Journal articles: 'Reduced formulation'

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Lara, Hugo José, Abel Soares Siqueira, and Jinyun Yuan. "A Reduced Semidefinite Programming Formulation for HA Assignment Problems in Sport Scheduling." TEMA (São Carlos) 19, no. 3 (December 17, 2018): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tema.2018.019.03.471.

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Home-Away Assignment problems are naturally cast as quadraticpro gramming models in binary variables. In this work we compare alternative formulations for this kind of problems. First,write a quadratic programming formulation with linear constraints, and then a quadratically constrained version. We also propose another formulation by manipulating their special structure to obtain versions with 1/4 of the original size. The quadratic programming formulations leads to semidefinite relaxations, which allows us to approximately solve the models. We compare our SDP relaxation with the MIN-RES-CUT based formulation. Numerical experiments exhibit the characteristics of each model.

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Ruter, John M. "EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL FORMULATION ON THE GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF BUDDLEIA DAVIDII 'DUBONNET'." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1174e—1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1174e.

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Granular and liquid formulations of paclobutrazol were tested to evaluate the growth and flowering response of butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii Franch. 'Dubonnet'). At the rates tested (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg ai·pot–1), the granular formulation reduced the growth index, plant height, shoot dry weight, total plant biomass, number of panicles and panicle length to a greater degree than the liquid formulation applied as a drench. Both formulations reduced total plant biomass and increased the root:shoot ratio compared to the control. All rates of the granular formulation above 5 mg ai · pot–1 produced non-marketable plants. Since no phytotoxicity was observed with any treatment, the application of paclobutrazol to control the growth of butterfly-bush may be useful if the correct formulation and rate of application are chosen.

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PHAM, DUC CHINH. "REDUCED SHAKEDOWN FORMULATION IN PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS." International Journal of Computational Methods 11, no. 03 (June 2014): 1343009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876213430093.

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Shakedown theory determines the load limits for structures under variable loads. Our recently-constructed reduced shakedown kinematic formulations are re-examined, with particular expressions constructed for plane stress problems in both cases of Mises and Tresca materials. While the possibilities for numerical implementations of the reduced forms are to be explored, we illustrate the applications of the forms to estimate the nonshakedown loads for a circular hollow disk under variable pressure and temperature fields.

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Arana-Jiménez, Manuel, Riccardo Cambini, and Laura Carosi. "A reduced formulation for pseudoinvex vector functions." Annals of Operations Research 269, no. 1-2 (November 16, 2016): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-016-2372-4.

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DEMIRAG, K., Y. ELMACI, and T. ALTUG. "FORMULATION AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF REDUCED SUGAR AND REDUCED CALORIE KAZANDIBI." Journal of Food Quality 22, no. 1 (March 1999): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00931.x.

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Choudhary, S., Shriya, P. Chauhan, D. Pathania, H. Ritika, N. Chaudhary, and Mamta Sharma. "Herbicidal effects of Withania somnifera L. leaf extract on Cannabis sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Cicer arietinum." Allelopathy Journal 53, no. 1 (May 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2021-53-1-1328.

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We identified the phytochemicals in Withania somnifera L, a multipurpose medicinal plant of the Himalayan región using TLC, FTIR and HPLC. Eleven formulations were made by mixing in different ratios of Withania leaf extract, wood ash and distilled wáter. Wood chips and twigs of 3-years old Pinus roxburghii tree were completely burnt till ashes was used as Wood ash. The 11-formulationss were i.e. formulation I (Withania leaf extract 100%)), formulation II (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation III (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water), formulation IV (25:75 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VI (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VII (25:75concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VIII (Wood ash 100%)), formulation IX (75:25 concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)), formulation X (50:50 concentration (Wood ash:Distilled water)), formulation XI (25:75concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)). The herbicidal activity of formulations was earlier studied against Cannabis sativa L. (banned narcotic plant). Their herbicidal activity was tested on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Cannabis sativa L weed and 2 crops: Hordeum vulgare L and Cicer arietinum L. In Pot culture, the formulation V spray caused maximum reduction in root length of Cannabis (53 %) > Hordeum (23 %) and Cicer (22 %) than control. The formulations were also tested on crops for their herbicidal effects. In Petri plate bioassy, the formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash) showed maximum reduction in seed germination and seedling growth of C. sativa weed, but had little effect on growth of test crops. The reduction in stem length was maximum (55 %) in Cannabis > Hordeum (20 %) > Cicer (19 %) than control. Glyphosate decreased the stem length of Cicer (80 %) > Hordeum (58 %) and Cannabis (16 %) over control. While the reduction in root length was in Cicer (75 %) > Hordeum (73 %) > Cannabis (18 %) than control. The root and stem extract formulations were more phytotoxic to Cannabis sativa. Formulation V (75:25 concentrations (Withania leaf extract: wood ash)) reduced the number of leaves, number of shoot, root branches and stem and root length of Cannabis sativa.

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Renoud, Sébastien, Danis Abrouk, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Laurent Legendre, Yvan Moënne-Loccoz, and Daniel Muller. "Effect of Inoculation Level on the Impact of the PGPR Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 on Selected Microbial Functional Groups in the Rhizosphere of Field Maize." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020325.

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The impact of inoculated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on its host physiology and nutrition depends on inoculum level. Whether the impact of the inoculated PGPR on the indigenous rhizosphere microbiota also varies with the PGPR inoculum level is unclear. Here, we tested this issue using the PGPR Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1—maize model system, where the initial seed inoculation is known to enhance maize growth and germination, and impacts the maize rhizomicrobiota, including microbial functional groups modulating plant growth. A. lipoferum CRT1 was added to the seeds at standard (105–6 cells.seed−1) or reduced (104–5 cells.seed−1) inoculation levels, in three fields. The effect of the two PGPR formulations was assessed on maize growth and on the nifH (nitrogen fixation), acdS (ACC deaminase activity) and phlD (2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol production) microbial functional groups. The size of the three functional groups was monitored by qPCR at the six-leaf stage and the flowering stage, and the diversity of the nifH and acdS functional groups (as well as the bacterial community) were estimated by MiSeq metabarcoding at the six-leaf stage. The results showed that the benefits of the reduced inoculant formulation were significant in two out of three fields, but different (often lower) than those of the standard formulation. The effects of formulations on the size of the three functional groups differed, and depended on field site and functional group. The reduced formulation had an impact on the diversity of nifH and acdS groups at one site, whereas the standard formulation had an impact at the two other sites. Inoculation significantly impacted the total bacterial community in the three fields, but only with the reduced formulation. In conclusion, the reduced inoculant formulation impacted the indigenous rhizosphere microbiota differently, but not less efficiently, than the standard formulation.

