Books: 'Reduced formulation'

1

L, Wevill Sharon, ed. Alternative formulations and packaging to reduce use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Data Corp., 1990.

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2

Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering., ed. Practical aspects of variable reduction formulations and reduced basis algorithms in multidisciplinary design optimization. Hampton, VA: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1995.

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3

Nelson, T. P. Alternative formulations to reduce CFC use in U.S. exempted and excluded aerosol products. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1990.

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4

United States. General Accounting Office., ed. Issues that need to be considered in formulating strategies to reduce aviation noise: Statement by Kenneth M. Mead, before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation and Materials, Committee on Science, Space and Technology, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990.

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5

Formulation of Toughened Paste Adhesives for Reduced-Pollutant Electron Beam Repair and Assembly of Composite Structures. Storming Media, 2000.

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6

Succi, Sauro. Lattice Relaxation Schemes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0014.

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In Chapter 13, it was shown that the complexity of the LBE collision operator can be cut down dramatically by formulating discrete versions with prescribed local equilibria. In this chapter, the process is taken one step further by presenting a minimal formulation whereby the collision matrix is reduced to the identity, upfronted by a single relaxation parameter, fixing the viscosity of the lattice fluid. The idea is patterned after the celebrated Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model Boltzmann introduced in continuum kinetic theory as early as 1954. The second part of the chapter describes the comeback of the early LBE in optimized multi-relaxation form, as well as few recent variants hereof.

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7

Wevill, S. L., and T. P. Nelson. Alternative Formulations and Packaging to Reduce Use of Chlorofluorocarbons. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1990.

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8

Alternative Aircraft Anti-Icing Formulations with Reduced Aquatic Toxicity and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/22962.

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9

Mann, Peter. Constrained Lagrangian Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0008.

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This chapter builds on the previous two chapters to tackle constrained systems, using Lagrangian mechanics and constrained variations. The first section deals with holonomic constraint equations using Lagrange multipliers; these can be used to reduce the number of coordinates until a linearly independent minimal set is obtained that describes a constraint surface within configuration space, so that Lagrange equations can be set up and solved. Motion is understood to be confined to a constraint submanifold. The variational formulation of non-holonomic constraints is then discussed to derive the vakonomic formulation. These erroneous equations are then compared to the central Lagrange equation, and the precise nature of the variations used in each formulation is investigated. The vakonomic equations are then presented in their Suslov form (Suslov–vakonomic form) in an attempt to reconcile the two approaches. In addition, the structure of biological membranes is framed as a constrained optimisation problem.

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10

Yamamoto, Takahiro, Kazuyuki Watanabe, and Satoshi Watanabe. Thermal transport of small systems. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.6.

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This article focuses on the phonon transport or thermal transport of small systems, including quasi-one-dimensional systems such as carbon nanotubes. The Fourier law well describes the thermal transport phenomena in normal bulk materials. However, it is no longer valid when the sample dimension reduces down to below the mean-free path of phonons. In such a small system, the phonons propagate coherently without interference with other phonons. The article first considers the Boltzmann–Peierls formula of diffusive phonon transport before discussing coherent phonon transport, with emphasis on the Landauer formulation of phonon transport, ballistic phonon transport and quantized thermal conductance, numerical calculation of the phonon-transmission function, and length dependence of the thermal conductance.

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11

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Hamiltonian mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0009.

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This chapter gives a brief overview of Hamiltonian mechanics. The complexity of the Newtonian equations of motion for N interacting bodies led to the development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries of a formalism that reduces these equations to first-order differential equations. This formalism is known as Hamiltonian mechanics. This chapter shows how, given a Lagrangian and having constructed the corresponding Hamiltonian, Hamilton’s equations amount to simply a rewriting of the Euler–Lagrange equations. The feature that makes the Hamiltonian formulation superior is that the dimension of the phase space is double that of the configuration space, so that in addition to point transformations, it is possible to perform more general transformations in order to simplify solving the equations of motion.

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12

Furnish, Timothy, and Engy Said. New Vistas in Perioperative Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0022.

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The chapter “New Vistas in Perioperative Pain Management” provides an overview of analgesics for acute pain that have been recently introduced and that are in development as well as a discussion of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs that make use of multimodal analgesic regimens. It reviews the innovation in analgesics that has focused on new formulations and uses of older compounds including oral, intravenous, and transmucosal agents. It describes the potential role of mu-opioid g-protein modulators as novel opioids with an improved adverse effect profile as well as a novel opioid with the potential for lower abuse potential. It also explains the use of analgesic regimens and pathways in ERAS programs to reduce recovery times and length of hospital stays.

