Journal articles: 'Redox Flow Cell'

1

Skyllas‐Kazacos, M., and F. Grossmith. "Efficient Vanadium Redox Flow Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 134, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2100321.

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Skyllas‐Kazacos, M., M. Rychcik, R. G. Robins, A. G. Fane, and M. A. Green. "New All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 133, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1057–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2108706.

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Whitley, Shaun, and Dowon Bae. "Perspective—Insights into Solar-Rechargeable Redox Flow Cell Design: A Practical Perspective for Lab-Scale Experiments." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3ab3.

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Solar-rechargeable redox flow batteries (SRFBs) offer feasible solar energy storage with high flexibility in redox couples and storage capacity. Unlike traditional redox flow batteries, homemade flow cell reactors are commonly used in most solar-rechargeable redox flow batteries integrated with photoelectrochemical devices as it provides high system flexibility. This perspective article discusses current trends of the architectural and material characteristics of state-of-the-art photoelectrochemical flow cells for SRFB applications. Key design aspects and guidelines to build a photoelectrochemical flow cell, considering practical operating conditions, are proposed in this perspective.

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Delgado, Nuno M., Carlos M. Almeida, Ricardo Monteiro, and Adélio Mendes. "Flow-Through Design for Enhanced Redox Flow Battery Performance." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4f70.

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The high capital cost, driven by the poor performance, still hinders the widespread application of vanadium redox flow batteries. This work compares two different cell designs to demonstrate that the electrolyte flow velocity and pattern is of critical importance to increase the overall battery performance. The Oriented-Distribution-Path (ODP) cell design includes inlet and outlet distribution channels, while the Multi-Distribution-Path (MDP) design does not. The introduction of the distribution channels in the ODP caused the electrolyte flow pattern through the electrode to be less uniform. However, the latter reduced the concentration polarization under high current density and low flow rate conditions. In a charge-discharge cycle comparison, the MDP displayed the highest cell energy efficiency at 80 mA cm−2 and at a flow rate of 300 cm3 min−1. However, the best overall performance was obtained using the ODP at 80 mA cm−2 and a flow rate of 10 cm3 min−1. This work demonstrates that the highest system energy efficiency is achieved when using low flow rates together with a cell design that promotes a high pressure drop. The insights of this study apply to other chemistries making it useful to define guidelines for designing energy-efficient redox flow batteries.

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Liu, Tianbiao. "Half-Cell Flow Batteries: A Powerful Approach to Evaluating Cycling Stability of a Redox Active Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013485mtgabs.

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Aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) represent one promising energy storage technology for integration of renewable energy and balancing the electricity grids because of their technical merits of decoupled energy and power, sustainable and tunable redox active materials, and non-flammable and low cost aqueous supporting electrolytes. Despite numerous new flow battery chemistries reported in the last decade, the cycling life of ARFBs is still primarily limited by the chemical stability of redox active electrolytes. This presentation discusses the proper use and data interpretation of a half-cell flow battery to evaluate the cycling stability of a single redox active electrolyte. Specifically, the half-cell flow battery studies of K4[Fe(CN)6]/K3[Fe(CN)6] at alkaline conditions using balanced and unbalanced cell configurations will be discussed and compared. Our results reveal that the capacity loss of the K4[Fe(CN)6]/K3[Fe(CN)6] half-cell is attributed to cyanide ligand dissociation and then subsequent redox degradation. The reported half-cell flow battery methodology can be widely applied to develop new redox active electrolyte materials.

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Singh, Siddhant, Wei Lu, Jeff Sakamoto, and David G. Kwabi. "Electrochemical Desalination Using a Hybrid Redox Flow Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552285mtgabs.

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Electrochemical desalination is an attractive, energy-efficient strategy for small-scale, distributed water purification systems, as compared to conventional thermal desalination or reverse osmosis. Many incumbent electrochemical desalination cells feature a combination of sodium-intercalating electrodes and polymer-based anion-exchange membranes with non-ideal permselectivities. We propose a hybrid flow cell design that features a redox-active electrolyte separated by a cation exchange membrane from a solid, anion-converting or anion-intercalating electrode. This design makes use of a dense, ceramic membrane with a greater selectivity for sodium ion conduction than polymeric ion-exchange membranes, which are also susceptible to energy losses from water crossover between dilute and concentrated salt streams. We discuss considerations that will impact the relationship among electrode and electrolyte properties, operational parameters (e.g. current density, concentration factor and water recovery percentage) and the energetic cost of desalination.

