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Academic literature on the topic 'Reducing atmosphere'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Reducing atmosphere"

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Ceponis, M. J., and R. A. Cappellini. "Reducing Decay in Fresh Blueberries with Controlled Atmospheres." HortScience 20, no. 2 (April 1985): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.2.228.

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Abstract Freshly harvested blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were held for 7 or 14 days at 2°C under constant atmospheres of CO2 in air or with 2% O2, under 2% O2 alone or in normal atmosphere. When the berries were removed from the controlled atmospheres and held for 3 days at 21°, the CO2-enriched atmospheres of 10%, 15%, or 20% significantly inhibited decay development for 1-2 days. The higher CO2-enriched atmospheres generally were more effective. The 2% O2 atmosphere alone was ineffective and did not enhance the CO2 treatment.
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Itcovitz, Jonathan P., Auriol S. P. Rae, Robert I. Citron, Sarah T. Stewart, Catriona A. Sinclair, Paul B. Rimmer, and Oliver Shorttle. "Reduced Atmospheres of Post-impact Worlds: The Early Earth." Planetary Science Journal 3, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac67a9.

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Abstract Impacts may have had a significant effect on the atmospheric chemistry of the early Earth. Reduced phases in the impactor (e.g., metallic iron) can reduce the planet’s H2O inventory to produce massive atmospheres rich in H2. While previous studies have focused on the interactions between the impactor and atmosphere in such scenarios, we investigate two further effects: (1) the distribution of the impactor’s iron inventory during impact between the target interior, target atmosphere, and escaping the target; and (2) interactions between the post-impact atmosphere and the impact-generated melt phase. We find that these two effects can potentially counterbalance each other, with the melt–atmosphere interactions acting to restore reducing power to the atmosphere that was initially accreted by the melt phase. For a ∼1022 kg impactor, when the iron accreted by the melt phase is fully available to reduce this melt, we find an equilibrium atmosphere with H2 column density ∼104 moles cm−2 (pH2 ∼ 120 bars, X H2 ∼ 0.77), consistent with previous estimates. However, when the iron is not available to reduce the melt (e.g., sinking out in large diameter blobs), we find significantly less H2 (7 × 102 − 5 × 103 moles cm−2, pH2 ≲ 60 bars, X H2 ≲ 0.41). These lower H2 abundances are sufficiently high that species important to prebiotic chemistry can form (e.g., NH3, HCN), but sufficiently low that the greenhouse heating effects associated with highly reducing atmospheres, which are problematic to such chemistry, are suppressed. The manner in which iron is accreted by the impact-generated melt phase is critical in determining the reducing power of the atmosphere and resolidified melt pool in the aftermath of impact.
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Wang, Xiaohuan, Zhiming Shi, and Lina Wang. "Effects of sintering atmospheres on phase transformation, oxygen vacancy and photoabsorption behaviors of highly Fe-doped titania crystals." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 06 (February 28, 2017): 1750062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500622.

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Fe-doped TiO2 crystals were successfully prepared using a sol–gel technique in reducing and oxidizing atmospheres. The effects of sintering atmosphere on phase transformation, oxygen vacancy concentration and photoabsorption behaviors were investigated. The results indicate that upon sintering in reducing atmosphere, Ti and Fe ion valences were decreased and highly Fe ions (12 mol%) were entirely dissolved into titania crystals, increasing oxygen vacancy concentration and leading to increased photoabsorption capability. In contrast, sintering in oxidizing atmosphere causes precipitation of the Fe2O3 phase, which is detrimental to the photoabsorption capability. The best photoabsorption performance is obtained by sintering 12 mol% Fe-doped TiO2 in reducing atmosphere, resulting in an absorption edge of approximately 435 nm, which is much higher than that of undoped TiO2 in the oxidizing atmospheres with the absorption edge 352 nm.
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Tuo, Yong Feng, Yu Ping Wu, Min Huang, Kai Wang, Yue Huang, Zhong Hua Zhou, and Shirley Shen. "The Surface Plasmon Resonance Absorption of Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and its Control." Advanced Materials Research 1118 (July 2015): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1118.160.

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a coprecipitation process from a mixed solution consisting of indium chloride and tin chloride. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption was studied under different calcinate atmospheres. The characteristics of the optical properties, especially the absorption of near-infrared (NIR) region was recorded by the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the SPR absorption peak appears at 2500 nm under an oxidizing atmosphere (air) or at 1300 nm under a reducing atmosphere (a gas mixture of Ar and 5 vol% H2) when calcinated under a single atmosphere. There is no change in the plasmon frequency with the variance of calcinate temperatures and therefore no change in the free carrier concentration. However, when calcinated first at 600 °C under an oxidizing atmosphere and then reheated under a reducing atmosphere at different temperature, the SPR absorption peaks of the ITO NPs are at the range of from 1200 nm to 1430 nm, undergoing a blue shift as the reducing process temperature increases. The SPR absorption of the prepared ITO NPs is easily controlled by calcinate temperature under a process of calcination first under an oxidizing atmosphere and followed by under a reducing atmosphere.
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Vidotto, A. A., and A. Cleary. "Stellar wind effects on the atmospheres of close-in giants: a possible reduction in escape instead of increased erosion." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 2 (April 4, 2020): 2417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa852.

