Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reduced formulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Reduced formulation'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Reduced formulation"

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Lara, Hugo José, Abel Soares Siqueira, and Jinyun Yuan. "A Reduced Semidefinite Programming Formulation for HA Assignment Problems in Sport Scheduling." TEMA (São Carlos) 19, no. 3 (December 17, 2018): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tema.2018.019.03.471.

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Home-Away Assignment problems are naturally cast as quadraticpro gramming models in binary variables. In this work we compare alternative formulations for this kind of problems. First,write a quadratic programming formulation with linear constraints, and then a quadratically constrained version. We also propose another formulation by manipulating their special structure to obtain versions with 1/4 of the original size. The quadratic programming formulations leads to semidefinite relaxations, which allows us to approximately solve the models. We compare our SDP relaxation with the MIN-RES-CUT based formulation. Numerical experiments exhibit the characteristics of each model.
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Ruter, John M. "EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL FORMULATION ON THE GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF BUDDLEIA DAVIDII 'DUBONNET'." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1174e—1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1174e.

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Granular and liquid formulations of paclobutrazol were tested to evaluate the growth and flowering response of butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii Franch. 'Dubonnet'). At the rates tested (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg ai·pot–1), the granular formulation reduced the growth index, plant height, shoot dry weight, total plant biomass, number of panicles and panicle length to a greater degree than the liquid formulation applied as a drench. Both formulations reduced total plant biomass and increased the root:shoot ratio compared to the control. All rates of the granular formulation above 5 mg ai · pot–1 produced non-marketable plants. Since no phytotoxicity was observed with any treatment, the application of paclobutrazol to control the growth of butterfly-bush may be useful if the correct formulation and rate of application are chosen.
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PHAM, DUC CHINH. "REDUCED SHAKEDOWN FORMULATION IN PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS." International Journal of Computational Methods 11, no. 03 (June 2014): 1343009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876213430093.

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Shakedown theory determines the load limits for structures under variable loads. Our recently-constructed reduced shakedown kinematic formulations are re-examined, with particular expressions constructed for plane stress problems in both cases of Mises and Tresca materials. While the possibilities for numerical implementations of the reduced forms are to be explored, we illustrate the applications of the forms to estimate the nonshakedown loads for a circular hollow disk under variable pressure and temperature fields.
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Arana-Jiménez, Manuel, Riccardo Cambini, and Laura Carosi. "A reduced formulation for pseudoinvex vector functions." Annals of Operations Research 269, no. 1-2 (November 16, 2016): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-016-2372-4.

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DEMIRAG, K., Y. ELMACI, and T. ALTUG. "FORMULATION AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF REDUCED SUGAR AND REDUCED CALORIE KAZANDIBI." Journal of Food Quality 22, no. 1 (March 1999): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00931.x.

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Choudhary, S., Shriya, P. Chauhan, D. Pathania, H. Ritika, N. Chaudhary, and Mamta Sharma. "Herbicidal effects of Withania somnifera L. leaf extract on Cannabis sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Cicer arietinum." Allelopathy Journal 53, no. 1 (May 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2021-53-1-1328.

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We identified the phytochemicals in Withania somnifera L, a multipurpose medicinal plant of the Himalayan región using TLC, FTIR and HPLC. Eleven formulations were made by mixing in different ratios of Withania leaf extract, wood ash and distilled wáter. Wood chips and twigs of 3-years old Pinus roxburghii tree were completely burnt till ashes was used as Wood ash. The 11-formulationss were i.e. formulation I (Withania leaf extract 100%)), formulation II (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation III (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water), formulation IV (25:75 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VI (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VII (25:75concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VIII (Wood ash 100%)), formulation IX (75:25 concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)), formulation X (50:50 concentration (Wood ash:Distilled water)), formulation XI (25:75concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)). The herbicidal activity of formulations was earlier studied against Cannabis sativa L. (banned narcotic plant). Their herbicidal activity was tested on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Cannabis sativa L weed and 2 crops: Hordeum vulgare L and Cicer arietinum L. In Pot culture, the formulation V spray caused maximum reduction in root length of Cannabis (53 %) > Hordeum (23 %) and Cicer (22 %) than control. The formulations were also tested on crops for their herbicidal effects. In Petri plate bioassy, the formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash) showed maximum reduction in seed germination and seedling growth of C. sativa weed, but had little effect on growth of test crops. The reduction in stem length was maximum (55 %) in Cannabis > Hordeum (20 %) > Cicer (19 %) than control. Glyphosate decreased the stem length of Cicer (80 %) > Hordeum (58 %) and Cannabis (16 %) over control. While the reduction in root length was in Cicer (75 %) > Hordeum (73 %) > Cannabis (18 %) than control. The root and stem extract formulations were more phytotoxic to Cannabis sativa. Formulation V (75:25 concentrations (Withania leaf extract: wood ash)) reduced the number of leaves, number of shoot, root branches and stem and root length of Cannabis sativa.
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Renoud, Sébastien, Danis Abrouk, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Laurent Legendre, Yvan Moënne-Loccoz, and Daniel Muller. "Effect of Inoculation Level on the Impact of the PGPR Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 on Selected Microbial Functional Groups in the Rhizosphere of Field Maize." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020325.

