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Qiao, Yaning, Andrew R. Dawson, Tony Parry, Gerardo Flintsch, and Wenshun Wang. "Flexible Pavements and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Review and Implications." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2020): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031057.
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Flexible pavements and climate are interactive. Pavements are climate sensitive infrastructure, where climate can impact their deterioration rate, subsequent maintenance, and life-cycle costs. Meanwhile, climate mitigation measures are urgently needed to reduce the environmental impacts of pavements and related transportation on the macroclimate and microclimate. Current pavement design and life cycle management practices may need to be modified to adapt to changing climates and to reduce environmental impacts. This paper reports an extensive literature search on qualitative and quantitative pavement research related to climate change in recent years. The topics cover climate stressors, sensitivity of pavement performance to climatic factors, impacts of climate change on pavement systems, and, most importantly, discussions of climate change adaptation, mitigation, and their interactions. This paper is useful for those who aim to understand or research the climate resilience of flexible pavements.
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Niklaß, M., B. Lührs, V. Grewe, K. Dahlmann, T. Luchkova, F. Linke, and V. Gollnick. "Potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation by climate restricted airspaces." Transport Policy 83 (November 2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.12.010.
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Fanggidae, Yudi Riadi, Saktyanu Kristyantoadi Dermoredjo, and Woro Estiningtyas. "Farmer’s perception on climate-related disasters and their impacts to support food farming." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602028.
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Changes and extreme climate events have an impact on and cause vulnerability to the food crop sub-sector. Extreme climatic events that have a significant impact on food farming are floods, drought, and pest/disease. The purpose of this study was to determine farmers’ perceptions of climate-related disasters and their impacts to support food farming. The survey and interviews were conducted in Leles Sub-District, Garut Regency in 2019, with the number of respondents was 28 people, were selected randomly. The results of the analysis showed that the climate-related disasters that occurred were pest/disease (43%), drought (18%) and floods (11%). The impact of extreme climates at the study site was a reduction in yields ranging from 5% to crop failure (puso). According to farmers, climate-related disasters occur as a result of weather factors, broken channels/embankments, excessive upstream water, closed drains, poor drainage and uneven water allocation to each land. The handling of this climate-related disaster by farmers was still limited. Farmers' perceptions, understanding and abilities in managing and anticipating climate disasters are needed in order to reduce the risk of food farming.
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Dahlmann, Katrin, Sigrun Matthes, Hiroshi Yamashita, Simon Unterstrasser, Volker Grewe, and Tobias Marks. "Assessing the Climate Impact of Formation Flights." Aerospace 7, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7120172.
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An operational measure that is inspired by migrant birds aiming toward the mitigation of aviation climate impact is to fly in aerodynamic formation. When this operational measure is adapted to commercial aircraft it saves fuel and is, therefore, expected to reduce the climate impact of aviation. Besides the total emission amount, this mitigation option also changes the location of emissions, impacting the non-CO2 climate effects arising from NOx and H2O emissions and contrails. Here, we assess these non-CO2 climate impacts with a climate response model to assure a benefit for climate not only due to CO2 emission reductions, but also due to reduced non-CO2 effects. Therefore, the climate response model AirClim is used, which includes CO2 effects and also the impact of water vapor and contrail induced cloudiness as well as the impact of nitrogen dioxide emissions on the ozone and methane concentration. For this purpose, AirClim has been adopted to account for saturation effects occurring for formation flight. The results of the case studies show that the implementation of formation flights in the 50 most popular airports for the year 2017 display an average decrease of fuel consumption by 5%. The climate impact, in terms of average near surface temperature change, is estimated to be reduced in average by 24%, with values of individual formations between 13% and 33%.
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Matthes, Sigrun, Ling Lim, Ulrike Burkhardt, Katrin Dahlmann, Simone Dietmüller, Volker Grewe, Amund S. Haslerud, et al. "Mitigation of Non-CO2 Aviation’s Climate Impact by Changing Cruise Altitudes." Aerospace 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8020036.
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Aviation is seeking for ways to reduce its climate impact caused by CO2 emissions and non-CO2 effects. Operational measures which change overall flight altitude have the potential to reduce climate impact of individual effects, comprising CO2 but in particular non-CO2 effects. We study the impact of changes of flight altitude, specifically aircraft flying 2000 feet higher and lower, with a set of global models comprising chemistry-transport, chemistry-climate and general circulation models integrating distinct aviation emission inventories representing such alternative flight altitudes, estimating changes in climate impact of aviation by quantifying radiative forcing and induced temperature change. We find in our sensitivity study that flying lower leads to a reduction of radiative forcing of non-CO2 effects together with slightly increased CO2 emissions and impacts, when cruise speed is not modified. Flying higher increases radiative forcing of non-CO2 effects by about 10%, together with a slight decrease of CO2 emissions and impacts. Overall, flying lower decreases aviation-induced temperature change by about 20%, as a decrease of non-CO2 impacts by about 30% dominates over slightly increasing CO2 impacts assuming a sustained emissions scenario. Those estimates are connected with a large but unquantified uncertainty. To improve the understanding of mechanisms controlling the aviation climate impact, we study the geographical distributions of aviation-induced modifications in the atmosphere, together with changes in global radiative forcing and suggest further efforts in order to reduce long standing uncertainties.
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Nielsen, Kristian S., Sander van der Linden, and Paul C. Stern. "How Behavioral Interventions Can Reduce the Climate Impact of Energy Use." Joule 4, no. 8 (August 2020): 1613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.07.008.
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Smith, Pete, and Peter J. Gregory. "Climate change and sustainable food production." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 72, no. 1 (November 12, 2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112002832.
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One of the greatest challenges we face in the twenty-first century is to sustainably feed nine to ten billion people by 2050 while at the same time reducing environmental impact (e.g. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biodiversity loss, land use change and loss of ecosystem services). To this end, food security must be delivered. According to the United Nations definition, ‘food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’. At the same time as delivering food security, we must also reduce the environmental impact of food production. Future climate change will make an impact upon food production. On the other hand, agriculture contributes up to about 30% of the anthropogenic GHG emissions that drive climate change. The aim of this review is to outline some of the likely impacts of climate change on agriculture, the mitigation measures available within agriculture to reduce GHG emissions and outlines the very significant challenge of feeding nine to ten billion people sustainably under a future climate, with reduced emissions of GHG. Each challenge is in itself enormous, requiring solutions that co-deliver on all aspects. We conclude that the status quo is not an option, and tinkering with the current production systems is unlikely to deliver the food and ecosystems services we need in the future; radical changes in production and consumption are likely to be required over the coming decades.
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Abd Ul RAzzaq Mohammed Jabbar, Dr Mohanad abed Hammad, Dr Ammeer Mohammed Khalaf,. "An Assessment of the Climatic Characteristics and Their Impact on the Traffic Accidents in the City of Ramadi." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 5088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.2020.