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ABSTRACT The atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets are observed to undergo hydrodynamic escape. However, due to strong pressures, stellar winds can confine planetary atmospheres, reducing their escape. Here, we investigate under which conditions atmospheric escape of close-in giants could be confined by the large pressure of their host star’s winds. For that, we simulate escape in planets at a range of orbital distances ([0.04, 0.14] au), planetary gravities ([36, 87 per cent] of Jupiter’s gravity), and ages ([1, 6.9] Gyr). For each of these simulations, we calculate the ram pressure of these escaping atmospheres and compare them to the expected stellar wind external pressure to determine whether a given atmosphere is confined or not. We show that although younger close-in giants should experience higher levels of atmospheric escape, due to higher stellar irradiation, stellar winds are also stronger at young ages, potentially reducing escape of young exoplanets. Regardless of the age, we also find that there is always a region in our parameter space where atmospheric escape is confined, preferably occurring at higher planetary gravities and orbital distances. We investigate confinement of some known exoplanets and find that the atmosphere of several of them, including π Men c, should be confined by the winds of their host stars, thus potentially preventing escape in highly irradiated planets. Thus, the lack of hydrogen escape recently reported for π Men c could be caused by the stellar wind.
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Jiao, Facun, Xulong Ma, Tao Liu, Chengli Wu, Hanxu Li, and Zhongbing Dong. "Effect of Atmospheres on Transformation of Heavy Metals during Thermal Treatment of MSWI Fly Ash: By Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculation." Molecules 27, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010131.

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The vaporization behaviors of eight heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, and Ni) in municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI) fly ash during thermal treatment under air atmosphere (21% O2/79% N2), an inert atmosphere (100% N2), and a reducing atmosphere (50% CO/50% N2) were evaluated based on a thermodynamic equilibrium calculation by FactSage 8.1. The results show that the reducing atmosphere promotes the melting of MSWI fly ash, resulting in a more liquid phase than in air or an inert atmosphere. Except for Cd, the formation of liquids can dissolve heavy metals and reduce their vaporization ratio. In the air and inert atmospheres, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Ni vaporize mainly in the form of metallic chlorides, while Cd volatilizes in the form of metallic Cd (g) and CdO (g). In the reducing atmosphere, Co, Mn, and Ni still vaporize as chlorides. Zn and Cd mainly vaporize in the form of Zn (g) and Cd (g), respectively. In terms of Pb, in addition to its chlorides, the volatiles of Pb contain some Pb (g) and PbS (g). Cr has a low vaporization ratio, accounting for 2.4% of the air atmosphere. Cr, on the other hand, readily reacts with Ca to form water-soluble CrCaO4, potentially increasing Cr leaching. Except for Cd, the results of this study suggest that the reducing atmosphere is used for the thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash because it promotes the melting of fly ash and thus prevents heavy metal vaporization.
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Chang, Sung-Sik, S. O. Yoon, and Hye Jeong Park. "Characteristics of SnO2 annealed in reducing atmosphere." Ceramics International 31, no. 3 (January 2005): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.05.026.

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Moura, Francisco, Alexandre Simões, Carla Riccardi, Maria Zaghete, Jose Varela, and Elson Longo. "Effect of oxidizing and reducing atmospheres on Ba(Ti0.90 Zr0.10)o3:2V ceramics as characterized by piezoresponse force microscopy." Processing and Application of Ceramics 5, no. 3 (2011): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1103139m.

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The effect of annealing atmospheres (Atamb, N2 and O2) on the electrical properties of Ba(Ti0.90Zr0.10 )O3:2V (BZT10:2V) ceramics obtained by the mixed oxide method was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that oxygen vacancies present near Zr and Ti ions reduce ferroelectric properties, especially in samples treated in an ambient atmosphere (Atamb ). BZT10:2V ceramics sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere showed better dielectric behaviour at room temperature with a dielectric permittivity measured at a frequency of 10 kHz equal to 16800 with dielectric loss of 0.023. Piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) images reveal improvement in the piezoelectric coefficient by sintering the sample under nitrogen atmosphere. Thus, BZT10:2V ceramics sintered under a nitrogen atmosphere can be useful for practical applications which include nonvolatile digital memories, spintronics and data-storage media.
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Trung, Doan Thanh, and John G. Fisher. "Controlled-Atmosphere Sintering of KNbO3." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062131.