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The impact of inoculated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on its host physiology and nutrition depends on inoculum level. Whether the impact of the inoculated PGPR on the indigenous rhizosphere microbiota also varies with the PGPR inoculum level is unclear. Here, we tested this issue using the PGPR Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1—maize model system, where the initial seed inoculation is known to enhance maize growth and germination, and impacts the maize rhizomicrobiota, including microbial functional groups modulating plant growth. A. lipoferum CRT1 was added to the seeds at standard (105–6 cells.seed−1) or reduced (104–5 cells.seed−1) inoculation levels, in three fields. The effect of the two PGPR formulations was assessed on maize growth and on the nifH (nitrogen fixation), acdS (ACC deaminase activity) and phlD (2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol production) microbial functional groups. The size of the three functional groups was monitored by qPCR at the six-leaf stage and the flowering stage, and the diversity of the nifH and acdS functional groups (as well as the bacterial community) were estimated by MiSeq metabarcoding at the six-leaf stage. The results showed that the benefits of the reduced inoculant formulation were significant in two out of three fields, but different (often lower) than those of the standard formulation. The effects of formulations on the size of the three functional groups differed, and depended on field site and functional group. The reduced formulation had an impact on the diversity of nifH and acdS groups at one site, whereas the standard formulation had an impact at the two other sites. Inoculation significantly impacted the total bacterial community in the three fields, but only with the reduced formulation. In conclusion, the reduced inoculant formulation impacted the indigenous rhizosphere microbiota differently, but not less efficiently, than the standard formulation.
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Alarfaj, Reem E., Manal M. Alkhulaifi, Ahmed J. Al-Fahad, Shokran Aljihani, Alaa Eldeen B. Yassin, Majed F. Alghoribi, and Majed A. Halwani. "Antibacterial Efficacy of Liposomal Formulations Containing Tobramycin and N-Acetylcysteine against Tobramycin-Resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010130.

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The antibacterial activity and biofilm reduction capability of liposome formulations encapsulating tobramycin (TL), and Tobramycin-N-acetylcysteine (TNL) were tested against tobramycin-resistant strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in the presence of several resistant genes. All antibacterial activity were assessed against tobramycin-resistant bacterial clinical isolate strains, which were fully characterized by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates acquired one or more of AMEs genes, efflux pump genes, OMP genes, and biofilm formation genes. TL formulation inhibited the growth of EC_089 and KP_002 isolates from 64 mg/L and 1024 mg/L to 8 mg/L. TNL formulation reduced the MIC of the same isolates to 16 mg/L. TNL formulation was the only effective formulation against all A. baumannii strains compared with TL and conventional tobramycin (in the plektonic environment). Biofilm reduction was significantly observed when TL and TNL formulations were used against E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains. TNL formulation reduced biofilm formation at a low concentration of 16 mg/L compared with TL and conventional tobramycin. In conclusion, TL and TNL formulations particularly need to be tested on animal models, where they may pave the way to considering drug delivery for the treatment of serious infectious diseases.
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Ravichandran, Nadarajah, and Tharshikka Vickneswaran. "Coupled Large Deformation Finite Element Formulations for the Dynamics of Unsaturated Soil and Their Application." Geosciences 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12090320.

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Unsaturated soil is a three-phase medium with three interfaces, and the mathematical equations that represent its behavior must be developed in a fully coupled manner for accurately predicting its hydromechanical behavior. In this paper, a set of fully coupled governing equations was developed for the dynamics of unsaturated soil, considering the interaction among the bulk phases and interfaces. In addition to implementing the complete governing equations, a simplified formulation was developed for practical applications. The derivation of the finite element formulation considering all the terms in the partial differential equations resulted in a formulation called complete formulation and was solved for the first time in this paper. Another formulation called reduced formulation was derived by neglecting the relative accelerations and velocities of water and air in the governing equations. In addition, small and large deformation theories were developed and implemented for both formulations. To show the applicability of the proposed models, the dynamic behavior of an unsaturated soil embankment was simulated using both small and large deformation formulations by applying minor and severe earthquakes. The reduced formulation was found to be computationally efficient and numerically stable. The smaller displacements predicted by large deformation theories show that the results are consistent with the expected behavior. Large deformation theories are considered suitable when the geotechnical system undergoes large deformation and may lead to accurate prediction.
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Al-Zubaidy, Muna, Yaareb Mousa, Mohammad Hasan, and Fouad Mohammad. "Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2139.