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The facets of the climate have a great impact on the traffic of different means of transportation as long as bad weather conditions usually reduce the density of the transportation, especially on the land roads, while good conditions help to increase the use of the land roads.
The climatic characteristics have a direct impact on the occurrence of the traffic accidents for the increase in the amount of rain, the fog and the intensity of fog are all responsible factors for impeding traffic stream. This study aims at identifying the effect of the climatic characteristics on the traffic accidents in the Ramadi city through the climatic data and trying to find out the impact of each element on climatic ones on the traffic stream in the study area.
This study also aims at reducing the impact of the climate in the traffic accidents in Ramadi city via finding some treatments to reduce the impact of the climatic characteristics in the occurrence of traffic accidents.
The study comes up with that all the climate elements: rain, dust storms and fog have a direct effect on the occurrence of a number of accidents in the study area.
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Zscheischler, Jakob, Erich M. Fischer, and Stefan Lange. "The effect of univariate bias adjustment on multivariate hazard estimates." Earth System Dynamics 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-31-2019.
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Abstract. Bias adjustment is often a necessity in estimating climate impacts because impact models usually rely on unbiased climate information, a requirement that climate model outputs rarely fulfil. Most currently used statistical bias-adjustment methods adjust each climate variable separately, even though impacts usually depend on multiple potentially dependent variables. Human heat stress, for instance, depends on temperature and relative humidity, two variables that are often strongly correlated. Whether univariate bias-adjustment methods effectively improve estimates of impacts that depend on multiple drivers is largely unknown, and the lack of long-term impact data prevents a direct comparison between model outputs and observations for many climate-related impacts. Here we use two hazard indicators, heat stress and a simple fire risk indicator, as proxies for more sophisticated impact models. We show that univariate bias-adjustment methods such as univariate quantile mapping often cannot effectively reduce biases in multivariate hazard estimates. In some cases, it even increases biases. These cases typically occur (i) when hazards depend equally strongly on more than one climatic driver, (ii) when models exhibit biases in the dependence structure of drivers and (iii) when univariate biases are relatively small. Using a perfect model approach, we further quantify the uncertainty in bias-adjusted hazard indicators due to internal variability and show how imperfect bias adjustment can amplify this uncertainty. Both issues can be addressed successfully with a statistical bias adjustment that corrects the multivariate dependence structure in addition to the marginal distributions of the climate drivers. Our results suggest that currently many modeled climate impacts are associated with uncertainties related to the choice of bias adjustment. We conclude that in cases where impacts depend on multiple dependent climate variables these uncertainties can be reduced using statistical bias-adjustment approaches that correct the variables' multivariate dependence structure.
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Constible, Juanita M., Luke H. Sandro, and Richard E. Lee. "Carrion – It's What's for Dinner: Wolves Reduce the Impact of Climate Change." American Biology Teacher 70, no. 2 (February 2008): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1662/0002-7685(2008)70[95:ciwfdw]2.0.co;2.
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Constible, Juanita M., Luke H. Sandro, and Richard E. Lee. "Carrion: Its What's for Dinner: Wolves Reduce the Impact of Climate Change." American Biology Teacher 70, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30163211.
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Dwivedi, Aparna, and Buddhiraju Krishna Mohan. "Impact of green roof on micro climate to reduce Urban Heat Island." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 10 (April 2018): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2018.01.003.
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McDermid, Sonali Shukla, Carlo Montes, Benjamin I. Cook, Michael J. Puma, Nancy Y. Kiang, and Igor Aleinov. "The Sensitivity of Land–Atmosphere Coupling to Modern Agriculture in the Northern Midlatitudes." Journal of Climate 32, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0799.1.
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AbstractModern agricultural land cover and management are important as regional climate forcings. Previous work has shown that land cover change can significantly impact key climate variables, including turbulent fluxes, precipitation, and surface temperature. However, fewer studies have investigated how intensive crop management can impact background climate conditions, such as the strength of land–atmosphere coupling and evaporative regime. We conduct sensitivity experiments using a state-of-the-art climate model with modified vegetation characteristics to represent modern crop cover and management, using observed crop-specific leaf area indexes and calendars. We quantify changes in land–atmosphere interactions and climate over intensively cultivated regions situated at transitions between moisture- and energy-limited conditions. Results show that modern intensive agriculture has significant and geographically varying impacts on regional evaporative regimes and background climate conditions. Over the northern Great Plains, modern crop intensity increases the model simulated precipitation and soil moisture, weakening hydrologic coupling by increasing surface water availability and reducing moisture limits on evapotranspiration. In the U.S. Midwest, higher growing season evapotranspiration, coupled with winter and spring rainfall declines, reduces regional soil moisture, while crop albedo changes also reduce net surface radiation. This results overall in reduced dependency of regional surface temperature on latent heat fluxes. In central Asia, a combination of reduced net surface energy and enhanced pre–growing season precipitation amplify the energy-limited evaporative regime. These results highlight the need for improved representations of agriculture in global climate models to better account for regional climate impacts and interactions with other anthropogenic forcings.
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Mishra, Ashok K., Valerien O. Pede, and Gustavo A. Barboza. "Perception of Climate Change and Impact on Land Allocation and Income: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam's Delta Region." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 47, no. 2 (August 2018): 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2018.11.
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Using a sample survey from Vietnam's M&RRD, this study examines both the factors affecting smallholder households’ perceptions of climate change, and the impact of climatic change on smallholders’ income and land allocation decisions. Results show a significant and negative impact of perception of climate change on income of smallholder households. Smallholders with perceived climate changes reduce land allocated to paddy crop. Farmers make strategic decision to counter the negative effects of climate change by increasing the amount of rented land for paddy crop production, while at the same time decreasing the amount of owned land allocated to paddy crop.
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Barnsley, Jonathan E., Chanjief Chandrakumar, Carlos Gonzalez-Fischer, Paul E. Eme, Bridget E. P. Bourke, Nick W. Smith, Lakshmi A. Dave, et al. "Lifetime Climate Impacts of Diet Transitions: A Novel Climate Change Accounting Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105568.
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Dietary transitions, such as eliminating meat consumption, have been proposed as one way to reduce the climate impact of the global and regional food systems. However, it should be ensured that replacement diets are, indeed, nutritious and that climate benefits are accurately accounted for. This study uses New Zealand food consumption as a case study for exploring the cumulative climate impact of adopting the national dietary guidelines and the substitution of meat from hypothetical diets. The new GWP* metric is used as it was designed to better reflect the climate impacts of the release of methane than the de facto standard 100-year Global Warming Potential metric (GWP100). A transition at age 25 to the hypothetical dietary guideline diet reduces cumulative warming associated with diet by 7 to 9% at the 100th year compared with consuming the average New Zealand diet. The reduction in diet-related cumulative warming from the transition to a hypothetical meat-substituted diet varied between 12% and 15%. This is equivalent to reducing an average individual’s lifetime warming contribution by 2 to 4%. General improvements are achieved for nutrient intakes by adopting the dietary guidelines compared with the average New Zealand diet; however, the substitution of meat items results in characteristic nutrient differences, and these differences must be considered alongside changes in emission profiles.