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The effect of sintering atmosphere (O2, air, N2, N2-5% H2, and H2) on the densification, grain growth, and structure of KNbO3 was studied. KNbO3 powder was prepared by solid state reaction, and samples were sintered at 1040 °C for 1–10 h. The sample microstructure was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The sample structure was studied using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). H2-sintered samples showed reduced density, whereas other sintering atmospheres did not affect density much. Samples sintered in N2-5% H2 showed abnormal grain growth, whereas sintering in other atmospheres caused stagnant (O2, air, N2) or pseudo-normal (H2) grain growth behavior. Samples sintered in reducing atmospheres showed decreased orthorhombic unit cell distortion. The grain growth behavior was explained by the mixed control theory. An increase in vacancy concentration caused by sintering in reducing atmospheres led to a decrease in the step free energy and the critical driving force for appreciable grain growth. This caused grain growth behavior to change from stagnant to abnormal and eventually pseudo-normal.
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Sonnemann, G. R., and M. Grygalashvyly. "Effective CO<sub>2</sub> lifetime and future CO<sub>2</sub> levels based on fit function." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 9 (September 27, 2013): 1591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1591-2013.

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Abstract. The estimated global CO2 emission rates and the measured atmospheric CO2 concentrations show that only a certain share of the emitted CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere. For given atmospheric emissions of CO2, the effective lifetime determines its accumulation in the atmosphere and, consequently, its impact on the future global warming. We found that on average the inferred effective lifetime of CO2 decreases as its atmospheric concentration increases, reducing the rate of its accumulation in the atmosphere. We derived a power function that fits the varying lifetimes. Based on this fitting function, we calculated the increase of CO2 for different scenarios of future global emission rates.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reducing atmosphere"

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Wiese, Anne Jasmin [Verfasser]. "Assessing and Reducing the Uncertainty in Regional Wave and Coupled Wave-Atmosphere Models during Extreme Events / Anne Jasmin Wiese." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1236695313/34.

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Ribeiro, Caio César de Sousa. "High-oxygen modified atmosphere package improves color stability of Longissimus lumborum with high ultimate pH from pasture-fed Nellore bulls." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-21082018-104239/.

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Red bright color is an important quality attribute that influences beef purchasing and is affected by beef pH. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if high ultimate pH affected color stability of longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks from pasture-fed Nellore bulls and if HiOx atmosphere package improved the color stability of high pHu muscles. To achieve these objectives, 18 LL muscles from Nellore bulls were grouped into 3 pHu ranges: normal (n = 6; 5.40 < pHu <5.79), intermediate (n = 6; 5.80 < pHu <6.19) and high (n = 6; pHu > 6.20). All the muscles were cut into 2.5 cm steaks and packaged in 80% O2/ 20% CO2 (v/v) and then stored at 2 ± 1 ºC under dark conditions until day 5 and under fluorescent light until day 14 (the end of display-time). pH, gas composition, instrumental color, surface pigment, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and lipid oxidation were determined throughout display-time. High pHu steaks were darker (L*), redder (a*, a*/b*), with better tone (Hue), less metmyoglobin and higher MRA (p < 0.05) than normal pHu samples. HiOX MAP increased surface OMb during display time in pHu > 6.2 (p < 0.05), showing a bright-red color in high group. Intermediate group was less dark than high group and had longer color stability than normal group (p < 0.05). Therefore, High pHu had great color and lipid oxidation stability and desired color due to HiOx MAP under cold storage for 14 days and intermediate pHu had beneficial aspects presented in both other treatments.
A cor vermelho-brilhante da carne bovina é um atributo de qualidade essencial considerado no momento de compra pelo consumidor, sendo intrinsecamente afetada pelo pH final (pHf) da carne. Assim, esse trabalho objetivou determinar se o pHf alto da carne afetou a estabilidade de carne do músculo Longissimus lumborum (LL) de bovinos da raça Nelore macho inteiro criado a pasto e se a embalagem com atmosfera modificada com alta concentração de oxigênio melhorou a estabilidade de cor da carne com pHf alto. Para isso, 18 músculos LL de Nelore machos inteiros criados a pasto foram classificadas em 3 faixas de pHf: normal (n = 6; 5.40 < pHu <5.79), intermediário (n = 6; 5.80 < pHu <6.19) e alto (n = 6; pHu > 6.20), 48h pós abate. Todos os músculos foram então porcionados em bifes com 2,5 cm de espessura 72h pós abate, os quais foram embalados em atmosfera composta por 80 % O2/ 20% CO2 (v/v), sendo finalmente armazenados a 2 ± 1 ºC no escuro até o 5º dia de tempo de exposição. No 5º dia, as amostras iniciaram a exposição à luz fluorescente até o dia 14 do período. As análises de pH, composição gasosa das embalagens, cor instrumental, pigmentos superficiais, atividade redutora da metamioglobina (ARM), taxa de consume de oxigênio (TCO) e oxidação lipídica foram realizadas ao longo do tempo de exposição. Os bifes com pHf alto apresentaram cor mais escura (L*), vermelha (a*, a*/b*), com melhor tonalidade (hue), menor metamioglobina superficial e maior ARM (p < 0.05). A embalagem com alta concentração de oxigênio aumentou a proporção de oximioglobina (OMB) superficial ao longo do tempo de exposição (p < 0.05), evidenciando uma cor vermelho-brilhante no grupo alto. O grupo Intermediário se mostrou menos escuro o grupo alto e mais prolongada estabilidade de cor que o grupo normal (p < 0.05). Assim, considera-se que a pHf alto afetou a estabilidade de cor e de oxidação lipídica dos músculos e a coloração do grupo alto foi melhorada pela ação da embalagem com oxigênio. O pH Intermediário se mostrou vantajoso por apresentar benefícios presentes nos dois outros tratamentos.
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Ledesma, Cecilia. "China: Potential Mitigation Strategies for Reducing Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/236.