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Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in ChicksFormulation components of organophosphate insecticidal preparations might affect their toxic action in animals. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in seven to 14-day-old chicks dosed orally with dichlorvos and diazinon in standard veterinary and agricultural formulations. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD50) of the formulations were determined using the up-and-down method. Respective LD50 of dichlorvos of the veterinary and agricultural formulations in chicks were 11.1 mg kg-1 and 6.51 mg kg-1 and those of diazinon 6.4 mg kg-1 and 6.7 mg kg-1. Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were measured by electrometry after in vivo and in vitro exposure to organophosphates. The chicks showed signs of cholinergic toxicosis within one hour of dosing. Dichlorvos (8 mg kg-1) and diazinon (4 mg kg-1) in the veterinary and agricultural formulation significantly reduced both plasma and brain cholinesterase activities in the chicks. The veterinary formulation of dichlorvos reduced plasma ChE by 60 % and agricultural by 40 % and brain ChE by 93 % and 87 %, respectively. In contrast, ChE inhibition by diazinon in the agricultural formulation of diazinon was stronger than by the veterinary formulation; 72 % vs. 64 % in plasma and 97 % vs. 80 % in the brain, respectively. The highest in vitro inhibitions were observed with dichlorvos in the agricultural formulation (50 %) in the brain samples and with diazinon in the agricultural formulation (52 %) in the plasma samples. While they exist, differences between formulations cannot be taken as a rule and further investigations should inventory the toxicity of standard veterinary and agricultural organophosphate formulations in addition to the known data for pure forms.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reduced formulation"

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Do, Tram-Anh. "Reduced-fat chocolate through formulation innovation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493335.

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The objective of this study was to investigate how to decrease the viscosity of reduced fat chocolate. This was with the aim of improving the industrial feasibility and the sensory properties of reduced fat chocolate.
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Twigg, Shannon. "Optimal Path Planning for Single and Multiple Aircraft Using a Reduced Order Formulation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14584.

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High-flying unmanned reconnaissance and surveillance systems are now being used extensively in the United States military. Current development programs are producing demonstrations of next-generation unmanned flight systems that are designed to perform combat missions. Their use in first-strike combat operations will dictate operations in densely cluttered environments that include unknown obstacles and threats, and will require the use of terrain for masking. The demand for autonomy of operations in such environments dictates the need for advanced trajectory optimization capabilities. In addition, the ability to coordinate the movements of more than one aircraft in the same area is an emerging challenge. This thesis examines using an analytical reduced order formulation for trajectory generation for minimum time and terrain masking cases. First, pseudo-3D constant velocity equations of motion are used for path planning for a single vehicle. In addition, the inclusion of winds, moving targets and moving threats is considered. Then, this formulation is increased to using 3D equations of motion, both with a constant velocity and with a simplified varying velocity model. Next, the constant velocity equations of motion are expanded to include the simultaneous path planning of an unspecified number of vehicles, for both aircraft avoidance situations and formation flight cases.
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Novikov, Alexey. "Path integral formulation of dissipative quantum dynamics." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2005/0050.

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Bentham, Zoe. "A novel progesterone oral formulation for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia with reduced adverse signalling compared to synthetic progestins." Thesis, Swansea University, 2015. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42514.

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Background: Natural progesterone is currently unavailable for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia. The first line of treatment for this condition is with the synthetic progestins Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) and Levonorgestrel (LNG). However, these hormones frequently trigger side effects which occur as a result of adverse gene and protein regulation. The current unavailability of natural progesterone is down to its poor bioavailability which is due to the low aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism of this compound. Aims: The first aim of this thesis is to compare natural progesterone with MPA and LNG in their regulation of a subset of genes and proteins in the endometrium whilst also assessing the selected proteins in biopsies from patients with endometrial hyperplasia before and after progestin therapy. The second aim is to study progesterone metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract and liver in order to direct the production of progesterone amorphous solid dispersions. Methodology: During this thesis both microbiological and pharmacological laboratory techniques were used. For microbiology investigations immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, InCell Analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were the key research methods. For pharmacological research the main methods used were stability assays analysed by tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, solvent emulsion evaporation, powder x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Conclusions: Amorphous solid dispersions are an attractive option for the future production of a natural progesterone oral formulation with enhanced solubility. Such a formulation can be targeted for delivery to the distal small intestine where progesterone metabolism is reduced compared to other intestinal regions. This formulation would be of particular benefit to patients with endometrial hyperplasia as the most commonly used progestins to treat this disease were shown to differentially regulate genes and proteins in the human endometrium compared to the natural product.
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Fauque, de Maistre Jules. "Modèle d’ordre réduit en mécanique du contact. Application à la simulation du comportement des combustibles nucléaires." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM073/document.