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Oremus, Kimberly L. "Climate variability reduces employment in New England fisheries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 52 (December 9, 2019): 26444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820154116.
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Climate change is already affecting fish productivity and distributions worldwide, yet its impact on fishing labor has not been examined. Here I directly link large-scale climate variability with fishery employment by studying the effects of sea-surface pressure changes in the North Atlantic region, whose waters are among the world’s fastest warming. I find that climate shocks reduce not only regional catch and revenue in the New England fishing sector, but also ultimately county-level wages and employment among commercial harvesters. Each SD increase from the climatic mean decreases county-level fishing employment by 13%, on average. The South Atlantic region serves as a control due to its different ecological response to climate. Overall, I estimate that climate variability from 1996 to 2017 is responsible for a 16% (95% CI: 10% to 22%) decline in county-level fishing employment in New England, beyond the changes in employment attributable to management or other factors. This quantitative evidence linking climate variability and fishing labor has important implications for management in New England, which employs 20% of US commercial harvesters. Because the results are mediated by the local biology and institutions, they cannot be directly extrapolated to other regions. But they show that climate can impact fishing outcomes in ways unaccounted by management and offer a template for study of this relationship in fisheries around the world.
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TOL, RICHARD S. J. "Emission abatement versus development as strategies to reduce vulnerability to climate change: an application of FUND." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 5 (October 2005): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002354.
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Poorer countries are generally believed to be more vulnerable to climate change than richer countries because poorer countries are more exposed and have less adaptive capacity. This suggests that, in principle, there are two ways of reducing vulnerability to climate change: economic growth and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Using a complex climate change impact model, in which development is an important determinant of vulnerability, the hypothesis is tested whether development aid is more effective in reducing impacts than is emission abatement. The hypothesis is barely rejected for Asia but strongly accepted for Latin America and, particularly, Africa. The explanation for the difference is that development (aid) reduces vulnerabilities in some sectors (infectious diseases, water resources, agriculture) but increases vulnerabilities in others (cardiovascular diseases, energy consumption). However, climate change impacts are much higher in Latin America and Africa than in Asia, so that money spent on emission reduction for the sake of avoiding impacts in developing countries is better spent on vulnerability reduction in those countries. His last big project in a long career, Jan Feenstra managed the Netherlands Climate Change Assistance Programme through which the Dutch Government sponsors climate change research in developing countries. He hated how climate change detracted from what he considered to be the real issues. This paper is dedicated to his memory.
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Sohngen, Brent, and Roger Sedjo. "Impacts of climate change on forest product markets: Implications for North American producers." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81669-5.
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This paper examines potential climate change impacts in North American timber markets. The results indicate that climate change could increase productivity in forests in North America, increase productivity in forests globally, and reduce timber prices. North American consumers generally will gain from the potential changes, but producers could lose welfare. If dieback resulting from additional forest fires, increased pest infestation, or storm damage increases appreciably and has market effects, consumers will gain less and producers will lose more than if climate change simply increases the annual flow of timber products by raising forest productivity. Annual producers' surplus losses from climate change in the North American timber sector are estimated to range from $1.4 – $2.1 billion per year on average over the next century, with the higher number resulting from potential large-scale dieback. Within North America, existing studies suggest that producers in northern regions are less susceptible to climate change impacts than producers in southern regions because many climate and ecological models suggest that climates become dryer in the U.S. South. Key words: climate change, impact analysis, timber markets, forest ecosystems
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Lee, Yunha, Drew T. Shindell, Greg Faluvegi, and Rob W. Pinder. "Potential impact of a US climate policy and air quality regulations on future air quality and climate change." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 8 (April 28, 2016): 5323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5323-2016.
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Abstract. We have investigated how future air quality and climate change are influenced by the US air quality regulations that existed or were proposed in 2013 and a hypothetical climate mitigation policy that aims to reduce 2050 CO2 emissions to be 50 % below 2005 emissions. Using the NASA GISS ModelE2 general circulation model, we look at the impacts for year 2030 and 2055. The US energy-sector emissions are from the GLIMPSE project (GEOS-Chem LIDORT Integrated with MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) for the Purpose of Scenario Exploration), and other US emissions data sets and the rest of the world emissions data sets are based on the RCP4.5 scenario. The US air quality regulations are projected to have a strong beneficial impact on US air quality and public health in year 2030 and 2055 but result in positive radiative forcing. Under this scenario, no more emission constraints are added after 2020, and the impacts on air quality and climate change are similar between year 2030 and 2055. Surface particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) is reduced by ∼ 2 µg m−3 on average over the USA, and surface ozone by ∼ 8 ppbv. The improved air quality prevents about 91 400 premature deaths in the USA, mainly due to the PM2.5 reduction (∼ 74 200 lives saved). The air quality regulations reduce the light-reflecting aerosols (i.e., sulfate and organic matter) more than the light-absorbing species (i.e., black carbon and ozone), leading to a strong positive radiative forcing (RF) over the USA by both aerosols' direct and indirect forcing: the total RF is ∼ 0.04 W m−2 over the globe, and ∼ 0.8 W m−2 over the USA. Under the hypothetical climate policy, a future CO2 emissions cut is achieved in part by relying less on coal, and thus SO2 emissions are noticeably reduced. This provides air quality co-benefits, but it could lead to potential climate disbenefits over the USA. In 2055, the US mean total RF is +0.22 W m−2 due to positive aerosol direct and indirect forcing, while the global mean total RF is −0.06 W m−2 due to the dominant negative CO2 RF (instantaneous RF). To achieve a regional-scale climate benefit via a climate policy, it is critical (1) to have multinational efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and (2) to simultaneously target emission reduction of light-absorbing species (e.g., BC and O3) on top of long-lived species. The latter is very desirable as the resulting climate benefit occurs faster and provides co-benefits to air quality and public health.
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Ashabokov, B. A., L. M. Fedchenko, A. А. Tashilova, and L. A. Kesheva. "MODELING OF REDUCING RISK OF DIRECT IMPACT (HAILSTONES) IN AGRICULTURE." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 5 (2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2020-1-5-21-26.
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Due to the fact that the south of Russia is the most important producer of agricultural products, the work discusses the possible consequences of climate change and reduce the risks associated with them. At the same time, it is assumed that the risks associated with climate change can be caused by both “slow” climate changes (increase in surface air temperature) and dangerous weather events (hail), the frequency and destructive force of which increase due to climate change. The paper discusses possible approaches to reducing risks associated with hazardous weather events (hailstones). In the framework of the theory of decision-making, the formulation of the problem of reducing the losses of a given industry from the noted phenomena, which is the task of making decisions in risk conditions, is proposed. The features of information support of this problem and the main tasks that arise in the way of its practical use are discussed. The results of calculations that were performed to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed method to reduce agricultural losses from urban habits are presented. The calculation results showed that the method is quite effective and can be used to reduce agricultural losses from hail.