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Alarfaj, Reem E., Manal M. Alkhulaifi, Ahmed J. Al-Fahad, Shokran Aljihani, Alaa Eldeen B. Yassin, Majed F. Alghoribi, and Majed A. Halwani. "Antibacterial Efficacy of Liposomal Formulations Containing Tobramycin and N-Acetylcysteine against Tobramycin-Resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010130.

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The antibacterial activity and biofilm reduction capability of liposome formulations encapsulating tobramycin (TL), and Tobramycin-N-acetylcysteine (TNL) were tested against tobramycin-resistant strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in the presence of several resistant genes. All antibacterial activity were assessed against tobramycin-resistant bacterial clinical isolate strains, which were fully characterized by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates acquired one or more of AMEs genes, efflux pump genes, OMP genes, and biofilm formation genes. TL formulation inhibited the growth of EC_089 and KP_002 isolates from 64 mg/L and 1024 mg/L to 8 mg/L. TNL formulation reduced the MIC of the same isolates to 16 mg/L. TNL formulation was the only effective formulation against all A. baumannii strains compared with TL and conventional tobramycin (in the plektonic environment). Biofilm reduction was significantly observed when TL and TNL formulations were used against E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains. TNL formulation reduced biofilm formation at a low concentration of 16 mg/L compared with TL and conventional tobramycin. In conclusion, TL and TNL formulations particularly need to be tested on animal models, where they may pave the way to considering drug delivery for the treatment of serious infectious diseases.

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Ravichandran, Nadarajah, and Tharshikka Vickneswaran. "Coupled Large Deformation Finite Element Formulations for the Dynamics of Unsaturated Soil and Their Application." Geosciences 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12090320.

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Unsaturated soil is a three-phase medium with three interfaces, and the mathematical equations that represent its behavior must be developed in a fully coupled manner for accurately predicting its hydromechanical behavior. In this paper, a set of fully coupled governing equations was developed for the dynamics of unsaturated soil, considering the interaction among the bulk phases and interfaces. In addition to implementing the complete governing equations, a simplified formulation was developed for practical applications. The derivation of the finite element formulation considering all the terms in the partial differential equations resulted in a formulation called complete formulation and was solved for the first time in this paper. Another formulation called reduced formulation was derived by neglecting the relative accelerations and velocities of water and air in the governing equations. In addition, small and large deformation theories were developed and implemented for both formulations. To show the applicability of the proposed models, the dynamic behavior of an unsaturated soil embankment was simulated using both small and large deformation formulations by applying minor and severe earthquakes. The reduced formulation was found to be computationally efficient and numerically stable. The smaller displacements predicted by large deformation theories show that the results are consistent with the expected behavior. Large deformation theories are considered suitable when the geotechnical system undergoes large deformation and may lead to accurate prediction.

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Al-Zubaidy, Muna, Yaareb Mousa, Mohammad Hasan, and Fouad Mohammad. "Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2139.

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Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in ChicksFormulation components of organophosphate insecticidal preparations might affect their toxic action in animals. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in seven to 14-day-old chicks dosed orally with dichlorvos and diazinon in standard veterinary and agricultural formulations. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD50) of the formulations were determined using the up-and-down method. Respective LD50 of dichlorvos of the veterinary and agricultural formulations in chicks were 11.1 mg kg-1 and 6.51 mg kg-1 and those of diazinon 6.4 mg kg-1 and 6.7 mg kg-1. Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were measured by electrometry after in vivo and in vitro exposure to organophosphates. The chicks showed signs of cholinergic toxicosis within one hour of dosing. Dichlorvos (8 mg kg-1) and diazinon (4 mg kg-1) in the veterinary and agricultural formulation significantly reduced both plasma and brain cholinesterase activities in the chicks. The veterinary formulation of dichlorvos reduced plasma ChE by 60 % and agricultural by 40 % and brain ChE by 93 % and 87 %, respectively. In contrast, ChE inhibition by diazinon in the agricultural formulation of diazinon was stronger than by the veterinary formulation; 72 % vs. 64 % in plasma and 97 % vs. 80 % in the brain, respectively. The highest in vitro inhibitions were observed with dichlorvos in the agricultural formulation (50 %) in the brain samples and with diazinon in the agricultural formulation (52 %) in the plasma samples. While they exist, differences between formulations cannot be taken as a rule and further investigations should inventory the toxicity of standard veterinary and agricultural organophosphate formulations in addition to the known data for pure forms.

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Jacobsen, C., and T. Børresen. "Formulation of fish diets with reduced phosphorous content." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (May 1, 1995): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0374.

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The reduction of phosphorous waste from farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was attempted by feeding diets of reduced P content. The protein source was fishmeal in which the bone fraction had been removed. This was achieved either by solubilizing the fish material (press cake) by enzymatic treatment and subsequent filtering, or by removing the fish bones by a skin/bone separator. Two fish species were used, sand eel (Ammodytes marinus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus). Due to the small size of the fish, only bones were retained in the skin/bone separator. Traditional fishmeal from the same species were used for control experiments. The fishmeal samples were used together with other ingredients in a traditional extruded dry feed formulation (Ecolife 19). The diets were used in full scale experiments in a fresh water fish farm in Denmark, as well as in small scale experiments in aquaria. Direct calculations on the feed conversion ratio and the specific growth rate on both experiments showed that the enzyme treated codes performed less well than the other codes. However, when compensating for the different energy content of the diets, the enzymatic treatment did not give rise to a higher feed conversion ratio, nor did it give rise to a lower average growth rate than the other codes. It was not possible to make any final conclusions with respect to the effect of the enzymatic treated fishmeal on the pollution risk from P. This was due to large variation on the P determinations.

