability theory, having practical applications. Consider a series system consisting of two components (say C1 and C2), having independent random lifetimes X1 and X2, and suppose a component C having random lifetime X (independent of X1 and X2) is available for active redundancy with one of the components. Let U1 = min(max(X1, X), X2) and U2 = min(X1, max(X2, X)), so that U1 (U2) denote the lifetime of a system obtained by allocating C to C1 (C2). We consider the criterion where C1 is preferred to C2 for redundancy allocation if . Here we investigate the problem of allocating C to C1 or C2, with respect to the above criterion. We also consider the standby redundancy for series and parallel systems with respect to the above criterion. The problem of allocating an active redundant component in order that the resulting system has the smallest failure rate function is also considered and it is observed that unlike stochastic optimization, here the lifetime distribution of the redundant component also plays a role, making the problem of even active redundancy allocation more complex.

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Gao, Zhihui, Chao Yun, and Yushu Bian. "Minimizing joint‐torques of the flexible redundant manipulator on the premise of vibration suppression." International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 1, no. 4 (October 17, 2008): 634–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17563780810919168.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine a new idea of vibration control which minimizes joint‐torques and suppresses vibration of the flexible redundant manipulator.Design/methodology/approachUsing the kinematics redundancy feature of the flexible redundant manipulator, the self‐motion in the joint space can be properly chosen to both suppress vibration and minimize joint‐torques.FindingsThe study shows that the flexible redundant manipulator still has the second optimization feature on the premise of vibration suppression. The second optimization feature can be used to minimize joint‐torques on the premise of vibration suppression.Research limitations/implicationsTo a flexible redundant manipulator, its joint‐torques and vibration can be reduced simultaneously via its kinematics redundancy feature.Practical implicationsThe method and algorithm discussed in the paper can be used to minimize joint‐torques and suppress vibration for the flexible redundant manipulator.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the study on improving dynamic performance of the flexible redundant manipulator via its kinematics redundancy feature. The second optimization capability of the flexible redundant manipulator is discovered and used to both minimize joint‐torques and suppress vibration.

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Wu, Ping Li. "The Implementation Scheme of DCS Redundancy Fault-Tolerant in the Process Industry Control." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.840.

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Process industry control put very high demands on the reliability of DCS. Application of Redundancy Fault-tolerant Technology is one of the most effective way to improve the reliability of DCS. In this paper, we elaborated on the implementation scheme of DCS redundancy fault-tolerant in process industry control, which includes the configuration of DCS hardware system redundancy, the redundant fault-tolerant realization method of I/O module, etc.

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Sun, Qiao, Shaokun Jia, Jie Zhang, Kunpeng Zhao, Zhixiang Li, and Bo Yu. "Research on redundant control mode of coordinated controller based on dual control cores." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021302006.

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Dual CPU redundant operation of PLC is of great significance to the reliability of industrial automation control system. In view of the problems existing in the traditional dual CPU PLC redundancy control mode based on hardware strategy, this paper proposes a dual CPU redundancy control idea based on software strategy, and describes in detail the specific scheme of Dual CPU redundancy software design using A-B ControlLogix series PLC.

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Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung, and Chang-Hua Yen. "Service redundancy in fine dining: evidence from Taiwan." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 830–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-09-2017-0574.

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Purpose Service excellence has been recognized as a crucial means of achieving customer delight. Several recent studies have argued that redundant services may be perceived as unnecessary by customers; however, few studies have explored the construct of service redundancy. This study aims to identify and classify service redundancy in the foodservice industry. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews with 72 participants, namely, 36 customers and 36 managers of fine dining restaurants in Taiwan. Content analysis of the data yielded the classification of service redundancy. Findings This study determined 16 categories of service redundancy categorized under three themes: service behavior, service regulations and environmental factors. Furthermore, six causes and four consequences of service redundancy were identified. Research limitations/implications Customers and managers of fine dining restaurants were interviewed; thus, the findings may not be fully generalizable to service redundancy in other restaurant types. Originality/value The contribution of this research is the construction of a model of service redundancy, which could serve as a theoretical foundation for further examination of service redundancy and the relationships between the related constructs.