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This paper seeks to understand the role that the agriculture sector can play in romoting China's climate change mitigation efforts. In order to understand the history of agricultural and climate change policies in China, the beginning sections are devoted to these topics. In the following chapter,the impact of climate change on agricultural production is explored. Using research data that determine the primary sources of emissions within agriculture, and mitigation practices that have proved effective, potential GHG mitigation measures are proposed in the fourth chapter.Based on recommendations made by economists, the final chapter delineates agricultural policies that would incentive farmers to implement the GHG mitigation strategies outlined in the preceding chapter.
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Bergstrom, Sarah Elizabeth 1979. "An algorithm for reducing atmospheric density model errors using satellite observation data in real-time." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17537.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-240).
Atmospheric density mismodeling is a large source of errors in satellite orbit determination and prediction in the 200-600 kilometer range. Algorithms for correcting or "calibrating" an existing atmospheric density model to improve accuracy have been seen as a major way to reduce these errors. This thesis examines one particular algorithm, which does not require launching special "calibration satellites" or new sensor platforms. It relies solely on the large quantity of observations of existing satellites, which are already being made for space catalog maintenance. By processing these satellite observations in near real-time, a linear correction factor can be determined and forecasted into the near future. As a side benefit, improved estimates of the ballistic coefficients of some satellites are also produced. Also, statistics concerning the accuracy of the underlying density model can also be extracted from the correction. This algorithm had previously been implemented and the implementation had been partially validated using simulated data. This thesis describes the completion of the validation process using simulated data and the beginning of the real data validation process. It is also intended to serve as a manual for using and modifying the implementation of the algorithm.
by Sarah Elizabeth Bergstrom.
S.M.
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Grimes, Holly L. "Computational Techniques for Reducing Spectra of the Giant Planets in Our Solar System." PDXScholar, 2009. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2659.

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This thesis presents algorithms for performing the next two reduction steps, namely orthogonalization and extraction. More specifically, this thesis addresses the following research question: What are proper methods of orthogonalizing spectral images in preparation for extraction?
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Bronsch, Arne. "Viscosity of slags." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-229196.

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Slags plays a significant role at high temperature processes. The estimation of the slag viscosity is vital for the safe run of e.g. entrained flow gasifiers. One opportunity of determination is rotational viscometry. This technique is disadvantageous in view of elevated temperatures, applied materials and the necessary time. Additionally, the viscosity can be predicted by the help of viscosity models, where viscosity is a function of slag composition and temperature. Due to changing slag properties within the technical processes, the calculated viscosities can hugely differ from measured ones. In this work, the viscosities of 42 slags where measured up to 100 Pa s and temperatures up to 1700 °C. Oxidizing and reducing conditions were applied. Additionally, selected slag samples were quenched at defined temperatures to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the formed minerals by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Differential temperature analysis (DTA) was applied to find the onset of crystallization for the complementation of investigations. The Einstein-Roscoe equation was chosen to improve the classic viscosity models. Reducing atmosphere decreased viscosity and the number of formed minerals was increased. Slags show a shear-thinning behavior above ca. 10 vol.-% of solid mineral matter. Also, Newtonian behavior was observed up to 60 vol.-%. To overcome problems with the kinetic cooling behavior of the slags, a viscosity approximation method was applied afterwards. This can result in optimized viscosity predictions when several preconditions are fulfilled.
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ANZANO, MANUELA NADIA. "Research and development of new products and processes: reclamation of a manufacturing waste." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/14127.