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&NA;. "Cisplatin-toxicity reduced by liposomal formulation of cisplatin?" Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1080 (December 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200510800-00009.

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Bilbao, A., R. Avilés, J. Aguirrebeitia, and I. F. Bustos. "A reduced eigenproblem formulation for Variable Geometry Trusses." Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 50 (March 2012): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2011.09.004.

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Banerjee, Kaushita, Nandita Kamat, Diana Pearline, Narayanaswamy Thiagarajan, and Padma Thiagarajan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Murraya koenigii Linn Formulation for Potential Topical Application." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12215.

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Murraya koenigii Linn leaf (curry leaf) is a favored spice known for its medicinal, therapeutic, nutraceutical and cosmetic properties. Its oil formulations have emerged as a favorable base for controlled delivery of actives by topical route of administration. However, most of such formulations include several synthetic chemicals as emulsifiers and stabilizers that may be hazardous in the long run. In the present study, curry leaf oil formulation with an alkyl polyglucoside emulsifier has been formulated for potential dermatological applications. Ultrasonication was employed for reduced particle size and better efficiency. The formulation was characterized for mean particle size, polydispersity index zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility. FTIR analysis of the oil confirmed the presence of the functional groups of its constituents as identified by GC-MS and revealed the prevalence of extensive hydrogen bonding in the formulation. Its SEM image showed the structural topography. The viability of different concentrations of the oil, tested on dermal fibroblasts cells (3T3 cell lines), was found to be from 97% to 20%. The accelerated stability tests confirmed the formulation’s non-susceptibility to various destabilization mechanisms after a period of 180 days at 37 °C, or under low speed centrifugation. Furthermore, the formulation was stable when stored at 40 °C, 4 °C and −18 °C for 3 cycles. Thus, this bio based formulation can either be used as such or as a base matrix for loading active ingredients for topical delivery.

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Piret, Jocelyne, Julie Lamontagne, André Désormeaux, and Michel G. Bergeron. "Efficacies of Gel Formulations Containing Foscarnet, Alone or Combined with Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, against Establishment and Reactivation of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.4.1030-1036.2001.

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ABSTRACT The influence of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on the efficacies of gel formulations of foscarnet against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) cutaneous lesions and on the establishment and reactivation of latent virus has been evaluated in a murine model of orofacial infection. Topical treatments were given twice daily for 3 days and were initiated at 6, 24, and 48 h after virus inoculation. The gel formulation that contained both 3% foscarnet and 5% SLS and that was administered within 48 h postinfection reduced the rate of development of herpetic skin lesions. This formulation also significantly decreased the viral content in skin tissues and in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia when it was given within 24 and 6 h postinfection, respectively. A lower level of efficacy was observed for the gel formulation containing 3% foscarnet alone. Of prime interest, the gel formulation containing 5% SLS reduced significantly the mortality rate among mice in a zosteriform model of infection. Both formulations of foscarnet had no effect on the mean titers of reactivated virus in explant cultures of ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal ganglia from latently infected mice. The use of a gel formulation containing combinations of foscarnet and SLS could represent an attractive approach for the treatment of herpetic mucocutaneous infections.

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Vlad, Robert-Alexandru, Elena-Beatrice Trifan, Paula Antonoaea, Emőke-Margit Rédai, Béla Kovács, Nicoleta Todoran, Anamaria Tătaru, and Adriana Ciurba. "Developing and evaluation of orodispersible tablets containing caffeine." Romanian Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjphp.2021.1.5.

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Starting from the premise that a reduced number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are used to treat hypotension, the aim of this study consisted of developing new formulations of caffeine-orodispersible tablets (CAFODTs). The formulation variables were the type of disintegrant and its concentration. The CAF-ODTs were prepared by direct compression, (CAF1, CAF2 and, CAF3) each of them containing 100 mg of CAF / tablet. The proposed formulations were analyzed from a pharmacotechnical point of view. For the formulations developed the tablets’ physical appearance, resistance to crushing, friability, disintegration behaviour, and the in vitro caffeine release were evaluated. White tablets, with a resistance to crushing decreasing in the following order CAF1 > CAF2 > CAF3 were obtained. The friability test showed that all the formulations are respecting the in-force European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur. 10) requirements with values less than 1 %. The disintegration time for all three formulations was less than 180 seconds, the smallest time being registered in the case of CAF2 formulation, where Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) was used as a disintegrant (24-30 s, as a result of the different methods used. Through the in vitro releasing study, it was observed that over 99.9 % caffeine was released from all three analyzed formulations. By investigating the amount of caffeine released after 1 minute, it can be noticed that the largest amount released was recorded in CAF2 formulations, where SSG was used as a disintegrant. Compared to CAF2, the amount of CAF released was reduced to half, after the first five minutes for CAF1 formulation, where sodium croscarmellose was used, and ten times lower in the case of CAF3 where no disintegrant was used. Based on the results obtained we can conclude that all three formulations are respecting the pharmacotechnical in-force officinal requirements. The presence of SSG in the CAF2 formulation led to obtaining tablets with a reduced disintegration time in comparison to the other two formulations proposed in this study.

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Stamps, Robert H., and Daniel W. McColley. "Chlorothalonil Fungicides Reduce Vase Life but not Yield of Leatherleaf Fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst.) Ching]." HortScience 32, no. 6 (October 1997): 1099–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.6.1099.

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Established ground beds of leatherleaf fern were sprayed repeatedly with water, a flowable formulation of thiophanate-methyl, or one of four formulations of chlorothalonil on a predominantly weekly schedule. None of the treatments produced visible phytotoxicity symptoms or had any effect on yield (frond number and total fresh mass). However, average masses of fronds from plots treated with a liquid formulation of chlorothalonil were 21% greater than those from control plots. All chlorothalonil formulations left visible residues on the fronds and reduced frond vase life compared to fronds treated with water or thiophanate-methyl. Reduced vase life was due to more rapid desiccation of chlorothalonil-treated fronds. During those months (July—Sept.) when postharvest desiccation is most common, chlorothalonil reduced vase life of fronds by 36% to 62%. Vase life of fronds was generally reduced more by dry chlorothalonil formulations than by liquid ones, probably due to slightly higher application rates of dry formulations. Determination of the mode of action could lead to an understanding of the causes of frond curl syndrome. Until a remedy is found, chlorothalonil should not be used repeatedly on leatherleaf fern. Chemical names used: tetrachlorisophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil); dimethyl [(1,2-phenylene)-bis(iminocarbonothioyl)]bis[carbamate]) (thiophanate-methyl).

