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Journal articles on the topic 'Reducing atmosphere'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Ceponis, M. J., and R. A. Cappellini. "Reducing Decay in Fresh Blueberries with Controlled Atmospheres." HortScience 20, no. 2 (April 1985): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.2.228.

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Abstract Freshly harvested blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were held for 7 or 14 days at 2°C under constant atmospheres of CO2 in air or with 2% O2, under 2% O2 alone or in normal atmosphere. When the berries were removed from the controlled atmospheres and held for 3 days at 21°, the CO2-enriched atmospheres of 10%, 15%, or 20% significantly inhibited decay development for 1-2 days. The higher CO2-enriched atmospheres generally were more effective. The 2% O2 atmosphere alone was ineffective and did not enhance the CO2 treatment.

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2

Itcovitz, Jonathan P., Auriol S. P. Rae, Robert I. Citron, Sarah T. Stewart, Catriona A. Sinclair, Paul B. Rimmer, and Oliver Shorttle. "Reduced Atmospheres of Post-impact Worlds: The Early Earth." Planetary Science Journal 3, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac67a9.

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Abstract Impacts may have had a significant effect on the atmospheric chemistry of the early Earth. Reduced phases in the impactor (e.g., metallic iron) can reduce the planet’s H2O inventory to produce massive atmospheres rich in H2. While previous studies have focused on the interactions between the impactor and atmosphere in such scenarios, we investigate two further effects: (1) the distribution of the impactor’s iron inventory during impact between the target interior, target atmosphere, and escaping the target; and (2) interactions between the post-impact atmosphere and the impact-generated melt phase. We find that these two effects can potentially counterbalance each other, with the melt–atmosphere interactions acting to restore reducing power to the atmosphere that was initially accreted by the melt phase. For a ∼1022 kg impactor, when the iron accreted by the melt phase is fully available to reduce this melt, we find an equilibrium atmosphere with H2 column density ∼104 moles cm−2 (pH2 ∼ 120 bars, X H2 ∼ 0.77), consistent with previous estimates. However, when the iron is not available to reduce the melt (e.g., sinking out in large diameter blobs), we find significantly less H2 (7 × 102 − 5 × 103 moles cm−2, pH2 ≲ 60 bars, X H2 ≲ 0.41). These lower H2 abundances are sufficiently high that species important to prebiotic chemistry can form (e.g., NH3, HCN), but sufficiently low that the greenhouse heating effects associated with highly reducing atmospheres, which are problematic to such chemistry, are suppressed. The manner in which iron is accreted by the impact-generated melt phase is critical in determining the reducing power of the atmosphere and resolidified melt pool in the aftermath of impact.

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Wang, Xiaohuan, Zhiming Shi, and Lina Wang. "Effects of sintering atmospheres on phase transformation, oxygen vacancy and photoabsorption behaviors of highly Fe-doped titania crystals." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 06 (February 28, 2017): 1750062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500622.

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Fe-doped TiO2 crystals were successfully prepared using a sol–gel technique in reducing and oxidizing atmospheres. The effects of sintering atmosphere on phase transformation, oxygen vacancy concentration and photoabsorption behaviors were investigated. The results indicate that upon sintering in reducing atmosphere, Ti and Fe ion valences were decreased and highly Fe ions (12 mol%) were entirely dissolved into titania crystals, increasing oxygen vacancy concentration and leading to increased photoabsorption capability. In contrast, sintering in oxidizing atmosphere causes precipitation of the Fe2O3 phase, which is detrimental to the photoabsorption capability. The best photoabsorption performance is obtained by sintering 12 mol% Fe-doped TiO2 in reducing atmosphere, resulting in an absorption edge of approximately 435 nm, which is much higher than that of undoped TiO2 in the oxidizing atmospheres with the absorption edge 352 nm.

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Tuo, Yong Feng, Yu Ping Wu, Min Huang, Kai Wang, Yue Huang, Zhong Hua Zhou, and Shirley Shen. "The Surface Plasmon Resonance Absorption of Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and its Control." Advanced Materials Research 1118 (July 2015): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1118.160.

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a coprecipitation process from a mixed solution consisting of indium chloride and tin chloride. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption was studied under different calcinate atmospheres. The characteristics of the optical properties, especially the absorption of near-infrared (NIR) region was recorded by the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the SPR absorption peak appears at 2500 nm under an oxidizing atmosphere (air) or at 1300 nm under a reducing atmosphere (a gas mixture of Ar and 5 vol% H2) when calcinated under a single atmosphere. There is no change in the plasmon frequency with the variance of calcinate temperatures and therefore no change in the free carrier concentration. However, when calcinated first at 600 °C under an oxidizing atmosphere and then reheated under a reducing atmosphere at different temperature, the SPR absorption peaks of the ITO NPs are at the range of from 1200 nm to 1430 nm, undergoing a blue shift as the reducing process temperature increases. The SPR absorption of the prepared ITO NPs is easily controlled by calcinate temperature under a process of calcination first under an oxidizing atmosphere and followed by under a reducing atmosphere.