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La réduction d'ordre de modèles d'un problème de contact demeure un sujet de recherche important en mécanique numérique des solides.Nous proposons une extension de l'hyper-réduction avec domaine d'intégration réduit à la mécanique du contact sans frottement s'écrivant à l'aide d'une formulation mixte.Comme la zone de contact potentiel se limite au domaine réduit, nous faisons le choix de prendre comme base réduite pour la variable duale (représentative des forces de contact) la base du modèle d'ordre plein restreinte.Nous obtenons ainsi un modèle hyper-réduit hybride avec une approximation de la variable primale par des modes empiriques et de la variable duale par les fonctions de base des éléments finis. Si nécessaire, la condition inf-sup de ce modèle peut être forcée par une approximation hybride la variable primale. Cela mène à une stratégie hybride combinant un modèle d'ordre hyper-réduit et un modèle d'ordre plein permettant l'obtention d'une meilleure approximation de la solution sur la zone de contact.Un post-traitement permettant la reconstruction des multiplicateurs de Lagrange sur l'ensemble de la zone de contact est également introduit.De manière à optimiser la sélection des snapshots, un indicateur d'erreur simple et efficace est avancé pour être couplé à un algorithme glouton
The model order reduction of mechanical problems involving contact remains an important issue in computational solid mechanics.An extension of the hyper-reduction method based on a reduced integration domain to frictionless contact problems written by a mixed formulation is proposed.As the potential contact zone is naturally reduced through the reduced domain, the dual reduced basis is chosen as the restriction of the dual full-order model basis.A hybrid hyper-reduced model combining empirical modes for primal variables with finite element approximation for dual variables is then obtained.If necessary, the inf-sup condition of this hybrid saddle point problem can be enforced by extending the hybrid approximation to the primal variables. This leads to a hybrid hyper-reduced/full-order model strategy. By this way, a better approximation on the potential contact zone is furthermore obtained.A post-treatment dedicated to the reconstruction of the contact forces on the whole domain is introduced.In order to optimize the snapshots selection, an efficient error indicator is coupled to a greedy sampling algorithm leading to a robust reduced-order model
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Hammad, Bashar Khalil. "Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of Micromechanical Filters Coupled with Capacitive Transducers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27744.

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The first objective of this Dissertation is to present a methodology to calculate analytically the mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies and determine critical buckling loads of mechanically coupled microbeam resonators with a focus on micromechanical filters. The second objective is to adopt a nonlinear approach to build a reduced-order model and obtain closed-form expressions for the response of the filter to a primary resonance. The third objective is to investigate the feasibility of employing subharmonic excitation to build bandpass filters consisting of either two sets of two beams coupled mechanically or two sets of clamped-clamped beams. Throughout this Dissertation, we treat filters as distributed-parameter systems. In the first part of the Dissertation, we demonstrate the methodology by considering a mechanical filter composed of two beams coupled by a weak beam. We solve a boundary-value problem (BVP) composed of five equations and twenty boundary conditions for the natural frequencies and mode shapes. We reduce the problem to a set of three linear homogeneous algebraic equations for three constants and the frequencies in order to obtain a deeper insight into the relation between the design parameters and the performance metrics. In an approach similar to the vibration problem, we solve the buckling problem to study the effect of the residual stress on the static stability of the structure. To achieve the second objective, we develop a reduced-order model for the filter by writing the Lagrangian and applying the Galerkin procedure using its analytically calculated linear global mode shapes as basis functions. The resulting model accounts for the geometric and electric nonlinearities and the coupling between them. Using the method of multiple scales, we obtain closed-form expressions for the deflection and the electric current in the case of one-to-one internal and primary resonances. The closed-form solution shows that there are three possible operating ranges, depending on the DC voltage. For low DC voltages, the effective nonlinearity is positive and the filter behavior is hardening, whereas for large DC voltages, the effective nonlinearity is negative and the filter behavior is softening. We found that, when mismatched DC voltages are applied to the primary resonators, the first mode is localized in the softer resonator and the second mode is localized in the stiffer resonator. We note that the excitation amplitude can be increased without worrying about the appearance of multivaluedness when operating the filter in the near-linear range. The upper bound in this case is the occurrence of the dynamic pull-in instability. In the softening and hardening operating ranges, the adverse effects of the multi-valued response, such as hysteresis and jumps, limit the range of the input signal. To achieve the third objective, we propose a filtration technique based on subharmonic resonance excitation to attain bandpass filters with ideal stopband rejection and sharp rolloff. The filtration mechanism depends on tuning two oscillators such that one operates in the softening range and the other operates in the hardening range. Hardware and logic schemes are necessary to realize the proposed filter. We derive a reduced-order model using a methodology similar to that used in the primary excitation case, but with all necessary changes to account for the subharmonic resonance of order one-half. We observe that some manipulations are essential for a structure of two beams coupled by a weak spring to be suitable for filtration. To avoid these complications, we use a pair of single clamped-clamped beams to achieve our goal. Using a model derived by attacking directly the distributed-parameters problem, we suggest design guidelines to select beams that are potential candidates for building a bandpass filter. We demonstrate the proposed mechanism using an example.
Ph. D.
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Ebrahimpour, Misagh. "Dynamic and steady state modeling of VRD column in equation-oriented environment." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-18072016-083635/.

