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Journal articles on the topic 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Arts, Bas, Verina Ingram, and Maria Brockhaus. "The Performance of REDD+: From Global Governance to Local Practices." Forests 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100837.

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Whilst ‘REDD’ is the acronym for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, ‘REDD+’ refers to efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, foster conservation, promote the sustainable management of forests, and enhance forest carbon stocks [...]
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2

As, As. "Reducing Emissions From Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)." NACLA Report on the Americas 45, no. 3 (January 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2012.11722071.

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3

L Ginoga, Kirsfianti, Deden Djaenudin, and Enik Eko Wati. "PENILAIAN KELAYAKAN EKONOMI REDUCING EMISSION FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD+)." Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpsek.2011.8.4.276-287.

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4

Collins, Yolanda Ariadne. "How REDD+ governs: Multiple forest environmentalities in Guyana and Suriname." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619860748.

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The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation mechanism is a policy instrument intended to achieve environmental conservation and utilization simultaneously. Recently, researchers have adopted ‘environmentality’, a theoretical approach that recognizes the different strategies for the ‘conduct of conduct’ embodied in environmental governance, to parse the diverse governing logics supporting Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation implementation. Thus far, use of this lens has focused predominantly on how Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation introduces new forms of environmentality, overlooking the pre-existing, context-specific approaches to governance on which the mechanism builds, and hence potentially overstating the novelty of its governance techniques. Challenging this dominant use of the environmentality lens, I further develop its critical potential by demonstrating how environmentality's temporal dimensions illuminate the shifts, continuities and disruptions in how environmental governance evolves over time. I do this by demonstrating how Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation builds on pre-existing forest governance interventions in Guyana and neighbouring Suriname. I argue that while Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation remains a global expression of neoliberal environmentality, it builds on a pre-existing sovereign environmentality established throughout the overlapping histories of Guyana and Suriname, draws on but also subverts context-specific truth environmentality in the spiritual relations of forest dependent communities with the forests, and is made palatable for resistant communities through disciplinary environmentality. In this way, these four forms of environmentality help to explain how Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation implementation in the two countries assumes its current character, while demonstrating how environmental projects work towards shaping the subjects of their governance.
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Gauli, Banu, and Suraj Upadhyay. "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in Nepal: A Review." Initiation 5 (April 19, 2014): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10257.

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in developing countries is a mechanism that allows industrialized countries to offset their emissions by purchasing carbon credits from developing countries, which reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by avoiding such activities. The Government of Nepal is committed to REDD through reversing deforestation and forest degradation, conservation of existing forest and enhancing forest carbon stocks, while addressing livelihoods concerns at the same time since 2009 and now it has been flourished in the country along with concept of sustainable development of the forest resource of country. Nepal has undergone different stages during this process and has planned certain strategy for the future. The assemblages of the available information on REDD in Nepal is important to over view its holistic prospect, aspect and potentiality in the least developing country like Nepal which holds the greater possibility to be benefited from the REDD. Nepal is now in the process to prepare national REDD strategy by 2013 and there are different On Going REDD -Plus Piloting Initiatives in Nepal. Nepal has greater potentiality of being benefited from REDD though some policy related to it needed to be redefined and clarify. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10257 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 75-83
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6

Plugge, Daniel, and Michael Köhl. "Estimating carbon emissions from forest degradation: implications of uncertainties and area sizes for a REDD+ MRV system." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 11 (November 2012): 1996–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-129.

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Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) has become an important option to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by reducing the emissions from forested lands. Thus far, many studies deal with the detectability of emissions resulting from deforestation. This study concentrates on the emissions and emission reductions from forest degradation. We show, based on data from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization’s (FAO) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, the influence of uncertainties aligned to the estimation of emission reductions from forest degradation. On the example of three countries representing small to large forest areas and low to high carbon stocks, three different approaches for the inclusion of the uncertainties of estimates for two periods are analyzed. Furthermore, by simulating different sizes of areas where forest degradation takes place, the sensitivity of the estimated emission reductions with respect to the size of these areas is shown. The results of the study highlight the importance of identifying sound options of including uncertainties for different periods into a Measuring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system to avoid windfall profits from REDD. Moreover, it is demonstrated that an as accurate as possible identification of the areas where forest degradation takes place is decisive for the amount of REDD benefits achievable for a country.
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7

Aryal, Pabitra. "From Green to REDD-Ready to Trade: Discussion On REDD In Nepal's Community Forestry." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2015): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i1.12181.

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Carbon emission increases at an early stage of industrial expansion as a transition from overdependence on agriculture. Such industrial transformation is heavily dependent on energy-intensive technologies. Moreover, the degree of environmental awareness is very low in developing countries. According to the Environmental Performance Index 2012, Nepal is among the strongest performer. A new international carbon trade mechanism, called ‘Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation’ (REDD), has been proposed to curb global Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions. Carbon trade entails the idea that industrialized countries pay developing countries to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. Nepal’s community forestry can reap benefits by participating in REDD, but it requires addressing a range of issues and challenges to mitigate underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Ultimately this type of program would encourage local people for conservation and sustainable use of forest resources.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i1.12181International Journal of Environment Volume-4, Issue-1, Dec-Feb 2014/15, page: 101-111
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8

Verma, Pragati, and Prashant Kumar Ghosh. "REDD+ Strategy for forest carbon sequestration in India." Holistic approach to environment 12, no. 3 (May 23, 2022): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.12.3.4.