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Lu, Daluh, Jiin-Shiung Horng, and Chia-Pao Tung. "Reduction of Europium in a Redox Flow Cell." JOM 40, no. 5 (May 1988): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258908.

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Ferrigno, Rosaria, Abraham D. Stroock, Thomas D. Clark, Michael Mayer, and George M. Whitesides. "Membraneless Vanadium Redox Fuel Cell Using Laminar Flow." Journal of the American Chemical Society 124, no. 44 (November 2002): 12930–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja020812q.

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Leung, P., D. Aili, Q. Xu, A. Rodchanarowan, and A. A. Shah. "Rechargeable organic–air redox flow batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 10 (2018): 2252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00205c.

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Gong, Ke, Qianrong Fang, Shuang Gu, Sam Fong Yau Li, and Yushan Yan. "Nonaqueous redox-flow batteries: organic solvents, supporting electrolytes, and redox pairs." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 12 (2015): 3515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee02341f.

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11

Roberts, Edward, Mohammad Rahimi, Asghar Molaei Dehkordi, Fatemeh ShakeriHosseinabad, Maedeh Pahlevaninezhad, and Ashutosh Kumar Singh. "(Invited) Redox Flow Battery Innovation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013483mtgabs.

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Flow battery innovations should offer significant improvements in performance, without compromising the durability / lifetime, and be cost-effective and scalable. The presentation will review some of the progress that has been made to enhance flow battery performance, and will discuss a number of recent innovations that aim to deliver these characteristics. These will include: Magnetic flowable electrodes applied in a polysulfide-iodide flow battery. Using flow through the current feeder to enhance mass transport and enable dendrite free zinc deposition in the zinc-iodide flow battery. Graphene modified membrane for enhanced power density. Flowable electrodes have emerged as a novel concept for high energy density batteries. To date, in most cases the flowable solid phase includes a redox active energy storage material, for example in zinc-nickel, sodium-sulfur, and lithium-sulfur systems [1-3]. In contrast, we have demonstrated the use of a carbon – magnetite nanocomposite which acts as an electrocatalyst but is not redox active [4,5]. This nanomaterial can be dispersed in the electrolyte and circulated through the battery to enhance the performance of a conventional static electrode. The magnetic characteristics of the nanocomposite can also be exploited, by using a magnetic field to assemble a high surface area electrode comprising a percolating network of the nanomaterial on the current feeder. The electrode also can be removed by releasing the magnetic field at the current feeder, and after being washed out of the cell the nanocomposite can be separated in a magnetic field. This enables replacement of the active electrode without the need to dismantle the cell. Zinc-iodide flow batteries offer high energy density due to the high aqueous solubility of the ZnI2. However, the power density that can be achieved is limited by potential for the dendritic growth of zinc deposits, and as zinc metal builds up in the cell the areal capacity is limited. We have found that by drawing some of the electrolyte through the current feeder, improved performance can be obtained [6]. This enables operation at higher power density and the denser uniform deposit should enable increased areal capacity. We attempted to reduce crossover in the all-vanadium redox flow battery by using a graphene modified nafion membrane. However, we found that the addition of the graphene reduced the losses in the battery and enabling a significant increase in the power density and discharge capacity. Currently we are working to optimize and scale up the membrane modification process, and to explore the mechanism of performance enhancement. References G. Zhu et al. (2020) High-energy and high-power Zn–Ni flow batteries with semi-solid electrodes. Sustainable Energy Fuels, 4, 4076-4085. Yang et al. (2018) Sodium–Sulfur Flow Battery for Low-Cost Electrical Storage. Advanced Energy Materials, 11, 1711991. Suo et al. (2015) Carbon cage encapsulating nano-cluster Li2S by ionic liquid polymerization and pyrolysis for high performance Li–S batteries. Nano Energy, 13, 467-473. Rahimi, A.M. Dehkordi, E.P.L. Roberts (2021) Magnetic nanofluidic electrolyte for enhancing the performance of polysulfide/iodide redox flow batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 309, 137687. Rahimi, A.M. Dehkordi, H. Gharibi, E.P.L. Roberts (2021) Novel Magnetic Flowable Electrode for Redox Flow Batteries: A Polysulfide/Iodide Case Study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 60, 824-841. F. ShakeriHosseinabad et al. (2021) Influence of Flow Field Design on Zinc Deposition and Performance in a Zinc-Iodide Flow Battery. ACS Applied Mat. & Interfa

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12

Chaabene, Nesrine, Kieu NGO, Mireille Turmine, and Vincent Vivier. "Ionic Liquid Membraneless Redox Flow Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (July 7, 2022): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482040mtgabs.