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The aim of the research was the development of new products and processes from a manufacturing waste. The manufacturing waste were produced by a metallurgic Italian company which produced thin silver metallic films. These films were used as coating and food decoration. Thin films were produced by an hammering process. The starting material, silver laminate, had a thickness of 10 μm. During the hammering process films with various thickness were obtained. The final produced silver films had a thickness of about 300 nm which can be considered a submicrometric dimension, near to the nanometric range (≤100 nm). At the end the submicrometric films were cut, giving a square shape (10 cm x 10 cm) and inserted into boxes. The residues, produced during this step, named untreated flakes (UF), were used in the research. Mainly we studied the possible use of UF as a catalyst in antimicrobial applications in aqueous medium. After a thorough bibliographic research considering the various aspects of the use of silver as antimicrobial agent (chapter 2), the research was divided in various stages: to investigate the use of flakes as antimicrobial agent, at first we verified if they possessed antimicrobial capability. We conducted some antimicrobial tests using Escherichia coli (E. coli JM109) as Gram-negative microorganism model. We showed that the flakes (UF) didn’t present antimicrobial capability up to 24 h (chapter 3). On the basis of these results we treated the UF with three activation processes: 1)Thermal activation in reducing atmosphere; 2)Thermal activation in air; 3)Chemical activation with H2O2. Then we tested the antimicrobial activity of the new obtained products. We showed that the activation processes gave the flakes antimicrobial capability (chapter 3). The antimicrobial agents are classified as bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Bacteriostatic agents cause only the growth inhibition of microorganisms while bactericidal agents cause the cells death. E. coli were observed at a fluorescence microscope and at a scanning electron microscope (SEM), after specific treatment processes. In this way we determined that activated flakes were bactericidal agents (chapter 4). In the next two stages we investigated the possible mechanism of action of the flakes: On the basis of literature knowledge we studied the relationship between the capability of flakes to release silver in aqueous medium and their antimicrobial activity. We showed that the presence of flakes was necessary to have E. coli decrease over time (chapter 5); we characterised the morphology and chemical composition of the flakes surface by SEM and XPS to verify if the antimicrobial activity acquired by activated flakes could be affected by some morphological or chemical change. We concluded that the antimicrobial property was due to the presence of dissolved oxygen (chapter 6). In the final stage we performed some experiments which simulated possible applications of activated silver flakes (chapter 7).
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Fourney, Francesca. "Natural vs. Anthropogenic Sedimentation: Does Reducing a Local Stressor Increase Coral Resilience to Climate Change?" NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/400.

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Corals face serious worldwide population declines due to global climate change in combination with direct anthropogenic impacts. Global climate change is difficult to manage locally, but policy makers can regulate the magnitude of local stressors affecting reefs. The objective of this experiment is to investigate if reducing sedimentation will enable reef corals to better endure global climate change. It has been shown that some coral species can handle climate change stress when provided with additional energy resources. Here I tested if the capacity of corals to cope with climate change can be improved when their ability to feed and photosynthesize was not compromised by increased sedimentation. Sedimentation can impede coral feeding and their ability to photosynthesize due to direct polyp blocking and increased turbidity, which reduces light availability. To evaluate the potential of enhancing coral ability to tolerate climate change by reducing a local stressor, I examined the survival and growth of brooding coral Porites astreoides juveniles when exposed to ambient and elevated water temperatures under differing sedimentation rates. I also assessed if sediment composition has significant impacts on these results. I used sediment from a reef and sediment from a boat basin within a port to mimic natural and anthropogenic sediment types and processes (e.g. dredging). Experiments were conducted to quantitatively assess the synergistic effects of sediment concentration and composition, along with increased temperature on the survival and growth of juvenile P. astreoides. The most detrimental effects were observed with anthropogenic sediment, when both sediment concentration and water temperatures were high. However, increased natural reef sediment was found to be beneficial to juvenile corals. More interestingly, I found that corals capacity to deal with higher temperatures is improved when anthropogenic sedimentation is maintained at minimal levels and turbidity resulting from sedimentation was low. Therefore, this information will aid managers in making decisions that regulate dredging and construction activities to minimize sedimentation, which will contribute to increase coral survival under climate change.
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Hocevar, John D. "A Survey of the Stony Coral Community Composition of Pompano Ledge, Broward County, Florida, with a Preliminary Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Mooring Buoys in Reducing Coral Damage." NSUWorks, 1993. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/353.