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Deforestation and forest degradation due to land use, land cover change (LULCC) have become one of the prime contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, after fossil fuel combustion. Greenhouse gas emission from forestry is occurring in the atmosphere as a result of forest biomass combustion, forest fires and decomposition of deadwood materials. This is how increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is adding to the global warming and climate change. Many worldwide recognized studies have measured that forest ecosystems have the capacity to absorb more than 1/3rd of total carbon dioxide from the atmosphere which is the minimum requirement for keeping the atmospheric temperature under 2 °C by 2030. One of the commonly accepted methods for reducing carbon is carbon sequestration through forests. India has committed to capture 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by enhancing forest and tree cover through 2030. To achieve this target, India has adopted REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) strategy which aims to mitigate climate change by enhancing forest carbon sequestration through incentivizing forest conservation. Furthermore, this strategy strives to address the drivers of forest degradation and deforestation and also provides a roadmap for forest carbon stocks enhancement and sustainable forest management through REDD+ actions. This study investigates REDD+ contribution against global warming and climate change in India through forest carbon sequestration.
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9

BOSETTI, VALENTINA, and STEVEN K. ROSE. "Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: issues for policy design and implementation." Environment and Development Economics 16, no. 4 (June 13, 2011): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000143.

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There is a new international policy focus on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), as well as promoting forest conservation, the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD-plus). The recent Conference of Parties meeting of 196 countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Cancun, Mexico (December 2010) was able to advance initiatives on REDD-plus even while there was limited progress on fossil fuel related aspects of an international climate change agreement. The Cancun meeting recognised that there was strong and broad support for REDD-plus and was able to agree to the development of a formal Mechanism under the UNFCCC for incentivizing REDD-plus activities. Implementing the Mechanism is another matter, and will require the development and coordination of country REDD-plus readiness and financing, including detailed consideration of country reference levels, measurement, reporting and verification methodologies, and sub-national and national program coordination.
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10

Irawan, S., and L. Tacconi. "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and decentralized forest management." International Forestry Review 11, no. 4 (December 2009): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.11.4.427.

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11

Goslee, Katherine M., Timothy R. H. Pearson, Blanca Bernal, Sophia L. Simon, and Hansrajie Sukhdeo. "Comprehensive Accounting for REDD+ Programs: A Pragmatic Approach as Exemplified in Guyana." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121265.

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Completeness is an important element for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) accounting to ensure transparency and accountability. However, including a full accounting for all emission sources in a REDD+ program is often resource-intensive and cost-prohibitive, especially considering that some emission sources comprise far less than 10% of total emissions and are thus considered insignificant according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidance. This is evident in forest reference emission level (FREL)/forest reference level (FRL) submissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Of the 50 countries that have submitted FRELs to date, only half of them include degradation in their FRELs even though degradation is often a significant source of emissions. Half of the countries that do include degradation use satellite imagery without necessarily specifying degrading activities or separating anthropogenic activities. Guyana provides an example of an approach that enables inclusion of all emission sources while considering the significance of each when developing an accounting approach. Since submitting its FREL in 2014, Guyana has made stepwise improvements to its emission estimates so that the country is now able to report on all deforestation and degradation activities resulting in emissions, whether significant or not. Based on the example of Guyana’s efforts, the authors recommend a simple approach to move towards complete accounting in a cost-effective manner. This approach can be scaled to other countries with other activities that results in greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Such complete accounting allows for higher accountability in REDD+ systems and can lead to greater effectiveness in reducing emissions.
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12

Scharlemann, Jörn P. W., Valerie Kapos, Alison Campbell, Igor Lysenko, Neil D. Burgess, Matthew C. Hansen, Holly K. Gibbs, Barney Dickson, and Lera Miles. "Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD." Oryx 44, no. 3 (July 2010): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000542.

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AbstractForest loss and degradation in the tropics contribute 6–17% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Protected areas cover 217.2 million ha (19.6%) of the world’s humid tropical forests and contain c. 70.3 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) in biomass and soil to 1 m depth. Between 2000 and 2005, we estimate that 1.75 million ha of forest were lost from protected areas in humid tropical forests, causing the emission of 0.25–0.33 Pg C. Protected areas lost about half as much carbon as the same area of unprotected forest. We estimate that the reduction of these carbon emissions from ongoing deforestation in protected sites in humid tropical forests could be valued at USD 6,200–7,400 million depending on the land use after clearance. This is > 1.5 times the estimated spending on protected area management in these regions. Improving management of protected areas to retain forest cover better may be an important, although certainly not sufficient, component of an overall strategy for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).
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13

Khanal, S., and A. Khadka. "Mapping deforestation and forest degradation using CLASlite approach in Eastern Churia of Nepal." Banko Janakari 26, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v26i1.15497.

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Monitoring deforestation and forest degradation is essential for forest conservation and sustainable management. Those activities have become more relevant in order to get reference emission level required for Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) initiative. The study aimed to assess forest degradation and deforestation in the Churia region of Eastern Nepal using CLASlite approach. This approach is based on Spectral Mixture Analysis and provides highly automated technique for forest cover, deforestation and forest degradation mapping. The Landsat imageries of 2002 and 2013 were processed for estimation of deforestation and forest degradation. The validation of results based on the high-resolution multi-temporal Google Earth imageries and the field sample plots indicated that CLASlite approach could be feasible approach to monitor forests for deforestation and degradation. The results can be further improved by including more frequent time-series observation from Landsat.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 26, No. 1, Page: 17-23, 2016
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14

Vatn, Arild. "Governing complexity for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)." Climate Policy 14, no. 6 (November 2, 2014): 801–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.966645.

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15

Rodrigues, Rafael Jacques, and Thiago de Araújo Mendes. "From the Citizen’s Constitution to REDD+." Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas e Internacionais - RPPI 4, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2525-5584.2019v4n2.47942.

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This article identifies forest and climate change public policy instruments in Brazil. The country created a complex network of forest protection, deforestation control policies and Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) instruments, culminating with institutional arrangements for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Brazil’s positions at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations relied on a diverse pattern of leadership, blockage, and flexibility. Under the Warsaw REDD+ Framework, Brazil reduced 8,2 billion tons of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e) and received almost 1,4 billion American dollars as results-based payments, by the end of 2018.
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WALUYO, Tri, Kumba DIGDOWISEISO, El Amry Bermawi PUTERA, and Eko SUGIYANTO. "The Costs of Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Concepts and Issues." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.1(33).07.