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Vidotto, A. A., and A. Cleary. "Stellar wind effects on the atmospheres of close-in giants: a possible reduction in escape instead of increased erosion." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 2 (April 4, 2020): 2417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa852.

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ABSTRACT The atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets are observed to undergo hydrodynamic escape. However, due to strong pressures, stellar winds can confine planetary atmospheres, reducing their escape. Here, we investigate under which conditions atmospheric escape of close-in giants could be confined by the large pressure of their host star’s winds. For that, we simulate escape in planets at a range of orbital distances ([0.04, 0.14] au), planetary gravities ([36, 87 per cent] of Jupiter’s gravity), and ages ([1, 6.9] Gyr). For each of these simulations, we calculate the ram pressure of these escaping atmospheres and compare them to the expected stellar wind external pressure to determine whether a given atmosphere is confined or not. We show that although younger close-in giants should experience higher levels of atmospheric escape, due to higher stellar irradiation, stellar winds are also stronger at young ages, potentially reducing escape of young exoplanets. Regardless of the age, we also find that there is always a region in our parameter space where atmospheric escape is confined, preferably occurring at higher planetary gravities and orbital distances. We investigate confinement of some known exoplanets and find that the atmosphere of several of them, including π Men c, should be confined by the winds of their host stars, thus potentially preventing escape in highly irradiated planets. Thus, the lack of hydrogen escape recently reported for π Men c could be caused by the stellar wind.

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6

Jiao, Facun, Xulong Ma, Tao Liu, Chengli Wu, Hanxu Li, and Zhongbing Dong. "Effect of Atmospheres on Transformation of Heavy Metals during Thermal Treatment of MSWI Fly Ash: By Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculation." Molecules 27, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010131.

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The vaporization behaviors of eight heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, and Ni) in municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI) fly ash during thermal treatment under air atmosphere (21% O2/79% N2), an inert atmosphere (100% N2), and a reducing atmosphere (50% CO/50% N2) were evaluated based on a thermodynamic equilibrium calculation by FactSage 8.1. The results show that the reducing atmosphere promotes the melting of MSWI fly ash, resulting in a more liquid phase than in air or an inert atmosphere. Except for Cd, the formation of liquids can dissolve heavy metals and reduce their vaporization ratio. In the air and inert atmospheres, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Ni vaporize mainly in the form of metallic chlorides, while Cd volatilizes in the form of metallic Cd (g) and CdO (g). In the reducing atmosphere, Co, Mn, and Ni still vaporize as chlorides. Zn and Cd mainly vaporize in the form of Zn (g) and Cd (g), respectively. In terms of Pb, in addition to its chlorides, the volatiles of Pb contain some Pb (g) and PbS (g). Cr has a low vaporization ratio, accounting for 2.4% of the air atmosphere. Cr, on the other hand, readily reacts with Ca to form water-soluble CrCaO4, potentially increasing Cr leaching. Except for Cd, the results of this study suggest that the reducing atmosphere is used for the thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash because it promotes the melting of fly ash and thus prevents heavy metal vaporization.

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Chang, Sung-Sik, S. O. Yoon, and Hye Jeong Park. "Characteristics of SnO2 annealed in reducing atmosphere." Ceramics International 31, no. 3 (January 2005): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.05.026.

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8

Moura, Francisco, Alexandre Simões, Carla Riccardi, Maria Zaghete, Jose Varela, and Elson Longo. "Effect of oxidizing and reducing atmospheres on Ba(Ti0.90 Zr0.10)o3:2V ceramics as characterized by piezoresponse force microscopy." Processing and Application of Ceramics 5, no. 3 (2011): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1103139m.

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The effect of annealing atmospheres (Atamb, N2 and O2) on the electrical properties of Ba(Ti0.90Zr0.10 )O3:2V (BZT10:2V) ceramics obtained by the mixed oxide method was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that oxygen vacancies present near Zr and Ti ions reduce ferroelectric properties, especially in samples treated in an ambient atmosphere (Atamb ). BZT10:2V ceramics sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere showed better dielectric behaviour at room temperature with a dielectric permittivity measured at a frequency of 10 kHz equal to 16800 with dielectric loss of 0.023. Piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) images reveal improvement in the piezoelectric coefficient by sintering the sample under nitrogen atmosphere. Thus, BZT10:2V ceramics sintered under a nitrogen atmosphere can be useful for practical applications which include nonvolatile digital memories, spintronics and data-storage media.

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Trung, Doan Thanh, and John G. Fisher. "Controlled-Atmosphere Sintering of KNbO3." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062131.

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The effect of sintering atmosphere (O2, air, N2, N2-5% H2, and H2) on the densification, grain growth, and structure of KNbO3 was studied. KNbO3 powder was prepared by solid state reaction, and samples were sintered at 1040 °C for 1–10 h. The sample microstructure was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The sample structure was studied using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). H2-sintered samples showed reduced density, whereas other sintering atmospheres did not affect density much. Samples sintered in N2-5% H2 showed abnormal grain growth, whereas sintering in other atmospheres caused stagnant (O2, air, N2) or pseudo-normal (H2) grain growth behavior. Samples sintered in reducing atmospheres showed decreased orthorhombic unit cell distortion. The grain growth behavior was explained by the mixed control theory. An increase in vacancy concentration caused by sintering in reducing atmospheres led to a decrease in the step free energy and the critical driving force for appreciable grain growth. This caused grain growth behavior to change from stagnant to abnormal and eventually pseudo-normal.