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Lozano, Carlos. "Adjoint Viscous Sensitivity Derivatives with a Reduced Gradient Formulation." AIAA Journal 50, no. 1 (January 2012): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j051137.

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Vela, Adan, Karen M. Feigh, Senay Solak, William Singhose, and John-Paul Clarke. "Formulation of Reduced-Taskload Optimization Models for Conflict Resolution." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 42, no. 6 (November 2012): 1552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2012.2202106.

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CINDIO, BRUNO, and DOMENICO CACACE. "Formulation and rheological characterization of reduced-calorie food emulsions." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 30, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb01397.x.

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Gunasheela S, V. Chandrakala, and S. Srinivasan. "Microsponge: An adaptable topical drug delivery system." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.1.0694.

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Microsponge a drug delivery system, possesses the versatility to load a wide range of active ingredients due large surface area. it facilitates controlled release of active ingredients and reduces systemic exposure and adverse effect. microsponges are polymeric sponges that consist of interconnecting voids with a flexible structure with a porous surface. Microsponge delivery techniques provides extended product stability, enhanced safety, enhanced formulation flexibility, product efficacy and aesthetic appeal with reduced adverse effects. It is regarded as safe, due to less bacterial contamination as it doesn’t require preservatives in the formulation. Therefore it is used in various sterile formulations like ophthalmic, parenteral etc. This review provides an overview of microsponge technology with its methodology, mechanism, programmable release, characterization and recent data on marketed formulations, their applications, and the list of patents, evaluation and application of microsponges in various aspects. Microsponge are frequently used for topical application but recently used for oral also.

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Bowers, John H., and James C. Locke. "Effect of Formulated Plant Extracts and Oils on Population Density of Phytophthora nicotianae in Soil and Control of Phytophthora Blight in the Greenhouse." Plant Disease 88, no. 1 (January 2004): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.11.

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Formulated plant extracts and oils were investigated for control of diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. Soil infested with chlamydospores of Phytophthora nicotianae was treated by incorporating 1, 5, and 10% aqueous emulsions of formulations containing clove oil, neem oil, pepper extract and mustard oil, cassia extract, synthetic cinnamon oil, or the fungicide metalaxyl. Population densities of P. nicotianae were determined at 0 (before treatment), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Treatment of the soil with 5 and 10% aqueous emulsions resulted in significant (P < 0.05) differences among treatment mean values at each assay date. After 1 day, population densities were reduced to below the limit of detection (<0.04 CFU/cm3) in soil treated with 10% aqueous emulsions of two pepper extract-mustard oil formulations and two cassia extract formulations, and near the limit of detection for a synthetic cinnamon oil formulation. Over time, populations of P. nicotianae were detected in the assay; however, after 21 days, populations of P. nicotianae in soil treated with one of the pepper extract-mustard oil formulations still were not detected. Formulations of clove oil, another pepper extract-mustard oil combination, the two cassia extracts, and the synthetic cinnamon oil reduced populations 98.4 to 99.9% after 21 days compared with the nontreated control soil. The neem oil formulation and metalaxyl did not reduce pathogen populations at any rate tested. In the greenhouse after 35 days, 10% aqueous emulsions of a pepper extract-mustard oil formulation, a cassia extract, and the synthetic cinnamon oil formulation suppressed disease development in periwinkle 93.0 to 96.7% compared with the nontreated infested soil. The observed reduction in the pathogen population and significantly more healthy plants in the greenhouse indicates that these formulations of plant extracts and oils could have important roles in biologically based management strategies for control of diseases caused by P. nicotianae.

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Ko, Do-Hyun, and Seung-Hwan Boo. "Efficient Structural Dynamic Analysis Using Condensed Finite Element Matrices and Its Application to a Stiffened Plate." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121958.

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In this study, we propose effective formulations for modal, frequency response, and transient analyses using condensed matrices of the finite element (FE) model. Employing the iterated improved reduced system (IIRS) method, a transformation matrix is defined that condenses the stiffness and inertial effects of nodes to be neglected into nodes of interest. Using this, the condensed mass and stiffness matrices are derived. With these two condensed matrices, a condensed damping matrix is derived using the Rayleigh damping. By considering the condensed matrices in the original structural dynamic formulation based on the global FE matrices, the condensed structural dynamic formulation is derived, and the approximated solutions are calculated from this condensed formulation. To verify the performance of the proposed formulation, we perform a structural dynamic analysis on a stiffened plate, and by comparison with the solutions calculated from the global FE matrices, the proposed formulations have been found to provide highly accurate solutions with an excellent computational efficiency.

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Almeida, C. A., and F. M. N. de Souza. "Axisymmetric Thin Shell Analyses With Reduced Degrees-of-Freedom." Applied Mechanics Reviews 42, no. 11S (November 1, 1989): S3—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3152406.

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The formulation of a simple but effective unidimensional isoparametric displacement-based thin axisymmetric element is presented. The geometry is approximated by using cubic interpolation functions along the shell midsurface generatrix line and the element displacement field is represented by two spatial translation degrees-of-freedom only. The element kinematics incorporates membrane and bending strain components with the assumption of zero transverse shear deformations in the longitudinal and circumferential directions of the shell. This condition allows formulation of the element without using rotation as an independent degree-of-freedom, but continuity conditions between elements should be properly accounted for. The interaction effects between two adjoining elements or between an element and a rigid flange are modeled by using a penalty procedure to enforce continuity on the derivatives in the element midsurface radial displacements. The element formulation has been implemented and the results of various sample analyses are given to illustrate its effectiveness.

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Buhler, Douglas D., William C. Koskinen, Marvin M. Schreiber, and Jianying Gan. "Dissipation of Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Atrazine from Starch-Encapsulated Formulations in a Sandy Loam Soil." Weed Science 42, no. 3 (September 1994): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076700.