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Singh, Harshinder, and Neeraj Misra. "On redundancy allocations in systems." Journal of Applied Probability 31, no. 04 (December 1994): 1004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200099526.

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Allocation of a redundant component in a system in order to optimize, in some sense, the lifetime of the system is an important problem in reliability theory, having practical applications. Consider a series system consisting of two components (say C 1 and C 2), having independent random lifetimes X 1 and X 2, and suppose a component C having random lifetime X (independent of X 1 and X 2) is available for active redundancy with one of the components. Let U 1 = min(max(X 1, X), X 2) and U 2 = min(X 1, max(X 2, X)), so that U 1 (U 2) denote the lifetime of a system obtained by allocating C to C 1 (C 2). We consider the criterion where C 1 is preferred to C 2 for redundancy allocation if . Here we investigate the problem of allocating C to C 1 or C 2, with respect to the above criterion. We also consider the standby redundancy for series and parallel systems with respect to the above criterion. The problem of allocating an active redundant component in order that the resulting system has the smallest failure rate function is also considered and it is observed that unlike stochastic optimization, here the lifetime distribution of the redundant component also plays a role, making the problem of even active redundancy allocation more complex.

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Lin, Lin, Jian Tang, and Ling Yu. "Non-Utility and Redundancy of Modern Architectural Space." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 1801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1801.

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Redundancy has penetrated into literature, art, architecture and many other areas with the arrival of redundancy era, which significantly impact on architecture. This paper discusses the important role of redundant space, also called non-utility space, in architecture from four dimensions of philosophical view within redundant space, material and spiritual value of space and serving as medium space, using a philosophical way of taking architecture as part of historical events.

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DUATO, JOSÉ. "A THEORY TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE REDUNDANCY IN WORMHOLE NETWORKS." Parallel Processing Letters 04, no. 01n02 (June 1994): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626494000144.

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Fault-tolerant systems aim at providing continuous operations in the presence of faults. Multicomputers rely on an interconnection network between processors to support the message-passing mechanism. Therefore, the reliability of the interconnection network is very important for the reliability of the whole system. This paper analyses the effective redundancy available in a wormhole network by combining connectivity and deadlock freedom. Redundancy is defined at the channel level, giving a sufficient condition for a channel to be redundant and computing the set of redundant channels. The redundancy level of the network is also defined, proposing a theorem that supplies a lower bound for it. Finally, a fault-tolerant routing algorithm based on the former theory is proposed.

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Grillo, Sebastián Alberto, José Luis Vázquez Noguera, Julio César Mello Mello Román, Miguel García-Torres, Jacques Facon, Diego P. Pinto-Roa, Luis Salgueiro Salgueiro Romero, Francisco Gómez-Vela, Laura Raquel Bareiro Paniagua, and Deysi Natalia Leguizamon Correa. "Redundancy Is Not Necessarily Detrimental in Classification Problems." Mathematics 9, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9222899.

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In feature selection, redundancy is one of the major concerns since the removal of redundancy in data is connected with dimensionality reduction. Despite the evidence of such a connection, few works present theoretical studies regarding redundancy. In this work, we analyze the effect of redundant features on the performance of classification models. We can summarize the contribution of this work as follows: (i) develop a theoretical framework to analyze feature construction and selection, (ii) show that certain properly defined features are redundant but make the data linearly separable, and (iii) propose a formal criterion to validate feature construction methods. The results of experiments suggest that a large number of redundant features can reduce the classification error. The results imply that it is not enough to analyze features solely using criteria that measure the amount of information provided by such features.

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Miglino, Orazio, and Richard Walker. "Genetic Redundancy in Evolving Populations of Simulated Robots." Artificial Life 8, no. 3 (July 2002): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454602320991855.