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10

Sonnemann, G. R., and M. Grygalashvyly. "Effective CO<sub>2</sub> lifetime and future CO<sub>2</sub> levels based on fit function." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 9 (September 27, 2013): 1591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1591-2013.

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Abstract. The estimated global CO2 emission rates and the measured atmospheric CO2 concentrations show that only a certain share of the emitted CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere. For given atmospheric emissions of CO2, the effective lifetime determines its accumulation in the atmosphere and, consequently, its impact on the future global warming. We found that on average the inferred effective lifetime of CO2 decreases as its atmospheric concentration increases, reducing the rate of its accumulation in the atmosphere. We derived a power function that fits the varying lifetimes. Based on this fitting function, we calculated the increase of CO2 for different scenarios of future global emission rates.

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11

Hendry, George A. F., and R. M. M. Crawford. "Oxygen and environmental stress in plants - an overview." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 102 (1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000013932.

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The Galileo satellite during its recent passes close to the Earth recorded a planet with an unusual red-absorbing pigment, a poisonous atmosphere, simultaneously rich in oxygen and in methane, with strong, modulated, narrow-band, radio emissions in the MHz frequencies (Sagan et al. 1993). To an observer visiting the solar system, these features; the photo-oxidisable pigment chlorophyll, abundant atmospheric oxygen, the existence of reducing conditions and intelligent life might well appear self-contradictory. While intelligent life is a recent event, the presence of other forms of life based on photosynthesis and survival under both oxygen-rich atmospheres and reducing conditions go back to the earliest times (Table 1). Life on Earth has evolved over nearly 4 G years under atmospheric environments ranging from anoxia, to hypoxia, to hyperoxia (relative to the present day), and not always in that sequence.

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12

Yates, S. R., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, R. Dungan, and D. Wang. "Reducing Fumigant Emissions After Soil Application." Phytopathology® 92, no. 12 (December 2002): 1344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.12.1344.

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Volatilization and soil transformation are major pathways by which pesticides dissipate from treated agricultural soil. Volatilization is a primary source of unwanted agricultural chemicals in the atmosphere and can significantly affect fumigant efficacy. Volatile pesticides may cause other unique problems; for example, the soil fumigant methyl bromide has been shown to damage stratospheric ozone and will soon be phased out. There is also great concern about the health consequences of inhalation of fumigants by people living in proximity to treated fields. Because replacement fumigants will likely face increased scrutiny in years ahead, there is a great need to understand the mechanisms that control their emission into the atmosphere so these losses can be minimized without loss of efficacy. Recent research has shown that combinations of vapor barriers and soil amendments can be effective in reducing emissions. In this paper, some potential approaches for reducing fumigant emissions to the atmosphere are described.

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13

Parveg, A. S. M. Sazzad, Ramin Ordikhani-Seyedlar, Tejasvi Sharma, Scott K. Shaw, and Albert Ratner. "A Recycling Pathway for Rare Earth Metals (REMs) from E-Waste through Co-Gasification with Biomass." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 9141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239141.

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This manuscript investigates an improvised gasification process for capturing and recycling rare earth metals (REMs) from consumer and industrial electronic wastes, often termed “e-waste”. The proposed procedure is based on the formation of coalesced and aggregated metal nodules on biochar surfaces through the gasification of e-waste mixed with gasifier feedstocks. A preliminary understanding of metal nodule formation based on different atmospheric conditions (inert, oxidizing, and oxidizing followed by reducing atmospheres) was examined in both pilot-scale gasifier and tube furnace experiments using iron powder mixed with corn. Iron powder is representative of the REM in the e-waste. Metal nodule sizes, morphology, and composition are analyzed and compared via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) techniques. We conclude that sintering is the key mechanism responsible for metal nodule growth through metal particle coalescence and aggregation by migration and diffusion of metal particles on biochar surfaces at elevated temperatures. Oxidizing atmosphere followed by a reducing atmosphere facilitates larger metal nodule growth compared to only an inert or oxidizing atmosphere. Additionally, the effect of adding NaCl salt is investigated on lowering the metal nodules’ surface energy and enhancing both metal particle and metal nodule agglomeration characteristics. Salt addition facilitates spherical metal nodule formation without any significant effect on the nodule composition and localized formation of nodules.

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Pantoja Enriquez, J., G. Pérez Hernandez, X. Mathew, G. Ibáñez Duharte, J. Moreira, J. A. Reyes Nava, J. J. Barrionuevo, L. A. Hernandez, R. Castillo, and P. J. Sebastian. "Modification of the Optical and Electrical Properties CdS Films by Annealing in Neutral and Reducing Atmospheres." MRS Proceedings 1538 (2013): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.1045.

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ABSTRACTCadmium sulfide (CdS) films were deposited onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) from a bath containing cadmium acetate, ammonium acetate, thiourea, and ammonium hydroxide. The CdS thin films were annealed in argon (neutral atmosphere) or hydrogen (reducing atmosphere) for 1 h at various temperatures (300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 °C). The changes in optical and electrical properties of annealed treated CdS thin films were analyzed. The results showed that, the band-gap and resistivity depend on the post-deposition annealing atmosphere and temperatures. Thus, it was found that these properties of the films, were found to be affected by various processes with opposite effects, some beneficial and others unfavorable. The energy gap and resistivity for different annealing atmospheres was seen to oscillate by thermal annealing. Recrystallization, oxidation, surface passivation, sublimation and materials evaporation were found the main factors of the heat-treatment process responsible for this oscillating behavior. Annealing over 400 °C was seen to degrade the optical and electrical properties of the film.

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SAWADA, Masamitsu, Tsuneo UETSUKI, Moriya SUZUKI, Junji HAYAKAWA, and Thoru KOMIYAMA. "Estimation on Glass Shaping Mold in Reducing Atmosphere." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 97, no. 1128 (1989): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.97.787.

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16

Nagata, Kunihiro. "Properties of Piezoelectric Ceramics Sintered in Reducing Atmosphere." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 1, No. 9B (September 30, 1991): 2224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.2224.

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17

Shukaev, I. L., A. A. Pospelov, and A. A. Gannochenko. "Ordered tetragonal spinel LiMnNbO4 prepared in reducing atmosphere." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 180, no. 8 (August 2007): 2189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2007.05.020.

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18

Čajová Kantová, Nikola, Michal Holubčík, Juraj Trnka, and Alexander Čaja. "Analysis of Ash Melting Temperatures of Agricultural Pellets Detected during Different Conditions." Fire 6, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6030088.

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Agricultural and other residues are promising renewable energy sources. However, they can cause problems in combustion processes. One of these problems is also low ash melting temperatures. Except, the ash melting behavior can be impacted by many factors, such as ash preparation or used atmosphere. This article deals with comparing different atmosphere conditions during measurements of ash melting temperatures of three agricultural pellets: alfalfa, straw, and hay. The first one was oxidizing with compressed air and nitrogen. The second atmosphere was reduced with the air purge, and the last was only reduced, consisting of 60% carbon monoxide and 40% carbon dioxide. Differences between individual atmospheres were none, up to 9.8%. The most significant differences have appeared between oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. In general, the oxidizing atmosphere presents a less expensive way. More attention should be paid to the use of oxidizing atmosphere for applications in heat sources mainly due to its similarity to the combustion process. However, it would be suitable to realize more comprehensive research regarding ash preparation in different ways and with using of different types of fuel.

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Minami, K., and K. Takata. "Atmospheric methane: sources, sinks, and strategies for reducing agricultural emissions." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (September 1, 1997): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0630.

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Methane (CH4) is one of the most abundant organic gases in the atmosphere. Recently the importance of CH4 as a greenhouse gas has been recognized and studies have been carried out to asses its contribution to global warming. In this paper we show that atmospheric CH4 is produced by a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic processes. Then, we discuss mainly production, consumption and emission of CH4 in paddy fields. Finally, we provide an estimate of the mitigation potential in agricultural systems including rice production, ruminant animals and animal waste.

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20

Pandová, Iveta. "Secondary Ways of Nitrogen Oxides Reduction." Advances in Thermal Processes and Energy Transformation 2, no. 3 (2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54570/atpet2019/02/03/0052.

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Nitrogen oxides are combustion pollutants that play an important role in many atmospheric processes that affect climate change, ecosystem stability and population health. Their occurrence is highest in industrial and densely populated areas. Nitrogen oxides undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere, leading to a greenhouse effect and global warming. The paper contains an overview of reactions in which nitrogen oxides are involved in atmosphere, as well as an overview of methods for nitrogen oxides emissions reducing into the environment.

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Chung, Shyan-Lung, Cheng-Yu Hsieh, and Chih-Wei Chang. "Enhancement of thermal conductivity in ceramics obtained from a combustion synthesized AlN powder by microwave sintering and reheating." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 3 (March 2008): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0094.

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A combustion-synthesized AlN powder was investigated for use as a starting material in obtaining a high thermal conductivity AlN by microwave sintering followed by microwave reheating under a reducing atmosphere. Microwave sintering was found to proceed very quickly so that a density of 99.5% of theoretical with a thermal conductivity of 165 W/mK was achieved after sintering at 1900 °C for 5 min. The thermal conductivity could be improved by prolonging the soaking time, which is attributed to decreases in both oxygen content and secondary phases by evaporation and sublimation of the secondary phases. The reducing atmosphere was created by adding carbon particles to the AlN packing powder surrounding the specimen. The thermal conductivity could be significantly improved by microwave reheating of the sintered specimen under the reducing atmosphere. This is considered to be due to enhanced removal of the secondary phases by the reducing atmosphere. Sintering under the reducing atmosphere was found to retard densification because of the earlier removal of the secondary phases, thus resulting in a poor densification and a low thermal conductivity.