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Research was conducted to determine the effect of starch encapsulation on soil dissipation and weed control with alachlor, metolachlor, and atrazine on an Estherville sandy loam in the field. Starch encapsulation increased persistence of alachlor in the surface 15 cm of soil compared to the emulsifiable concentrate formulation during the first 60 d after treatment More alachlor was detected 30 to 75 cm deep with emulsifiable concentrate than the starch-encapsulated formulation 30 d after treatment. Little alachlor was detected below 15 cm thereafter. Starch encapsulation also increased persistence of metolachlor in the surface 15 cm, but reduced concentrations at 15 to 30 cm compared to the emulsifiable concentrate 30 d after treatment. By 120 and 340 d after treatment, metolachlor concentrations at 15 to 30 cm were greater with starch-encapsulated than emulsifiable concentrate formulation. Starch encapsulation greatly increased atrazine persistence in the surface 15 cm compared to the dry flowable formulation. Although encapsulation increased atrazine concentration in the surface 15 cm, it reduced the concentration below 15 cm compared to the dry flowable formulation 30 and 60 d after treatment However, by 120 and 340 d after treatment, starch encapsulation often resulted in greater atrazine concentrations below 15 cm than the dry flowable formulation. Control of green foxtail and redroot pigweed with starch-encapsulated herbicides was similar or superior to the commercial formulations.

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Hinojosa, Victor H. "Comparing Corrective and Preventive Security-Constrained DCOPF Problems Using Linear Shift-Factors." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030516.

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This study compares two efficient formulations to solve corrective as well as preventive security-constrained (SC) DC-based optimal power flow (OPF) problems using linear sensitivity factors without sacrificing optimality. Both SCOPF problems are modelled using two frameworks based on these distribution factors. The main advantage of the accomplished formulation is the significant reduction of decision variables and—equality and inequality—constraints in comparison with the traditional DC-based SCOPF formulation. Several test power systems and extensive computational experiments are conducted using a commercial solver to clearly demonstrate the feasibility to carry out the corrective and the preventive SCOPF problems with a reduced solution space. Another point worth noting is the lower simulation time achieved by the introduced methodology. Additionally, this study presents advantages and disadvantages for the proposed shift-factor formulation solving both corrective and preventive formulations.

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Škrlep, Martin, Manja Ozmec, and Marjeta Čandek-Potokar. "Reduced Use of Nitrites and Phosphates in Dry-Fermented Sausages." Processes 10, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050821.

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Given consumer demand for foods with fewer artificial additives, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of reduced use of nitrites and phosphates on dry-fermented sausage quality. Four sausage formulations were prepared: (1) control (using standard procedure with 0.2% phosphates and 110 mg/kg sodium nitrite) and formulations with (2) 50% less sodium nitrite, (3) 50% less sodium nitrite and sodium ascorbate (225 mg/kg), and (4) with standard nitrite but no phosphates. Weight loss and pH evolution were monitored during processing. The color, physicochemical (including oxidation), rheological, and sensory properties were evaluated on the finished product, as well as mold growth and microbiological status. Compared to control, nitrite reduction was associated with increased surface mold growth, reduced (3.0–4.4%) processing loss, and slightly higher oxidation (1.7 μg/kg more malondialdehyde) but without affecting instrumental color. The simultaneous addition of ascorbate reduced oxidation and improved color stability. The formulation without the phosphates resulted in increased oxidation (3.4 μg/kg more malondialdehyde) and changes in the instrumental color. The observed changes were relatively unimportant, as neither of the tested formulations influenced sensory traits or compromised microbial safety, implying that they can be used in production without any harm or even with some benefits.

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Dennis, Robin L., Donna B. Schwede, Jesse O. Bash, Jon E. Pleim, John T. Walker, and Kristen M. Foley. "Sensitivity of continental United States atmospheric budgets of oxidized and reduced nitrogen to dry deposition parametrizations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1621 (July 5, 2013): 20130124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0124.

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Reactive nitrogen (N r ) is removed by surface fluxes (air–surface exchange) and wet deposition. The chemistry and physics of the atmosphere result in a complicated system in which competing chemical sources and sinks exist and impact that removal. Therefore, uncertainties are best examined with complete regional chemical transport models that simulate these feedbacks. We analysed several uncertainties in regional air quality model resistance analogue representations of air–surface exchange for unidirectional and bi-directional fluxes and their effect on the continental N r budget. Model sensitivity tests of key parameters in dry deposition formulations showed that uncertainty estimates of continental total nitrogen deposition are surprisingly small, 5 per cent or less, owing to feedbacks in the chemistry and rebalancing among removal pathways. The largest uncertainties (5%) occur with the change from a unidirectional to a bi-directional NH 3 formulation followed by uncertainties in bi-directional compensation points (1–4%) and unidirectional aerodynamic resistance (2%). Uncertainties have a greater effect at the local scale. Between unidirectional and bi-directional formulations, single grid cell changes can be up to 50 per cent, whereas 84 per cent of the cells have changes less than 30 per cent. For uncertainties within either formulation, single grid cell change can be up to 20 per cent, but for 90 per cent of the cells changes are less than 10 per cent.

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Książek-Trela, Paulina, Ewelina Bielak, Dominika Węzka, and Ewa Szpyrka. "Effect of Three Commercial Formulations Containing Effective Microorganisms (EM) on Diflufenican and Flurochloridone Degradation in Soil." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144541.

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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of effective microorganisms (EM) present in biological formulations improving soil quality on degradation of two herbicides, diflufenican and flurochloridone. Three commercially available formulations containing EM were used: a formulation containing Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Rhodopseudomonas bacteria and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; a formulation containing Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Cellulomonas, Arthrobacter, Paenibacillusa, and Pseudonocardia bacteria; and a formulation containing eight strains of Bacillus bacteria, B. megaterium, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. coagulans, B. laterosporus, B. mucilaginosus, and B. polymyxa. It was demonstrated that those formulations influenced degradation of herbicides. All studied formulations containing EM reduced the diflufenican degradation level, from 35.5% to 38%, due to an increased acidity of the soil environment and increased durability of that substance at lower pH levels. In the case of flurochloridone, all studied EM formulations increased degradation of that active substance by 19.3% to 31.2% at the most. For control samples, equations describing kinetics of diflufenican and flurochloridone elimination were plotted, and a time of the half-life of these substances in laboratory conditions was calculated, amounting to 25.7 for diflufenican and 22.4 for flurochloridone.