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A number of authors have argued that redundancy in biological organisms contributes to their evolvability. We investigate this hypothesis via the experimental manipulation of genetic redundancy in evolving populations of simulated robots controlled by artificial neural networks. A genetic algorithm is used to simulate the evolution of robots with the ability to perform a previously studied task. Redundancy is measured using systematic lesioning. In our experiments, populations of robots with larger genotypes achieve systematically higher fitness than populations whose genotypes are smaller. It is shown that, in principle, robots with smaller genotypes have enough computational power to achieve optimal fitness. Populations with larger (redundant) genotypes appear, however, to be more evolvable and display significantly higher diversity. It is argued that this enhanced evolvability is a direct effect of genetic redundancy, which allows populations of redundant robots to explore neutral networks spanning large areas of genotype space. We conjecture that, where cost considerations allow, redundancy in functional or potentially functional components of the genome may make a valuable contribution to evolution in artificial and perhaps in biological systems. The methods described in the article provide a practical way of testing this hypothesis for the artificial case.

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Wieringa, Mark. "The use of redundancy in interferometry – a comparison of redundancy and selfcal." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 131 (1991): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100013294.

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AbstractMany synthesis arrays currently in use have at least a few redundant baselines which can be used to derive model-independent telescope corrections. We discuss the relative merits of redundancy-based versus standard selfcalibration methods with respect to sensitivity to noise and interference. We then derive an approach to optimally combine the two methods for partially redundant arrays

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Ma, Shugen, and Dragomir N. Nenchev. "Real-Time Dynamic Redundancy Control of Redundant Manipulators." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 13, no. 5 (1995): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.13.704.

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Hung, Min‐Hsiung, and Jen‐Kuei Ting. "A novel redundancy index for kinematically redundant manipulators." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 30, no. 1 (January 2007): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2007.9671232.

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Borovinskaya, Ekaterina. "Redundancy-Free Models for Mathematical Descriptions of Three-Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde." Catalysts 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020207.

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A new approach on how to formulate redundancy-free models for mathematical descriptions of three-phase catalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde is presented. An automatically created redundant (generalized) model is formulated according to the complete reaction network. Models based on formal kinetics and kinetics concerning the Langmuir-Hinshelwood theory for three-phase catalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde were investigated. Redundancy-free models were obtained as a result of a step-by-step elimination of model parameters using sensitivity and interval analysis. Starting with 24 parameters in the redundant model, the redundancy-free model based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism contains 6 parameters, while the model based on formal kinetics includes only 4 parameters. Due to less degrees of freedom of molecular rotation in the adsorbed state, the probability of a direct conversion of cinnamaldehyde to 3-phenylpropanol according to the redundancy-free model based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood approach is practically negligible compared to the model based on formal kinetics.

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Cardenas, Ronald, Matthias Galle, and Shay B. Cohen. "On the Trade-off between Redundancy and Cohesiveness in Extractive Summarization." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 80 (June 6, 2024): 273–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.15191.

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Extractive summaries are usually presented as lists of sentences with no expected cohesion between them and with plenty of redundant information if not accounted for. In this paper, we investigate the trade-offs incurred when aiming to control for inter-sentential cohesion and redundancy in extracted summaries, and their impact on their informativeness. As case study, we focus on the summarization of long, highly redundant documents and consider two optimization scenarios, reward-guided and with no supervision. In the reward-guided scenario, we compare systems that control for redundancy and cohesiveness during sentence scoring. In the unsupervised scenario, we introduce two systems that aim to control all three properties --informativeness, redundancy, and cohesiveness-- in a principled way. Both systems implement a psycholinguistic theory that simulates how humans keep track of relevant content units and how cohesiveness and non-redundancy constraints are applied in short-term memory during reading. Extensive automatic and human evaluations reveal that systems optimizing for --among other properties-- cohesiveness are capable of better organizing content in summaries compared to systems that optimize only for redundancy, while maintaining comparable informativeness. We find that the proposed unsupervised systems manage to extract highly cohesive summaries across varying levels of document redundancy, although sacrificing informativeness in the process. Finally, we lay evidence as to how simulated cognitive processes impact the trade-off between the analysed summary properties.