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22

Gao, G. F., X. L. Zhou, Z. Shi, and L. P. Liu. "Study on the kinetics of gas-solid based synergistic reduction of limonite carbon-containing pellets." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 57, no. 2 (2021): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200510017g.

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The gas-solid-based synergistic reduction of pellets is an innovative and effective method for iron ore smelting. With the development and utilization of iron resources, ore reserves have been greatly depleted; therefore, as a scarce mineral resource, the comprehensive utilization of limonite has become increasingly important. To study the reduction kinetics of pellets in depth, this study used coke and reducing gases (CO and H2) to study the reduction characteristics and changes occurring in carbon-containing limonite pellets. The results showed that the total weight loss percentage of pellets gradually increased with the temperature. The C/O molar ratio had a greater effect on the total weight loss percentage of pellets in a N2 atmosphere, but it had no significant effect in CO or H2 atmospheres. The maximum reaction rate increased with increasing temperature. The reduction reaction was the most difficult to proceed in the N2 atmosphere, and the reaction was most likely to occur in the CO atmosphere. The analysis of pellets by EPMA and XRD found that the pellets reduced in the N2 atmosphere had the lowest porosity, and the pellets reduced in the H2 atmosphere had the highest porosity, which was more conducive to gas diffusion. Some of the unreduced Si, Al, Mn, Ca, and Fe in the pellets reduced in the N2 atmosphere precipitated in the form of oxides, but when a reducing gas (CO, H2) was introduced, precipitation did not occur.

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23

Feng, Hui, and Rongsheng Xie. "Phosphogypsum pyrolysis with mineralization agent under weak reducing atmosphere." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 295 (July 25, 2019): 052030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/295/5/052030.

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24

Amelina, L. V., M. M. Biliaiev, and P. B. Mashykhina. "REDUCING AMMONIA CONCENTRATIONS IN ATMOSPHERE AFTER ITS UNPLANNED RELEASE." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 4(70) (September 5, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2017/109520.

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25

Ferus, Martin, Fabio Pietrucci, Antonino Marco Saitta, Antonín Knížek, Petr Kubelík, Ondřej Ivanek, Violetta Shestivska, and Svatopluk Civiš. "Formation of nucleobases in a Miller–Urey reducing atmosphere." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 17 (April 10, 2017): 4306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700010114.

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The Miller–Urey experiments pioneered modern research on the molecular origins of life, but their actual relevance in this field was later questioned because the gas mixture used in their research is considered too reducing with respect to the most accepted hypotheses for the conditions on primordial Earth. In particular, the production of only amino acids has been taken as evidence of the limited relevance of the results. Here, we report an experimental work, combined with state-of-the-art computational methods, in which both electric discharge and laser-driven plasma impact simulations were carried out in a reducing atmosphere containing NH3 + CO. We show that RNA nucleobases are synthesized in these experiments, strongly supporting the possibility of the emergence of biologically relevant molecules in a reducing atmosphere. The reconstructed synthetic pathways indicate that small radicals and formamide play a crucial role, in agreement with a number of recent experimental and theoretical results.

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Kubota, Hiroshi, Ryuji Miyagawa, Takanori Fujiyoshi, Kuniyuki Miyahara, and Masami Onuki. "BaCuO2Single-Crystal Growth on Ceramic Substrate under Reducing Atmosphere." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 1, No. 8 (August 15, 1994): 4604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.4604.

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27

Naghizadeh, R., F. Golestani-fard, and H. R. Rezaie. "Stability and phase evolution of mullite in reducing atmosphere." Materials Characterization 62, no. 5 (May 2011): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2011.03.013.

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Wang, Haigang, Penghua Qiu, Shijun Wu, Yun Zhu, Yaoqiang Li, and Guangbo Zhao. "Melting Behavior of Typical Ash Particles in Reducing Atmosphere." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 6 (June 6, 2012): 3527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef300247y.

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Li, Zhi-Peng, Toshiyuki Mori, Graeme John Auchterlonie, Jin Zou, and John Drennan. "Microstructure evolution of yttria-doped ceria in reducing atmosphere." Renewable Energy 50 (February 2013): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.07.019.

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30

Wurr, K., and A. Reller. "Thermochemical reactivity of manganese(IV) oxides in reducing atmosphere." Journal of Thermal Analysis 47, no. 2 (August 1996): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01983975.

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31

Mariano-Nasser, Flávia Aparecida de Carvalho, Cristine Vanz Borges, Juliana Arruda Ramos, Maurício Dominguez Nasser, Giovanna Alencar Lundgren, Karina Aparecida Furlaneto, Tânia Regina Kovalski, and Rogério Lopes Vieites. "Bioactive compounds and enzymatic activity in minimally processed eggplant packedunderactive modified atmosphere." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p139.

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The study aimed to assess bioactive compounds and polyphenoloxidase activity of minimally processed eggplants stored in different atmospheres. Eggplants (Solanum melongena L.; cv. Ciça) were minimally processed (MP), sanitized and treated with a 2% citric acid solution. They were packed in plastic containers (vacuum) of nylon + transparent polyethylene and submitted to modified atmospheres with the following concentrations of gases: control (atmospheric air), vacuum, 4% O2 + 5% CO2,4% O2 + 6% CO2, 4% O2 + 7% CO2, and 4% O2 + 8% CO2, being stored in a cold chamber (5 ± 1 °C and 90 ± 1% relative humidity) for 10 days. The analyses consisted of the total phenolic compounds, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids, and polyphenoloxidase activity. The experimental design was a completely randomized design in a 6 × 6 factorial scheme (treatment vs. storage period). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and a regression analysis was performed for storage time. The active modified atmosphere with 8% CO2 is effective in reducing the polyphenoloxidase activity in minimally processed eggplant. The contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids of minimally processed eggplant decrease with storage.

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Padhy, Isha. "REDUCING ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE IN IMAGES CAPTURED THROUGH CCTV IN WAR FIELD AREA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 04 (April 30, 2022): 1058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14646.

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Atmospheric turbulence caused by chaotic changes in air pressure and velocity will deter Charge Coupled Devices from getting a useful image which limits the capabilities of a surveillance system. The turbulent nature of the atmosphere poses a great problem in many situations. One such area is the Military. With rising conflicts around the world, security through surveillance and reconnaissance has increased. In such a situation, videos or images captured through long range observation systems in sensitive areas across the world need to be clear and without errors. Atmospheric turbulence is mainly caused by Refractive Index variation. This variation can be across space as well as time. Though refractive index of the atmosphere is a major factor, there are other factors like â€“ temperature, wind, pressure and humidity. The major goal of this paper is to reconstruct/repair the video/image obtained from the surveillance systems where the video/images are affected by turbulence. In this regard, we have focussed on the following aspects they are(a) Correcting the pixels and (b) Differentiating between static and dynamic objects.To achieve these objectives various solutions have been proposed based on both- mathematical and registration techniques. The registration techniques need some time during which many trial images/videos are taken in-order to construct a proper image. However, mathematical techniques involve performing complex operations in-order to achieve the correct value of the pixel. Our paper considersthe minimization of total variation in order to reduce the turbulence. It addresses the problem of turbulence in both, normal videos and thermal imaging.

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Luo, Jing-Jia, Sebastien Masson, Erich Roeckner, Gurvan Madec, and Toshio Yamagata. "Reducing Climatology Bias in an Ocean–Atmosphere CGCM with Improved Coupling Physics." Journal of Climate 18, no. 13 (July 1, 2005): 2344–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3404.1.

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Abstract The cold tongue in the tropical Pacific extends too far west in most current ocean–atmosphere coupled GCMs (CGCMs). This bias also exists in the relatively high-resolution SINTEX-F CGCM despite its remarkable performance of simulating ENSO variations. In terms of the importance of air–sea interactions to the climatology formation in the tropical Pacific, several sensitivity experiments with improved coupling physics have been performed in order to reduce the cold-tongue bias in CGCMs. By allowing for momentum transfer of the ocean surface current to the atmosphere [full coupled simulation (FCPL)] or merely reducing the wind stress by taking the surface current into account in the bulk formula [semicoupled simulation (semi-CPL)], the warm-pool/cold-tongue structure in the equatorial Pacific is simulated better than that of the control simulation (CTL) in which the movement of the ocean surface is ignored for wind stress calculation. The reduced surface zonal current and vertical entrainment owing to the reduced easterly wind stress tend to produce a warmer sea surface temperature (SST) in the western equatorial Pacific. Consequently, the dry bias there is much reduced. The warming tendency of the SST in the eastern Pacific, however, is largely suppressed by isopycnal diffusion and meridional advection of colder SST from south of the equator due to enhanced coastal upwelling near Peru. The ENSO signal in the western Pacific and its global teleconnection in the North Pacific are simulated more realistically. The approach as adopted in the FCPL run is able to generate a correct zonal SST slope and efficiently reduce the cold-tongue bias in the equatorial Pacific. The surface easterly wind itself in the FCPL run is weakened, reducing the easterly wind stress further. This is related with a weakened zonal Walker cell in the atmospheric boundary layer over the eastern Pacific and a new global angular momentum balance of the atmosphere associated with reduced westerly wind stress over the southern oceans.

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Sun, Lifeng, Zhengyue Liu, and Maofa Jiang. "Phase Equilibria of CaO-SiO2-La2O3-Nb2O5 System in Reducing Atmosphere." Metals 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050768.