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Dynamic and steady state modeling and simulation validation of an industrial depropanizer owned by Petrobras are carried out in the Equation-Oriented environment using EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization). The depropanizer is a high purity distillation column with high nonlinear behavior because of the strong interactions due to the vapor recompression. Furthermore, the difference between internal and external material/energy flows causes a complex multitime-scale dynamics. Modeling such process is a challenging problem due to these characteristics. Initially, a steady state model, robust, fast and precise, able to provide steady state predictions that are necessary for effective implementation of Real Time Optimization (RTO) was developed in EMSO. In addition, the modeling of dynamic equilibrium processes often results in higher index DAE systems. Usually, phenomenological relationships are used to solve the index problem, but this approach gives rise to errors as a result of unknown parameters and project details that are assumed. Considering that the column\'s response to composition changes, in general, takes place over a timescale one or two order of magnitude slower than those of flow rate changes, an approach similar to a proportional loop with arbitrarily large gain is used as an alternative to solve the index problem. The dynamic model structure is based on the steady state model and contains more than nine thousand equations. Validation simulation results from comparison between real plant data and dynamic model have shown that the proposed approach is able to predict the dynamic behavior of the column properly.
O propósito desta dissertação é realizar a modelagem, simulação e validação de um modelo, tanto em estado estacionário quanto dinâmico, de uma unidade despropanizadora da Petrobras. Para o estudo foi utilizado o ambiente orientado a equações, EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization). A coluna despropanizadora é uma torre de destilação de alta pureza que possui um comportamento altamente não-linear devido às fortes interações causadas pelo sistema de recompressão do vapor. A modelagem desse processo é um desafio devido às características que apresenta. Inicialmente, foi desenvolvido nesse ambiente um modelo em estado estacionário, robusto, rápido e preciso, com a finalidade de prover as predições em estado estacionário necessárias para a implementação efetiva de uma rotina de otimização em tempo real, Real Time Optimization (RTO). A modelagem dinâmica de processos em equilíbrio resulta, frequentemente, em sistemas de equações algébrico diferenciais de índice superior. Para solução do problema de índice normalmente são utilizadas relações fenomenológicas, as quais introduzem novas fontes de erros provenientes de parâmetros e detalhes de projeto desconhecidos. Considerando que a resposta da coluna em relação às mudanças na composição, em geral, ocorre em uma escala de tempo de ordem de grandeza duas vezes mais lenta que as respostas às mudanças nas vazões, foi proposta uma abordagem similar a um controlador proporcional com ganho elevado para substituir as relações fenomenológicas e assim resolver o problema de índice. A estrutura do modelo dinâmico é baseada na do modelo estacionário e contém mais de nove mil equações. A validação dos resultados da simulação com dados reais da planta mostra que a abordagem proposta consegue prever satisfatoriamente o comportamento do sistema.
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Sutton, Tracy D. Jr. "Formulating and Processing of a Nutritionally Enhanced Extended Shelf-Life Fluid Milk and Egg Mixture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45381.

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A milk and egg mixture was processed at 96C and 92C with 10 sec hold times and evaluated for nutritional composition, functional characteristics, and shelf-life. The process was more than sufficient to destroy Coxiella burnetti and Salmonella senftenberg which were the most heat resistant organisms of concern in processing this milk and egg mix. The spoilage organisms received 2,200 D and 425 D processes, respectively, which were more than adequate for providing a safe product and extending the shelf life of the product for seven weeks under refrigerated storage conditions. Both sweetened and unsweetened formulations were evaluated. The nutritional profile of the milk and egg mix was improved when dried eggs (solids and liquid proportion equivalent to whole egg) were replaced with dried egg white, cholesterol reduced egg yolk, and skim milk. The fat and cholesterol were reduced between 22 to 33% and 37 to 44%, respectively, in the cholesterol reduced formulation (CRF) as compared to the control formulation (CF). The protein content of the milk and egg mix was not altered by utilization of cholesterol - reduced egg yolk in the CRF as compared to the CF. Addition of beta-galactosidase decreased the lactose up to 96%. The CF were more yellow than the CRF in the mixes and baked gels (p< 0.05). There were also no difference in gel strength between the baked gels made from the two formulations. There were no significant chemical and physical changes over the seven week storage period of the product at refrigerated conditions (p< 0.05).
Master of Science
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Dumon, Antoine. "Réduction dimensionnelle de type PGD pour la résolution des écoulements incompressibles." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00644565.