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Stirzaker, Rebecca Jane, and Laura Galloway. "Ageing and redundancy and the silver lining of entrepreneurship." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 18, no. 2 (May 2017): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750317706441.

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The article reports a qualitative study of individuals aged 50+ who have been made redundant and subsequently started a firm or become self-employed. There is some literature on both entrepreneurship post-redundancy and amongst older people, but the intersection of these is little explored. In this article, the drivers and experiences of the redundant older entrepreneurs are explored and in particularly, they are viewed through the lens of Shapero and Sokol’s entrepreneurial event theory (1982). Findings include that entrepreneurship was triggered by redundancy, but though entirely reactionary, the outcomes are perceived as positive and contributory to lives, rendering the redundancy a blessing in disguise and the entrepreneurship a silver lining. The value of the article is in its exploration of a specific context of entrepreneurship, where age and redundancy are implicated not only as drivers but also as shapers of ongoing entrepreneurship. Implications for theory include that entrepreneurship occurs as a reflexive process, including both agential and structural considerations, and this explains contextualized entrepreneurship better than conceptualizations of the normative ‘entrepreneur’. Implications for policy include better understanding of the drivers and ongoing motivations of older (redundant) entrepreneurs will better inform, support and development of them and their enterprises.

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POURDARVISH, AHMAD, and ZAHRA RAMEZANI. "COLD STANDBY REDUNDANCY ALLOCATION IN A MULTI-LEVEL SERIES SYSTEM BY MEMETIC ALGORITHM." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 20, no. 03 (June 2013): 1340007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021853931340007x.

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Reliability improvement problems have much importance in various engineering systems. Real-world engineering systems contain multiple levels. So, a redundancy allocation problem (RAP) is an efficient method to improve the reliability. Different from existing approaches that consider either hot or cold standby redundancy for a component, our approach considers a multi-level cold standby redundancy allocation problem (MLCSRAP). In other words, MLCSRAP is considered for the module and component levels, simultaneously. The units are duplicated by cold standby redundant units. An optimization solution methodology based on a customized memetic algorithm (MA) is presented for obtaining the optimal reliability of configuration multi-level series. The optimal multi-level redundancy allocation provides the improved reliability and lower life cycle cost. The proposed multi-level cold standby redundancy is compared with a multi-level active redundancy. Also, we allocate the cold standby redundancy at all levels using hierarchical genetic algorithm and compare two algorithms together. Finally, the numerical example illustrates how the theoretical results obtained in this paper can be applied.

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Janda, Laura A., and Robert J. Reynolds. "Construal vs. redundancy: Russian aspect in context." Cognitive Linguistics 30, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 467–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0084.

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AbstractThe relationship between construal and redundancy has not been previously explored empirically. Russian aspect allows speakers to construe situations as either Perfective or Imperfective, but it is not clear to what extent aspect is determined by context and therefore redundant. We investigate the relationship between redundancy and open construal by surveying 501 native Russian speakers who rated the acceptability of both Perfective and Imperfective verb forms in complete extensive authentic contexts. We find that aspect is largely redundant in 81% of uses, and in 17% of contexts aspect is relatively open to construal. We contend that anchoring in redundant contexts likely facilitates the independence of construal in contexts with less redundancy. However further research is needed to discover what makes contexts redundant since known cues for aspect are absent in the majority of such contexts. Native speakers are fairly consistent in giving the original aspect high ratings, but less consistent in rating the non-original aspect, indicating potential problems in testing the reactions of speakers to non-authentic data.

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Lee, Raymond M. "Redundancy, Labour Markets and Informal Relations." Sociological Review 33, no. 3 (August 1985): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1985.tb02436.x.

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As a result of its ‘slimline’ plan put into effect in May 1980, the British Steel Corporation made nearly 6,000 workers redundant from its Abbey Works in Port Talbot. The relationship between redundancies at the plant, the labour market experiences of those made redundant and the way in which the two are mediated by informal relational structures is examined. It is argued (a) that the labour market chances of those made redundant were structured by the character of the redundancy process which made certain kinds of worker vulnerable to selection for redundancy; and (b) that the operation of the labour market changed as a result of the redundancies in ways which advantaged those among the redundant who were informally linked to certain kinds of opportunities on the demand side of the labour market. Some wider implications of the patterns found are discussed.

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Grishin, Vyacheslav, and Trong Vu. "Research methods to improve reliability of passive redundant control subsystems of aircraft with due consideration of tolerances." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2020, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2020-1-18-28.

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The paper studies the reliability of passively redundant subsystems of aircraft, taking into account tolerances for a decrease in their output parameters in case of sudden component failures. The influence of the reliability values of elements, tolerances of two levels and the redundancy ratio on the reliability of passively redundant subsystems as a whole have been investigated; the examples of such subsystems have been given. There have been presented the results of analysis of the aircraft subsystems features with allowance for tolerances. First of all, these include the availability of technical specifications and realized tolerances determined by the reservation structure; implementing each tolerance with different values of the multiplicities of redundancy; using the main tolerance grid by multiple backup methods; presence of critical probabilities narrowing the reliability range of the elements, where this type of reservation is beneficial from the range 0–1 to the range of the supercritical area (pkr–1). The influence of the element reliability values, tolerances of two levels and the redundancy ratio on the failure-free operation of passively redundant subsystems in general and in supercritical areas has been investigated. It is shown that the minimum redundancy multiplicities in the interests of increasing the reliability of the considered subsystems of aircraft are advantageous to use only with large tolerances and low probabilities of failure-free operation of their elements. Under close tolerances and any reliability values of elements, as well as with large tolerances (more than 25%), high reliability values of this class of aircraft subsystems can be achieved only with large redundancy multiplicities. It has been inferred that there are extreme reliability differences of a passively redundant subsystem and its element, which allows to set the task of developing highly reliable passively redundant subsystems of aircraft taking into account tolerances from relatively unreliable elements.

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Singh, Puneet, Sumitash Jana, Ashitava Ghosal, and Aditya Murthy. "Exploration of joint redundancy but not task space variability facilitates supervised motor learning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 50 (November 29, 2016): 14414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613383113.

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The number of joints and muscles in a human arm is more than what is required for reaching to a desired point in 3D space. Although previous studies have emphasized how such redundancy and the associated flexibility may play an important role in path planning, control of noise, and optimization of motion, whether and how redundancy might promote motor learning has not been investigated. In this work, we quantify redundancy space and investigate its significance and effect on motor learning. We propose that a larger redundancy space leads to faster learning across subjects. We observed this pattern in subjects learning novel kinematics (visuomotor adaptation) and dynamics (force-field adaptation). Interestingly, we also observed differences in the redundancy space between the dominant hand and nondominant hand that explained differences in the learning of dynamics. Taken together, these results provide support for the hypothesis that redundancy aids in motor learning and that the redundant component of motor variability is not noise.

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Kelkinnama, Maryam. "Stochastic Comparisons Between Coherent Systems with Active Redundancies Under Proportional Hazards and Reversed Hazards Models." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 28, no. 01 (August 27, 2020): 2150007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539321500078.