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Patel, Lisa J., Manan A. Raval, Samir G. Patel, and Archita J. Patel. "Development and Validation of Stability Indicating High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) Method for Quantification of Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica L. and its Marketed Formulation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0381.

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Abstract Background: Ayurvedic medicines help in healing disease with fewer undesirable effects in comparison with an allopathic system of medicine to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders, as the latter is more expensive. Centella asiatica L. is often used in Ayurvedic formulations for the treatment of CNS disorders. Objective: A stability test using an HPTLC method for the estimation of an important marker asiaticoside (ASI) from C. asiatica powder and marketed formulation was developed. Methods: The marker compound ASI from plant powders and marketed formulations were resolved using toluene–ethyl acetate–methanol–glacial acetic acid (2+7+3+1, v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase and then was derivatized. The plant powder and marketed formulation were also subjected to stability studies. Results: The Rf value of ASI was found in range of 0.43–0.47 for the standard ASI, plant powder, and marketed formulation. It was found that the plant powder and formulation exhibited first-order degradation kinetics. Conclusions: The contents of ASI in the formulation (Churna) and its flow characters reduced at the end of the 6 months during an accelerated stability study. The developed method can be used to quantify ASI in the presence of its degradation products. Highlights: The developed method helps in determining batch to batch variation in the content of ASI in herbal formulations.

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Schulz, Jan-Peter, and Gerd Vogel. "Improving the Processes in the Land Surface Scheme TERRA: Bare Soil Evaporation and Skin Temperature." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050513.

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Newly improved formulations of the bare soil evaporation and the surface temperature are presented, using the multilayer land surface scheme TERRA of the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO) atmospheric model. The simulations were carried out in offline mode with atmospheric forcing data from the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg–Richard-Aßmann-Observatory of the German Meteorological Service. The results show that the bare soil evaporation simulated by the reference version of TERRA is substantially overestimated under wet conditions, and underestimated under dry conditions. Furthermore, the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of the surface temperature is systematically underestimated. In contrast, the diurnal cycles of the temperatures in the soil are overestimated instead. The new description of the bare soil evaporation in TERRA is based on a resistance formulation analogue to Ohm’s law, while the surface temperature is now based on the skin temperature formulation by Viterbo and Beljaars. The new formulation improves the simulated bare soil evaporation substantially. In particular, the overestimation under wet conditions is reduced, also acting against an extensive drying of the soil during the annual cycle. Additionally, the underestimation under dry conditions is reduced as well. Furthermore, the simulated amplitude of the diurnal cycle of the surface temperature is substantially increased. In particular, a nocturnal warm bias is systematically reduced. In addition to this, the new formulations were also applied in coupled mode in the COSMO model, resulting in improved diurnal cycles of near-surface temperature and dew point.

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Lan, Ingrid S., Ju Liu, Weiguang Yang, and Alison L. Marsden. "A reduced unified continuum formulation for vascular fluid–structure interaction." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 394 (May 2022): 114852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2022.114852.

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Kim, Taehyoun, Changho Nam, and Youdan Kim. "Reduced-Order Aeroservoelastic Model with an Unsteady Aerodynamic Eigen Formulation." AIAA Journal 35, no. 6 (June 1997): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.201.

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34

Urruzola, Javier, Juan Tomas Celigueta, and Javier Garcia de Jalon. "Generalization of Foreshortening Through New Reduced Geometrically Nonlinear Structural Formulation." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 23, no. 4 (July 2000): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.4583.

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35

El-Nahhal, Yasser, Shlomo Nir, Carina Serban, Onn Rabinovitz, and Baruch Rubin. "Organo-Clay Formulation of Acetochlor for Reduced Movement in Soil." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, no. 11 (November 2001): 5364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf010561p.

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36

Tran, T. D., C. V. Le, D. C. Pham, and H. Nguyen-Xuan. "Shakedown reduced kinematic formulation, separated collapse modes, and numerical implementation." International Journal of Solids and Structures 51, no. 15-16 (August 2014): 2893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2014.04.016.

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37

Nielsen, Tim, Mihaela Mihnea, Klara Båth, Sara C. Cunha, Ricardo Fereira, José O. Fernandes, Amparo Gonçalves, Maria Leonor Nunes, and Helena Oliveira. "New formulation for producing salmon pâté with reduced sodium content." Food and Chemical Toxicology 143 (September 2020): 111546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111546.

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38

Kim, Taehyoun, Changho Nam, and Youdan Kim. "Reduced-order aeroservoelastic model with an unsteady aerodynamic eigen formulation." AIAA Journal 35 (January 1997): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.13632.

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39

Salloum, Maher, and Omar M. Knio. "Simulation of reactive nanolaminates using reduced models: I. Basic formulation." Combustion and Flame 157, no. 2 (February 2010): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.06.019.

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40

S, Muthukumar, Sankar C, Swetha K, Pradeepa R., Muneeswaran B, Noori Irfna Parvin M, and Sangeetha J. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Metronidazole Benzoate Loaded Proniosomes For Topical Delivery." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2022.12.1.p55-66.