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L'objectif de ce travail consiste à développer la méthode de résolution PGD (Proper Generalized Decomposition), qui est une méthode de réduction de modèle où la solution est recherchée sous forme séparée, à la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes. Dans un premier temps, cette méthode est appliquée à la résolution d'équations modèles disposant d'une solution analytique. L' équation de diffusion stationnaire 2D et 3D, l'équation de diffusion instationnaire 2D et les équations de Burgers et Stokes sont traitées. Nous montrons que dans tous ces cas la méthode PGD permet de retrouver les solutions analytiques avec une précision équivalente au modèle standard. Nous mettons également en évidence la supériorité de la PGD par rapport au modèle standard en terme de temps de calcul. En effet, dans tous ces cas, laPGD se montre beaucoup plus rapide que le solveur standard (plusieurs dizaine de fois). La résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes isothermes et anisothermes est ensuite effectuée par une discrétisation volumes finis sur un maillage décalé où le couplage vitesse-pression a été géré à l'aide d'un schéma de prédiction-correction. Dans ce cas une décomposition PGD sur les variables d'espaces uniquement a été choisie. Pour les écoulements incompressibles 2D stationnaire ou instationnaire, de type cavité entrainée et/ou différentiellement chauffé, les résultats obtenus par résolution PGD sont similaires à ceux du solveur standard avec un gain de temps significatif (la PGD est une dizaine de fois plus rapide que le solveur standard). Enfin ce travail introduit une première approche de la résolution des équations de transferts par méthode PGD en formulation spectrale. Sur les différents problèmes traités, à savoir l'équation de diffusion stationnaire, l'équation de Darcy et les équations de Navier-Sokes, la PGD a montré une précision aussi bonne que le solveur standard. Un gain de temps a été observé pour le cas de l'équation de Poisson, par contre, concernant le problème de Darcy ou les équations de Navier-Stokes les performances de la PGD en terme de temps de calcul peuvent encore être améliorées.
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Eagle, Sandra Catherine. "The damaging potential of pesticide formulations on human skin : a study of the damaging activity of commercial pesticide formulations & their components on the barrier function of human skin, & methods by which to reduce such damage." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303992.

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Books on the topic "Reduced formulation"

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L, Wevill Sharon, ed. Alternative formulations and packaging to reduce use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Data Corp., 1990.

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Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering., ed. Practical aspects of variable reduction formulations and reduced basis algorithms in multidisciplinary design optimization. Hampton, VA: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Nelson, T. P. Alternative formulations to reduce CFC use in U.S. exempted and excluded aerosol products. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1990.

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United States. General Accounting Office., ed. Issues that need to be considered in formulating strategies to reduce aviation noise: Statement by Kenneth M. Mead, before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation and Materials, Committee on Science, Space and Technology, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990.

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Formulation of Toughened Paste Adhesives for Reduced-Pollutant Electron Beam Repair and Assembly of Composite Structures. Storming Media, 2000.

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Succi, Sauro. Lattice Relaxation Schemes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0014.

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In Chapter 13, it was shown that the complexity of the LBE collision operator can be cut down dramatically by formulating discrete versions with prescribed local equilibria. In this chapter, the process is taken one step further by presenting a minimal formulation whereby the collision matrix is reduced to the identity, upfronted by a single relaxation parameter, fixing the viscosity of the lattice fluid. The idea is patterned after the celebrated Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model Boltzmann introduced in continuum kinetic theory as early as 1954. The second part of the chapter describes the comeback of the early LBE in optimized multi-relaxation form, as well as few recent variants hereof.
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Wevill, S. L., and T. P. Nelson. Alternative Formulations and Packaging to Reduce Use of Chlorofluorocarbons. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1990.

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Alternative Aircraft Anti-Icing Formulations with Reduced Aquatic Toxicity and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/22962.

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Mann, Peter. Constrained Lagrangian Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0008.

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This chapter builds on the previous two chapters to tackle constrained systems, using Lagrangian mechanics and constrained variations. The first section deals with holonomic constraint equations using Lagrange multipliers; these can be used to reduce the number of coordinates until a linearly independent minimal set is obtained that describes a constraint surface within configuration space, so that Lagrange equations can be set up and solved. Motion is understood to be confined to a constraint submanifold. The variational formulation of non-holonomic constraints is then discussed to derive the vakonomic formulation. These erroneous equations are then compared to the central Lagrange equation, and the precise nature of the variations used in each formulation is investigated. The vakonomic equations are then presented in their Suslov form (Suslov–vakonomic form) in an attempt to reconcile the two approaches. In addition, the structure of biological membranes is framed as a constrained optimisation problem.
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Yamamoto, Takahiro, Kazuyuki Watanabe, and Satoshi Watanabe. Thermal transport of small systems. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.6.

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This article focuses on the phonon transport or thermal transport of small systems, including quasi-one-dimensional systems such as carbon nanotubes. The Fourier law well describes the thermal transport phenomena in normal bulk materials. However, it is no longer valid when the sample dimension reduces down to below the mean-free path of phonons. In such a small system, the phonons propagate coherently without interference with other phonons. The article first considers the Boltzmann–Peierls formula of diffusive phonon transport before discussing coherent phonon transport, with emphasis on the Landauer formulation of phonon transport, ballistic phonon transport and quantized thermal conductance, numerical calculation of the phonon-transmission function, and length dependence of the thermal conductance.
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Book chapters on the topic "Reduced formulation"

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Smoke, Mitchell D., and Vincent Giovangigli. "Formulation of the premixed and nonpremixed test problems." In Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms and Asymptotic Approximations for Methane-Air Flames, 1–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0035363.