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Malla, G. "Climate Change and Its Impact on Nepalese Agriculture." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 9 (August 2, 2009): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v9i0.2119.
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Exponential growth of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, snow coverand aquatic to mountain ecosystems. Changes in climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation have potentials to influence crop production. Despite many efforts possible on combating impacts of climate change, there are still difficulties in Nepalese agriculture. With an average of 0.06ºC/yea, a rise in temperature from 1975 to 2006 by 1.8ºC has been recorded in the country. Problem of frequent drought, severe floods, landslides and mixed type of effects in agricultural crops have been experienced in Nepal because of climate change. Study done on CO2 enrichment technology at Khumaltar revealed that the yield of rice and wheat increased by 26.6% and 18.4% due to double CO2, 17.1% and 8.6% due to increase in temperature respectively. A crop simulation model (DSSAT) to study the effects of CO2, temperature and rain in NARC showed positive effect in yield of rice and wheat in all regions, but negative effect in maize especially in Terai. In Nepalese agriculture, the time has come for the authorities to find out adaptive measures to mitigate the effects to reduce untold natural calamities and miseries due to recent erratic weather pattern. Key words: Agricultural crops; GHGs and CO2; Temperature; PrecipitationThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 page:62-71
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Chae, Yeora, Seo Hyung Choi, and Yong Jee Kim. "Climate Change Policy Implications of Sustainable Development Pathways in Korea at Sub-National Scale." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 4310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104310.
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Climate action is goal 13 of UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Future impacts of climate change depend on climatic changes, the level of climate change policy, both mitigation and adaptation, and socio-economic status and development pathways. To investigate the climate change policy impact of socio-economic development pathways, we develop three pathways. Climate change affects socio-economic development in many ways. We interpret global storylines into South Korean contexts: Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1 (SSP1), SSP2, and SSP3 for population, economy, and land use. SSP elements and proxies were identified and elaborated through stakeholder participatory workshops, demand survey on potential users, past trends, and recent national projections of major proxies. Twenty-nine proxies were quantified using sector-specific models and downscaled where possible. Socio-economic and climate scenarios matrixes enable one to quantify the contribution of climate, population, economic development, and land-use change in future climate change impacts. Economic damage between climate scenarios is different in SSPs, and it highlights that SSPs are one of the key components for future climate change impacts. Achieving SDGs generates additional incentives for local and national governments as it can reduce mitigation and adaptation policy burden.
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Hammerle, R. H., J. W. Shiller, and M. J. Schwarz. "Global Climate Change." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906251.
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This paper reviews the validity of the greenhouse warming theory, its possible impact on the automotive industry, and what could be done. Currently there is very limited evidence that man’s activity has caused global warming. Mathematical models of the earth’s heat balance predict warming and associated climate changes, but their predictions have not been validated. Concern over possible warming has led to several evaluations of feasible CO2 control measures. Although cars and trucks contribute only a small fraction of the CO2 buildup, the automotive industry may be expected to reduce its share of the atmospheric CO2 loading if controls become necessary. Methods to reduce automotive CO2 emissions, including alternative fuels such as methanol, natural gas, and electricity, are discussed. Also, control of the other greenhouse gases, which may currently contribute about 45 percent of the greenhouse warming, is considered.
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Prabhakaran, Sudesh, Vikneswaran Nair, and Sridar Ramachandran. "Community participation in mitigating marine waste to reduce climatic change in tourism destinations." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 8, no. 5 (October 10, 2016): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-06-2016-0035.
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Purpose Waste in the marine environment has become a serious task to be managed. Uncontrolled dumping creates large amounts of methane gas contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. This conceptual paper focuses on the role of community in waste management activities to reduce carbon emissions in the marine environment. Hence, this paper aims to examine using literature, the various roles of community, types of marine waste and its impact on carbon emissions and climate change. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on evaluation and criticism from previous studies and provides a hypothetical understanding of the human contribution to climate change, and its impacts which will increasingly affect climate change and sustainable tourism. Findings The results from this study can be used as a guide for policy makers to help improve community participation and public engagement in efforts to reduce the levels of waste in the marine environment. This is especially critical in rural tourism destinations where the impact of uncontrolled marine waste has serious consequences for the tourism industry. Originality/value The paper contributes to a better understanding of the role of community in mitigating waste to attain a higher quality of tourism experience and environmental benefits from emission level reductions.
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Lee, Y. H., D. T. Shindell, G. Faluvegi, and R. W. Pinder. "Potential impact of a US climate policy and air quality regulations on future air quality and climate change." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 21 (November 9, 2015): 31385–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-31385-2015.
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Abstract. We have investigated how future air quality and climate change are influenced by the US air quality regulations that existed or were proposed in 2013 and a hypothetical climate mitigation policy that reduces 2050 CO2 emissions to be 50 % below 2005 emissions. Using NASA GISS ModelE2, we look at the impacts in year 2030 and 2055. The US energy-sector emissions are from the GLIMPSE project (GEOS-Chem LIDORT Integrated with MARKAL for the Purpose of Scenario Exploration), and other US emissions and the rest of the world emissions are based on the RCP4.5 scenario. The US air quality regulations are projected to have a strong beneficial impact on US air quality and public health in the future but result in positive radiative forcing. Surface PM2.5 is reduced by ~ 2 μg m−3 on average over the US, and surface ozone by ~ 8 ppbv. The improved air quality prevents about 91 400 premature deaths in the US, mainly due to the PM2.5 reduction (~ 74 200 lives saved). The air quality regulations reduces the light-reflecting aerosols (i.e., sulfate and organic matter) more than the light-absorbing species (i.e., black carbon and ozone), leading a strong positive radiative forcing (RF) by both aerosols direct and indirect forcing: total RF is ~ 0.04 W m−2 over the globe; ~ 0.8 W m−2 over the US. Under the hypothetical climate policy, future US energy relies less on coal and thus SO2 emissions are noticeably reduced. This provides air quality co-benefits, but it leads to climate dis-benefits over the US. In 2055, the US mean total RF is +0.22 W m−2 due to positive aerosol direct and indirect forcing, while the global mean total RF is −0.06 W m−2 due to the dominant negative CO2 RF (instantaneous RF). To achieve a regional-scale climate benefit via a climate policy, it is critical (1) to have multi-national efforts to reduce GHGs emissions and (2) to target emission reduction of light-absorbing species (e.g., BC and O3) on top of long-lived species. The latter is very desirable as the resulting climate benefit occurs faster and provides co-benefits to air quality and public health.
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Torstensson, Linn, Rebecca Johansson, and Cecilia Mark-Herbert. "Food Dishes for Sustainable Development: A Swedish Food Retail Perspective." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050932.