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In the modern times, vesicular system is a well-known carrier for delivery of drugs. They can carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Proniosomes are a vital member of novel drug delivery carriers. The present study was aimed to develop and prepare Metronidazole Benzoate loaded proniosomes with different ratios of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants to prolong the drug release on topical administration. By slurry method, about fourteen formulations were prepared and evaluated for angle of repose, drug content, particle size, hydration rate, encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro release studies & ex-vivo drug permeation studies. The optimized formulation of proniosomes was developed into transdermal patch and was subjected to various evaluation studies. The in-vitro kinetic and diffusion study of the patch showed a release of 80.71% over 12hrs and fitted into zero order and non-fickian diffusion mechanism. It was summed up, that the formulation F12 containing surfactant: cholesterol as 1:1 was the best formulation. Incorporation into proniosomes can lead to reduced dose, improved bioavailability and prolonged release. Further formulating in form of transdermal patch allows controlled release of the drug. UV spectrophotometric method was developed for determining Metronidazole benzoate in 5% ethanol at 309nm. A regression coefficient value of 0.9977 was noticed. The SEM image as well as the FT-IR spectrum of the optimized formulation was taken to support the same. Hence, we conclude that the proniosomal formulation is a vital candidate for transdermal delivery of metronidazole benzoate in the treatment of various systemic as well as topical bacterial infections

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S., Muthukumar, Sankar C., Swetha K., Pradeepa R., Muneeswaran B, Noori Irfna Parvin M., and Sangeetha J. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Metronidazole Benzoate Loaded Proniosomes For Topical Delivery." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2022.12.1.p55-66.

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In the modern times, vesicular system is a well-known carrier for delivery of drugs. They can carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Proniosomes are a vital member of novel drug delivery carriers. The present study was aimed to develop and prepare Metronidazole Benzoate loaded proniosomes with different ratios of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants to prolong the drug release on topical administration. By slurry method, about fourteen formulations were prepared and evaluated for angle of repose, drug content, particle size, hydration rate, encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro release studies & ex-vivo drug permeation studies. The optimized formulation of proniosomes was developed into transdermal patch and was subjected to various evaluation studies. The in-vitro kinetic and diffusion study of the patch showed a release of 80.71% over 12hrs and fitted into zero order and non-fickian diffusion mechanism. It was summed up, that the formulation F12 containing surfactant: cholesterol as 1:1 was the best formulation. Incorporation into proniosomes can lead to reduced dose, improved bioavailability and prolonged release. Further formulating in form of transdermal patch allows controlled release of the drug. UV spectrophotometric method was developed for determining Metronidazole benzoate in 5% ethanol at 309nm. A regression coefficient value of 0.9977 was noticed. The SEM image as well as the FT-IR spectrum of the optimized formulation was taken to support the same. Hence, we conclude that the proniosomal formulation is a vital candidate for transdermal delivery of metronidazole benzoate in the treatment of various systemic as well as topical bacterial infections.

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Atadan, S. "Technique for Deriving a Reduced-Order Formulation for Non-Conservative Mechanicalc Systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 206, no. 3 (August 1992): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_327_02.

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An explicit reduced-order formulation is derived for non-conservative mechanical systems with external excitation. Reduction is facilitated by selecting a particular set of variables. The formulation is obtained by introducing a technique based on topological principles, involving the so-called M- and K-normal graphs.

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Feng, Wanshan, Chaolong Qin, Elena Cipolla, Jong Bong Lee, Atheer Zgair, Yenju Chu, Catherine A. Ortori, et al. "Inclusion of Medium-Chain Triglyceride in Lipid-Based Formulation of Cannabidiol Facilitates Micellar Solubilization In Vitro, but In Vivo Performance Remains Superior with Pure Sesame Oil Vehicle." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091349.

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Oral sesame oil-based formulation facilitates the delivery of poorly water-soluble drug cannabidiol (CBD) to the lymphatic system and blood circulation. However, this natural oil-based formulation also leads to considerable variability in absorption of CBD. In this work, the performance of lipid-based formulations with the addition of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or surfactants to the sesame oil vehicle has been tested in vitro and in vivo using CBD as a model drug. The in vitro lipolysis has shown that addition of the MCT leads to a higher distribution of CBD into the micellar phase. Further addition of surfactants to MCT-containing formulations did not improve distribution of the drug into the micellar phase. In vivo, formulations containing MCT led to lower or similar concentrations of CBD in serum, lymph and MLNs, but with reduced variability. MCT improves the emulsification and micellar solubilization of CBD, but surfactants did not facilitate further the rate and extent of lipolysis. Even though addition of MCT reduces the variability, the in vivo performance for the extent of both lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability remains superior with a pure natural oil vehicle.

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Nyodu, Karter, and Debanand Das. "Efficacy of Some Bacterial Biocontrol Agents as Seed Treatment against Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on Tomato." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.129.

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Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two formulations (talc formulation and vermi formulation) of four bacterial nematode biocontrol agents viz., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonus flourescens as seed treatment against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. All the bioagents were tries at 10 and 20g / kg of seed. The experiment was terminated at 60 days after sowing the seed. The results revealed that all the treatments significantly increased the plant growth parameters and reduced the nematode multiplication over untreated control. However, maximum plant growth parameters and minimum galls per root system, eggmasses per root system, eggs per egg masses and final nematode population was recorded when seeds of tomato (var. Pusa Ruby) was treated with talc formulation of Pseudomonus flourescens @20g/kg followed by seed treatment with vermi formulation of Bacillus subtilis @ 20g/kg of seed.

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Côté, J. C., C. Vincent, K. H. Son, and S. H. Bok. "Persistence of insecticidal activity of novel bio-encapsulated formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against Choristoneura rosaceana [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]." Phytoprotection 82, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706218ar.

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DiPelTM, a registered Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)-based formulation, and experimental bio-encapsulated Btk formulations were sprayed in an apple orchard. Their persistence was assessed in the laboratory against obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) larvae for three consecutive years. In 1995, DiPel and the bio-encapsulated formulation caused significantly higher larval mortality than the control at least 1 day, and up to 27 days after treatments, respectively. In 1996, although 6.4 mm of rain fell during the day of treatments, DiPel and the bio-encapsulated formulation caused respectively 21 and 33% larval mortality immediately after treatments. DiPel caused significantly higher mortality than the control for up to 3 days while the bio-encapsulated formulation caused significantly higher mortality for up to 14 days. In 1997, two Btk strains (HD-1 and BMP123) were sprayed at different concentrations in a.i. (3 and 8%) and doses (30 and 240 g 15 L-1 applied). Higher concentrations of a.i. in the Btk formulations and higher doses sprayed increased the persistence of the insecticidal activity. Among the meteorological factors that were measured (i.e. precipitations, temperature and solar radiations), precipitations reduced the persistence of the insecticidal activity. Solar radiations may have modulated the persistence of the formulations.