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Mazziotti, David A. "Anti-Hermitian Formulation of the Contracted Schrödinger Theory." In Reduced-Density-Matrix Mechanics: With Application to Many-Electron Atoms and Molecules, 331–42. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470106600.ch12.

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Herbert, John M., and John E. Harriman. "Cumulants, Extensivity, and the Connected Formulation of the Contracted Schrödinger Equation." In Reduced-Density-Matrix Mechanics: With Application to Many-Electron Atoms and Molecules, 261–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470106600.ch10.

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Kumagai, Yukio, Joarder Kamruzzaman, and Jose L. Perez. "Architecture of Associative Memory with Reduced Cross Talk and Its Performance Formulation." In ICANN ’93, 517. London: Springer London, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2063-6_143.

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Weidauer, Tim, and Kai Willner. "Reduced Order Modelling for Non-linear Rotating Systems in ALE Formulation with Contact." In Nonlinear Dynamics, Volume 1, 287–302. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74280-9_31.

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Larbi, Walid, Jean-François Deü, and Roger Ohayon. "Vibro-Acoustic Analysis of Laminated Double-Wall: Finite Element Formulation and Reduced-Order Model." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 349–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14532-7_36.

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Mairs, Hilary. "Gathering Information to Develop a Shared Understanding (Formulation) of Reduced Levels of Expression and Activity." In Revisiting Negative Symptoms, 49–66. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-42664-2_4.

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Narayan, Silla Lakshmi, Dhiraj S. Bombarde, Sachin S. Gautam, and Arup Nandy. "Comparison of Selective Reduced Integration, Enhanced Assumed Strain and Assumed Natural Strain Formulation in Alleviating Locking." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 643–54. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2188-9_58.

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Maharaj, Bhargav, and Nachiketa Chattopadhyay. "Reduced Form Polarization Index: Alternative Formulations and Extensions." In Deprivation, Inequality and Polarization, 195–209. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7944-4_10.

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Fukuda, Mituhiro, Maho Nakata, and Makoto Yamashita. "Semidefinite Programming: Formulations and Primal-Dual Interior-Point Methods." In Reduced-Density-Matrix Mechanics: With Application to Many-Electron Atoms and Molecules, 103–18. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470106600.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reduced formulation"

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Clemens, M. "Reduced vector potential formulation for FI." In Proceedings of CEM 2002 - 4th International Conference on Computation in Electromagnetics. IEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20020139.

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Song, Pengchao P., X. Q. Wang, and Marc P. Mignolet. "Nonlinear Reduced ROMs: Formulation and Applications." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-1020.

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Ruiz, Pablo A., Aleksandr Rudkevich, Michael C. Caramanis, Evgenyi Goldis, Elli Ntakou, and C. Russ Philbrick. "Reduced MIP formulation for transmission topology control." In 2012 50th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2012.6483337.

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Bowden, Patrick R., Bryce C. Tappan, Matthew M. Schmitt, Robert W. Lebrun, Marvin Shorty, Philip W. Leonard, Joseph P. Lichthardt, Elizabeth G. Francois, and Larry G. Hill. "Synthesis, formulation and performance evaluation of reduced sensitivity explosives." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2017: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5044877.

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Twigg, Shannon, Anthony Calise, and Eric Johnson. "Trajectory Optimization for n-Vehicles Using a Reduced Order Formulation." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-6205.

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Luttman, Aaron, and Stephen Mitchell. "A Stochastic Formulation for Reduced Order Modeling in Radiation Transport." In 5th European Seminar on Computing. June 5, 2016 - June 10, 2016. Pilsen, Czech Republic. US DOE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1755590.

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Twigg, Shannon, Anthony Calise, and Eric Johnson. "Trajectory Optimization for Multiple Vehicles Using a Reduced Order Formulation." In Infotech@Aerospace. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-7098.

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Sagane, Takahito, Takao Kinoshita, Hiroshi Tajima, and Kazuto Seto. "Implementing the Extended Reduced Order Physical Model Into Commercialized Software Packages: Implementing Modal Constraints Into Software Packages." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48330.

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In this paper, the extended reduced order physical model, which is developed to represent dynamics of flexible structures in multibody systems, is implemented to general multibody formulations. The elastic deformations are described using vibration modes associated with the rigid bodies that are effectively defined using dynamic properties of the system in this reduced order modeling method. The recursive formulation and the augmented formulation are used to develop the constraint equations associated with the connections between the reference body and the several rigid bodies in the modal representations used to modal elastic deformations. For this purpose, the n-body constraint is developed for the recursive formulations, while these constraint equations are transformed into the form that is suitable for the augmented formulation using the singular value decomposition or QR decomposition. The use of the formulations in this paper allows for the implementation of the extended reduced order physical model into the commercial multibody codes such as SIMPACK, ADAMS, and DADS.
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Gamage, Dinesh, and Tom Drummond. "Reduced dimensionality extended Kalman Filter for SLAM in a relative formulation." In 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2015.7353545.