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Current dietary patterns contribute negatively to greenhouse gas emissions and to the increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Earlier research on sustainable food consumption mainly focuses on diets, rather than single meals. Diets are difficult to measure, which is usually executed through self-reporting. This paper aims to identify frequently prepared dishes in a home setting through sales statistics, and how they can be altered to reduce climate impact and increase nutritional value. Commonly prepared food dishes in a home setting among customers of a major food retailer in Sweden were identified through sales statistics. The dishes were altered to reach nutritional and climate impact guidelines. Commonly prepared food dishes exceeded goals for climate boundaries by more than threefold and were not in line with nutritional guidelines. The content of fat, including saturated fat, was too high. Vegetables, fruits, wholegrains and fiber need to be increased. To reduce climate impact and increase nutritional value, the amount of animal-based product need to be reduced and/or exchanged to plant-based alternatives. This research contributes empirically to understandings of how portfolio management decisions influence food consumption based on sales statistics and how nutritional and climate impact guidelines can be applied from a single meal perspective.
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Van Vuuren, D. P., M. Meinshausen, G. K. Plattner, F. Joos, K. M. Strassmann, S. J. Smith, T. M. L. Wigley, et al. "Temperature increase of 21st century mitigation scenarios." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 40 (October 6, 2008): 15258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711129105.
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Estimates of 21st Century global-mean surface temperature increase have generally been based on scenarios that do not include climate policies. Newly developed multigas mitigation scenarios, based on a wide range of modeling approaches and socioeconomic assumptions, now allow the assessment of possible impacts of climate policies on projected warming ranges. This article assesses the atmospheric CO2 concentrations, radiative forcing, and temperature increase for these new scenarios using two reduced-complexity climate models. These scenarios result in temperature increase of 0.5–4.4°C over 1990 levels or 0.3–3.4°C less than the no-policy cases. The range results from differences in the assumed stringency of climate policy and uncertainty in our understanding of the climate system. Notably, an average minimum warming of ≈1.4°C (with a full range of 0.5–2.8°C) remains for even the most stringent stabilization scenarios analyzed here. This value is substantially above previously estimated committed warming based on climate system inertia alone. The results show that, although ambitious mitigation efforts can significantly reduce global warming, adaptation measures will be needed in addition to mitigation to reduce the impact of the residual warming.
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Ragab, Ayman, and Ahmed Abdelrady. "Impact of Green Roofs on Energy Demand for Cooling in Egyptian Buildings." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 5729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145729.
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Energy consumption for cooling purposes has increased significantly in recent years, mainly due to population growth, urbanization, and climate change consequences. The situation can be mitigated by passive climate solutions to reduce energy consumption in buildings. This study investigated the effectiveness of the green roof concept in reducing energy demand for cooling in different climatic regions. The impact of several types of green roofing of varying thermal conductivity and soil depth on energy consumption for cooling school buildings in Egypt was examined. In a co-simulation approach, the efficiency of the proposed green roof types was evaluated using the Design-Builder software, and a cost analysis was performed for the best options. The results showed that the proposed green roof types saved between 31.61 and 39.74% of energy, on average. A green roof featuring a roof soil depth of 0.1 m and 0.9 W/m-K thermal conductivity exhibited higher efficiency in reducing energy than the other options tested. The decrease in air temperature due to green roofs in hot arid areas, which exceeded an average of 4 °C, was greater than that in other regions that were not as hot. In conclusion, green roofs were shown to be efficient in reducing energy consumption as compared with traditional roofs, especially in hot arid climates.
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Schmidt, Nicole M. "The impact of climate change on European agricultural policy." European View 18, no. 2 (October 2019): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685819887036.
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Agriculture in the context of climate change is often a provocative subject because agriculture is both heavily impacted by the warming world and also a principal contributor to climate change. As efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions increase, the EU is pushing all sectors to integrate measures to combat climate change. This article argues that the agricultural sector has instigated a process of integrating climate concerns. However, these efforts will not lead to a large number of disruptive changes in the agricultural sector. While the EU is putting climate change firmly on the agricultural agenda, ranking the issue even higher than the environment, the Union’s primary goal is still to support the income of farmers. Hence, the EU’s intentions will likely lead to raising awareness of the issue of climate change in the context of agriculture but will not lead to any transformative changes in European agricultural policymaking.
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Islam, MA, and SK Paul. "People’s perception on agricultural vulnerabilities to climate change and SLR in Bangladesh: adaptation strategies and explanatory variables." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 8, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v8i1.38232.
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The objective of this research is to evaluate people’s perception on vulnerabilities of agriculture and to explore effective adaptation options with identifying the underlying demographic, socio-economic and other relevant variables that influence the adaptation strategies in the sea level rise (SLR) hazard induced coastal areas of Bangladesh. The study finds that climate change and induced SLR are emerging threats to coastal agriculture of Bangladesh; hence, farmers are applying different adaptation strategies to reduce the vulnerabilities of coastal agriculture. Selection of effective adaptation strategies to vulnerabilities of agriculture depends not only on the magnitude, intensity and the impacts of climate change and SLR, but also perceptions and types of farmer, land, educational level, indigenous knowledge about adaptation, locational advantages, external support, community awareness and sharing of different effective mechanisms among the farmers. Effective adaptation strategies with high perceptions have significant influence to reduce the vulnerabilities of agriculture considering the adverse impacts of climate change and SLR. In time of extreme climatic hazards when a great loss in agriculture hamper the coastal agrobased economy, different effective indigenous local adaptation strategies through farmer awareness and community co-operation become vital for minimizing the impact of climatic hazards and reducing the vulnerabilities of coastal agriculture.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (1): 70-78, June, 2018
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Muslihah, I. N., M. Karuniasa, and Tuti Herawati. "The impact of climate change on arabica suitability area and opportunities to reduce vulnerability." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 575 (October 29, 2020): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/575/1/012078.
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Kaur, Samanpreet, S. K. Jalota, K. G. Singh, Prit Pal Singh Lubana, and Rajan Aggarwal. "Assessing climate change impact on root-zone water balance and groundwater levels." Journal of Water and Climate Change 6, no. 3 (February 2, 2015): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.016.
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The present study employs regional climate model projections for assessing the impact of root-zone water balance and groundwater levels using crop and groundwater models. The projections from Hadley Regional Model 3 (HRM3) for A1B scenario showed an increase in temperature and rainfall (RF) of 1.8 °C and 328 mm, respectively, during mid-century (MC) (2021–2050) for Indian central Punjab. The respective increase in values for the end of century (2071–2098) would be 4.4 °C and 486 mm, compared with present time slice (PTS) (2000–2010). In future, irrigation requirement would reduce, because of increased RF and decreased transpiration from cropped area owing to a shortening of crop duration of rice-wheat cropping system with temperature. The reduced irrigation need in future would decrease groundwater withdrawal resulting in the rise of groundwater level.
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Faradiba, Faradiba. "Dilemma of Business Climate and The "Real Climate"." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 25, no. 1 (February 21, 2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v25.1.2765.