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Stony corals of Pompano Ledge, First Reef, Broward County, Florida were sampled in situ using a new reef assessment method. The circular-radial method was used to assess the effectiveness of mooring buoys in reducing damage to reefs. Data will be part of a long-term monitoring study of·buoy impacts. The parameter of recent injury was used to provide preliminary information on buoy effectiveness. Results were as follows: approximately 6% of the study area was covered by stony corals, with an average of 3 colonies per square meter. Diversity based on abundance (H'n) was 1 .7, and diversity based on relative coverage (H'c) was 1.1. Evenness based on abundance (J'n) was nearly .8, and evenness based on relative coverage (J' c) was .5. Approximately 6% of all colonies surveyed were observed under the shelter of ledges or overhangs. An average of 2% of colonies were observed to be recently injured in the Winter, compared with 6% in the Summer. Twenty-nine species of scleractinian corals were observed, 26 of which were present in sample areas. Montastrea cavernosa dominated stony coral coverage, and Siderastrea spp. and M. cavernosa were the most abundant. Mooring buoys appear to be an effective management tool for minimizing damage to corals on Pompano Ledge. The percentage of corals that had been recently injured was lower in the buoyed site (p = .082) even though the buoyed site was more heavily visited by both boats and divers . Future studies will be able to further assess buoy impacts by noting any changes in coral population parameters. The buoys have only been in place two years, so it will be interesting to see if the coral communities of the two sites begin to diverge in the future .
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Yeh, Yu-Yuan, and 葉育源. "A Study of Phase Stability of Zirconia in Reducing Atmosphere at High-Temperature." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21119870074093976581.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
材料工程所
100
Stabilized zirconia is a useful structural material with incomparably high toughness due to stress-induced phase transformation, and, moreover, is widely utilized as a carrier substrate, an electrolyte of a solid oxide fuel cell and an oxygen sensor. Recently, it was found that the carrier substrate of zirconia could cause some effects on MLCC sintered at high temperature. Besides, the substrates which were used will easily degrade. The reason for this may be due to the high temperature phase-transformation of zirconia. This article studies the microstructure and phase transformation of a ZrO2 ceramic under different amount of Y2O3 and CaO doping. X-ray diffraction shows that Y3+ and Ca2+ were diffused into the lattice of ZrO2 to form a solid solution with a pure cubic structure. The sintered ceramics were tested under a aging condition (top temperature 1300 ℃ for 2 h in partial O2 pressure 1×10-10 Pa, it was called a thermal cycle). The influence of thermal cycle times on the phase stability of ZrO2 ceramics was studied. In addition, that studies the microstructure and phase transformation of a ZrO2 ceramic under different amount of Mn3O4 doping. Doping 1 mol.% Mn3O4 into 6 mol.% Y2O3 of ZrO2 ceramic is helpful to forming the stable-zirconia and promoting the grain growth. For Mn3O4 doping into 10 mol.% Y2O3 of ZrO2 ceramic, we could found that the phase structure was also ZrO2 with a single cubic after aging 60 cycles. When the 12.5 mol.% CaO of ZrO2 ceramic was doped with Mn3O4, the intensity of monoclinic peak decreases with Mn3O4 concentration, until a single cubic phase (x=0.3 mol.%). However, it was found that the phase structure changed from a single cubic phase into coexistence of cubic and monoclinic, and the ratio of the monoclinic phase is 12.9% after aging 60 cycles.
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Books on the topic "Reducing atmosphere"

1

Williamson, Phillip. Global change: Reducing uncertainties. Stockholm, Sweden: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1992.

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Reducing your carbon footprint at home. New York, NY: Rosen Pub., 2008.

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David, Sarah B. Reducing your carbon footprint at home. New York: Rosen Central, 2009.

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Australia, Parliament Senate Standing Committee on Industry Science and Technology. Rescue the future: Reducing the impact of the greenhouse effect. Canberra, A.C.T: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1991.

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Nagle, Jeanne M. Reducing your carbon footprint at school. New York: Rosen Central, 2009.

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Economic policy and climate change: Tradable permits for reducing carbon emissions. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 1997.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Dept. of Economics and Statistics. The costs of reducing CO2 emissions: Evidence from GREEN. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.

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Mihaylov, Vyacheslav, Elena Sotnikova, and Nina Kalpina. Eco-friendly air protection systems for motor transport facilities. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1093106.

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The textbook considers the issue of assessing the heat and humidity state of air in the processes of its processing in various systems, provides requirements for air protection means, taking into account their environmental friendliness, shows ways of energy saving in cooling, heating and year-round air conditioning systems, as well as when protecting the atmosphere from harmful emissions. The way of energy saving with individual thermal protection of the operator by means of local cooling during air treatment in an irrigated intensified nozzle is shown and recommendations for reducing its material consumption are developed. The method and means of reducing the toxicity of emissions of tractor internal combustion engines during its operation in rooms of limited volume by water vapor humidification of the fuel-air mixture are demonstrated. The ways of noise reduction of air protection systems are shown. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students studying in the specialties "Ground transport and technical means", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Power engineering", "Ground transport and technological complexes", "Refrigeration, cryogenic equipment and life support systems", "Technosphere safety", "Ecology and nature management".
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Manne, Alan Sussmann. Global 2100: Alternative scenarios for reducing carbon emissions. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.