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Moraes, Rodrigo B., Paschalis Tsiaflakis, and Marc Moonen. "Reduced complexity dynamic spectrum management based on a polar coordinates formulation." In ICC 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2013.6655183.

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Reports on the topic "Reduced formulation"

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Sands, James M., Steven H. McKnight, and Bruce K. Fink. Formulation of Toughened Paste Adhesives for Reduced-Pollutant Electron Beam Repair and Assembly of Composite Structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada382718.

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Seif, Mina, Jonathan Weigand, Joseph Main, Rafaela Peixoto, and Luiz Vieira. Shear behavior of high-strength bolts at elevated temperatures: testing and formulation of reduced-order model. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1978.

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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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Riveros, Guillermo, Felipe Acosta, Reena Patel, and Wayne Hodo. Computational mechanics of the paddlefish rostrum. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41860.

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Purpose – The rostrum of a paddlefish provides hydrodynamic stability during feeding process in addition to detect the food using receptors that are randomly distributed in the rostrum. The exterior tissue of the rostrum covers the cartilage that surrounds the bones forming interlocking star shaped bones. Design/methodology/approach – The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical behavior of four finite element models varying the type of formulation as follows: linear-reduced integration, linear-full integration, quadratic-reduced integration and quadratic-full integration. Also presented is the load transfer mechanisms of the bone structure of the rostrum. Findings – Conclusions are based on comparison among the four models. There is no significant difference between integration orders for similar type of elements. Quadratic-reduced integration formulation resulted in lower structural stiffness compared with linear formulation as seen by higher displacements and stresses than using linearly formulated elements. It is concluded that second-order elements with reduced integration and can model accurately stress concentrations and distributions without over stiffening their general response. Originality/value – The use of advanced computational mechanics techniques to analyze the complex geometry and components of the paddlefish rostrum provides a viable avenue to gain fundamental understanding of the proper finite element formulation needed to successfully obtain the system behavior and hot spot locations.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.

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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.
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Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.
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Butler, Nadia, and Soha Karam. Evidence Review: COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance by Key Influencers in the MENA Region - Teachers and Healthworkers. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.039.

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As COVID-19 vaccines have been deployed and scaled, concerns about vaccine acceptance have emerged. Effective management of the virus requires that communities everywhere buy into the public health measures designed to protect them, including vaccines. Low acceptance presents a serious challenge for achieving sufficient coverage to reduce circulation of the virus and the risk of new variants emerging. Surveys conducted early in the pandemic showed that the Middle East region had one of the lowest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates globally. The low acceptance is driven by specific factors in the region and its different countries and populations; these factors need to be taken into account when formulating policy, programmes and interventions. This review synthesises evidence on vaccine acceptance among two key groups in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: teachers and health workers. It draws from academic studies most of which were cross-sectional studies, largely conducted between February 2020 and June 2021, and grey literature reports, including social listening reports. This review is intended to inform strategies for risk communications and community engagement (RCCE) relating to COVID-19 vaccine uptake, with the aim of boosting confidence in and acceptance of the vaccines among these groups across the region. It is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on social science considerations relating to COVID-19 vaccines and was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica (Nadia Butler and Soha Karam) at the request of the UNICEF MENA Regional Office. It was reviewed by Rose Aynsley (WHO) Amaya Gillespie (UNICEF) and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica). The evidence review is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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8

The Enhancement of Energy Security for a Sustainable Future. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/pyciec-fr.

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Indonesia needs to address the conceptualization of energy security to help policies’ formulation. Indonesia follows the concept of four As for its energy security. Currently, Indonesia has a strong dependence on fossil fuels, depicted by its higher consumption than domestic production. In 2020, fossil energy accounted for 88.7% of Indonesia’s energy mix, and the remaining was contributed by renewable energy. As a result, Indonesia has a high expenditure on imported fuel, LPG, and other petroleum products to guarantee its availability. Moreover, Indonesia’s subsidy policy has maintained the people’s purchasing power, despite its justice needs to be further assessed. Indonesia’s SDGs targets are still progressing, with Indonesia’s SDG7 (affordable and clean energy) target is in the on-track category, while SDG13 (climate action) is in the stagnant category. Thus, without solid commitment, Indonesia may not be able to reduce the 29% and 41% of GHG emissions conditionally by international aid by 2030. Hence, the key to enhancing the sustainability aspect of energy security lies in the synchronization of energy and climate action. Specifically, energy diversification has to be accelerated, and it requires all stakeholders’ involvement to solve these issues. We Focus on three issues as in the following: the role of fossil energy in the energy transition; the role of electricity in Net Zero Emissions; and the development of new and renewable energy to strengthen energy security. Continue reading at https://www.purnomoyusgiantorocenter.org/the-enhancement-of-energy-security-for-a-sustainable-future/ | The Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center
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