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The role of business in advancing the economy and welfare is highly expected in the community. In the development of a business that occurs, it often sacrifices non-profit aspects, such as the environment. The indirect impact that can arise from business development is climate change. This study uses climate data and the number of industrial enterprises by type at the village level, to determine the effect of business on the climate that occurs. This study uses ordinary least square, to determine the role of each independent variable. The results of this study indicate that an increase in 1,000 of these types of businesses will result in an increase in temperature of 1 oC. Furthermore, an increase in 1,000 types of business will reduce rainfall by 11 to 64 mm. Government and community efforts are needed to maintain climatic conditions for the sustainability of the ecosystem.
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Kryvomaz, Тetiana I., and Antonina M. Savchenko. "The reducing of construction industry influence on climate change by implementation of green building principles." Environmental safety and natural resources 37, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.1.55-68.
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The construction industry has a significant impact on climate change due to the urbanization increase, as cities consume 75% of the world's natural resources and contribute 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, the construction and the built environment directly depend on a number of climatic factors. Climatic information is used at all stages of the construction project: concept development, technical design, organization and conduct of construction works, operation of buildings and structures, repair and reconstruction, destruction, utilization and recycling. The role of the construction industry in achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and reducing the impact on climate change through the implementation of green building principles is analyzed. Green building aims to minimize the negative impact on the environment, and innovative green technologies reduce carbon emissions.
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Ahmed, Waqas, Jamil Ahmed Sheikh, Shahjadi Hisan Farjana, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud. "Defects Impact on PV System GHG Mitigation Potential and Climate Change." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147793.
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely used to mitigate greenhouse gases (GHG), due to their green renewable nature. However, environmental factors such as bird drops, shade, pollution, etc., accommodation on PV panels surface reduce photons transmission to PV cells, which results in lower energy yield and GHG mitigation potential of PV system. In this study, the PV system’s energy and GHG mitigation potential loss is investigated under environmental stresses. Defects/hotspots caused by the environment on PV panel surface have unknown occurrence frequency, time duration, and intensity and are highly variable from location to location. Therefore, different concentrations of defects are induced in a healthy 12 kWp PV system. Healthy PV system has the potential to avoid the burning of 3427.65 L of gasoline by 16,157.9 kWh green energy production per annum. However, in 1% and 20% defective systems, green energy potential reduces to 15,974.3 and 12,485.6 kWh per annum, respectively. It is equivalent to lesser evasion burning of 3388.70, and 2648.64 L of gasoline, respectively. A timely solution to defective panels can prevent losses in the PV system to ensure optimal performance.
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Sümeghy, Dávid. "The impact of the local conservative climate on generalised trust in Sweden." Modern Geográfia 16, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/mg.2021.16.02.06.
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The rise of the radical right parties, with their anti-immigrant rhetoric, may amplify the generally observed negative impact of diversity on generalised trust. The impact of the conservative climate created by these parties is apparent at the national level, but the little research carried out in the field has yet to examine the role of their local political power. In Sweden, the literature suggests that the radical right Sweden Democrats party has a stronger anti-immigration and ethnonationalist rhetoric at the local level, which may reduce the generalised trust of residents by triggering conflict theory. Calculating the conservative climate based on the percentage of party representatives on local councils using multi-level modelling, we observe that the contextual effect of the conservative climate is present and reduces generalised trust. However, the underlying cause of this effect is not fully known. It can be traced back to the party’s local politics, the residents and the local media.
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Mukheibir, P. "Possible climate change impacts on large hydroelectricity schemes in Southern Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i1a3340.
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There is growing concern that developing countries, such as South Africa, should reduce their coal dependence for energy generation and look to other cleaner technologies. Hydroelectricity is one such option. A number of potential large hydro sites have been identified in Southern Africa, which form part of the Southern African Power Pool. However, limited information exists on the impact of climate change on these sites and its effect on the viability of the hydroelectric schemes. Using downscaled glob-al circulation model information, projected climate impacts and the potential impact these may have on future hydro schemes are discussed.
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Matthes, Sigrun, Benjamin Lührs, Katrin Dahlmann, Volker Grewe, Florian Linke, Feijia Yin, Emma Klingaman, and Keith P. Shine. "Climate-Optimized Trajectories and Robust Mitigation Potential: Flying ATM4E." Aerospace 7, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110156.
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Aviation can reduce its climate impact by controlling its CO2-emission and non-CO2 effects, e.g., aviation-induced contrail-cirrus and ozone caused by nitrogen oxide emissions. One option is the implementation of operational measures that aim to avoid those atmospheric regions that are in particular sensitive to non-CO2 aviation effects, e.g., where persistent contrails form. The quantitative estimates of mitigation potentials of such climate-optimized aircraft trajectories are required, when working towards sustainable aviation. The results are presented from a comprehensive modelling approach when aiming to identify such climate-optimized aircraft trajectories. The overall concept relies on a multi-dimensional environmental change function concept, which is capable of providing climate impact information to air traffic management (ATM). Estimates on overall climate impact reduction from a one-day case study are presented that rely on the best estimate for climate impact information. Specific weather situation that day, containing regions with high contrail impact, results in a potential reduction of total climate impact, by more than 40%, when considering CO2 and non-CO2 effects, associated with an increase of fuel by about 0.5%. The climate impact reduction per individual alternative trajectory shows a strong variation and, hence, also the mitigation potential for an analyzed city pair, depending on atmospheric characteristics along the flight corridor as well as flight altitude. The robustness of proposed climate-optimized trajectories is assessed by using a range of different climate metrics. A more sustainable ATM needs to integrate comprehensive environmental impacts and associated forecast uncertainties into route optimization in order to identify robust eco-efficient trajectories.
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Danesh, Azin Shahni, Mohammad Sadegh Ahadi, Hedayat Fahmi, Majid Habibi Nokhandan, and Hadi Eshraghi. "Climate change impact assessment on water resources in Iran: applying dynamic and statistical downscaling methods." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 3 (March 30, 2016): 551–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2016.045.
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As a result of inappropriate management and rising levels of societal demand, in arid and semi-arid regions water resources are becoming increasingly stressed. Therefore, well-established insight into the effects of climate change on water resource components can be considered to be an essential strategy to reduce these effects. In this paper, Iran's climate change and variability, and the impact of climate change on water resources, were studied. Climate change was assessed by means of two Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator (LARS-WG) weather generators and all outputs from the available general circulation models in the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change-SCENario GENerator (MAGICC-SCENGEN) software, in combination with different emission scenarios at the regional scale, while the Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) model has been used for projections at the local scale. A hydrological model, the Runoff Assessment Model (RAM), was first utilized to simulate water resources for Iran. Then, using the MAGICC-SCENGEN model and the downscaled results as input for the RAM model, a prediction was made for changes in 30 basins and runoffs. Modeling results indicate temperature and precipitation changes in the range of ±6 °C and ±60%, respectively. Temperature rise increases evaporation and decreases runoff, but has been found to cause an increased rate of runoff in winter and a decrease in spring.
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Matear, Richard J., and Andrew Lenton. "Carbon–climate feedbacks accelerate ocean acidification." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2018): 1721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1721-2018.