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Today, ionic liquids are more and more present in many fields and more particularly in electrochemistry. Indeed, their physical and chemical properties are appealing and attractive. They are conductive solvents in which organic and inorganic salts can be dissolved depending on the nature of the anion and cation that make up the ionic liquid. However, only very few studies have reported their use in membraneless redox flow batteries (RFBs) for the storage of renewable energy 1, 2. The concept of membraneless redox-flow batteries was first reported by Ferrigno et al.3 in 2002, with the development of a millimeter-scale redox fuel cell based on the vanadium aqueous electrolyte solutions. In this work, we have developed an ionic liquid membraneless RFB by using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (C2mimTFSI) as supporting electrolyte and Quinone (Q) and iron chloride (FeCl2) as electroactive species in a microfluidic system. Polarization curve and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the electrochemical properties as well as the performance of the microbattery. The proof-of-concept of the system has been shown with an open circuit potential of 0.6 V, obtained with both polarization curve and cyclic voltammetry, and with a current density ranging from 0.3 to 0.65 mA cm-2 for total flow rates of 10 to 20 µL min-1. As shown on fig. 1(b), a maximum of power of 40 µW cm-2 has been obtained. Such a technology is promising and performances can be enhanced by using 3D electrodes and optimizing the choice of the redox mediators (concentration, potential, etc.) Figure 1: (a) Experimental set-up and polarization curves of the cell for a total flow rate of (b) 20 µL.min-1 References 1. Navalpotro, P.; Palma, J.; Anderson, M.; Marcilla, R., A Membrane-Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Redox Electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2017, 56 (41), 12460-12465. 2. Chen, R.; Bresser, D.; Saraf, M.; Gerlach, P.; Balducci, A.; Kunz, S.; Schroder, D.; Passerini, S.; Chen, J., A Comparative Review of Electrolytes for Organic-Material-Based Energy-Storage Devices Employing Solid Electrodes and Redox Fluids. ChemSusChem 2020, 13 (9), 2205-2219. 3. Ferrigno, R.; Stroock, A. D.; Clark, T. D.; Mayer, M.; Whitesides, G. M., Membraneless vanadium redox fuel cell using laminar flow. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2002, 124 (44), 12930-12931. Figure 1

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13

SAWAI, Keijiro, Isao TARI, Tsutomu OHZUKU, and Taketsugu HIRAI. "Cell performance of a diaphragm-type Fe/Cr redox flow cell." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 8 (1988): 1476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1988.1476.

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14

Gu, Shuang, Ke Gong, Emily Z. Yan, and Yushan Yan. "A multiple ion-exchange membrane design for redox flow batteries." Energy Environ. Sci. 7, no. 9 (2014): 2986–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee00165f.

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15

Stracensky, Thomas, Sandip Maurya, Rangachary Mukundan, and Sanjeev Mukerjee. "Novel Anolyte Redox Active Organic Molecules for Redox Flow Battery Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02147mtgabs.

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Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) offer several advantages over traditional aqueous electrolyte-based redox flow batteries, such as higher cell voltage, potentially higher energy density, and flexible operating temperatures. However, the current aqueous chemistries use toxic metals such as Vanadium and Chromium and highly acidic and oxidative acid mixtures. The efforts to develop metal-ligand based chemistries to tap the benefits of NARFBs have met with mixed success and only V(acac)3 based symmetric NARFBs have shown potential for long term operations. Even so, the solubility of V(acac)3 in non-aqueous solvents is low to compete with their aqueous counterpart. Moreover, modification of V(acac)3 to enhance the solubility has resulted in poor redox cyclability. As a result, recent research trends have shifted from the development of Metal-ligand complexes to small redox-active organic molecules (ROMs), which could provide higher solubility. However, due to the developing field, a few ROMs have been reported as stable electron donors and acceptors in their oxidized and reduced states. Therefore, we have focused on developing highly soluble anolyte materials with stable redox states. This presentation will discuss the design principle, synthesis, and electrochemical analysis of novel anolyte ROMs. The additional information about the kinetics, bulk electrolysis, and the performance in the full cell will also be discussed.

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Santos, Márcia S. S., Luciana Peixoto, Kashif Mushtaq, Celia Dias-Ferreira, Adélio Mendes, and M. Madalena Alves. "Bioelectrochemical energy storage in a Microbial Redox Flow Cell." Journal of Energy Storage 39 (July 2021): 102610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102610.

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17

Pan, Yanbo, Libo Yao, Dezhen Wu, Abdulaziz Bentalib, Jialu Li, and Zhenmeng Peng. "Sulfonated Phthalocyanine Redox Flow Cell for Electrochemical Water Desalination." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 52 (October 19, 2021): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02521527mtgabs.

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18

Gurieff, Nicholas, Declan Finn Keogh, Victoria Timchenko, and Chris Menictas. "Enhanced Reactant Distribution in Redox Flow Cells." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213877.

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs), provide a safe and cost-effective means of storing energy at grid-scale, and will play an important role in the decarbonization of global electricity networks. Several approaches have been explored to improve their efficiency and power density, and recently, cell geometry modification has shown promise in efforts to address mass transport limitations which affect electrochemical and overall system performance. Flow-by electrode configurations have demonstrated significant power density improvements in laboratory testing, however, flow-through designs with conductive felt remain the standard at commercial scale. Concentration gradients exist within these cells, limiting their performance. A new concept of redistributing reactants within the flow frame is introduced in this paper. This research shows a 60% improvement in minimum V3+ concentration within simulated vanadium redox flow battery (VRB/VRFB) cells through the application of static mixers. The enhanced reactant distribution showed a cell voltage improvement by reducing concentration overpotential, suggesting a pathway forward to increase limiting current density and cycle efficiencies in RFBs.

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19

Huo, Yongjie, Xueqi Xing, Cuijuan Zhang, Xiang Wang, and Yongdan Li. "An all organic redox flow battery with high cell voltage." RSC Advances 9, no. 23 (2019): 13128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01514k.

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20

Gurieff, Nicholas, Declan Finn Keogh, Mark Baldry, Victoria Timchenko, Donna Green, Ilpo Koskinen, and Chris Menictas. "Mass Transport Optimization for Redox Flow Battery Design." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082801.

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The world is moving to the next phase of the energy transition with high penetrations of renewable energy. Flexible and scalable redox flow battery (RFB) technology is expected to play an important role in ensuring electricity network security and reliability. Innovations continue to enhance their value by reducing parasitic losses and maximizing available energy over broader operating conditions. Simulations of vanadium redox flow battery (VRB/VRFB) cells were conducted using a validated COMSOL Multiphysics model. Cell designs are developed to reduce losses from pump energy while improving the delivery of active species where required. The combination of wedge-shaped cells with static mixers is found to improve performance by reducing differential pressure and concentration overpotential. Higher electrode compression at the outlet optimises material properties through the cell, while the mixer mitigates concentration gradients across the cell. Simulations show a 12% lower pressure drop across the cell and a 2% lower charge voltage for improved energy efficiency. Wedge-shaped cells are shown to offer extended capacity during cycling. The prototype mixers are fabricated using additive manufacturing for further studies. Toroidal battery designs incorporating these innovations at the kW scale are developed through inter-disciplinary collaboration and rendered using computer aided design (CAD).

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21

Jia, Chuankun, Feng Pan, Yun Guang Zhu, Qizhao Huang, Li Lu, and Qing Wang. "High–energy density nonaqueous all redox flow lithium battery enabled with a polymeric membrane." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1500886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500886.

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are considered one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies. However, conventional RFBs suffer from low energy density due to the low solubility of the active materials in electrolyte. On the basis of the redox targeting reactions of battery materials, the redox flow lithium battery (RFLB) demonstrated in this report presents a disruptive approach to drastically enhancing the energy density of flow batteries. With LiFePO4 and TiO2 as the cathodic and anodic Li storage materials, respectively, the tank energy density of RFLB could reach ~500 watt-hours per liter (50% porosity), which is 10 times higher than that of a vanadium redox flow battery. The cell exhibits good electrochemical performance under a prolonged cycling test. Our prototype RFLB full cell paves the way toward the development of a new generation of flow batteries for large-scale energy storage.

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22

Jesse, Kate, Rangachary Mukundan, and Sandip Maurya. "Novel Anolyte Redox Active Organic Molecules for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (July 7, 2022): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482028mtgabs.

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Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) offer several advantages over traditional aqueous electrolyte-based redox flow batteries, such as higher cell voltage, potentially higher energy density, and flexible operating temperatures. However, the current aqueous chemistries use toxic metals such as Vanadium and Chromium and highly acidic and oxidative acid mixtures. The efforts to develop metal-ligand based chemistries to tap the benefits of NARFBs have met with mixed success and only V(acac)3 based symmetric NARFBs have shown potential for long term operations. Even so, the solubility of V(acac)3 in non-aqueous solvents is low to compete with their aqueous counterpart. Moreover, modification of V(acac)3 to enhance the solubility has resulted in poor redox cyclability. As a result, recent research trends have shifted from the development of Metal-ligand complexes to small redox-active organic molecules (ROMs), which could provide higher solubility. However, due to the developing field, a few ROMs have been reported as stable electron donors and acceptors in their oxidized and reduced states. Therefore, we have focused on developing highly soluble anolyte materials with stable redox states. This presentation will discuss the design principle, synthesis, and electrochemical analysis of novel anolyte ROMs. The additional information about the kinetics, bulk electrolysis, and the performance in the full cell will also be discussed. Acknowledgement This work is supported by Laboratory Directed Research & Development (20210680ECR), Los Alamos National Laboratory.

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23

Park, Jun-Yong, Bo-Ra Kim, Deok-Young Sohn, Yun-Ho Choi, and Yong-Hee Lee. "A Study on Flow Characteristics and Flow Uniformity for the Efficient Design of a Flow Frame in a Redox Flow Battery." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030929.

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As global environmental problems are worsening, the efficiency of storage systems for renewable energy are gaining importance. The redox flow battery (RFB), a promising energy storage system (ESS), is a device that generates or stores electricity through reduction–oxidation reactions between active materials constituting electrolytes. Herein, we proposed a flow frame design that reduces flow resistance in the flow path and causes uniform flow distribution in the electrode to develop an efficient redox flow battery. Through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental verification, we investigated the flow characteristics and flow uniformity inside the conventional redox flow battery cell. An analysis of the flow characteristics of the conventional flow frame revealed a non-uniform distribution of the flow discharged to the electrodes, owing to the complex (branched) flow path geometry of the inlet channel. To address this problem, we proposed a new flow frame design that removed and integrated bifurcations in the flow path. This new design significantly improved flow uniformity parameters, such as the symmetry coefficient ( C s y m ), variability range coefficient ( R i ), and maximum flow rate deviation ( D m ). Ultimately, we decreased the pressure drop by 15.3% by reducing the number of flow path bifurcations and chevron repositioning.

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Jadhav, Rohit G., and Shelley D. Minteer. "Conjugated Bipolar Redox-Active Electrolyte for Symmetric Redox Flow Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461705mtgabs.

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Organic non-aqueous redox-flow batteries (O-NRFBs) are gaining traction as viable alternatives for long-term, low-cost stationary energy storage with a wide potential window.[1] The symmetric O-NRFBs with single bipolar electrochemically active molecule as both anolyte and catholyte (i.e. bipolar redoxmer) helps to mitigate permanent cross-contamination and capacity fading.[2] However, symmetric O-NRFBs with bipolar molecules are hampered by the scarcity of redox active molecules capable of serving as a stable bipolar redoxmer with high cell potential and unpredictable side reactions.[3] This study proposes the π-conjugation of electrochemical active electron donors and electron acceptor which leads to the possible control over direct electronic perturbation between acceptor-donor to form new type of redox molecules. This study aims designing of benzothiadiazole based conjugated bipolar redox-active molecule with high potential window and high stability. [1]. M. Li, S. A. Odom, A. R. Pancoast, L. A. Robertson, T. P. Vaid, G. Agarwal, H. A. Doan, Y. Wang, T. M. Suduwella, S. R. Bheemireddy, R. H. Ewoldt, R. S. Assary, L. Zhang, M. S. Sigman, and S. D. Minteer, “Experimental protocols for studying organic non-aqueous redox flow batteries,” ACS Energy Lett., 2021, 6, 11, 3932–3943. [2]. M. Li, J. Case, and S. D. Minteer, “Bipolar redox-active molecules in non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries: status and challenges,” ChemElectroChem, 2021, 8, 1215–123. [3] M. Li, G. Agarwal, I. A. Shkrob, R. T. VanderLinden, J. Case, M. Prater, Z. Rhodes, R. S. Assary and S. D. Minteer, “Critical role of structural order in bipolar redox-active molecules for organic redox flow batteries,” J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 23563-23573.

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Sujali, Suhailah, Mohd Rusllim Mohamed, Ahmed Nurye Oumer, Azizan Ahmad, and Puiki Leung. "Study on architecture design of electroactive sites on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (V-RFB)." E3S Web of Conferences 80 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198002004.

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Numerous researches have been conducted to look for better design of cell architecture of redox flow battery. This effort is to improve the performance of the battery with respect to further improves of mass transport and flow distribution of electroactive electrolytes within the cell. This paper evaluates pressure drop and flow distribution of the electroactive electrolyte in three different electrode configurations of vanadium redox flow battery (V-RFB) cell, namely square-, rhombus- and circular-cell designs. The fluid flow of the above-mentioned three electrode design configurations are evaluated under three different cases i.e. no flow (plain) field, parallel flow field and serpentine flow field using numerically designed three-dimensional model in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The cell exhibits different characteristics under different cases, which the circular cell design shows promising results for test-rig development with low pressure drop and better flow distribution of electroactive electrolytes within the cell. Suggestion for further work is highlighted.

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Li, Yifeng, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Jie Bao. "A dynamic plug flow reactor model for a vanadium redox flow battery cell." Journal of Power Sources 311 (April 2016): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.018.

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27

Noack, Jens, Mike Wernado, Nataliya Roznyatovskaya, Jens Ortner, and Karsten Pinkwart. "Studies on Fe/Fe Redox Flow Batteries with Recombination Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 16 (December 12, 2020): 160527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abcf50.

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Tucker, Michael C., Alexandra Weiss, and Adam Z. Weber. "Improvement and analysis of the hydrogen-cerium redox flow cell." Journal of Power Sources 327 (September 2016): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.105.

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29

XIE, Zhipeng, Debi ZHOU, Fengjiao XIONG, Shimin ZHANG, and Kelong HUANG. "Cerium-zinc redox flow battery: Positive half-cell electrolyte studies." Journal of Rare Earths 29, no. 6 (June 2011): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0721(10)60499-1.

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Navarro‐Segarra, Marina, Perla Patricia Alday, David Garcia, Omar A. Ibrahim, Erik Kjeang, Neus Sabaté, and Juan Pablo Esquivel. "An Organic Redox Flow Cell‐Inspired Paper‐Based Primary Battery." ChemSusChem 13, no. 9 (March 18, 2020): 2394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201903511.

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31

Devendrachari, Mruthyunjayachari Chattanahalli, Ravikumar Thimmappa, Zahid Manzoor Bhat, Shahid Pottachola Shafi, Harish Makri Nimbegondi Kotresh, Alagar Raja Kottaichamy, Kallam Ramareddy Venugopala Reddy, and Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl. "A vitamin C fuel cell with a non-bonded cathodic interface." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 8 (2018): 1813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00221e.

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32

Sum, E., and M. Skyllas-Kazacos. "A study of the V(II)/V(III) redox couple for redox flow cell applications." Journal of Power Sources 15, no. 2-3 (June 1985): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(85)80071-9.

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33

Abunaeva, Lilia, Natalia Kartashova, Kirill Karpenko, Dmitry Chikin, Darya Verakso, Pavel Loktionov, Roman Pichugov, Anatoly Vereshchagin, Mikhail Petrov, and Anatoly Antipov. "Successful Charge–Discharge Experiments of Anthraquinone-Bromate Flow Battery: First Report." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 7967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217967.

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The proposed anthraquinone-bromate cell combines the advantages of anthraquinone-bromine redox flow batteries and novel hybrid hydrogen-bromate flow batteries. The anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid is of interest as a promising organic negolyte due its high solubility, rapid kinetics of electrode reactions and suitable redox potentials combined with a high chemical stability during redox reactions. Lithium or sodium bromates as posolytes provide an anomalously high discharge current density of order ~A cm−2 due to a novel autocatalytic mechanism. