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YUAN, Jingdong. "North Korea in 2018: Nuclear Charm Offensives." East Asian Policy 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000114.
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The year 2018 saw a reduction in tensions on the Korean Peninsula and one of active diplomacy and summitry, including a historic meeting between North Korean President Kim Jong-un and US President Donald Trump. However, the momentum had stalled due to different interpretations of the denuclearisation pledge and divergent priorities between the two countries. China remains a key player as Pyongyang and Washington contest over the substance and processes of difficult negotiations ahead.
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Pajarito, Bryan B., Kayla C. Castañeda, Sofia Denise M. Jeresano, and Dominique Ann N. Repoquit. "Reduction of Offensive Odor from Natural Rubber Using Zinc-Modified Bentonite." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (July 16, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9102825.
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Natural bentonite was modified with zinc ions and was used as a filler to reduce the offensive odor from raw natural rubber (NR). Characterization of filler shows the limited exchange of inherent calcium ions and the preferred adsorption of zinc ions on the surface of natural bentonite during modification. The modification process was also accompanied by bassanite formation due to sulfate ions brought by the zinc salt. Zinc-modified bentonite demonstrates an antimicrobial effect against microorganisms that are known to degrade or produce offensive odor from raw NR. Due to its antimicrobial and adsorption properties, zinc-modified bentonite significantly reduces the offensive odor from raw NR at loadings of 2.5–7.5 phr as shown by the olfactometry test. In terms of vulcanization characteristics, the loading of zinc-modified bentonite at 7.5 phr caused a slight decrease in elastic torque and increase in scorch and curing times of NR. The hardness and tensile properties of vulcanized NR are maintained after compounding with zinc-modified bentonite at 7.5 phr.
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Vukhac, Kim-Linh, Emma-Betty Sankoorikal, and Yanyan Wang. "Dopamine D2L receptor- and age-related reduction in offensive aggression." Neuroreport 12, no. 5 (April 2001): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200104170-00034.
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Hoven, Vipavee P., Kesinee Rattanakarun, and Yasuyuki Tanaka. "Reduction of offensive odor from natural rubber by odor-reducing substances." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, no. 4 (2004): 2253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20188.
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Cimbala, Stephen J. "Right-Sizing Russia's Nuclear Deterrent: Offensive Reductions and Defense Uncertainties." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 24, no. 3 (July 2011): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2011.598743.
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Nash, Marian. "Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law." American Journal of International Law 87, no. 2 (April 1993): 258–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203820.
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On January 15, 1993, President George Bush transmitted to the Senate for advice and consent to ratification the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (the START II Treaty), signed at Moscow on January 3, 1993. In his letter of transmittal, President Bush discussed the importance of the Treaty, in major part as follows:The START II Treaty is a milestone in the continuing effort by the United States and the Russian Federation to address the threat posed by strategic offensive nuclear weapons, especially multiple-warhead ICBMs [intercontinental ballistic missiles]. It builds upon and relies on the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (the START Treaty) signed at Moscow on July 31, 1991. At the same time, the START II Treaty goes even further than the START Treaty.
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Dvorkin, V. "Russia and USA: Prospects of Nuclear Weapon Reduction." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2010): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-4-24-30.
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In the present article, the issues of weapon reduction between Russia and the U.S. in the light of the oncoming Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START I) extension are examined. Regardless of the further development of the situation with a new treaty-making perspectives, the analysis of application experience of such singular document as the START I Treaty appears not only insufficiently valuated, but quite timely, since many of its provisions are used and converted in one form or another during actual negotiations, and may evolve into a new treaty.
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Sekirozh, Y. V. "The Strategic Positions of Sustainable Development of Machine-Building Enterprises: The Innovative Provision." Business Inform 10, no. 513 (2020): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-10-400-407.
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The article defines that the implementation of the strategy for managing the innovative sustainable development of machine-building enterprises consists in selecting and using the effective internal mechanisms for crisis neutralization at enterprises. The measures are divided into operational and strategic, defensive and offensive. At the same time, operational measures should be carried out within the terms of the chosen strategy and can be both defensive or offensive, while strategic measures bear offensive nature exclusively. Defensive operational measures do not require significant time spent and raising additional funds for their preparation and conduct and should be carried out as part of a «reduction strategy». Offensive operational measures are advisable to use after defensive ones in the implementation of «strategy of reduced growth». Strategic measures require more than one year to be implemented and do attract significant additional investments. They are the basis of the «growth strategy» and consist in the restoration of equipment, improving the quality of products, improving the organization of production and labor, finding new markets, implementing progressive technologies, developing new types of production, elaborating a common concept of sustainable development of enterprise. It is concluded that the implementation of the strategy of management of innovative provision for sustainable development of machine-building enterprises is carried out, starting with the implementation of the most effective programs through defensive operational measures. If the results of these measures did not allow enterprises to achieve the targets and move to a zone with a lower level of crisis, it is necessary to move to offensive operational measures, and if necessary – to strategic innovation-managerial measures, adjusting the programs taking into account the new position of the enterprise in the matrix of statuses. According to the results of control, the management of machine-building enterprises makes the necessary adjustments aimed at improving the efficiency of strategic management of innovative provision of sustainable development.
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Sekyiamah, K., and H. Kim. "Biosolids odor reduction by solids inventory management in the secondary activated sludge treatment system." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.852.
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A wastewater treatment plant consists of unit processes designed to achieve specific waste reduction goals. Offensive odors associated with these treatment processes are a constant source of public complaints. The purpose of this study was to statistically determine the process parameters that influence the formation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the secondary treatment system. A statistical model was developed to relate the process parameters to the formation of VSCs in this system. The model established that F/M ratio, sludge blanket depth and SSV60 were the dominant process parameters that influenced the formation of VSCs in the secondary sedimentation basin. This model provides a useful tool for plant engineers to predict and control the VSC formation in a secondary activated sludge treatment system.
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Cimbala, Stephen J. "Towards a US‐Russian security condominium? The strategic offensive reductions treaty and nuclear arms control." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518040308430566.
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Gryko, Karol, Bogusław Słupczyński, and Anna Kopiczko. "Impact of Regulation Change on Half-Court Offence in the Polish Basketball League." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2016-0008.
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Abstract Introduction. Each change in the rules of a sport affects the way it is performed. Therefore, changes in regulations require that new training models be developed. The aim of the study was to determine whether FIBA’s introduction of new regulations in the 2010/2011 season pertaining to the dimensions of certain parts of the playing area, which changed the conditions under which the game was played, impacted the offensive actions of the top three teams in the Polish Basketball League. Material and methods. The study analysed qualitative data describing the offences (n = 16,694) performed during 200 matches of the Polish Basketball League, that is the highest-level men’s professional basketball league in Poland, during two periods: the 2009/2010 season (110 matches; n = 9,343 offences), before the regulations were modified, and the 2010/2011 season (90 matches; n = 7,351 offences), after they were changed. The research involved the players of three teams who received the gold, silver, and bronze medals in the final standings of the Polish National Championship in the 2009/2010 season. Results. The study found a statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the overall number of tactical offensive actions of 3.84% and a significant (p < 0.05) 5% decrease in the mean number of points scored. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in half-court offences, amounting to almost 2% was also observed. This offensive system was characterised by a minor shift toward individual offences with the back to the basket and pick-and-roll offences; these changes, however, did not cause an increase in the level of effectiveness. Conclusions. The direction of the changes observed have been determined, which consisted in a reduction in the overall number of offensive actions and a shift in the place where they were completed, from the three-point area in particular, to the two-point area.
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Ortega-Toro, Enrique, Antonio García-Angulo, José-María Giménez-Egido, Francisco J. García-Angulo, and José Palao. "Effect of modifications in rules in competition on participation of male youth goalkeepers in soccer." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (April 11, 2018): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118769423.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of modifications in field size, number of players, and goal size on the goalkeeper's actions in competition in male youth soccer ( n = 4) (under-12). A quasi-experimental design was implemented to measure the effects of the changes in the number of players per team (8-a-side vs. 5-a-side), goal size (6 × 2 m vs. 3 × 2 m), and field size (58 × 38 m vs. 38 × 20 m) on the offensive and defensive technical and tactical actions of the goalkeeper. Four male under-12 goalkeepers (age = 11.33 ± 0.6 years, average weekly training = 2.45 ± 0.3 h, and years of experience = 4.8 ± 0.9 years) were analyzed in three tournaments (8-a-side; 5-a-side; 8-a-side). The dependent variables were: defensive and offensive technical actions taken by the goalkeepers and the way their actions were carried out. The results show that in the 5-a-side soccer matches, goalkeepers carried out more defensive actions (8-a-side: 31.2 ± 3.8; 5-a-side: 77.75 ± 5.0; 8-a-side: 39.5 ± 6.0; F2,6 = 111,218, p = .000, η2 = .974; ES .998) and offensive actions (8-a-side: 58.0 ± 7.1; 5-a-side: 84.0 ± 13.5; 8-a-side: 58.1 ± 9.2; F2,6 = 16,257, p = .004, η2 = .844; ES .996) than in 8-a-side soccer matches. The reduction in field size, number of players, and goal size resulted in under-12 goalkeepers having more interaction and more variability in their actions. This information could help the different stakeholders to adapt or design the youth soccer competition rules in a way that allows goalkeepers to have more experiences.
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Baker, Hayden P., Antonios Varelas, Kevin Shi, Michael A. Terry, and Vehniah K. Tjong. "The NFL’s Chop-Block Rule Change: Does It Prevent Knee Injuries in Defensive Players?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 232596711876844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118768446.
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Background: The chop block, a football maneuver in which an offensive player blocks an opponent around the thigh while another offensive player engages the same opponent above the waist, was declared illegal by the National Football League (NFL) before the 2016-2017 season. Chop blocks have been hypothesized to be associated with medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament injury, especially in offensive/defensive linemen. Purpose: To quantify the impact that the chop-block rule change had on the incidence of knee injuries to defensive players in the NFL over 4 seasons (2014-2018). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: NFL injury data for all defensive players from regular-season games played from 2014 through 2018 were collected. For this study, all knee injuries were attributed to competitive game play. Injury rates were reported as the number of injuries per 1000 athletic exposures (with 95% CIs). Results: A total of 256 games were played during the 2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2016-2017, and 2017-2018 NFL regular seasons, and all were included in this study. Among defensive players, the relative risk for a knee injury per 1000 athletic exposures was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.75-0.96) for the 2 seasons after the chop-block rule change (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) versus the 2 seasons before (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) ( P = .009). Thus, the relative risk reduction was 16%. The relative risk for a defensive player to be placed on injured reserve per season was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.72-1.13) for the 2 seasons after the rule change versus the 2 seasons before ( P = .39). Conclusion: The NFL’s recent ruling against in-game chop blocks may have reduced the incidence of knee injuries among defensive players.
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Gryko, Karol, Sławomir Bodasiński, Anna Bodasińska, and Janusz Zieliński. "Offensive and Defensive Play in Handball in a 2-Year World Championship Cycle: Characteristics and Tendencies." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2018-0014.
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Abstract Introduction. The analysis of players’ performance with respect to technical-tactical actions is becoming a key factor influencing the focus of training programmes and the contents of training units. It also provides important information which can be used to improve players’ efficiency during the game. The aim of the current study was to analyse the efficiency of technicaltactical offensive actions in positional attack as well as defensive actions performed by handball players participating in two consecutive World Men’s Handball Championships, held in Spain in 2013 and in Qatar in 2015. Material and methods. The material subjected to analysis was data describing the technical-tactical actions performed during the World Championships in Spain in 2013 and in Qatar in 2015. We analysed offensive and defensive actions, including with regard to the continent the teams represented. We performed an analysis of the documents available on the IHF website. The significance of the differences found was verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA and MANOVA). Results. The study found a significantly lower number of offensive actions in positional attack (−7.5%) and turnovers (−26.4%), higher overall efficiency (+7.2%), as well as higher efficiency of 6-m shots (+9.5%), wing shots (+7.3%), and breakthrough shots (+11.4%) at the World Championship in Qatar compared to tournament in Spain. When it comes to defensive actions, there was a significantly higher number of 2-minute suspensions (+27.5%), with a simultaneous significant reduction in the number of steals (−55.7%) and shots defended (−13.3%). Conclusions. During a two-year cycle, there was a change in the concept of playing in positional attack. In 2015, there was a significantly greater number of actions leading to a shot in the region of the opponent’s goal area as well as a higher level of activity and more aggressive play on the part of defensive players. In addition, European teams had gained an advantage over teams from other continents in terms of the efficiency of the technical-tactical actions undertaken.
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Mahdhi, Naceur, Mongi Sghaier, Ayoub Fouzai, and Nesrine Kadri. "EAU ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE : QUELLES STRATÉGIES D’ADAPTATION POUR LA GESTION DE L’EAU D’IRRIGATION DANS LE SUD-EST TUNISIEN." New Medit 18, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm1901b.
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The objective of this study was to identify the different irrigators’ strategies and to analyze the economic profitability of irrigated production systems in relation to adaptations to the scarcity of groundwater resources in a context of climate change in the South east of Tunisian. Based on surveys of 190 irrigated farms, this research shows that eighty-five percent (85%) of respondents clearly perceive climate change in southeastern Tunisia. These changes result in a decrease and an increasing irregularity of the rains, a disruption of the winter season, a greater frequency of pockets of drought and the decrease of the piezometric level of the water tables. In response to these changes, irrigators have adopted adaptation strategies, the most common of which are: offensive strategy or “chasing”, defensive strategy and contractive strategy. These strategies include various adaptation measures such as annual cleaning and deepening of wells, the use of water saving, the change of the cropping system and the reduction of irrigated area. These readjustments for most of the measures adopted by the irrigators have an impact on the elements of their operating account. In addition, offensive and defensive strategies appear to be the most economically profitable types of adaptation at the 1% level. Knowledge of different adaptation strategies and their economic returns enables adaptation options to be identified that are both realistic in terms of implementation and ambitious in terms of their objectives, and help develop priorities for adaptation of water resources for irrigation.
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Solyanova, M. "START-3 Treaty prolongation: views of the U.S. political elites and experts." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2020): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2020-2-192-211.
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The article focuses on the domestic U.S. discussion on prolongation of the 2010 Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START), and on this agreement’s compatibility with the U.S. national interests. The debate involves experts in nuclear weapons and non-proliferation, the American political elite, and the Congress. The author compares expert views on the feasibility of the U.S. administration’s idea to involve China in the negotiation process on a new agreement. The article considers the key factors that, according to the U.S. experts, may be in favor of extending the New START Treaty by the United States. The practice of applying legislative mechanisms by the Congress to exert pressure on the U.S. administration for extending of the START agreement is also analyzed.
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Kerekes, Sándor. "Creative Destruction and Circular Economy. The Concourse and the Attitude of Phd Scholars." Köz-gazdaság 16, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2021.03.14.
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The circular economy strategy is closely linked to the EU's efforts to achieve a radical reduction in the amount of waste going to landfills. It is wrong to think, that packaging waste should be used within the packaging industry, as many have suggested in the strict sense of producer responsibility. Schumpeter saw creative destruction as one ofthe preconditions for development. The circular economy should be offensive. The economy must be transformed from a stock economy to a flow economy to achieve significant improvements in productivity and material efficiency. The public discourse on the state of the environment is very diverse. I would like to show, through a short empirical study with the help of Q methodology, how PhD students have very different views on issues related to sustainable development and the circular economy.
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Lee, Myeongseong, Jacek A. Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William S. Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, and Chumki Banik. "Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050585.
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UV-A (ca. 365 nm wavelength, a.k.a. ‘black light’) photocatalysis has been investigated to comprehensively mitigate odor and selected air pollutants in the livestock environment. This study was conducted to confirm the performance of UV-A photocatalysis on the swine farm. The objectives of this research were to (1) scale-up of the UV-A photocatalysis treatment, (2) evaluate the mitigation of odorous gases from swine slurry pit, (3) test different UV sources, (4) evaluate the effect of particulate matter (PM) and (5) conduct preliminary economic analyses. We tested UV-A photocatalysis at a mobile laboratory-scale capable of treating ~0.2–0.8 m3·s−1 of barn exhaust air. The targeted gaseous emissions of barn exhaust air were significantly mitigated (p < 0.05) up to 40% reduction of measured odor; 63%, 44%, 32%, 40%, 66% and 49% reduction of dimethyl disulfide, isobutyric acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, indole and skatole, respectively; 40% reduction of H2S; 100% reduction of O3; and 13% reduction of N2O. The PM mitigation effect was not significant. Formaldehyde levels did not change, and a 21% generation of CO2 was observed. The percent reduction of targeted gases decreased as the airborne PM increased. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis confirmed that UV-A treatment changed the overall nuisance odor character of swine barn emissions into weaker manure odor with ‘toothpaste and ‘mint’ notes. The smell of benzoic acid generated in UV-A treatment was likely one of the compounds responsible for the less-offensive overall odor character of the UV-treated emissions. Results are needed to inform the design of a farm-scale trial, where the interior barn walls can be treated with the photocatalyst.
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Schallmo, Michael S., Thomas H. Fitzpatrick, Hunter B. Yancey, Alejandro Marquez-Lara, T. David Luo, and Allston J. Stubbs. "Return-to-Play and Performance Outcomes of Professional Athletes in North America After Hip Arthroscopy From 1999 to 2016." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 8 (May 16, 2018): 1959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518773080.
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Background: The effect of hip arthroscopy on athletic performance compared with preinjury levels for professional athletes in different sports remains unknown. In addition, while return rates have been reported for professional baseball, football, and hockey players, return rates have not been reported for professional basketball players. Hypothesis: Professional athletes in 4 major North American sports would be able to return to their sport and preoperative level of performance at a high rate after arthroscopic hip surgery. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL) athletes who underwent hip arthroscopy were identified through a previously reported protocol based on public sources. Successful return to play (RTP) was defined as returning for at least 1 professional regular season game after surgery. Performance scores were calculated by use of previously established scoring systems. Each player served as his own control, with the season prior to surgery defined as baseline. To make comparisons across sports, the authors adjusted for expected season and career length differences between sports and calculated percentage changes in performance. Results: The authors identified 227 procedures performed on 180 professional athletes between 1999 and 2016. Successful RTP was achieved in 84.6% (192/227) of the procedures. Compared with all other athletes, NBA athletes returned at a similar rate (85.7%, P ≥ .999). NFL offensive linemen returned at a significantly lower rate than all other athletes (61.1%, P = .010). NHL athletes returned at a significantly higher rate than all other athletes (91.8%, P = .048) and demonstrated significantly decreased performance during postoperative season 1 compared with baseline (–35.1%, P = .002). Lead leg surgery for MLB athletes (batting stance for hitters, pitching stance for pitchers) resulted in a 12.7% reduction in hitter performance score ( P = .041), a 1.3% reduction in pitcher fastball velocity ( P = .004), and a 60.7% reduction in pitch count ( P = .007) one season after surgery compared with baseline. Players in nearly every sport demonstrated significant reductions in game participation after surgery. Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that hip arthroscopy in professional athletes is associated with excellent rates of return at the professional level. However, postoperative performance outcomes varied based on sport and position.
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Houwing, Danielle J., Diana C. Esquivel-Franco, Anouschka S. Ramsteijn, Kirsten Schuttel, Eline L. Struik, Chantal Arling, Sietse F. de Boer, and Jocelien D. A. Olivier. "Perinatal fluoxetine treatment and dams’ early life stress history have opposite effects on aggressive behavior while having little impact on sexual behavior of male rat offspring." Psychopharmacology 237, no. 9 (July 17, 2020): 2589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05535-7.
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Abstract Rationale Many depressed women continue antidepressant treatment during pregnancy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment during pregnancy increases the risk for abnormal social development of the child, including increased aggressive or defiant behavior, with unknown effects on sexual behavior. Objectives Our aim was to investigate the effects of perinatal SSRI treatment and maternal depression, both separately and combined, on aggressive and sexual behavior in male rat offspring. Methods Heterozygous serotonin transporter (SERT± ) knockout dams exposed to early life stress (ELSD) were used as an animal model of maternal depression. Early life stress consisted of separating litters from their mother for 6 h a day on postnatal day (PND)2–15, resulting in a depressive-like phenotype in adulthood. Depressive-like dams were treated with fluoxetine (FLX, 10 mg/kg) or vehicle throughout pregnancy and lactation (gestational day 1 until PND 21). Male offspring were tested for aggressive and sexual behavior in adulthood. As lifelong reductions in SERT expression are known to alter behavioral outcome, offspring with normal (SERT+/+) and reduced (SERT± ) SERT expression were assessed. Results Perinatal FLX treatment reduced offensive behavior and the number of animals attacking and increased the latency to attack, especially in SERT+/+ offspring. Perinatal FLX treatment reduced the mounting frequency in SERT+/+ offspring. ELSD increased offensive behavior, without affecting sexual behavior in SERT± offspring. Conclusions Overall, our research demonstrates that perinatal FLX treatment and ELSD have opposite effects on aggressive behavior, with little impact on sexual behavior of male offspring.
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Izumi, Hidemi, Alley E. Watada, and Willard Douglas. "Optimum O2 or CO2 Atmosphere for Storing Broccoli Florets at Various Temperatures." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 1 (January 1996): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.1.127.
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`Marathon' broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) florets were stored in air, low O2(0.25%, 0.5%, and 1 %) or high CO2(3%,6%, and 10%) at 0, 5, and 10C. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production were reduced under low O2 or high CO2atmosphere, the reduction being greater at lower O2 and higher CO2 levels. No differences were found in ethylene production among the different atmospheres. Low O2 and high CO2 retained color of broccoli florets to about the same extent at 10C but had no effect at 0 and 5C. Development of soft rot and browning was suppressed by low O2 or high CO2, but offensive off-odor occurred in 0.25%02 at all temperatures and 0.5% O2 at 10C. These results indicate that the best O2 and CO2 levels seem to be 0.5% O2 and 10% CO2 at 0 and 5C, and 1% O2 and 10% CO2 at 10C.
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Lund, Jens. "Mentally Retarded Criminal Offenders in Denmark." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 5 (May 1990): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.5.726.
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Based on data from the Danish Central Criminal Register, the total number of mentally retarded offenders serving statutory care orders on a census day decreased from 290 in 1973 to 91 in 1984. The reduction was caused by shorter sentences and a dramatic decrease in the number of sentenced borderline retarded offenders; the total number of sentences per year slightly decreased, and the number of first-time sentences was stable. Crimes of property are decreasing among this population, while violence, arson, and sexual offences are increasing. Behaviour disorder was found in 87.5% of 91 offenders serving care orders in 1984. Offensive behaviour was significantly predicted by early institutionalisation, having retarded or divorced parents of low socio-economic status, and behaviour disorder of social-aggressive type. Independent significant effects were attributed to behaviour disorder and low socioeconomic background. All predictors were closely correlated. Biological factors did not have any significant predictive value.
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Porciani, Pier F., and Simone Grandini. "The Effect of Zinc Lactate added Tablets on Volatile Sulfur-containing Compounds in the Oral Cavity." Open Dentistry Journal 13, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601913010405.
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Background: Oral malodor is defined as breath that is offensive to others and its prevalence is around 35%. Objective: A controlled clinical double-blinded study was conducted to assess the efficacy of sugar-free tablets containing zinc lactate on oral Volatile Sulfur-containing Compounds (VSC) versus placebo tablets. Methods: All participants, who met the inclusion criteria, had to score a level of VSC ≥75 ppb at the basal measurement. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the groups. The test tablet (0.7g) contained 0.255 mg of zinc lactate; the control tablet was identical but without the active agent. The OralChroma2© device was utilized to evaluate VSC. The levels were recorded at baseline, after sucking two tablets in succession and after 1 hour and 2 hours. Data were analyzed with SPSS and significance was set at α=0.05. Results: 186 subjects completed the trial. The mean reduction from baseline at the end of tablets sucking was, respectively, 43% (p <0.001) in the control and 67% (p <0.001) in the test group, after 1 hour, it was 6% in the control (p=NS) and 25% (p <0.001) in the test group, after 2 hours, it was 3% in the control (p=NS) and 12% (p <0.001) in the test group. The comparison between the two groups after baseline adjustment showed a statistically significant difference for reductions at the end of the sucking period (p <0.001), after 1 hour (p <0.001) and after 2 hours (p <0.05). Conclusion: Tablets containing zinc lactate can statistically reduce the oral VSC levels immediately and for over 2 hours.
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Borysiuk, Zbigniew, Natalia Markowska, Mariusz Konieczny, Krzysztof Kręcisz, Monika Błaszczyszyn, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle, and Paweł Pakosz. "Flèche versus Lunge as the Optimal Footwork Technique in Fencing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (June 30, 2019): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132315.
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The objective of the study reported in this paper involved identifying the fencing attack (flèche versus lunge) that provides greater effectiveness in a real competition. Two hypotheses are presented in the study. The first hypothesis involves the greater effectiveness of the flèche with regard to bioelectric muscular tension, and the second hypothesis involves the reduction of movement time of the flèche. Therefore, analyses were conducted by the application of EMG (electromyography) signal, ground reaction forces, and parameters representing sensorimotor responses (RT—reaction time and MT—movement time). This study included six world-leading female épée fencers (mean age: 24.6 ± 6.2 years). Throughout the procedure, the subjects performed flèche and lunge touches at the command of the coach based on visual stimuli. The experimental results indicated the greater effectiveness of the flèche compared with the lunge with regard to increases in EMG values (p = 0.027) in the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscles and decreases in the duration of the movement phase (p = 0.049) and vertical force of the rear leg (p = 0.028). In conclusion, higher levels of EMG and ground reaction forces were generated during the flèche compared with the lunge, which promotes an improvement in the explosive force and contributes to a reduction in the movement phase of the entire offensive action.
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Barassé, Valentine, Axel Touchard, Nathan Téné, Maurice Tindo, Martin Kenne, Christophe Klopp, Alain Dejean, Elsa Bonnafé, and Michel Treilhou. "The Peptide Venom Composition of the Fierce Stinging Ant Tetraponera aethiops (Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae)." Toxins 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120732.
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In the mutualisms involving certain pseudomyrmicine ants and different myrmecophytes (i.e., plants sheltering colonies of specialized “plant-ant” species in hollow structures), the ant venom contributes to the host plant biotic defenses by inducing the rapid paralysis of defoliating insects and causing intense pain to browsing mammals. Using integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, we identified the venom peptidome of the plant-ant Tetraponera aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae). The transcriptomic analysis of its venom glands revealed that 40% of the expressed contigs encoded only seven peptide precursors related to the ant venom peptides from the A-superfamily. Among the 12 peptide masses detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), nine mature peptide sequences were characterized and confirmed through proteomic analysis. These venom peptides, called pseudomyrmecitoxins (PSDTX), share amino acid sequence identities with myrmeciitoxins known for their dual offensive and defensive functions on both insects and mammals. Furthermore, we demonstrated through reduction/alkylation of the crude venom that four PSDTXs were homo- and heterodimeric. Thus, we provide the first insights into the defensive venom composition of the ant genus Tetraponera indicative of a streamlined peptidome.
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Shapiro, Natalia. "Eroding Arms Control Regime and US-Russia Relations." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015919-7.
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Two weeks after Joseph Biden took office as President, the U.S. and Russia extended the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty for five years. This landmark arms control treaty limits the number of strategic offensive weapons each country can have. A ‘window of opportunity’ for a new stage of strategic stability discussions on arms control has opened. Strategic competition between the world’s most powerful countries, escalating global and regional threats, accelerating technological advances in the military sphere, which hold the potential to have a transformative impact on arms forces and military conflicts, have given added urgency to the bilateral dialogue on arms control between the two nuclear superpowers. Political barriers to a new agreement are significant. The perilous state of U.S.-Russia relations, lack of trust and mutual suspicion make it more difficult for the two powers to have sustainable negotiations toward a new treaty. However, if political will is in place coupled with a realistic approach and the United States’ readiness to address Russia’s concerns, a follow-on agreement could be reached.
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Bruce, James P. "Champion of the Gaeilgeoirí: John Charles McQuaid and the Irish-language mass." Irish Historical Studies 40, no. 157 (May 2016): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2016.2.
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AbstractIn 1963 the Second Vatican Council voted overwhelmingly to introduce the vernacular into Roman Catholic worship. The Irish hierarchy decided that both Irish and English speakers should be catered for in the reformed liturgy. Within a few years John Charles McQuaid, archbishop of Dublin, had gained a widespread reputation as having gone further than his fellow bishops in the provision of masses in Irish. At the same time he was criticised for his lack of enthusiasm towards other areas of liturgical reform. This dichotomy stemmed from McQuaid’s deep dismay at the church’s new ecumenical direction and the possibility that it would lead to shared worship between Catholics and Protestants. Yet, as a senior prelate in the Catholic Church, he was obliged to implement each of the Council’s decrees, including those concerning the liturgy. McQuaid’s response was to introduce Vatican-approved changes to the mass, while simultaneously protecting the traditional liturgy he cherished. So he tried to re-establish the Latin rite on the same terms as those he had arranged for the Irish mass. Had he succeeded, the result would have been a reduction in the use of an English vernacular which he found offensive to his Catholic sensibilities.
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Fernö, Anders. "Aggressive Behaviour Between Territorial Cichlids (Astatotilapia Burtoni) in Relation To Rank and Territorial Stability." Behaviour 103, no. 4 (1987): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853987x00189.
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AbstractTerritorial mosaics of A. burtoni were studied in the laboratory. A difference in rank between neighbouring territorial fish was usually found, with the male with higher rank exhibiting more offensive behaviour and the opponent resisting more passively. A role asymmetry in boundary disputes was found in both high- and low-intensity aggression. Linear rank orders were formed. High rank was associated with a high aggressive and sexual activity towards non-territorial fish and a high mating succes". Territorial size was larger in superior males. A superior did not, however, generally expand his territory towards an inferior. This could be due to the involvement of escalated aggression with the reduction of territory. Most males of low rank did, however, eventually lose their territories. Establishing and losing territories were correlated with a low level of low-intensity aggression. Escalated fighting seldom occurred in spite of a strong competition for females, and aggression was usually limited to Frontal display and low-intensity aggression. Frontal display also played a key role for de-escalation of physical aggression. A. burtoni seems to follow the strategy "Honest", using a honestly graded display with few escalations.
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Capron, Henri, and Jean-Claude Kruseman. "Clarté du discours et représentation politique." Res Publica 28, no. 2 (June 30, 1986): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v28i2.19072.
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Assuming that the political information provided to the voters directly determines the communication efficiency of the political system in a democratic framework, this paper therefore proposes and tests some hypotheses explaining the politician's behaviour in that respect. Those hypotheses are tested on statements made by major Belgian parties' leaders at the eve of the 1978 and 1981 national elections. Having first related the degree of reserve on the politician's statement with his party's share in the constituency, a positive relationship is found. The second hypothesis states that the degree of reserve in the politician's statement is explained by his reaction either offensive or defensive triggered by the variation in his party's share given the outcome of the precedent election. It is observed that a defensive attitude is adopted by parties having known a reduction of their market share. The third question dealt with examines the infiuence of the size of the party on the abovementioned relationship between the variation of the market share and the degree of reservedness. The results show that apparently the elimination of the size effect does not affect the findings concerning the second hypothesis.
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Cherkasov, P. "Farewell to the Era: IMEMO before the Collapse of the USSR." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2014): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-9-103-120.
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The article is dedicated to IMEMO activities at the final stage of the USSR (1990–1991), when two main phenomena manifested: the society’s disappointment in Perestroika, which evolved into a wave of anti-communism, and the rise of nationalist and separatist trends. Gorbachev's attempts to carry out profound economic transformation under conditions of the Soviet republics sovereignization failed, encountering resistance of national and regional elites which hankered for monopoly ownership and uncontrolled power in their regions. IMEMO took an active part in drafting of economic and political reforms in the country. This work was carried out both with the central power and the Russian government bodies. Representatives of IMEMO (V.A .Martynov, L.M. Grigoriev, etc.) participated in development of the economic stabilization program ("Program 500 days "). IMEMO experts analyzed economic and social problems of the USSR military-industrial complex conversion – switching over from military to peacetime production. IMEMO prepared a number of proposals on the reduction of strategic offensive arms, on cooperation with international economic organizations; recommendations on strengthening of regional and international security, on foreign policy of the Soviet republics, on possibilities to reduce Soviet military activities abroad, etc.
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Mack, Christina D., Gary Solomon, Tracey Covassin, Nicholas Theodore, Javier Cárdenas, and Allen Sills. "Epidemiology of Concussion in the National Football League, 2015-2019." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 5 (April 19, 2021): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19417381211011446.
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Background: Concussion in American football, and specifically the National Football League (NFL) is a major area of interest and key focus for injury prevention. Complete and accurate characterization of when, how, and to whom these injuries occur can facilitate injury reduction efforts. Existing studies of concussion in the NFL use publicly available data, potentially limiting data quality and the inferences that can be made. Hypothesis: Concussion incidence in the NFL decreased across the 2015-2019 seasons. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Concussion incidence, including counts, one-season risk, and rates per game and player-plays, among active NFL players from 2015 to 2019 is described by year, season, play type, and roster position. Results: A total 1302 concussions were identified from 2015 to 2019 among 1004 players. Of these, 80% occurred in NFL games. The average annual incidence of in-season game concussions changed over the study period, from 230.7 per season (2015-2017) to 177.0 per season (2018-2019); this represented a 23% decrease in game settings ( P < 0.01). Practice concussions fluctuated across the years of the study from 38 to 67 per season (average = 50.8/season). There were 70.6 concussions per 100 preseason games, which was slightly higher than the regular season rate per game of 61.7. Overall, there were 790 regular season game concussions across 4,657,243 player-plays and 114,428 player-games during the 5-year study. In regular season games, the majority of concussions were sustained on running and passing plays (n = 119/season), and the highest average rate per play occurred on kickoffs (0.69/100 plays). Defensive secondary (cornerbacks, safeties, and generic defensive backs) and offensive line incurred the most concussions, and the highest rates of concussion were among tight ends and wide receivers. Conclusion and Relevance: Concussions in the NFL are a key focus for player safety. Concussion reduction strategies were implemented before 2018, after which there was a sustained 2-year decrease in concussion incidence, providing a new benchmark from which to work toward further injury reduction.
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Chauhan, Indal, Ankita Sharma, Mayank Gangwar, Manish Kumar Gautam, Amit Singh, and Raj Kumar Goel. "GASTRIC ANTIULCER AND ULCER HEALING EFFECTS OF PUNICA GRANATUM L. PEEL EXTRACT IN RATS: ROLE OF OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE MUCOSAL FACTORS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i5.9851.
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Objective: The present work incorporates the study of gastric antiulcer and ulcer healing effects of dried Punica granatum (PG) peel 50% ethanol extract (PGE) in rats.Methods: PGE (100 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily to rats either before or after induction of gastric ulcers (GU) for 7 d. Antiulcer effects of PGE were seen against acute GU, induced by pylorus ligation (PL), cold restraint stress (CRS), aspirin and ethanol while, ulcer healing in acetic acid (AA)-induced chronic GU in rats. Ulcer index (UI), gastric juice volume, acid-pepsin and mucin secretions and gastric mucosal glycoproteins, free radicals (LPO and NO) and antioxidants (SOD and GSH) were estimated.Results: PGE showed a decrease in UI in all GU models (45.6 to 79.7%, P<0.05 to P<0.001) indicating both protective and healing effects. PGE showed little or no effects on volume, acid-pepsin concentration and output but increased mucin secretion (55.1%, P<0.05) and mucosal glycoproteins (35.7%, P<0.05) in PL rats. CRS rats showed an increase in LPO and NO (48.4 to 58.3%, P<0.01) and SOD (21.8%, P<0.01) but decrease in GSH and CAT (33.1 to 44.8%, P<0.01 to P<0.001) compared with unstressed rats. PGE-treated CRS rats showed a decrease in LPO and NO (44.1 to 61.2, P<0.01 to P<0.001) and SOD (13.2%, P<0.01) and increase in GSH and CAT (43.8 to 48.7%, P<0.01 to P<0.001) compared with CRS rats.Conclusion: PGE seemed to have ulcer cytoprotective effects due to enhanced mucosal resistance and reduction in oxidative mucosal damage possibly via high antioxidant activity.
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Jones, Andrew, Karen P. Hayhurst, Tim Millar, Matthias Pierce, Graham Dunn, and Michael Donmall. "Short-Term Outcomes for Opiate and Crack Users Accessing Treatment: The Effects of Criminal Justice Referral and Crack Use." European Addiction Research 22, no. 3 (November 17, 2015): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438987.
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Background/Aims: The English drug treatment population doubled in size between 1998 and 2008, increasingly characterised by crack cocaine use and criminal justice system (CJS) referral. We assessed short-term (median 3.5 month) behaviour changes following participation in drug treatment and the moderating effect of CJS referral/crack use. Methods: Opiate and/or crack cocaine users (n = 1,267) were recruited from 342 agencies. Outcome effects were assessed via interaction term regression, clustered at participant level, controlling for client characteristics. Treatment retention effects were tested via Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Statistically significant improvements in health, drug use and offensive behaviour were observed (e.g. heroin use from 87 to 51%, acquisitive offending from 47 to 23%). Referral route was not associated with variation in outcomes. Crack use at baseline was associated with a greater chance of non-fatal overdose at follow-up (p = 0.035, 95% CI 1.08-8.20) but a greater reduction in offending income (p = 0.002, 95% CI £104-£419). Conclusion: Despite changes in the English drug treatment population, equivalent short-term improvements in client behaviour were observed a decade earlier. Outcomes for CJS-referred clients were comparable to non-CJS. Crack use at treatment entry offered some scope for greater improvements in offending but may be a barrier to cessation of mortality-associated risky behaviour.
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Li, X. Z., J. S. Wu, and D. L. Sun. "Hydrogen sulphide and volatile fatty acid removal from foul air in a fibrous bed bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0227.
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Odour control in Hong Kong has been addressed as an important issue by the authorities, since odour pollution is generated from many sources including wastewater treatment plants. Although a number of existing technologies are available for odour abatement and control, biological technique is still more attractive due to its low operating cost and ease of maintenance. A newly innovated fibrous bed bioreactor with twin columns was specially designed and constructed in our laboratory, in which an inner column was centred in an outer column. The bioreactor was fully filled with water in order to absorb the odorous components from foul gas and also contained both suspended and attached biomass to degrade the absorbed odorous pollutants. In this study, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and butyric acid (C4H8O2) were used as odorous components and successfully removed from synthetic foul gases. Many factors affecting the H2S and butyric acid removal efficiency and maximum elimination capacity, such as pH of water solution, gas flow rate and its fluctuation, and sulphate content in solution have been studied. The experimental results demonstrated that the reduction rates of 97.8% for H2S and 99.9% for butyric acid were achieved in this experimental condition. It is proved that this bioreactor was a compact odorous gas treatment system with an application potential for treating foul air with high odour strength and low airflow rate such as the offensive gases from sludge treatment processes in a wastewater treatment plant.
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Broglio, Steven P., Richelle M. Williams, Kathryn L. O'Connor, and Jason Goldstick. "Football Players' Head-Impact Exposure After Limiting of Full-Contact Practices." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.7.04.
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Context: Sporting organizations limit full-contact football practices to reduce concussion risk and based on speculation that repeated head impacts may result in long-term neurodegeneration. Objective: To directly compare head-impact exposure in high school football players before and after a statewide restriction on full-contact practices. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: High school football field. Patients or Other Participants: Participants were varsity football athletes from a single high school. Before the rule change, 26 athletes (age = 16.2 ± 0.8 years, height = 179.6 ± 6.4 cm, weight = 81.9 ± 13.1 kg) participated. After the rule change, 24 athletes (age = 15.9 ± 0.8 years, height = 178.3 ± 6.5 cm, weight = 76.2 ± 11.6 kg) participated. Nine athletes participated in both years of the investigation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Head-impact exposure was monitored using the Head Impact Telemetry System while the athletes participated in football games and practices in the seasons before and after the rule change. Head-impact frequency, location, and magnitude (ie, linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and Head Impact Telemetry severity profile [HITsp], respectively) were measured. Results: A total of 15 398 impacts (592 impacts per player per season) were captured before the rule change and 8269 impacts (345 impacts per player per season) after the change. An average 42% decline in impact exposure occurred across all players, with practice-exposure declines occurring among linemen (46% decline); receivers, cornerbacks, and safeties (41% decline); and tight ends, running backs (including fullbacks), and linebackers (39% decline). Impact magnitudes remained largely unchanged between the years. Conclusions: A rule change limiting full-contact high school football practices appears to have been effective in reducing head-impact exposure across all players, with the largest reduction occurring among linemen. This finding is likely associated with the rule modification, particularly because the coaching staff and offensive scheme remained consistent, yet how this reduction influences concussion risk and long-term cognitive health remains unknown.
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Ayol, A., A. Filibeli, and S. K. Dentel. "Evaluation of conditioning responses of thermophilic-mesophilic anaerobically and mesophilic aerobically digested biosolids using rheological properties." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.543.
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One of the most crucial processes in biosolids management is stabilisation, which is typically accomplished using either anaerobic or aerobic digestion processes. Although there are many advantages to both of these methods – such as reduction of volatile organic matter, pathogen content, and offensive odours – one common disadvantage is that digested biosolids exhibit poor dewaterability characteristics. The deterioration in dewaterability of digested biosolids leads to increases in polymer requirements, connoting higher conditioning costs. Many studies have examined this phenomenon based on conventional filterability tests such as capillary suction time and specific resistance to filtration. However, these test methods are limited in their ability to predict full-scale dewatering behaviour (particularly in centrifugation), and do not regard handling properties as being important for sludge transport. For this purpose, new rheometric methods may assist in predicting sludge behaviour, potentially allowing optimisation of stabilisation and conditioning processes relative to the desired sludge properties. This paper investigates the possible utility of these methods. Classical methods for characterising biosolids, such as filtration tests, are compared with yield stress values and other rheological properties as determined using the steady-shear rate sweep test. The rheological behaviours are compared for different sludge types, including raw and polymer conditioned thermophilic anaerobically, mesophilic anaerobically, and mesophilic aerobically digested biosolids. The paper demonstrates the determination of specific energy values associated with breakdown of the flocculated matrix. Robust modelling approaches are employed to optimise the conditioning of the digested samples, and to shed light on commonly used rheological models such as Bingham, Herschel-Bulkley, and Ostwald equations.
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Heintz, Elizabeth C., Emily F. Foret, and Jeremy J. Foreman. "Effect of Concussions on National Football League Quarterback Performance." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 8, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.8n.4p.19.
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Background: Sports-related concussion (SRC) rates are higher in American football than any other sport; therefore, the effects of SRCs on professional football players is a prevalent topic. Previous research has shown that sustaining an SRC has negative financial and overall career outcomes for athletes and may cause performance decrements after an athlete returns to play, however, the results of previous research regarding athlete performance after returning from an SRC are mixed. While some studies found that player performance in the National Football League (NFL) was unaffected upon returning from an SRC, evidence also suggests significant scoring reductions in offensive players. Although previous research has found that NFL running backs and wide receivers perform at levels similar to their performance before sustaining an SRC, little is known about quarterback performance after an SRC. There is also evidence that SRCs decrease neurocognitive performance, a quality that is crucial, especially for quarterbacks. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine changes in NFL quarterback performances upon return to play from an SRC. Method: Quarterback ratings (QBRs) and concussion data from 2012-2015 were used to determine if changes occurred in NFL quarterback performance following an SRC. Results: QBRs decreased by 13.3 points (p = 0.014) after quarterbacks return from an SRC. Conclusions: Changes in on-field performance for NFL quarterbacks after sustaining an SRC could be the result of neurocognitive decrements that impact quick reaction and decision-making skills, which may have greater impacts on quarterbacks than other positions.
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AKINTELU, Sunday Adewale, Aderonke Similoluwa FOLORUNSO, and Olabisi Theresa ADEMOSUN. "Instrumental Characterization and Antibacterial Investigation of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized From Garcinia Kola Leaf." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6-s (December 15, 2019): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3749.
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The need to devise another method of synthesizing nanoparticles from sources that are eco-friendly, non-hazardous and cost effectiveness is of great importance in preventing environmental and health problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Garcinia kola leaves as reducing and stabilizing agent for silver nanoparticles synthesis. The leaves of Garcinia kola obtained were authenticated, air dried, pulverized and extracted. The extract was mixed with aqueous solution of silver nitrate solution to form silver nanoparticles and were characterized using Ultra violet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial investigation of the synthesized silver nanoparticle was carried out following the disk diffusion method. UV analysis revealed the silver surface plasmon band at 425.18 nm, The FTIR indicated -OH, -C=C- and alkane as the functional groups responsible for the stabilization of the silver nanoparticle formed. The morphological assessment from SEM and TEM analysis confirmed that the silver nanoparticle formed are spherical in shape with an average particle size of 28.80nm.The EDX analysis ascertained that the silver surface plasmon resonance at 2.8–3.2 keV was confirmed the reduction of silver ion (Ag+ to Ag0). The XRD study revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles synthesized. The antibacterial investigation showed high inhibition against the growth of tested bacteria. This study ascertained that the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle without the use of harmful solvent that are offensive to the environment is achievable.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Biosynthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial activity and Garcinia kola.
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Kostic, Marina. "CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES REGARDING THE EXTENSION OF THE “NEW START” TREATY: CAN THE USA AND RUSSIA PRESERVE EXISTING STRATEGIC ARMS CONTROL?" Srpska politička misao 70, no. 4/2020 (February 2, 2021): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spm.7042020.7.
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Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on measures for further reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (“New START”) is the last pillar of the arms control regime on which the end of the Cold War and the new world order rested. Its expiration on 5 February 2021 is a top security challenge and indicates a possible new strategic arms race. However, can the United States and Russia still preserve the existing strategic arms control by extending the Treaty for another five years? What are the prospects, the opportunities and obstacles for this extension? What are the most pressing issues USA and Russia face with in order to preserve strategic arms control and are they willing to do so? In order to answer to these research questions author analyses several key issues that are of paramount importance for extension of the New START: nuclear modernization processes, invention of new weapons and emergence of new warfare domains; transparency and verification and broader confidence building measures; missile defence and prompt global strike; tactical nuclear weapons in Europe and Asia; general US-Russia relations which include question of democratic capacity; and broader influence of this Treaty on nuclear non-proliferation regime. By using content and discourse analysis author concludes that, although it is obvious that the extension of the New START would be primarily in favour of Russia and that the USA has not much to gain, the character of strategic stability in the Third Nuclear Age gives reasons to believe that the New START will be extended for another five years.
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Farqad Alaa Hwaidi Al-Challabi, Pandu. Brahmaji Rao, and Papathoti. Narendra Kumar. "Kinetics studies on biodegradability of pharmaceutical effluent by pseudomonas aeruginosa ES 10." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 3063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1595.
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Every Industry has problems of effluent treatment. This can be revealed by the effective treatment of the effluent. The effective treatment can be done by using microorganisms to stabilize the organic and inorganic load of the effluent. The aim of the present work is to study the Industrial effluent microbiota and to identify some new active strains which can bring about fast biodegradation of the organic compounds. Studies were carried out to isolate the microorganisms from the collected effluent sample from the Industries of Bollaram, Hyderabad. An investigation was carried out to analyze Physicochemical parameters like Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of untreated effluent and to degrade the effluent using native and non-native bacteria. The results of the parameters analysis revealed that untreated effluent was black in colour with an offensive odour. pH was alkaline with a high organic load such as TSS, TDS, BOD and COD which were higher than the permissible since the effluent had a high organic load, microbes (bacteria) present within the effluent was identified and isolated. The results of the study revealed the occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. And named as Pseudomonas auruginosa ES10. The presence of bacteria indicates the pollution status of the untreated tannery effluent, suggesting that it should be treated before its disposal using the biological method, particularly native and non-native bacteria for comparing their degrading efficiency. The results of the degradation study show that native bacteria Pseudomonas auruginosa ES10 was found to be very much successful in the reduction of toxic substances at the percentage range of 60-90% at different pH and incubation time, the bio-treated water can be reused for the agricultural and aqua-cultural purposes.
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Kao, M. M. "The Evaluation of Sawdust Swine Waste Compost on the Soil Ecosystem, Pollution and Vegetable Production." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0031.
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We have successfully developed so called “biological sawdust bed pig-feeding technique” to prevent the production of swine waste water and reduction of offensive odor from piggeries by means of a specific microbial agent under mesophilic, aerobic and solid fermentation conditions. The mixture of swine feces, urine, microbial agent and sawdust is the only by-product in this pig-feeding technique. This type of compost is called “sawdust swine waste compost or SSW compost.” The main characteristics of SSW compost include as follows: pH 8.0, moisture content 40%, total N 2.2%, P2O5 3.9%, K20 3.0%, Zn 480 ppm, Cu 190 ppm, total C 39.8%, C/N ratio 18.0 and some special microorganisms such as Asperqillusterreus, Bacillussubtilis etc. Field experiment has shown that when the SSW compost was applied to the acidic soil (pH 5.0) and neutral soil (pH 7.1) at the rate of 50 Tons/ha (w/w), respectively, after 1 year application, the amount of Zn and Cu in acidic soil was significantly increased from 15 to 22.8 ppm and 14.5 to 26.7 ppm, respectively. However, the amount of Zn and Cu in neutral soil was only slightly increased from 5.7 to 6.3 ppm and 6.5 to 7.0ppm, respectively, as compared with the check (noncompost) treatment. Furthermore, the production of Chinese cabbage in acidic soil was remarkably increased 18-19% in 25 and 50 Tons/ha SSW compost treatment and Zn and Cu content of leaves in SSW compost treatment was 30-36% and 20-30% higher than in check treatment, respectively. The proper application of SSW compost not only improves the soilfertilitybut also increases the vegetable production. However, the accumulation of Zn and Cu in acidic soil and in crop leaves should be carefully considered if the compost was treated for the long term application.
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Mirzayan, G. V. "Russia–US Relations and Their Syrian Chance." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 9, no. 3 (December 4, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2019-9-3-89-97.
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There are a lot of common interests between Russia and the United States (if, of course, we analyse within the concept of “national interest” isolated from ideological issues and historical prejudices) — not only in the global issues (war against terrorism, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, reduction of strategic offensive weapons), but also at the regional level. Both Moscow and Washington are interested in creation a collective security system in East Asia, which will not only help to stabilize the situation on the Korean Peninsula, but also somehow hold back Chinese expansion in the region (though Russia and the United States have a different understanding of the concept and ways of this deterrence). However, the resemblance of Russian-American relations in the Middle East region seems to be even more interesting. Even though the US and Russia are opposing each other in the Syrian field, there are common views about the future of this country and the role of Iran. Again, the space for agreement arises from the objective goals and objectives of the players, as well as the availability of resources for their implementation. The US goal is to curb Iranian expansion in the region, and since it is now impossible to squeeze Iran out of Syria and southern Iraq, Washington wants at least to dilute its influence with other players. At the same time, Russia’s goal is to consolidate its positions in the Middle East — and it is possible only if there is no dominant force in the region. Any force at all. Therefore, the Kremlin is interested in constructing a regional balance of power and is even ready to work as an intermediary between the opposing sides. But if the US wants to use this mediator, they must realise its importance and necessity.
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Lacelle, Kristen Lila, Mario Stampanoni Bassi, Allen Anthony Champagne, Nicole Coverdale, and Douglas J. Cook. "Characterization of the Biomechanical and Situational Aspects of High Magnitude Subconcussive Impacts in Collegiate Football." Neurology 95, no. 20 Supplement 1 (November 16, 2020): S1.2—S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000719864.38158.60.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to characterize high magnitude subconcussive impacts in football to identify injurious relationships between player/game-based characteristics and impact magnitude and frequency.BackgroundSubconcussive impacts are asymptomatic head impacts thought to induce alterations in the brain after repetitive exposure. Understanding factors that lead to higher magnitude or frequency of head impacts in football is crucial to develop harm reduction and prevention strategies.Design/MethodsEighty-one male university level football players were equipped with helmet accelerometers to capture linear acceleration (LA), impact frequency and helmet impact location. Impacts with LA = 60 g were included in the analysis. Video footage from 15 games over three seasons was analyzed to characterize aspects of play including play type, position, closing distance, player technique, tackling versus blocking and impact type (helmet-to-helmet/body/ground).ResultsA total of 570 impacts were included in the analysis with a mean LA of 83.44 g ± 23.60. Impacts with a closing distance of = 10 yards resulted in higher LA compared to <10 yards and occurred most frequently in run plays. Wide receivers and defensive backs were most often involved in impacts with a larger closing distance and experienced the highest average LA behind quarterbacks. Helmet-to-body impacts generated significantly higher LA compared to helmet-to-helmet, though helmet-to-helmet occurred more often. Players involved in a tackle sustained significantly higher LAs than those involved in a block. Impacts in which players exhibited poor technique lead to higher LA and occurred more frequently in tackling versus blocking impacts.ConclusionsThe results of this work suggest that rules regarding offensive backfield running starts could be adjusted to decrease risk of impact after a larger closing distance. Behavioral modifications and coaching approaches aimed at improving tackling technique could decrease exposure to threshold impacts at the level of the individual player.
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Arbatov, A. "Problems and Dilemmas of the Next Start Treaty." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 6 (2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-6-5-20.
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Received 28.02.2021. In the end of January 2021, the New START Treaty was extended by five years by the United States and Russia. Thus, the two nuclear superpowers have time to work on the follow-on treaty not in a strategic vacuum, but relying on the valid treaty and its system of transparency and predictability. The promoters of abolishing negotiations on arms limitation and their substitution by amorphous multilateral discussions of “a general philosophy of strategic stability”, who have been highly active during recent years, have temporarily shied away, but probably not for long. The predictable difficulties of the forthcoming negotiations would be interpreted as the evidence of their impending doom, and this may turn into a self-fulfilling prophesy and once again deadlock the dialogue. During the previous decades, the development of the military technologies and new strategic concepts have changed strategic relationship of the parties. This was happening against the background of deteriorating political relations, a long pause of arms control negotiations and abrogation of a number of crucial disarmament treaties. Now the two sides have to catch up. Already it is possible to foresee the main differences of their positions. Washington is emphasizing deep reduction of the nuclear arms of the two superpowers – both strategic and tactical. Moscow has advanced a concept of “security equation”, which implies limitation of offensive and defensive arms – both nuclear and nonnuclear. There will be a great demand for strong political will and wisdom of the leaders of the two nations and of hard work and professionalism of civilian and military experts – in order to restore arms control, which has historically proved its effectiveness as a barrier in preventing nuclear war and as a stabilizer of turbulent world politics.
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Hodický, Jan, Dalibor Procházka, Roman Jersák, Petr Stodola, and Jan Drozd. "Optimization of the Casualties’ Treatment Process: Blended Military Experiment." Entropy 22, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22060706.
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At the battalion level, NATO ROLE1 medical treatment command focuses on the provision of primary health care being the very first physician and higher medical equipment intervention for casualty treatments. ROLE1 has paramount importance in casualty reductions, representing a complex system in current operations. This study deals with an experiment on the optimization of ROLE1 according to the key parameters of the numbers of physicians, the number of ambulances and the distance between ROLE1 and the current battlefield. The very first step in this study is to design and implement a model of current battlefield casualties. The model uses friction data generated from an already executed computer assisted exercise (CAX) while employing a constructive simulation to produce offense and defense scenarios on the flow of casualties. The next step in the study is to design and implement a model representing the transportation to ROLE1, its structure and behavior. The deterministic model of ROLE1, employing a system dynamics simulation paradigm, uses the previously generated casualty flows as the inputs representing human decision-making processes through the recorder CAX events. A factorial experimental design for the ROLE1 model revealed the recommended variants of the ROLE1 structure for both offensive and defensive operations. The overall recommendation is for the internal structure of ROLE1 to have three ambulances and three physicians for any kind of current operation and any distance between ROLE1 and the current battlefield within the limit of 20 min. This study provides novelty in the methodology of casualty estimations involving human decision-making factors as well as the optimization of medical treatment processes through experimentation with the process model.
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Le, Rachel K., Tabitha D. Saunders, Katherine M. Breedlove, Debbie A. Bradney, Jill M. Lucas, and Thomas G. Bowman. "Differences in the Mechanism of Head Impacts Measured Between Men’s and Women’s Intercollegiate Lacrosse Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 232596711880767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118807678.
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Background: Lacrosse is a rapidly growing sport in the United States. Comparing the magnitude and frequency of head impact mechanisms between sexes will provide data for injury prevention techniques and risk reduction of head injuries. Purpose: To compare sex-specific differences in the magnitude and frequency of head impact mechanisms in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III intercollegiate lacrosse athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 31 NCAA Division III intercollegiate lacrosse athletes (16 men [mean age, 21 ± 1 years; mean height, 179.70 ± 5.82 cm; mean weight, 80.71 ± 6.33 kg] and 15 women [mean age, 20 ± 1 years; mean height, 165.43 ± 5.25 cm; mean weight, 64.08 ± 7.59 kg]) voluntarily participated in this study. Participants wore xPatch sensors at every event during the 2015 spring season. Sensors recorded the magnitude, frequency, and location of head impacts over 10 g. Linear ( g) and rotational (deg/s2) acceleration determined impact magnitudes. We calculated incidence rates (IRs; per 1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CIs to determine frequency differences. Film footage from each event was synchronized with the time of each head impact for verification and mechanism coding. Sex and impact mechanism served as the independent variables. Results: A significant interaction was found between impact mechanism and sex ( P < .001) and main effects for impact mechanism ( P < .001) and sex ( P < .001). The most common mechanism in men’s lacrosse was head to body (IR, 970.55/1000 AEs [95% CI, 266.14-331.98]), and in women’s lacrosse, stick to head (IR, 289.87/1000 AEs [95% CI, 124.32-184.55]) was most common. Only 9 of 419 impermissible head impacts in men’s lacrosse games were classed as penalties (2%); 7 of 25 impermissible head impacts in women’s lacrosse games were called as penalties (28%). Conclusion: The impact mechanisms of head to body in men’s lacrosse and stick to head in women’s lacrosse are penalties but occur frequently, suggesting that a focus on stressing rule enforcement is warranted. Because mechanism and sex affect the magnitude of head impacts, proper offensive and defensive techniques against opponents should be encouraged to reduce head impacts.
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Davydov, V. "Imperatives of Sustainable Development in the Shadow and in the Light of the Pandemic." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 3 (2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-11-22.
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The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily overshadowed all the previous concerns of the world community, and among them even existential challenges. The attitude towards sustainable development issues has moved into the “deferred demand” zone. The pandemic pushed the offensive and exacerbated the effect of another crisis in the global economy. At the same time, it is symptomatic that during the pandemic a significant improvement in the environmental situation was felt as a result of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the release of other harmful production wastes. At the same time, the pandemic has accentuated the biomedical safety imperative and will inevitably make a corresponding adjustment to the list of top priorities for moving towards sustainable development goals. After the pause of the pandemic, the imperative of transition to a sustainable development regime will begin to act with significant intensification, bearing in mind the need to compensate for the loss of time and pace. Ensuring biomedical safety will be a special priority. The lessons of the pandemic convincingly confirm the understanding that real success in moving towards sustainable development goals in accordance with the 2030 Agenda cannot be imagined without the normalization of international relations and the establishment of broad cooperation in a global format. At the same time, the author proceeds from the integral perception of the concept of sustainable development. Summing up the pre-pandemic stage of the formation of the concept of sustainable development, its essence can be expressed as follows. Development will be sustainable if it is economically balanced, socially inclusive and balanced, environmentally responsible, biologically safe, institutionally oriented to the interests of the majority and respect for the rights of the minority. If at the same time it is assumed and guaranteed that the use of weapons of mass destruction will be excluded if the urge for military solutions to international conflicts fades. And, of course, on such a platform, debt to the future is unacceptable, as it was said. This, of course, is the ideal, and practice is determined and will be determined by a greater or lesser approximation to it.
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JURTELA, JURIJ. "SISTEMI UPRAVLJANJA OGNJENE PODPORE V SODOBNIH OBOROžENIH SILAH." PROFESIONALIZACIJA SLOVENSKE VOJSKE / PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES, VOLUME 2012/ ISSUE 14/1 (May 30, 2012): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.14.1.6.
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Prizadevanje držav za zagotavljanje svetovnega miru je postala prednostna naloga. Trend združenega delovanja enot je vsesplošno prisoten in uveljavljen. Velik razkorak med zmožnostmi in resnično izvedbo združenega delovanja je privedel do tega, da so se začeli povezovati nacionalni sistemi poveljevanja in kontrole na ravni operativnega delovanja. Povezovanje sistemov zahteva predvsem standardizacijo postopkov in opreme, zato standardizacija ni več omejena le na nacionalno raven, temveč mora biti globalna. Sodobni vojaški sistemi poveljevanja in kontrole so usmerjeni v optimalno reševanje nalog. Zgrajeni so mrežno, omogočajo vključevanje sedanjih in prihodnjih modulov ter komunicirajo med seboj brez dodatnih vmesnikov. S pravilnima usklajevanjem in delitvijo resursov pa precej zmanjšamo tudi materialna in finančna sredstva. Ognjena podpora ima v nalogah zagotavljanja miru pomembno vlogo. Velika ognjena moč zagotavlja premoč na bojišču, saj ognjena podpora pomeni skupno in usklajeno uporabo ognjenega delovanja kopenskih, mornariških ter zračnih bojnih sistemov in delovanja ofenzivnih sistemov elektronskega bojevanja ter neubojnih sredstev na cilje na kopnem in morju. Za zagotavljanje takšnega delovanja moramo imeti razvit ustrezen računalniški sistem, ki poveže vse komponente v sistem upravljanja ognjene podpore. V potrditev pomembnosti ognjene podpore je v novejšem času prišlo do izvedbe ra- čunalniškega vmesnika, ki poveže sisteme upravljanja ognjene podpore posameznih držav v celoto in omogoča skupno delovanje. Vmesnik je izveden tako, da obdržimo nacionalne delovne procese. Tako se ni treba dodatno izobraževati in usposabljati. Slovenska vojska sledi globalizacijskim usmeritvam. Dokaz je nabava ustreznega operativnega in taktičnega sistema z možnostjo mednarodne povezave. Žal nekateri sistemi Slovenske vojske nimajo te zmožnosti. Med njimi je sistem upravljanja ognjene podpore. Čeprav je sistem sodoben, brez ustrezne povezave tako v nacionalnem kot mednarodnem okolju izgublja veliko prednosti, zato se na tem področju iščejo nove, ustreznejše rešitve povezav, ki morajo izpolnjevati današnje in prihajajoče zahteve. Prav tako lahko aplikacijo rešitve povzamemo tudi za druge avtonomne sisteme, kot je sistem za zagotavljanje obveščevalnih podatkov ali sistem vodenja logistike. Zavest, da nova standardizacija in mednarodna povezanost ne pomenita povečanja stroškov, temveč kakovostno izboljšanje delovanja in materialno zmanjšanje potrebnih sredstev, naj bo glavno vodilo. The effort of the countries to provide global peace has become a priority. The trend of combined unit operations is universally present and established. A large gap between the potential and actual execution of combined operations has led to the integration of national command and control (C2) systems at the operational level. The integration of systems primarily requires the standardization of procedures and equipment. The standardization is thus no longer limited solely to the national level, but it should be global. Modern C2 systems are directed towards optimal completion of tasks. Built as networks, they allow for the integration of the existing and future modules and for their communication without additional interfaces. With a proper coordination and allocation of resources we also substantially reduce the material and financial resources. Fire support plays an important role in providing security during peace tasks. At the same time, great fire power ensures battlefield superiority, since it includes joint and coordinated use of fire from land, navy and air engagement systems, and offensive operation of electronic warfare systems and non-lethal means against land and sea targets. Such operations require an appropriate computer system which links all the components into a fire support management system. The awareness of the importance of fire support has led to the development of a computer interface, which connects fire support management systems of individu- al countries into a whole and thus enables joint operations. The interface was made in a way to preserve national work processes. Further education and training are therefore not necessary. The Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) follows the globalization trends. To this end, it has acquired an operational and tactical system capable of international connections. Unfortunately, some SAF systems, namely the fire support management system, do not include this feature. Although the system is a modern one, it loses a great deal of benefits due to the lack of appropriate national and international links. Therefore, new and more appropriate solutions for connections, capable of fulfilling contempo- rary and future requirements, are sought-after. The application of the solution can also be applied to other autonomous systems, such as the intelligence system or the logistics management system. The main principle shall be the awareness that new standardization and international cooperation do not incur increased costs, but rather a quality improvement of the operations and a quan- titative reduction of the required resources.
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"Signing of Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 3 (July 2002): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3062189.
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Patel, Deepshikha, Mayank Pathak, Rajesh Nigam, and Bhupendra Verma. "Child Internet Protection System." International Journal of Computer and Communication Technology, October 2010, 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijcct.2010.1051.
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Nowadays internets is becoming an amazing resource and provide hours of fun for kids. Clearly there are many benefits that result from Internet usage, but there is a side to the internet that can be worrying for any parent. Internet is explored, in particular: child sexual exploitation; children's exposure to sexually explicit or offensive material, so there is need of a system which prevents child abuse from internet. Currently many systems are developed to prevent Internetrelated child abuse. In this paper, we have developed a web page classification model, which will protect children from harmful and offensive material available on internet. Our approach uses entropy term weighting scheme, Principal Component Analysis for feature reduction and Back propagation neural network as classifier. Our experiment result shows that our approach performed well as comparison to other approaches.