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(Canada), Federal/Provincial/Territorial Task Force on Energy and the Environment. Report on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [S.l: The Task Force], 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reducing atmosphere"

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "Mildly Reducing Atmosphere." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_995-3.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "Mildly Reducing Atmosphere." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1588. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_995.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "Mildly Reducing Atmosphere." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1062–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_995.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "Mildly Reducing Atmosphere." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_995-4.

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Kaiser, A., J. W. Phair, S. Foghmoes, S. Ramousse, and Z. He. "Sintering Behavior of Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95-δin Reducing Atmosphere." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 1–11. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470599730.ch1.

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Jury, William A., Yan Jin, Jianying Gan, and Thomas Gimmi. "Strategies for Reducing Fumigant Loss to the Atmosphere." In ACS Symposium Series, 104–15. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0652.ch010.

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Ramezanian, A., A. Amiri, and C. H. Crisosto. "Postharvest physiology and physiological disorders of fresh fig fruits." In The fig: botany, production and uses, 384–97. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242881.0016.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the high perishability of fresh fig fruits and their sensitivity to postharvest decay. The importance of cold storage along with postharvest treatments, such as modified atmosphere packaging, calcium treatment, SO2 fumigation, edible coating and other modern techniques, in the maintenance of fruit quality and reducing postharvest losses is also discussed.
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Cordoba, G., J. Padilla, V. H. Lara, and R. Arroyo. "Anatase-Rutile Phase Transformation of Cu2+ Doped TiO2 in a Non-Reducing Atmosphere." In Emerging Fields in Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 195–202. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0449-8_21.

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Lu, Zhen Ya, Jian Qing Wu, and Zhi Wu Chen. "(Ca,Sr,Ba)TiO3-Based Dielectrics Sintered in Reducing Atmosphere." In Key Engineering Materials, 114–17. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-410-3.114.

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Christoph, Folgner, Sauchuk Viktar, Kusnezoff Mihails, and Michaelis Alexander. "Influence of Temperature and Steam Content on Degradation of Metallic Interconnects in Reducing Atmosphere." In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 17–33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119474746.ch3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reducing atmosphere"

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Miodyńska, Magdalena, Julia Zwara, Paweł Mazierski, and Adriana Zaleska-Medynska. "Obtaining metallic centers on semiconductors in a hydrogen-reducing atmosphere." In Człowiek Nauka Środowisko. Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine Foundation, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31708/spi3.18/miody.cns18.

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Prosini, Pier Paolo, Cinzia Cento, Amedeo Masci, Maria Carewska, and Paola Gislon. "A synthesis of LiFePO4 starting from FePO4 under reducing atmosphere." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4883049.

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Aparicio, C., J. Filip, M. Mashlan, Jirí Tucek, and Marcel Miglierini. "High Temperature Decomposition of Almandine and Pyrope in Reducing Atmosphere." In MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY IN MATERIALS SCIENCE—2010. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3473898.

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Batzias, Fragiskos A. "Rotary Cement Kiln Control for Reducing NOx Emissions to Atmosphere." In 2006 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2006.355361.

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Aumüller, B., T. Weber, and M. Schütze. "Thermisch gespritzte Korrosionsschutzschichten für sulfidierende Atmosphären (Thermal Sprayed Coatings for Reducing Sulfidizing Atmospheres at High Temperatures)." In ITSC2002, edited by C. C. Berndt and E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2002p0023.

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Abstract Intermetallic TiAl coatings were applied to ferritic steels using plasma and HVOF spraying methods. The specimens were then placed in reducing sulfidizing atmospheres for high-temperature corrosion testing. This paper describes the experiments that were performed and presents and analyzes the results. In general, for the reasons given, the coatings performed better in an Ar-H2-H2S-atmosphere than in one containing CH4. Paper text in German.
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Dudina, D. V., S. B. Zlobin, V. Yu, N. Ulianitsky, V. Bulina, A. L. Bychkov, and O. I. Lomovsky. "Detonation Spraying of TiO2-Ag Powders Under a Controllable Atmosphere." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0504.