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This study examines the concept of “Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation” - REDD costs by using the existence costs of Boucher (2008) such as opportunity costs, transaction costs, implementation costs, stabilization costs, and administration costs. In addition, it provides some actual issues of REDD. The study proves that global simulation models yield far higher REDD prices than empirical models, however, they can be criticized for their use of aggregated data and other simplifications. Moreover, adding implementation, administration, stabilization costs into transaction costs could potentially lead to double-counting problem. Finally, REDD is an inexpensive option compared to reducing emissions in the energy sectors of industrialized countries and has a potential to generate substantial benefits in addition to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, it is important for countries to manage these issues that can be potentially defect REDD adoption.
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17

Koul, Divy, Pankaj Panwar, Mohammad Moonis, and Charan Singh. "Significance of Reducing Emissions from Degradation and Deforestation (Redd): Evidence from Study in Terai Region of India." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-n08nuu.

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Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) has became a major issue in international climate change negotiations. REDD was first introduced by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at its 11th session of Conference of Parties (COP) held in Montreal, Canada in December 2005. However, till date a consensus on making REDD practicable and marketable mechanism has not been reached. There are differences between developing countries having rich tropical forest cover. There are issues associated with methodologies, monitoring, internal forest policy, indigenous rights etc. In the present paper efforts were made to demonstrate the significance of natural and existing forests in sequestering and storing carbon. The carbon sequestration and storage potential is much higher in natural forests compared with two plantations viz of Dalbergia sissoo and Terminalia arjuna. But enhancing land area under new forest cover can also be not refuted. Thus conserving natural forest coupled with adding new areas under forest through plantation should be the strategy for reversing and/or reducing global warming and climate change.
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Bamwesigye, Dastan, Azdren Doli, and Petra Hlavackova. "REDD+: An Analysis of Initiatives in East Africa Amidst Increasing Deforestation." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n2p224.

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The study reviewed and examined reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in East Africa. At the helm of Deforestation at its biting implication by the early 2000s, REDD+ was first suggested as a prospective climate change moderation arrangement in 2005 at the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNCCC) at the CoP11 in Canada. The basic idea herein was to reduce the increasing loss of forests due to deforestation as well as mitigate climate change as signs were vivid at the time. REDD+ would introduce initiatives to sustain carbon distribution, biodiversity, and stakeholder livelihoods. Developed countries lead in the support of these efforts. Using Literature review and content analysis approaches, the study investigates REDD+ projects in East Africa; Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, and Tanzania. A considerable level of work has been done as per the findings. However, a lot needs to be put in place since East Africa solely depends on wood biomass for household fuel which is a major cause of deforestation and forest degradation. Keywords: afforestation, alternatives, climate change, deforestation, East Africa, emission control, re-afforestation, REED+, wood fuel
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Almanza-Alcalde, Horacio, Poshendra Satyal, Esteve Corbera, Alma Patricia SotoSánchez, and Martha Pskowski. "Participatory injustice in Mexico’s Readiness process to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD +)." Human Ecology 50, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-021-00280-7.

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AbstractSince 2007 many developing countries have laid groundwork for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and sustainable management and conservation of forests (REDD +) under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). REDD + is aimed at incentivizing forest conservation and management in developing countries through policy programmers and local projects, which should in theory enhance the participation of very diverse actors in forest policy and governance. Here we explore the early years of REDD + in Mexico focusing on the alleged “participatory” nature of the REDD + initiative. Based on interviews and field observations with those involved in drafting the REDD + national strategy and in the implementation of small-scale pilot project activities, we investigate the meaning of participation for REDD + actors, their aspirations in this regard, and how procedural justice issues are being considered in early policy implementation. We demonstrate that the process set in motion to draft the strategy did not sufficiently involve sub-national governance levels, thus reducing the legitimacy of REDD + efforts, particularly in rural communities. We suggest that rural local actors should be further involved in REDD + decision-making forums, be provided with more information for a good understanding of REDD + implementation (e.g., pilot projects), and most importantly, be given a real chance to implement REDD + activities grounded on their own institutions and land-use practices.
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Espejo, Andres B., Maria Catalina Becerra-Leal, and Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui. "Comparing the Environmental Integrity of Emission Reductions from REDD Programs with Renewable Energy Projects." Forests 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121360.

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Reducing deforestation and forest degradation presents a climate-change mitigation opportunity that is critical to meeting the Paris Agreement goals, and to achieving reductions in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) provides developing countries with results-based financial incentives for reducing deforestation and forest degradation through either non-market payments (payments without generation of carbon credits), or market-based mechanisms (carbon credits). REDD credits have been recently accepted to be used in offsetting programs (e.g., CORSIA) and are being considered under Article 6. However, various publications have questioned whether carbon credits from REDD should be accepted under market-based mechanisms, and have identified issues regarding their environmental integrity and their ability to offset emissions from other sectors. In recent years, REDD implementation has moved from the project level to the national or subnational (jurisdictional) level, and is addressing some of the concerns that have been raised for project-level interventions regarding the robustness of baselines and leakage, for example. In this paper we compare the environmental integrity of credits from REDD programs with that from on-grid renewable energy projects by examining aspects related to permanence, additionality, baselines, uncertainty, and leakage. We show that the environmental integrity of emission reductions sourced from REDD programs has unique strengths, and that those sourced from renewable energy projects have weaknesses of their own. Probably due to a lack of understanding of the respective weaknesses and strengths of these two sources of credits, the emission reductions from REDD programs have been historically questioned and subjected to a level of scrutiny that has not been made with emission reductions from other sectors, such as renewable energy projects. Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of emission reductions from both types should help decision makers and carbon standards recognize the high quality of emission reductions from REDD programs, and rationalize the current requirements or restrictions imposed.
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Kim, Oh Seok. "An Assessment of Deforestation Models for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)." Transactions in GIS 14, no. 5 (October 2010): 631–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2010.01227.x.