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Abstract. Carbon–climate feedbacks have the potential to significantly impact the future climate by altering atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Zaehle et al., 2010). By modifying the future atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the carbon–climate feedbacks will also influence the future ocean acidification trajectory. Here, we use the CO2 emissions scenarios from four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) with an Earth system model to project the future trajectories of ocean acidification with the inclusion of carbon–climate feedbacks. We show that simulated carbon–climate feedbacks can significantly impact the onset of undersaturated aragonite conditions in the Southern and Arctic oceans, the suitable habitat for tropical coral and the deepwater saturation states. Under the high-emissions scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP6), the carbon–climate feedbacks advance the onset of surface water under saturation and the decline in suitable coral reef habitat by a decade or more. The impacts of the carbon–climate feedbacks are most significant for the medium- (RCP4.5) and low-emissions (RCP2.6) scenarios. For the RCP4.5 scenario, by 2100 the carbon–climate feedbacks nearly double the area of surface water undersaturated with respect to aragonite and reduce by 50 % the surface water suitable for coral reefs. For the RCP2.6 scenario, by 2100 the carbon–climate feedbacks reduce the area suitable for coral reefs by 40 % and increase the area of undersaturated surface water by 20 %. The sensitivity of ocean acidification to the carbon–climate feedbacks in the low to medium emission scenarios is important because recent CO2 emission reduction commitments are trying to transition emissions to such a scenario. Our study highlights the need to better characterise the carbon–climate feedbacks and ensure we do not underestimate the projected ocean acidification.
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Zhang, Liping, and Thomas L. Delworth. "Simulated Response of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation to Climate Change." Journal of Climate 29, no. 16 (August 5, 2016): 5999–6018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0690.1.
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Abstract The impact of climate change on the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is studied using a fully coupled climate model. The model results show that the PDO has a similar spatial pattern in altered climates, but its amplitude and time scale of variability change in response to global warming or cooling. In response to global warming the PDO amplitude is significantly reduced, with a maximum decrease over the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) region. This reduction appears to be associated with a weakened meridional temperature gradient in the KOE region. In addition, reduced variability of North Pacific wind stress, partially due to reduced air–sea feedback, also helps to weaken the PDO amplitude by reducing the meridional displacements of the subtropical and subpolar gyre boundaries. In contrast, the PDO amplitude increases in response to global cooling. In the control simulations the model PDO has an approximately bidecadal peak. In a warmer climate the PDO time scale becomes shorter, changing from ~20 to ~12 yr. In a colder climate the time scale of the PDO increases to ~34 yr. Physically, global warming (cooling) enhances (weakens) ocean stratification. The increased (decreased) ocean stratification acts to increase (reduce) the phase speed of internal Rossby waves, thereby altering the time scale of the simulated PDO.
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Schiffers, Katja, Elizabeth C. Bourne, Sébastien Lavergne, Wilfried Thuiller, and Justin M. J. Travis. "Limited evolutionary rescue of locally adapted populations facing climate change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1610 (January 19, 2013): 20120083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0083.
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Dispersal is a key determinant of a population's evolutionary potential. It facilitates the propagation of beneficial alleles throughout the distributional range of spatially outspread populations and increases the speed of adaptation. However, when habitat is heterogeneous and individuals are locally adapted, dispersal may, at the same time, reduce fitness through increasing maladaptation. Here, we use a spatially explicit, allelic simulation model to quantify how these equivocal effects of dispersal affect a population's evolutionary response to changing climate. Individuals carry a diploid set of chromosomes, with alleles coding for adaptation to non-climatic environmental conditions and climatic conditions, respectively. Our model results demonstrate that the interplay between gene flow and habitat heterogeneity may decrease effective dispersal and population size to such an extent that substantially reduces the likelihood of evolutionary rescue. Importantly, even when evolutionary rescue saves a population from extinction, its spatial range following climate change may be strongly narrowed, that is, the rescue is only partial. These findings emphasize that neglecting the impact of non-climatic, local adaptation might lead to a considerable overestimation of a population's evolvability under rapid environmental change.
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Downes, Stephanie M., Amy Steel, Enrico Favaro, and Michael Wood. "Disruption and damages: climate-related risks to the Australian oil and gas sector." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20145.
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The oil and gas (O&G) sector has made significant commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decarbonising operations and transitioning portfolios to lower-carbon products. However, assessing the impacts of physical climate risks on assets and value chains has remained a lower priority, despite climate change consistently rated the highest risk to the global economy. Here we present selected case studies of the most relevant physical climate risks that impact key infrastructure across the O&G sector, now and in the future, with and without global abatement (that is, in high and low emissions scenarios). We focus on physical climate risks including sea level rise impacts on an offshore processing region, flooding and drought impacts in an onshore processing region, and highlight supply chain impacts on shipping and ports due to climate extremes such as cyclones. These risks all have the potential to have significant and adverse impacts on Australia’s O&G sector and have a direct impact on the ability of the sector to transition to a low-carbon future. We conclude with an overview of why and how companies should undertake climate scenario analysis for physical risks, in alignment with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures.
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Kapadia, Z. Z., D. V. Spracklen, S. R. Arnold, D. J. Borman, G. W. Mann, K. J. Pringle, S. A. Monks, et al. "Impacts of aviation fuel sulfur content on climate and human health." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 13 (July 10, 2015): 18921–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-18921-2015.
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Abstract. Aviation emissions impact both air quality and climate. Using a coupled tropospheric chemistry-aerosol microphysics model we investigate the effects of varying aviation fuel sulfur content (FSC) on premature mortality from long-term exposure to aviation-sourced PM2.5 (particulate matter with a dry diameter of < 2.5 μm) and on the global radiation budget due to changes in aerosol and tropospheric ozone. We estimate that present-day non-CO2 aviation emissions with a typical FSC of 600 ppm result in 3597 (95 % CI: 1307–5888) annual mortalities globally due to increases in cases of cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer, resulting from increased surface PM2.5 concentrations. We quantify the global annual mean combined radiative effect (REcomb) of non-CO2 aviation emissions as −13.3 mW m−2; from increases in aerosols (direct radiative effect and cloud albedo effect) and tropospheric ozone. Ultra-low sulfur jet fuel (ULSJ; FSC =15 ppm) has been proposed as an option to reduce the adverse health impacts of aviation-induced PM2.5. We calculate that swapping the global aviation fleet to ULSJ fuel would reduce the global aviation-induced mortality rate by 624 (95 % CI: 227–1021) mortalities a−1 and increase REcomb by +7.0 mW m−2. We explore the impact of varying aviation FSC between 0–6000 ppm. Increasing FSC increases annual mortality, while enhancing climate cooling through increasing the aerosol cloud albedo effect (aCAE). We explore the relationship between the injection altitude of aviation emissions and the resulting climate and air quality impacts. Compared to the standard aviation emissions distribution, releasing aviation emissions at the ground increases global aviation-induced mortality and produces a net warming effect, primarily through a reduced aCAE. Aviation emissions injected at the surface are 5 times less effective at forming cloud condensation nuclei, reducing the aviation-induced aCAE by a factor of 10. Applying high FSCs at aviation cruise altitudes combined with ULSJ fuel at lower altitudes result in reduced aviation-induced mortality and increased negative RE compared to the baseline aviation scenario.