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13

Karakoç, Ekrem. A Theory of Redistribution in New Democracies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.003.0002.

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This chapter starts with the question of why new democracies have such difficulty generating income equality. It argues that low voter turnout and weak party system institutionalization motivate governments to increase targeted spending toward the nonpoor. The governments, mostly coalitions, are motivated through their social policies to appeal to likely voters, both the loyal and potential electorate. If parties can increase turnout by mobilizing the poor, this will reduce their need to use targeted social policies toward likely voters for electoral purposes. Targeted social spending causes income equality to go up by rewarding privileged social groups to the detriment of the disadvantaged. This chapter will also explain all concepts in greater detail and present empirical evidence on voter turnout by the poor. It thus demonstrates the link between organized interest groups and political parties, and the formulation of social policies and their impact on inequality, in the context of new democracies.

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14

Tsuruda, Sabine. The Moral Burdens of Temporary Farmwork. Edited by Anne Barnhill, Mark Budolfson, and Tyler Doggett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199372263.013.31.

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This chapter discusses how agricultural guest worker programs fail to treat guest workers as moral equals. Such programs are typically justified on the theory that they enable host countries to cheaply meet labor needs while offering nonresidents access to higher wages than in their home countries. The chapter explains how, to participate in the programs, guest workers must rupture personal and political ties to then come to a new country and either not establish new relations or rupture the new ones when their work authorization expires. The chapter argues that adopting such programs to reduce the amount of farmwork host-country residents must perform treats guest workers’ interests in associational life as less valuable than the like interests of host-country residents. It concludes that even if the programs could ensure decent working conditions, the programs’ unjustified effect on associational life recommends ceasing such programs under their current formulation and, instead, extending a path to citizenship to guest workers.

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15

Nielsen-Saines, Karin. Antiretroviral Therapy in Children and Newborns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0027.

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HIV-infected infants and children have a different, more progressive disease course compared to that of adults given that early infection leads to sustained, high-magnitude viremia with significant seeding of reservoirs in the first months of life. Early diagnosis of HIV infection is pivotal in the management of infants and prevention of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. The availability of potent pediatric antiretroviral formulations encompassing different classes of drugs for infected infants and young children is limited. Significant advancements have been achieved in the area of infant post-exposure prophylaxis. Early antiretroviral treatment is still the mainstay of pediatric HIV infection, particularly for infants younger than age 12 months, but it is also highly recommended for older children. Early treatment of young infants diagnosed soon after birth appears to be the best approach to reduce the seeding of viral reservoirs and potentially attain prolonged periods of HIV remission off antiretrovirals.

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16

Daley, Dennis C., and Antoine B. Douaihy. Managing Substance Use Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190926717.001.0001.

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This practitioner guide reviews screening, assessment, and treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). It is designed to accompany Managing Your Substance Use Disorder: Client Workbook and A Family Guide to Coping with Substance Use Disorders. The latter guide was added because each person with a SUD affects the family and concerned significant others. The information and strategies that the authors present can be used with clients who have any type of SUD. The guide focuses on strategies to reduce or stop substance use and change behaviors that challenge recovery. The information presented is derived from research, clinical, and recovery literature and from the authors’ extensive experience developing and managing a large continuum of clinical services, providing direct care, conducting quality improvement initiatives, participating in clinical trials, and teaching all disciplines in a large medical center and the community. This guide discusses professional approaches and attitudes toward individuals with SUDs, assessment, diagnostic formulation, psychosocial and pharmacotherapeutic treatments, and mutual support programs. It provides an overview of the recovery and relapse processes and practical strategies to address issues associated with SUDs. This guide is for practitioners from any discipline who encounter individuals with SUDs in addiction, mental health, psychiatric, private practice, or other settings such as social services and the criminal justice system. Even medical practitioners who do not specialize in addiction treatment can benefit from the information in this guide because individuals with SUDs are found in all types of healthcare settings.

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17

Mushambi, Mary C., and Rajesh Pandey. Management of the difficult airway. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0026.