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In the current work, the phase equilibria of CaO-SiO2-La2O3-Nb2O5 system at 1200 °C in reducing atmosphere (PO2 = 10−15 atm) was investigated according to the melting separation process for extracting lanthanum and niobium resources from Bayan Obo tailing. High temperature equilibrium experiment, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) were used to determine the compositions of equilibrium phases. According to the experiment results, the phase equilibria of the CaO-SiO2-La2O3-Nb2O5 system in reducing atmosphere were ascertained and the 1200 °C isothermal phase diagram of CaO-SiO2-La2O3-Nb2O5 system in reducing atmosphere was constructed. The research results not only play an important role in guiding the development of the lanthanum and niobium extraction process, but also enrich the thermodynamic data of relevant silicate slag systems.

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Serrazina, Ricardo, Luis Pereira, Paula M. Vilarinho, and Ana M. Senos. "Atmosphere-Assisted FLASH Sintering of Nanometric Potassium Sodium Niobate." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193415.

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The request for extremely low-temperature and short-time sintering techniques has guided the development of alternative ceramic processing. Atmosphere-assisted FLASH sintering (AAFS) combines the direct use of electric power to packed powders with the engineering of operating atmosphere to allow low-temperature conduction. The AAFS of nanometric Potassium Sodium Niobate, K0.5Na0.5NbO3, a lead-free piezoelectric, is of great interest to electronics technology to produce efficient, low-thermal-budget sensors, actuators and piezo harvesters, among others. Not previously studied, the role of different atmospheres for the decrease in FLASH temperature (TF) of KNN is presented in this work. Additionally, the effect of the humidity presence on the operating atmosphere and the role of the compact morphology undergoing FLASH are investigated. While the low partial pressure of oxygen (reducing atmospheres) allows the decrease of TF, limited densification is observed. It is shown that AAFS is responsible for a dramatic decrease in the operating temperature (T < 320 °C), while water is essential to allow appreciable densification. In addition, the particles/pores morphology on the green compact impacts the uniformity of AAFS densification.

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Zhao, Yong-qiang, Wen-tao Zhou, Xian-jun Lyu, Ti-chang Sun, and Asadullah Ahmadzai. "Effect of reducing agents on reducing atmosphere in coal-based direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite." Journal of Central South University 29, no. 11 (November 2022): 3670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-022-5177-4.

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Li, Feng Hai, Jie Jie Huang, and Yi Tian Fang. "Transformation Behaviors of Mineral Matter in Lignite Ashes under Reducing Atmosphere." Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (February 2014): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.676.

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To optimize operational parameters of fluidized-bed lignite gasification technology. Experiments have been conducted with Huolinhe (HLH) and Xiaolongtan (XLT) lignite ashes to investigate the mineral transformation behaviors under reducing atmosphere by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the initial melted parts are primarily result from wustite interacted other minerals under reducing atmosphere. Wustite can react with aluminosilicate minerals to form some low-melting eutectic compounds, and lead to its initial melting temperature 200 °C below the deformation temperature. Mullite is formed at 1000 °C or so, and its content increases and then decreases with the temperature increase, and reaches maximum at 1200 °C. Gehlenite and anorthite come from the reaction between calcium oxide and mullite. Owing to the generation of some gases during mineral transformation under weak reducing atmosphere, many holes are formed on the surface of molten ash.

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Li, Feng Hai, Zhen Zhu Li, Jie Jie Huang, and Yi Tian Fang. "Investigation on the Influencing Factors of Sintering Characteristics of Huolinhe (HLH) Lignite Ashes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3022–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3022.

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The sintering temperature of coal ashes plays a great important role in the design and operation of fluidized-bed gasifier. The sintering temperatures (Ts) of Huolinhe lignite (HLH) ashes under different atmospheres and pressures were tested by self-made pressure-difference measuring system. The results show that the Ts under reducing atmosphere (H2, CO or the mixture of 50% CO and H2,volume ratio) are lower than those of under oxidizing atmosphere (O2, CO2, N2). The Ts of HLH ashes decrease with the pressure increase, it changes slightly under low pressure, and decrease clearly under 0.7~1.0 MPa, after that, decrease slightly again with the pressure increase further.

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Li, Geng, and You Nan Zhu. "Spectroscopy Characterization of Multi-Treated Yellow Sapphire from Changle, China." Materials Science Forum 833 (November 2015): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.833.90.

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Be-diffused yellow sapphires from Changle, Shandong Province, are studied by using magnification observation, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, infrared (IR) Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). The high content of Fe, Ti and Ga, is the typical for sapphire from basalt origin from Changle, while the Be concentrations indicate those sapphire are heated with Be Be diffused,. The IR absorption band at 3310 cm-1 of OH vibration disappears, which suggests those sapphires are heated at high temperature in a highly oxidizing atmosphere. The Fe3+ absorption bands in UV-Vis at 377, 380 and 450 nm, confirm the sapphires are heated in oxidizing atmosphere, while Fe2+-related absorption bands at 735 and 847 nm prove those yellow sapphires are from reducing atmosphere after Be-diffusion. The results of IR, UV-Vis and LA-ICP-MS indicate those yellow sapphire are originally from basalt in Changle and treated through multiple procedures, involved of Be-diffusion in highly oxidizing atmosphere and heat in reducing atmosphere. The Be-diffusion treatment diffuses beryllium into the crystal lattice in oxidizing atmosphere to lighten dark blue tones and make yellow color appear. Moreover, the sapphires undergo second heat treatment in reducing atmosphere after Be-diffusion to reduce the brown tunes of diffused sapphires.