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Kapadia, Zarashpe Z., Dominick V. Spracklen, Steve R. Arnold, Duncan J. Borman, Graham W. Mann, Kirsty J. Pringle, Sarah A. Monks, et al. "Impacts of aviation fuel sulfur content on climate and human health." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 16 (August 24, 2016): 10521–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10521-2016.
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Abstract. Aviation emissions impact both air quality and climate. Using a coupled tropospheric chemistry-aerosol microphysics model we investigate the effects of varying aviation fuel sulfur content (FSC) on premature mortality from long-term exposure to aviation-sourced PM2.5 (particulate matter with a dry diameter of < 2.5 µm) and on the global radiation budget due to changes in aerosol and tropospheric ozone. We estimate that present-day non-CO2 aviation emissions with a typical FSC of 600 ppm result in ∼ 3600 [95 % CI: 1310–5890] annual premature mortalities globally due to increases in cases of cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer, resulting from increased surface PM2.5 concentrations. We quantify the global annual mean combined radiative effect (REcomb) of non-CO2 aviation emissions as −13.3 mW m−2; from increases in aerosols (direct radiative effect and cloud albedo effect) and tropospheric ozone. Ultra-low sulfur jet fuel (ULSJ; FSC = 15 ppm) has been proposed as an option to reduce the adverse health impacts of aviation-induced PM2.5. We calculate that swapping the global aviation fleet to ULSJ fuel would reduce the global aviation-induced mortality rate by ∼ 620 [95 % CI: 230–1020] mortalities a−1 and increase REcomb by +7.0 mW m−2. We explore the impact of varying aviation FSC between 0 and 6000 ppm. Increasing FSC increases aviation-induced mortality, while enhancing climate cooling through increasing the aerosol cloud albedo effect (CAE). We explore the relationship between the injection altitude of aviation emissions and the resulting climate and air quality impacts. Compared to the standard aviation emissions distribution, releasing aviation emissions at the ground increases global aviation-induced mortality and produces a net warming effect, primarily through a reduced CAE. Aviation emissions injected at the surface are 5 times less effective at forming cloud condensation nuclei, reducing the aviation-induced CAE by a factor of 10. Applying high FSCs at aviation cruise altitudes combined with ULSJ fuel at lower altitudes results in reduced aviation-induced mortality and increased negative RE compared to the baseline aviation scenario.
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Hossain, Sarder Mahmud, Md Alif Sheikh, Monowar Ahmad Tarafdar, and Supti Baroi. "Study on Level of Knowledge on Climate Change Among the People Residing in a Selected Area of Dhaka City." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 4, no. 2 (November 9, 2013): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v4i2.16916.
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A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted at Badda, Dhaka to assess the level of knowledge on climate change of the people with a purposive sample size of 226. Nearly half of the respondents heard about the global warming but 43.24% didn't. A major portion of the respondents (62.39%) agreed to include the Climate Change in school curriculum. 39.38% respondents strongly agreed that the world climate is changing but it was due to human behavior which was strongly agreed by 16.81%. 17.26% strongly believed that developed countries are the main contributors. 15.49% of the respondents strongly agreed that developed countries should provide compensation to the affected developing countries. Neither agreed nor disagreed that the Climate Change had impact on economy was 38.06% but 40.27% respondents strongly agreed that Climate has impact on human health. 36.73% respondents strongly agreed that Climate Change has impact on food production and 34.07% strongly agreed that it has impact on soil condition and fertility. 49.56% respondents strongly agreed for the need to take measure to reduce or prevent Climatic Change and 43.23% strongly agreed on awareness creation to cope with Climate Change. TV/RADIO was the most important source of information about global warming (82.75%). The association between educational level and knowledge on Climate Change was found to be significant. As the climate change has already put a devastating impact on survival on millions, effective action plan to be undertaken to control the impact on environment and create awareness about the adverse effects of it on the globe. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 4, No. 2: July 2013, Pages 5-9 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v4i2.16916
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Spracklen, D. V., J. C. A. Baker, L. Garcia-Carreras, and J. H. Marsham. "The Effects of Tropical Vegetation on Rainfall." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 43, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030136.
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Vegetation modifies land-surface properties, mediating the exchange of energy, moisture, trace gases, and aerosols between the land and the atmosphere. These exchanges influence the atmosphere on local, regional, and global scales. Through altering surface properties, vegetation change can impact on weather and climate. We review current understanding of the processes through which tropical land-cover change (LCC) affects rainfall. Tropical deforestation leads to reduced evapotranspiration, increasing surface temperatures by 1–3 K and causing boundary layer circulations, which in turn increase rainfall over some regions and reduce it elsewhere. On larger scales, deforestation leads to reductions in moisture recycling, reducing regional rainfall by up to 40%. Impacts of future tropical LCC on rainfall are uncertain but could be of similar magnitude to those caused by climate change. Climate and sustainable development policies need to account for the impacts of tropical LCC on local and regional rainfall.
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Villa, Michele. "A strategic approach to reduce climate change risks for the LNG industry." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09058.
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The Senate rejection of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (CPRS) for the second time in December 2009 caused key sections of Australia’s big business to express concern. The stalled legislation and the challenges associated with the Copenhagen Accord to deliver a clear post-2012 global climate change agreement have only fuelled uncertainty surrounding the future of climate change policy. This uncertainty will come at a cost for the Australian LNG industry where a raft of new projects are fast approaching final investment decisions and the real impact of a carbon impost is difficult to quantify. Despite this uncertainty, subsequent negotiations between the Government and the Opposition regarding the LNG industry, led to an amended version of the CPRS Bill. One of the amendments accepted by the Government was related to the allocation rate and states that LNG is expected to be a moderately emissions intensive trade exposed (EITE) activity and therefore eligible to receive free permits at a fixed rate per tonne of LNG produced. Should this version of the CPRS become legislation in 2010, LNG producers will at least be able to calculate their liability under the scheme and confirm their compliance strategy. Given the significant value at stake with existing and new investments, oil and gas businesses should act with urgency to develop strategies to respond to a carbon constrained future, irrespective of the final legislative design. Scenario planning is an important step in considering the range of regulatory outcomes—both domestic and international—that will impact on the supply and demand of carbon assets.
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Warlina, Lina, and Sri Listyarini. "Dynamic Model to Reduce the Impact of Climate Change on the Environment and the Economy." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 8, no. 7 (2017): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.7.1002.
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Guinot, Caroline, Hsin Huang, and Wilfrid Legg. "What is the Meat and Livestock Industry Doing to Reduce its Impact on Climate Change?" EuroChoices 14, no. 2 (August 2015): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1746-692x.12091.
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