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Failed or difficult intubation is still a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The management of the airway in the pregnant patient requires careful consideration of anatomical and physiological changes, training issues, and situational factors. Despite significant improvements in monitoring and airway equipment, and a reduction in anaesthetic-related maternal mortality, the incidence of failed intubation in the pregnant woman in many units has remained between 1/250 and 1/300. This may result from many factors such as the reduction of the number of caesarean deliveries performed under general anaesthesia which has resulted in limited opportunities to teach airway skills in obstetrics, the increased incidence of obesity, and the rise in maternal age and associated co-morbidities. Improved training and careful planning and performance of a general anaesthetic (i.e. reducing the risk of aspiration; optimum pre-oxygenation, patient positioning, and application of cricoid pressure; and availability of appropriate airway equipment) have the potential to reduce airway-related morbidity and mortality in the pregnant woman. Simple bedside tests such as Mallampati scoring, thyromental distance, neck movement, and ability to protrude the mandible may help to predict a potential difficult airway, particularly when used in combination. Management of a predicted difficult airway requires early referral to the anaesthetists, formulation of an airway management strategy, and involvement of the multidisciplinary team in decision-making. Fibreoptic equipment and skills should be readily available when required. Management of the unpredicted difficult airway should make maintenance of maternal and fetal oxygenation the primary goal. Decision-making during a failed intubation on whether to proceed or wake the patient should involve the obstetrician and ideally be planned in advance. The periods during extubation and recovery are high risk and require preparation and planning in advance.

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18

Keller, Krisztina. Policy recommendations on ecotourism for the countries of the Danube region. Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/978-963-503-892-3.

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EcoVelo Tour Project (Fostering enhanced ecotourism planning along the Eurovelo cycle route network in the Danube region (DTP-055-2.2) along with the EuroVelo 6, 11 and 13 cycling routes at the Danube develops ecotourism and cycling tourism and ecotourism. The project aims to exploit synergies with the EuroVelo network, communicate effectively about ecotourism in the region, ensure the preservation of cultural and natural assets including biodiversity, landscape elements, and air quality while developing local ecotourism strategies. Ecotourism is a new form of travel that seeks to reduce the negative effects of mass tourism in the 20th century. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources defined ecotourism as "environmentally responsible visiting of relatively unspoilt natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features - both past and present), that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations" (Hector Ceballos-Lascurain, Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas, 1996). Ecotourism is thus a complex concept that emphasizes the importance of preserving local values, the natural environment and culture. This study builds upon the research on ecotourism in the Danube region carried out by national stakeholders from Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia. The study aims to provide a helping hand for project partners in formulating policy recommendations at national as well as regional levels. In addition, this study also provides professional support and exchange of experiences to those countries where ecotourism is not yet on an advanced level.

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19

Banerjee, Amitava, and Kaleab Asrress. Prevention of cardiovascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0343.

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The global scale of the cardiovascular disease epidemic is unquestionable, with cardiovascular disease causing a greater burden of mortality and morbidity than any other disease, regardless of country or population. With demographic change and ageing populations, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors is set to increase. The commonest cardiovascular diseases are atherosclerotic, affecting all arterial territories. The ‘burden of disease’ approach has highlighted the fact that cardiovascular disease and non-communicable diseases are not simply diseases of affluence but affect people of all countries, with enormous costs in terms of public health, healthcare, and overall economies. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in all regions of the world apart from sub-Saharan Africa, followed by cerebrovascular disease. It should be noted, however, that there has been a major decline in cardiovascular disease mortality in Western Europe, the US, and Japan over the past 40 years. There are multiple factors underlying these favourable trends but understanding the epidemiology and characterizing individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease has been central in formulating preventive and treatment strategies. The INTERHEART study showed that 90% of cardiovascular risk can be explained by nine easily identifiable risk factors; an awareness of these, and the discovery of novel factors, will continue to serve in the fight to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. Geoffrey Rose first championed population-wide approaches versus strategies which target only high-risk individuals. Prevention aims to ‘catch the disease’ upstream, therefore delaying, reducing, or eliminating the risk of coronary artery disease. Surrogate markers for coronary artery disease have emerged in efforts to detect disease at earlier stages, and in order to better understand the pathophysiology. For example, coronary artery calcium scoring is emerging as a marker of future risk of coronary artery disease. Risk stratification scores are increasingly used as tools to individualize a person’s future risk of coronary artery disease in order to better target treatment and prevention strategies.

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Books on the topic 'Reduced formulation'

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