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22

Chand, Harish Bahadur, Sanjay Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Anil Kumar Kewat, Roshan Bhatt, and Ramesh Bohara. "Comprehensive Overview of REDD+ in India: Status, Opportunities and Challenges." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.040314.

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Climate change is a worldwide issue with detrimental effects on ecosystems and human well-being. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is a worldwide policy tool for combating climate change by reducing emissions from the forestry sector and has received widespread attention. Since the program's inception, India has been a strong advocate for REDD+ and its activities. The goal of this research is to evaluate India's current REDD+ readiness. India is the fourth largest CO2 emitter in the world, accounting for 7% of global CO2 emissions. India's emission trajectory shows the country's ever-increasing CO2 emission trend, with an annual average increase rate of 5-6 percent. India has a large geographical area and forest cover, and it holds 7,124.6 million tons of carbon stock. Forests are traditionally managed through a participatory approach, which is similar to REDD+ activities. India has made significant progress toward REDD+ implementation by developing a national REDD+ strategy, enacting consistent laws and regulations, and demonstrating accountability and monitoring of national forest carbon. However, several issues, including forest dependency, community rights, capacity building, policies, and finance, should be carefully addressed to overcome hurdles in REDD+ implementation.
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Streck, Charlotte. "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: national implementation of REDD schemes." Climatic Change 100, no. 3-4 (February 4, 2010): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9767-z.

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Shahid, Mohommad, and L. Rai. "Opportunities for Reaping the Benefits of REDD+ in Sikkim Himalaya for Conservation and Enhancement of Carbon Stock." Indian Journal of Forestry 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2017-3q796x.

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Paris Agreement recognized the role of forests as carbon sink for mitigation of climate change, under Article 5 as REDD+, i.e., reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Forest cover change analysis was done between two time periods 2005 and 2015 to assess the forest degradation. Carbon sequestration potential of the forests of Sikkim for mitigating climate change is also estimated. Benefits of implementing of REDD+ in Sikkim involving local communities as stakeholder to conserve and sustainably manage the forest is assessed. Gaps and challenges faced by the stakeholder in implementing REDD+ at project level are also highlighted.
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Di Gregorio, Monica, Maria Brockhaus, Tim Cronin, Efrian Muharrom, Sofi Mardiah, and Levania Santoso. "Deadlock or Transformational Change? Exploring Public Discourse on REDD+ Across Seven Countries." Global Environmental Politics 15, no. 4 (November 2015): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00322.

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This article investigates the public discourses on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) across seven countries, to assess whether they support policy reforms. We argue that transformational discourses have at least one of these characteristics: they advocate specific policy reforms that address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation; take into account the potential risks of a REDD+ mechanism; go beyond technocratic solutions to reduce emissions; and explicitly challenge existing power relations that support drivers of deforestation. The evidence indicates the predominance of win-win storylines, a lack of engagement by state actors with debates on the potential negative socioeconomic outcomes of REDD+, and little attention to the drivers of deforestation. The article concludes that to achieve a shift toward transformational public discourse, reformist policy actors and the media need to engage dominant policy actors in debates about how to reduce pressure on the forest.
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Karky, Bhaskar Singh, Rachita Vaidya, Seema Karki, and Bikul Tulachan. "What is REDD+ Additionality in Community Managed Forest for Nepal?" Journal of Forest and Livelihood 11, no. 2 (September 14, 2013): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8620.

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a policy currently under consideration by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This study carries out a Nepal-specific research to understand REDD+ policy’s potential role in carbon sequestration, by identifying the economic and preferential rationales that drive deforestation and degradation in community managed forests. The study explores four different land use options, making use of both community based survey and field data used to generate net present value (NPV). Both techniques give consistent results that, in the current economic situation, farmers prefer using land for livelihood purposes rather than solely for community forest management. This has a very strong implication for policymakers. First, the results imply that conversion and degradation are inevitable, thus placing community forest in imminent threat and making this risk reduction additionality in REDD+ terms. Furthermore, it shows that, to combat the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, policies such as REDD+ need to provide enough financial incentives that will incur the opportunity costs and direct farmers towards the efficient use of community managed forest. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8620 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 37-45
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Neupane, P. R., C. B. Wiati, E. M. Angi, M. Köhl, T. Butarbutar, Reonaldus, and A. Gauli. "How REDD+ and FLEGT-VPA processes are contributing towards SFM in Indonesia – the specialists' viewpoint." International Forestry Review 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 460–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827906807.

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In an effort to reverse the trend of deforestation and forest degradation, several international initiatives have been attempted. Though promoted in different political arenas, Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) – Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA), and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries (REDD+) share overlapping objectives of conservation of tropical forests. We explore specialists' viewpoint on FLEGT-VPA and REDD+ processes in Indonesia with reference to their contribution towards Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). The study shows that FLEGT-VPA and REDD+ regimes contribute towards SFM. While FLEGT-VPA improves enabling condition for SFM through governance reform, improved harvesting practices, and timber legality assurance system, REDD+ supports SFM through institutional strengthening, reforming policies and frameworks, mobilizing new and additional financial resources and increasing social and ecological resilience. We identified opportunities to achieve synergies between REDD+ and FLEGT-VPA by harmonizing their processes, tools, methodologies, technical assistance, capacity-building and funding mechanisms.
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Chien, Herlin. "Reducing Emissions, Forest Management and Multiactor Perspectives: Problem Representation Analysis of Laos REDD+ Programs." Forest and Society 3, no. 2 (October 26, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i2.7604.

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Every policy solution is embedded in a certain “problem representation” that is taken for granted and assumed by policymakers. This paper examines how emission reductions and forest management have been problematized for policymaking and solution implementation from multiple actors’ perspectives. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), particularly Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) programs, in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) serves as a demonstrative example. By applying the ‘What is the Problem Represented to be’ (WPR) approach as a poststructuralist method, this study first comparatively analyzes the general problem as represented by multiple actors, including the government, media, academia and civil society. In particular, queries such as what and how the “problem” is represented and what is not problematized are reflected during the analyses. Next, this research further examines the corresponding problematization gap based on drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and discusses the noncarbon benefits of FCPF in the rhetoric. The objective of the study is to not to find the best policy choice but to reveal the heterogeneity in problem representations formulated by multiple actors to yield space for alternative and disruptive change for future problem solving in emission reductions and forest management
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Palomo, Ignacio, Yann Dujardin, Estelle Midler, Manon Robin, María J. Sanz, and Unai Pascual. "Modeling trade-offs across carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and equity in the distribution of global REDD+ funds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 45 (October 21, 2019): 22645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908683116.

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The program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is one of the major attempts to tackle climate change mitigation in developing countries. REDD+ seeks to provide result-based incentives to promote emission reductions and increase carbon sinks in forest land while promoting other cobenefits, such as the conservation of biodiversity. We model different scenarios of international REDD+ funds distribution toward potential recipient countries using 2 carbon emission reduction targets (20% and 50% compared to the baseline scenario, i.e., deforestation and forest degradation without REDD+) by 2030. The model combines the prioritization of environmental outcomes in terms of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation and social equity, accounting for the equitable distribution of international REDD+ funds. Results highlight the synergy between carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation under alternative fund allocation criteria, especially for scenarios of low carbon emission reduction. Trade-offs increase when distributional equity is considered as an additional criterion, especially under higher equity requirements. The analysis helps to better understand the inherent trade-offs between enhancing distributional equity and meeting environmental targets under alternative REDD+ fund allocation options.
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Matza, Helaina. "Battling Deforestation in Brazil: Implementing a REDD Framework to Combat Global Climate Change." Policy Perspectives 20 (May 14, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v20i0.11783.

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Much international attention has focused on how deforestation has contributed to overall carbon dioxide output, thereby exacerbating global climate change. This paper will focus specifically on Brazil’s current efforts to combat deforestation and the suggested modifications to the design and future implementation of programs based on the United Nations’ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) framework in Brazil.
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Houghton, RA, N. Greenglass, A. Baccini, A. Cattaneo, S. Goetz, J. Kellndorfer, N. Laporte, and W. Walker. "The role of science in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)." Carbon Management 1, no. 2 (December 2010): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.10.29.

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32

Soe, Khaing Thandar, and Youn Yeo-Chang. "Livelihood Dependency on Non-Timber Forest Products: Implications for REDD+." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050427.

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Deforestation and forest degradation are occurring continuously and posing serious threats to forests and people worldwide. In Myanmar, poor regulation and unsustainable extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is affecting millions of hectares of natural forests; overexploitation of forest resources is one of the main drivers of forest degradation. Although evidence shows that the extraction of NTFPs results in forest degradation, there have been few studies on what drives rural people to depend on NTFPs and how to address these drivers in terms of policies and measures. Policies and measures are nationally enacted policies and actions that countries undertake to address the causes of deforestation and forest degradation. This study identifies which factors determine the dependence on NTFPs in forest-dependent communities. From these factors, we derived policy implications for the main causes of overexploitation of NTFPs to provide suggestions for developing policies and measures in the design of national Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) strategies. Focusing on the Taungoo District as a case of dependence on NTFPs by local communities, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative data collection procedure based on interviewing households in the local communities. NTFPs contributed the most to total household income and the main types of NTFPs exploited were charcoal making and bamboo selling. Households with lower education level, less agricultural land, less income from off-farm activities, lived under the poverty line or used only charcoal were more dependent on NTFPs in the study areas. Poverty and fuelwood usage were factors affecting NTFPs dependence for landowners while rice insufficiency, off-farm income and fuelwood usage most affected the NTFPs dependence for landless people. The results suggested that national strategies for REDD+ should take into account local features such as income opportunities and land tenure in order to make local people cooperate with the government to avoid deforestation and forest degradation.
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Sari, Suwarti, and Mira Puspa Nirmala. "KERJASAMA INDONESIA-UNI EROPA DALAM MENGOPTIMALKAN IMPLEMENTASI REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD+)." Jurnal Dinamika Global 4, no. 02 (January 8, 2020): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v4i02.133.

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Praktik pembalakan liar merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang menjadi fokus bagi sektor kehutanan Indonesia. Upaya untuk mengatasi laju deforestasi dan degradasi hutan yang semakin meningkat, Indonesia berpartisipasi dalam program REDD+ dan menjalin kerjasama dengan Uni Eropa dalam kerangka FLEGT-VPA. Upaya-upaya tersebut merupakan bentuk komitmen pelestarian hutan dan kerjasama perdagangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui signifikansi kerjasama FLEGT-VPA dalam mengoptimalkan implementasi program REDD+ dengan studi kasus Hutan Ulu Masen Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan liberalisme, teori ekonomi politik lingkungan global, konsep multi-level governance serta eco-labelling. Hasil penelitian akan dipaparkan mengenai interaksi kedua kerjasama dan signifikasi kerjasama FLEGT-VPA yang belum sepenuhnya mengoptimalkan program REDD+.
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34

Mateo-Vega, Javier, Ana K. Spalding, Gordon M. Hickey, and Catherine Potvin. "Deforestation, Territorial Conflicts, and Pluralism in the Forests of Eastern Panama: A Place for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation?" Case Studies in the Environment 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000562.

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Deforestation is a primary contributor to global climate change. When the forest is felled and the vegetation is burnt or decomposes, carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is released into the atmosphere. An approach designed to stem climate change is Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), a global financial mechanism that requires intricate governance requirements to be met—a significant challenge in the developing areas. In Panama, the government is responsible for designing and implementing a national REDD+ strategy with support from multilateral organizations. This case study is built through the experience of a public hearing on the potential implementation of REDD+ in the highly contested Upper Bayano Watershed in eastern Panama. The Upper Bayano Watershed is composed of vast and diverse forest ecosystems. It forms a part of the Choco-Darien ecoregion, a global biodiversity hotspot, and is home to two Indigenous groups (Kuna and Embera) and populations of migrant farmers (colonos), all with different histories, traditions, and worldviews concerning forests and land management, often resulting in territorial conflicts. A major socioecological issue facing the region is deforestation, which is driving biodiversity loss and landscape change and threatening traditional livelihoods and cultures. The public hearing stimulates difficult discussions about access to land, tenure security, biodiversity conservation, poverty reduction, identity, power, trade-offs, and social justice. The case is designed to confront participants with the challenges of implementing ambitious, international, and often-prescriptive natural resource policies at local levels.
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35

L Ginoga, Kirsfianti, Deden Djaenudin, and Enik Eko Wati. "PENILAIAN KELAYAKAN EKONOMI REDUCING EMISSION FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD+)." Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan 8, no. 4 (December 2011): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jsek.2011.8.4.276-287.

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36

Skutsch, Margaret, and Patrick E. Van Laake. "Redd as Multi-Level Governance In-The-Making." Energy & Environment 19, no. 6 (November 2008): 831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830508785363622.

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A new policy, Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries, is currently being discussed under the UNFCCC. This policy will necessarily involve multi-level governance and involve international, national and local level bodies in both North and South. The paper considers a number of unresolved issues relating to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries and how the interests of the different levels in this governance structure will be reflected in them. It demonstrates that on several issues there is more difference in interest between different South Parties than between South and North. It also shows that recognition of traditional and local level forest governance capacities by national Parties may be an essential step not only to control deforestation and degradation, but also to provide the data that the state will need to claim carbon credits.
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37

CATTANEO, ANDREA. "Robust design of multiscale programs to reduce deforestation." Environment and Development Economics 16, no. 4 (April 11, 2011): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000040.

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ABSTRACTA framework is provided for structuring programs aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). Crediting reference levels and the coordination among different implementing entities at multiple geographic scales are discussed. A crediting reference level has an error component if it differs from the business-as-usual (BAU) without REDD. Both the BAU emissions and the impact of REDD actions are uncertain, implying that participating in REDD entails stakeholder risk, the distribution of which depends on REDD program design. To categorize REDD architectures we definescale-neutralitywhereby, for a given REDD design, crediting relative to the reference level at a given scale is not affected by errors in reference levels at scales below it. Sufficient conditions are derived for scale-neutrality to hold. A Brazilian Amazon example is provided, comparing potential REDD architectures, and highlighting how a cap-and-trade approach may match the environmental outcome obtainable with perfect foresight of the BAU emissions.
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38

GODOY, FABIANO L., KARYN TABOR, NEIL D. BURGESS, BONIFACE P. MBILINYI, JAPHET J. KASHAIGILI, and MARC K. STEININGER. "Deforestation and CO2 emissions in coastal Tanzania from 1990 to 2007." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291100035x.

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SUMMARYConversion of forest to other land uses is a major contributor to climate change. The coastal forests of Tanzania have increasingly been recognized as being of global biodiversity importance, due to high rates of species endemism. Rates of forest loss are similar to those of other tropical regions, resulting in increasing levels of threat for the biological values within the remaining forest and potentially significant source of CO2 emissions. This study estimated the remaining cover and carbon stock of Tanzania's coastal forests and the CO2 emissions due to forest loss between c. 1990 and c. 2007. Coastal Tanzania contained over 273 700 ha of forest in 2007. Deforestation rates in the area have slowed from 1.0% yr−1, or > 3735 ha yr−1 during the 1990s, to 0.4% yr−1, or > 1233 ha yr−1 during 2000–2007. Despite lower deforestation rates in 2000–2007, the percentage forest lost from within reserved areas has remained steady at 0.2% yr−1 for both time periods. CO2 emissions from deforestation slowed from at least 0.63 Mt CO2 yr−1 in 1990–2000 to at least 0.20 Mt CO2 yr−1 in 2000–2007. Regional forest clearance in Tanzania is highly dynamic; while rates have slowed since 2000, forest habitat conversion has continued and there is no guarantee that future rates will remain low. A rigorous policy on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) should be implemented to avoid future increases in deforestation rates.
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West, Thales A. P., Jan Börner, Erin O. Sills, and Andreas Kontoleon. "Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 39 (September 14, 2020): 24188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004334117.

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Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has gained international attention over the past decade, as manifested in both United Nations policy discussions and hundreds of voluntary projects launched to earn carbon-offset credits. There are ongoing discussions about whether and how projects should be integrated into national climate change mitigation efforts under the Paris Agreement. One consideration is whether these projects have generated additional impacts over and above national policies and other measures. To help inform these discussions, we compare the crediting baselines established ex-ante by voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon to counterfactuals constructed ex-post based on the quasi-experimental synthetic control method. We find that the crediting baselines assume consistently higher deforestation than counterfactual forest loss in synthetic control sites. This gap is partially due to decreased deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon during the early implementation phase of the REDD+ projects considered here. This suggests that forest carbon finance must strike a balance between controlling conservation investment risk and ensuring the environmental integrity of carbon emission offsets. Relatedly, our results point to the need to better align project- and national-level carbon accounting.
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Maniatis, Danae, Joel Scriven, Inge Jonckheere, Jennifer Laughlin, and Kimberly Todd. "Toward REDD+ Implementation." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44, no. 1 (October 17, 2019): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060839.

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After several years of REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) readiness, countries are starting to move toward REDD+ implementation and accessing results-based payments (RBPs). Currently various parallel processes for accessing RBPs exist, including project and jurisdictional—approaches that often operate under a nascent national framework. This review is structured around the key considerations for countries to implement REDD+ and access RBPs. It offers a discussion focusing on three areas that are crucial for the success of REDD+: ( a) REDD+ in the context of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ( b) the role of the private sector in achieving emissions reductions, and ( c) access to RBPs for REDD+. We present some key considerations for future issues and possible successes of REDD+ implementation.
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Michinaka, Tetsuya, Ei Hlaing, Thaung Oo, Myat Mon, and Tamotsu Sato. "Forecasting Forest Areas in Myanmar Based on Socioeconomic Factors." Forests 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010100.

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National circumstances should be considered in establishing and adjusting forest reference emission levels (FRELs/FRLs) under the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD+ Programme). Myanmar, one of the world’s least developed countries may face accelerating deforestation under an open and democratic political system that desires rapid economic development. This research analyzes the impacts of population growth and economic development on forest areas in Myanmar by using panel data analysis, an econometrics approach based on panel data of forest areas, population, and gross domestic product (GDP) by states and regions in 2005, 2010, and 2015. This research revealed that per capita GDP and population density gave statistically significant negative impacts on forest areas. Using the regression model obtained above, medium population growth projections, and three GDP development scenarios, annual forest areas from 2016 to 2020 were forecast. The forecasting results showed possible higher deforestation under higher economic development. Finally, this research showed the necessity of adjusting the current average deforestation for RELs in the REDD+ scheme in Myanmar and the direction in which the adjustment should go.
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Collett, M. "In the REDD: A Conservative Approach to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation." Carbon & Climate Law Review 3, no. 3 (2009): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/cclr/2009/3/103.

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43

Lin, Liwei, Erin Sills, and Heather Cheshire. "Targeting areas for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) projects in Tanzania." Global Environmental Change 24 (January 2014): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.003.

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44

Negi, Swati, and Lukas Giessen. "India in international climate governance: Through soft power from REDD to REDD+ policy in favor of relative gains." Forest and Society 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v2i1.3584.

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This paper seeks to examine India’s role in the politics of a specific climate change mitigation policy called “Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+)”. It explores India’s strategic behaviour towards the development of REDD policy. The paper argues that India had pushed for the remodelling of the global REDD negotiations by expanding its scope to conservation activities, which entails more direct benefits for India. This is largely due to differences in India’s rates of forest cover and deforestation as compared to high forest - high deforestation countries such as Brazil and Indonesia. To substantiate its argument, the paper uses the main underpinnings of relative gains theory in international relations and applies them toward interpreting India’s behaviour in negotiating REDD+ at global level. Further, the paper analyses the Indian strategies used to remodel the REDD mechanism using insights from soft power theory and its more recent amendments. Thematic analysis of the REDD-relevant documents as well as exploratory expert interviews have been employed for showing India’s proactive role in the politics of REDD+. It is concluded that India indeed played a central role in critical past decisions, which lead to re-shaping REDD due to relative gains concerns and mainly by means of soft power strategies.
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45

Manandhar, Ugan. "Forest Monitoring, Measurement, Reporting and Verification: from Principle to Practice." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 11, no. 2 (September 14, 2013): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8621.

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Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), many tropical developing countries have agreed to participate in the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation as well as conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks and sustainable management of forests (REDD+) programme so as to receive payments for their contribution in reducing emissions from forestry sector. The emission reduction is measured in terms of quantifications of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent, upon which payments are made. To quantify emissions in terms of CO2 equivalent, a process called measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) has been developed, which forms the backbone of performance-based payment under the REDD+ mechanism. This paper primarily reviews the principles and methods of MRV. By taking the case of the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) of Nepal, a sub-national level proposed project, the paper demonstrates how an institutional mechanism for MRV can be designed and practiced at national level considering national circumstances and existing institutions. Also, the cost effectiveness and transparency of the MRV process are identified as important elements. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8621 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 46-54
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46

Birhan, Endalkachew, Engdawork Assefa, and Maria A. Petrova. "Challenges Of Forest Governance In Addressing Redd+: Status, Effects And Prospects. The Case Of Bale Eco-Region, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-108.

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Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is an internationally accepted mechanism for encouraging developing countries to contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by preventing forest loss and degradation; and by increasing removal of GHGs from the earth’s atmosphere through the conservation, management and expansion of forests. This mechanism, however, has failed to bring the desired results in the Bale Eco-Region. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the main challenges of forest governance in addressing the implementation of REDD+ projects. Mixed research approach was employed. Relevant qualitative data were gathered through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires. This study revealed that the community produced a total of 5.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in three years (between 2012 and 2015) as a contribution to the global environment. But, they were not received any economic incentives from the REDD+. Generally, while implementing the REDD+ project, forest governance of the Bale Eco-Region has faced different challenges, such as weak institutional arrangements, continuation of deforestation, low enforcement capacity, low economic benefit of the community, lack of strong coordination with media and research institutes, conflict of interest among sectors over forest land, and lack of adequate budget and logistics to undertake proper monitoring and evaluation. All these challenges have in one way or another contributed to the failure of the REDD+ project in the Bale Eco-Region.
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Roopsind, Anand, Brent Sohngen, and Jodi Brandt. "Evidence that a national REDD+ program reduces tree cover loss and carbon emissions in a high forest cover, low deforestation country." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (November 18, 2019): 24492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904027116.

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Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is a climate change mitigation policy in which rich countries provide payments to developing countries for protecting their forests. In 2009, the countries of Norway and Guyana entered into one of the first bilateral REDD+ programs, with Norway offering to pay US$250 million to Guyana if annual deforestation rates remained below 0.056% from 2010 to 2015. To quantify the impact of this national REDD+ program, we construct a counterfactual times-series trajectory of annual tree cover loss using synthetic matching. This analytical approach allows us to quantify tree cover loss that would have occurred in the absence of the Norway-Guyana REDD+ program. We found that the Norway-Guyana REDD+ program reduced tree cover loss by 35% during the implementation period (2010 to 2015), equivalent to 12.8 million tons of avoided CO2 emissions. Our analysis indicates that national REDD+ payments attenuated the effect of increases in gold prices, an internationally traded commodity that is the primary deforestation driver in Guyana. Overall, we found strong evidence that the program met the additionality criteria of REDD+. However, we found that tree cover loss increased after the payments ended, and therefore, our results suggest that without continued payments, forest protection is not guaranteed. On the issue of leakage, which is complex and difficult to quantify, a multinational REDD+ program for a region could address leakage that results from differences in forest policies between neighboring countries.
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48

Ellis, Edward A., José Antonio Sierra-Huelsz, Gustavo Celestino Ortíz Ceballos, Citlalli López Binnqüist, and Carlos R. Cerdán. "Mixed Effectiveness of REDD+ Subnational Initiatives after 10 Years of Interventions on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico." Forests 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11091005.

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Since 2010, the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) mechanism has been implemented in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, a biodiversity hotspot with persistent deforestation problems. We apply the before-after-control-intervention approach and quasi-experimental methods to evaluate the effectiveness of REDD+ interventions in reducing deforestation at municipal (meso) and community (micro) scales. Difference-in-differences regression and propensity score matching did not show an overall reduction in forest cover loss from REDD+ projects at both scales. However, Synthetic Control Method (SCM) analyses demonstrated mixed REDD+ effectiveness among intervened municipalities and communities. Funding agencies and number of REDD+ projects intervening in a municipality or community did not appear to affect REDD+ outcomes. However, cattle production and commercial agriculture land uses tended to impede REDD+ effectiveness. Cases of communities with important forestry enterprises exemplified reduced forest cover loss but not when cattle production was present. Communities and municipalities with negative REDD+ outcomes were notable along the southern region bordering Guatemala and Belize, a remote forest frontier fraught with illegal activities and socio-environmental conflicts. We hypothesize that strengthening community governance and organizational capacity results in REDD+ effectiveness. The observed successes and problems in intervened communities deserve closer examination for REDD+ future planning and development of strategies on the Yucatan Peninsula.
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Burgess, Neil D., Bruno Bahane, Tim Clairs, Finn Danielsen, Søren Dalsgaard, Mikkel Funder, Niklas Hagelberg, et al. "Getting ready for REDD+ in Tanzania: a case study of progress and challenges." Oryx 44, no. 3 (July 2010): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000554.

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AbstractThe proposed mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) offers significant potential for conserving forests to reduce negative impacts of climate change. Tanzania is one of nine pilot countries for the United Nations REDD Programme, receives significant funding from the Norwegian, Finnish and German governments and is a participant in the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. In combination, these interventions aim to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, provide an income to rural communities and conserve biodiversity. The establishment of the UN-REDD Programme in Tanzania illustrates real-world challenges in a developing country. These include currently inadequate baseline forestry data sets (needed to calculate reference emission levels), inadequate government capacity and insufficient experience of implementing REDD+-type measures at operational levels. Additionally, for REDD+ to succeed, current users of forest resources must adopt new practices, including the equitable sharing of benefits that accrue from REDD+ implementation. These challenges are being addressed by combined donor support to implement a national forest inventory, remote sensing of forest cover, enhanced capacity for measuring, reporting and verification, and pilot projects to test REDD+ implementation linked to the existing Participatory Forest Management Programme. Our conclusion is that even in a country with considerable donor support, progressive forest policies, laws and regulations, an extensive network of managed forests and increasingly developed locally-based forest management approaches, implementing REDD+ presents many challenges. These are being met by coordinated, genuine partnerships between government, non-government and community-based agencies.
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Adekugbe, OA, OV Oyerinde, TV Oluwajuwon, TR Abisoye, and TA Atanda. "Socio-Economic Characteristics and Level of Awareness and Perception on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Programme (REDD+) by Rural Communities in Akure Forest Reserve, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 11 (January 7, 2021): 1909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i11.10.

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Rural communities around Akure forest reserve depend mostly on forest and its products for their livelihoods, which results in its high rate of deforestation. Meanwhile, the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation programme (REDD+), one of the international forest-governance initiatives to address sustainable forest anagement and climate change mitigation has been introduced to the reserve. This research investigated the socio-economic status of the communities in Akure forest reserve, level of dependence on the forest resources and their level of awareness and perception about the REDD+ project. Six communities were selected randomly from around the reserve which were in the readiness phase of the REDD+ project. Data were collected through household survey with the use of semi-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents (household heads) selected randomly from the communities as well as information from 6 key informants (village heads). Descriptive Statistics and Chi Square test were used in the analysis of the data and the result showed that the main income-generating activity in the communities was farming accounting for 70.8% of the respondents. This affirms that the high level of the households’ dependence on forest resources is traceable to their socio-economic characteristics. Considering the level of awareness of REDD+ project, results revealed that the level of awareness of the key informants about REDD+ was very high (83.3%) while it was very low at the local community level with only 35% of the respondents being aware of the REDD+ project among which 23.3% found it beneficial. Therefore, to enhance the level of effectiveness of REDD+ project implementation, there should be an increase in the level of awareness in the communities. Keywords: Forest Communities, Awareness, REDD+ Project, Rural livelihood, Deforestation
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