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This paper is concerned with the problem of stochastic comparisons between the lifetimes of two coherent systems with active redundancy. For this purpose, we consider both the active redundancy at the system level and the redundancy at the component level. We assume that the original components are identically distributed and possibly dependent. It is also assumed that for each component, there are [Formula: see text] redundant components with possibly different lifetime distributions which follow the proportional hazards (reversed hazards) model. Under some conditions on the domination function of the system, we compare the lifetimes of the systems based on majorization orders between the parameter vectors of the proportionality of the component lifetimes. We also give sufficient conditions under which adding more redundant components imply the system improvement.

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Potrykus, Christina. "Redundancy." Nursing Standard 10, no. 17 (January 17, 1996): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.10.17.48.s46.

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Ackerley, Nicky. "Redundancy." Veterinary Nursing Journal 35, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2020.1810416.

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Carby‐Hall, Jo. "REDUNDANCY." Managerial Law 30, no. 2/3 (February 1988): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb022433.

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ROBERTSHAW, PAUL. "REDUNDANCY." Industrial Law Journal 15, no. 1 (1986): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/15.1.200.

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Gonçalves-Coelho, António, Gabriela Neştian, Miguel Cavique, and António Mourão. "Some Peculiarities of the Redundant Design Solutions." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.49.

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In common speech, the term redundant is used to label superfluous repetitions that as a rule should be avoided. Nevertheless, redundancy is a linguistic tool that can play a remarkable role in the communication of complex thoughts in both the vernacular and the erudite talking or writing, which includes the field of engineering design. In the Axiomatic Design (AD) point of view, redundancy may increase the complexity of the design solutions (which is measured through their information content), but does not necessarily entail the breach of the ADs independence axiom. Hence, redundant solutions should not be excluded in a regular basis, since the ones that comply with the independence axiom are considered good design. According to this line of reasoning, the pertinence of redundant solutions should be assessed in the onset of the designing processes, bearing in mind the virtues of the likely higher simplicity of the non-redundant solutions. This paper deals with some basic concepts related to redundant design and it should be seen as a contribution to bring more insight on a subject that is not thoroughly reviewed in the known literature. Different forms of redundancy are considered, specifically the reliability motivated active and passive types, and the functionality-related alternative and augmentative kinds. The means to perceive intrinsic redundancy through the examination of the design equations are also provided, as well as some illustrative examples. The implicit conclusions are that redundant designs are much more usual that one can think at a first glance, and that the study of their peculiarities might deserve further attention.

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Ding, M. Z., C. J. Ong, and A. N. Poo. "Resolution of redundant manipulators via distance optimization." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 214, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406001523506.

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Redundant manipulators are useful in practice as they have freedom in addition to that needed for a specific end-effector position. This additional freedom has to be properly resolved, and such redundancy resolution problems have been actively studied over the past decade. The most common scheme for redundancy resolution is achieved at the joint velocity level and does not take into account the presence of obstacles. This work presents a new scheme for redundancy resolution based on maximizing the shortest distance to obstacles. The aim is to resolve the redundancy by reconfiguring the robot to be at the safest pose or furthest from obstacles. The proposed scheme resolves the redundancy at the joint position level and, hence, has the advantage of ensuring collision-free motion. Several numerical examples in two- and three-dimensional spaces demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

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HIRANO, SHOJI, NAOTAKE KAMIURA, NOBUYUKI MATSUI, and YUTAKA HATA. "HIPPOCAMPUS EXTRACTION BASED ON PARALLEL MULTISCALE STRUCTURE MATCHING." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 14, no. 04 (June 2000): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001400000283.

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This paper proposes a method for extracting the human hippocampus based on multiscale structure matching scheme. Focusing on the feature that an overextraction occurs on anatomically specific place, the method detects the redundancy by comparing with given desired models. Since each of the desired models has information about locations of their redundant segments, the place of corresponding redundancy can be specified on the overextracted object. Then, subtle intensity difference around their connecting place is investigated to separate the hippocampus and redundancy. The matching process can proceed in parallel for various types of redundancy and individual variances. Qualitative evaluation of a physician shows that our method can detect the redundancies and extract hippocampus correctly.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Redundancy'

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