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Deshmukh, Gajanan J., M. Mohan Varma, and Bhikshapathi D. V. R. N. "In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Propranolol Microspheres Loaded Buccal Gel." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 10, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 3661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2017.10.2.4.

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The selected propranolol microsphere formulation, S6 was employed for gel formulation with a variety of polymers like Carbopol 934, HPMC and Sodium CMC by mechanical stirring method in order to develop a sustained release propranolol microspheres containing bioadhesive gel. The prepared bioadhesive gels were evaluated for pH, viscosity, %drug content, in vitro drug release studies, bioadhesion, ex vivo permeation studies, accelerated stability and in vivo bioavailability studies. From all the above studies FG3 was found to be optimized formulation. In vitro experiments indicated a sustained release of 98.92% over 12 h and an acceptable bioadhesion quality for formulation FG3. Optimized formulation was characterized for FTIR, SEM and stability studies and found to be stable. Propranolol Optimized formulation exhibited significant increased bioavailability in vivo when compared with marketed tablet. The drug release from the optimized formulation follows zero order kinetics with anomalous Non-fickian diffusion. In vivo studies revealed that Propranolol Optimized formulation FG3 exhibited significant increased bioavailability when compared with marketed product, due to reduced first pass metabolism, when it is administered by the buccal route. Hence, it can be concluded that the formulation FG3 has potential to deliver Propranolol in a controlled and constant manner for prolong period over other formulations and can be adopted for a successful delivery of propranolol for buccal use.

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Farida, S. Sjam, A. Rosmana, Sulaeha, V. S. Dewi, M. A. Wardiman, and A. Husain. "Implications of using fermentation plant extract formulations against pests and predator in rice plants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1107, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012045.

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Abstract Currently the use of plant extracts to reduce pest attacks is a concern. Mixed formulation of two plant extracts Calatropis gigantea and Crescentia cujete was applied in the filed rice to assess the effectiveness of these formulations in reducing insect pest populations and predatory (natural enemies). The results showed that the combination of C. gigantea and C. cujete in one formulation could reduce the population of the main pests of rice plants and did not affect the presence of natural enemies (predators). The field trials showed that mixing C. gigante and C. cujete in liquid formulation reduced pest population compared the farmer with treatment synthetic pesticide. Population decrease of scipophaga innotata with range 21-77 percent, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis 25-79 percent. The abundance of pests was very low when using the plant extract formulation, whilst the synthetic pesticide generally had a higher number of pests. Predator numbers were higher in plant extract formulation and low with synthetic insecticide by farmer application. Synthetic insecticides have a very large impact on predators while plant extract formulations have no impact because the predator population is still higher than application by synthetic. Plant extract formulation (mixed C. gigantean and C. cujete) is more effective in reducing population pests than synthetic pesticides. The plant growth parameters were better in the treatment of plant extracts formulation than the application by farmer. This research indicated that using plant extracts formulation effective to control pests can be as effective compared as synthetic insecticides by using of farmer.

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Singh, Dilpreet, Manmeet Singh, Abhay Tharmatt, Ashok K. Tiwary, and Neena Bedi. "Polymeric precipitation inhibitor as an effective trigger to convert supersaturated into supersaturable state in vivo." Therapeutic Delivery 10, no. 9 (September 2019): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2019-0053.

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The supersaturated state of the drug in vivo is thermodynamically unstable resulting in a delayed response and reduced efficacy. The use of polymeric precipitation inhibitor (PPI) has been demonstrated as an effective trigger for the conversion of supersaturated state to supersaturable state for improving solubilization, thermodynamic maintenance of drug concentration and oral absorption of poorly water-soluble compounds. PPI retards drug precipitation and provides a kinetically stabilized supersaturation state for an extended period in gastric and intestinal fluids. However, the selection of appropriate PPI and understanding its mechanism is a challenge for formulating a stable pharmaceutical formulation. The present review is aimed at understanding the intricacies of selecting PPIs and their applications in pharmaceutical formulations.

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Scott, T. A., F. G. Silversides, D. Tietge, and M. L. Swift. "Effect of feed form, formulation, and restriction on the performance of laying hens." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-077.

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A laying trial was performed with 1440 DeKalb® hens caged at 18 wk of age to test the effect of feed form (expanded pellets or mash) and type of formulation (for crude protein [CP] or for specific amino acids[AA]), and five levels of feed restriction applied at either 24 wk or 32 wk of age. Formulation for CP rather than AA content resulted in 4.4% greater egg production and 7.1% greater production of egg mass in hens fed mash and 4.0% better feed efficiency in hens fed both mash and pellets. Hens fed mash had 2.3% higher feed consumption, suggesting that the hens may prefer mash. Feed restriction reduced body weight and hen–day egg production proportionate to the restriction level, but egg weight was reduced only slightly. These data suggest that care should be exercised in formulating for AA content rather than for CP, especially if feed intake is reduced. This strain of hens was very successful at regulating its feed intake for maximum production, and even a slight feed restriction produced a negative effect on production. Key words: Laying hens, feed restriction, feed form, feed formulation, protein level

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Larabi, Malika, Vanessa Yardley, Philippe M. Loiseau, Martine Appel, Philippe Legrand, Annette Gulik, Christian Bories, Simon L. Croft, and Gillian Barratt. "Toxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of a New Stable Lipid Suspension of Amphotericin B." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 12 (December 2003): 3774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.12.3774-3779.2003.

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ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity and the activity of a new lipid complex formulation of amphotericin B (AMB) (LC-AMB; dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, and AMB) that can be produced by a simple process. Like other lipid formulations, this new complex reduced both the hemolytic activity of AMB (the concentration causing 50% hemolysis of human erythrocytes, >100 μg/ml) and its toxicity toward murine peritoneal macrophages (50% inhibitory concentration, >100 μg/ml at 24 h). The in vivo toxicity of the new formulation (50% lethal dose,> 200 mg/kg of body weight for CD1 mice) was similar to those of other commercial lipid formulations of AMB. The complex was the most effective formulation against the DD8 strain of Leishmania donovani. It was unable to reverse the resistance of an AMB-resistant L. donovani strain. In vivo LC-AMB was less efficient than AmBisome against L. donovani.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reduced formulation'

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