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Abstract In the present work, TiO2(rutile)-2.5vol.%Ag composite powders produced by mechanical milling were detonation sprayed under different atmospheres using acytelene as a fuel. The atmosphere of spraying was set to be reducing or oxidizing by changing the O2/C2H2 mole ratio. Reduction of TiO2 to Ti3O5 occurred in the coatings deposited under a reducing atmosphere (O2/C2H2 =1.05) when particles were heated to reach a molten or a semi-molten state. In the coatings sprayed using a stoichiometric O2/C2H2 =2.5 mixture, the major phase was rutile. The composition of the atmosphere does not only determine the chemical environment for the sprayed powders, but also influences the temperature conditions. Increasing oxygen content in the explosive mixture led to much higher temperatures of the sprayed particles as was calculated using a previously elaborated model. When titanium dioxide did not reach melting, the coatings were porous with a spongy surface. Coatings formed by fully or partially molten particles possessed a denser structure. Silver particles experienced melting during spraying but remained uniformly distributed in the coatings. This study demonstrated that careful selection of the composition of the spraying atmosphere offers potential of controlling the phase composition and microstructure of the detonation sprayed coatings.
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Hu, Ying-Zhen, Cheng-Xin Li, Shan-Lin Zhang, Guan-Jun Yang, Xiao-Tao Luo, and Chang-Jiu Li. "The Microstructure Stability of Atmospheric Plasma-Sprayed MnCo2O4 Coating under Dual Atmosphere (H2/Air) Exposure." In ITSC2015, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2015p1148.

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Abstract Based on the specific structure of tubular solid oxide fuel cell stacks, a good chemical, microstructural and phase stability for the protective coating are required in both the oxidizing and reducing environments. In this work, MnCo2O4 coatings of approximately 150 ìm were deposited onto porous Ni50Cr50-Al2O3 substrate by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process. The coated samples were tested at 800oC with the coating exposed in air environment and the substrate in H2 environment. Reducing and pre-oxidizing treatments were performed prior to the stability test. Then the tested coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results elucidated that the tested coating had a high structural stability on the upper layer, while presented a reducing microstructure on the substrate side. The surface morphology of 100 hours tested coating indicated that the spinel granules still arranged closely with small particle size of ~ 250 nm and no obvious grain enlargement was observed. According to the cross-section, the upper layer kept stable and dense. While at the underneath region, the microstructure presented to be rather porous. However, the resistance presented a decreasing trend with the extension of exposure duration. After exposure for 95 h, the ASR decreased to 18.5 mΩ·cm2 although a substantial Cr diffusion from the substrate was detected.
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Myshkina, A. V., I. N. Bazhukova, V. A. Pustovarov, and S. Yu Sokovnin. "Luminescent-optical properties of cerium dioxide nanoparticles annealed in a reducing atmosphere." In PHYSICS, TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION (PTI-2019): Proceedings of the VI International Young Researchers’ Conference. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5134292.

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Cioatera, N., E. A. Voinea, C. I. Radu, and C. I. Spinu. "Influence of cerium dopant on pyrochlore structure evolution under highly reducing atmosphere." In 2015 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smicnd.2015.7355169.

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"Reducing CU Emission into the Atmosphere-Achievement Experience of Croatian Cement Industry." In SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/10774.

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Reports on the topic "Reducing atmosphere"

1

S.M. Frank, T.P. O'Holleran, and P.A. Hahn. Reference Alloy Waste Form Fabrication and Initiation of Reducing Atmosphere and Reductive Additives Study on Alloy Waste Form Fabrication. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033887.

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Klier, K., R. G. Herman, and J. Dedecek. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, June--August 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/418418.

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Klier, K., R. G. Herman, and J. Dedecek. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, March--May 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/418419.

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Fuchs, Marcel, Jerry Hatfield, Amos Hadas, and Rami Keren. Reducing Evaporation from Cultivated Soils by Mulching with Crop Residues and Stabilized Soil Aggregates. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568086.bard.

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Field and laboratory studies of insulating properties of mulches show that the changes they produce on the heat balance and the evaporation depend not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the material but also on the structure of air flow in boundary layer. Field measurements of the radiation balance of corn residue showed a decrease of reflectivity from 0.2 to 0.17 from fall to spring. The aerodynamic properties of the atmospheric surface layer were turbulent, with typical roughness length of 12 to 24 mm. Evaporation from corn residue covered soils in climate chambers simulating the diurnal course of temperature in the field were up to 60% less than bare soil. Wind tunnel studies showed that turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer added a convective component to the transport of water vapor and heat through the mulches. The decreasing the porosity of the mulch diminished this effect. Factors increasing the resistance to vapor flow lowering the effect of wind. The behavior of wheat straw and stabilized soil aggregates mulches were similar, but the resistance to water of soil aggregate layer with diameter less than 2 mm were very large, close to the values expected from molecular diffusion.
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Klier, K., R. G. Herman, and J. Dedecek. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, September 1996--November 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/493395.

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Klier, K., R. G. Herman, and J. Dedecek. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, December 1996--February 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/493403.

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Klier, K., and R. G. Herman. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, September 1993--December 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148112.

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Klier, K., and R. G. Herman. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, December 1993--February 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148115.

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Klier, K., R. G. Herman, and J. Dedecek. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, June 1995--August 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/181498.

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Klier, K., R. G. Herman, and J. Dedecek. NO decomposition in non-reducing atmospheres. Technical progress report, March 1995--May 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/100175.

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