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Agung Wibowo, Mochamad, Subrata Aditama K. A. Uda, and Zhabrinna. "Reducing carbon emission in construction base on project life cycle (PLC)." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819506002.

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The construction sector accounts for nearly 40% of global energy annually where 1/3 of it will produce emissions of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere [1]. Carbon Emissions (CO2) are a major cause of the greenhouse effect, for example, that which is produced from the combustion process of fossil fuels. Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere will lead to rising temperatures trapped in the atmosphere causing global warming. There is a lot of literature on carbon emission (discussions) using multiple analytical approaches, but some are reviewing the Project Life Cycle (PLC) approach. This paper will discuss carbon emission mitigation during the life cycle of a construction project (Project Life Cycle (PLC)). Reduction of carbon emissions can be done during the initiation, design and construction phase of the Project Life Cycle (PLC). This literature study will produce a strategy that can have a significant impact on reducing the amount of carbon occurring in any construction project activity.

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Williams, John L., and Reed M. Maxwell. "Propagating Subsurface Uncertainty to the Atmosphere Using Fully Coupled Stochastic Simulations." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 690–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1363.1.

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Abstract Feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere, manifested as mass and energy fluxes, are strongly correlated with soil moisture, making soil moisture an important factor in land–atmosphere interactions. It is shown that a reduction of the uncertainty in subsurface properties such as hydraulic conductivity (K) propagates into the atmosphere, resulting in a reduction in uncertainty in land–atmosphere feedbacks that yields more accurate atmospheric predictions. Using the fully coupled groundwater-to-atmosphere model ParFlow-WRF, which couples the hydrologic model ParFlow with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model, responses in land–atmosphere feedbacks and wind patterns due to subsurface heterogeneity are simulated. Ensembles are generated by varying the spatial location of subsurface properties while maintaining the global statistics and correlation structure. This approach is common to the hydrologic sciences but uncommon in atmospheric simulations where ensemble forecasts are commonly generated with perturbed initial conditions or multiple model parameterizations. It is clearly shown that different realizations of K produce variation in soil moisture, latent heat flux, and wind for both point and domain-averaged quantities. Using a single random field to represent a control case, varying amounts of K data are sampled and subsurface data are incorporated into conditional Monte Carlo ensembles to show that the difference between the ensemble mean prediction and the control saturation, latent heat flux, and wind speed are reduced significantly via conditioning of K. By reducing uncertainty associated with land–atmosphere feedback mechanisms, uncertainty is also reduced in both spatially distributed and domain-averaged wind speed magnitudes, thus improving the ability to make more accurate forecasts, which is important for many applications such as wind energy.

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SHIBAGAKI, Shigeki, Kenji ITO, Hajime HANEDA, Junzo TANAKA, and Sinichi SHIRASAKI. "Phase and Microstructure of MgTiO3 Ceramic Fired in Reducing Atmosphere." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 100, no. 1166 (1992): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.100.1261.

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43

Mori, K. "Controlling the Chromite Expansion in Reducing Atmosphere at High Temperature." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1997-40, no. 1 (January 1997): 1301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199740.1301pv.

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44

Choi, W. S., Z. Marton, S. Y. Jang, S. J. Moon, B. C. Jeon, J. H. Shin, S. S. A. Seo, et al. "Effects of oxygen-reducing atmosphere annealing on LaMnO3epitaxial thin films." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42, no. 16 (July 22, 2009): 165401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/16/165401.

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Yamaji, K. "Chemical stability of the La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 electrolyte in a reducing atmosphere." Solid State Ionics 121, no. 1-4 (June 1999): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(99)00039-9.

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Soltani, Niloofar, Lazaro Huerta Arcos, Amin Bahrami, and Jose Chavez Carvayar. "Structural changes in NiO-Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−x anode under reducing atmosphere." Materials Characterization 150 (April 2019): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.02.004.

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Shen, Mingke, Kunzan Qiu, Long Zhang, Zhenyu Huang, Zhihua Wang, and Jianzhong Liu. "Influence of Coal Blending on Ash Fusibility in Reducing Atmosphere." Energies 8, no. 6 (May 26, 2015): 4735–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en8064735.

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Montenegro Camacho, Yeidy Sorani, Samir Bensaid, Souzana Lorentzou, Nunzio Russo, and Debora Fino. "Structured catalytic reactor for soot abatement in a reducing atmosphere." Fuel Processing Technology 167 (December 2017): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.07.031.

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Pijolat, C., G. Tournier, and J. P. Viricelle. "CO detection in H2 reducing atmosphere with mini fuel cell." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 156, no. 1 (August 2011): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.04.034.

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50

Sandutsa, T. M., L. A. Dergaputskaya, A. M. Gavrish, and A. V. Kushchenko. "Influence of a reducing atmosphere on corundum heat-insulating refractories." Refractories 31, no. 3-4 (March 1990): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282366.

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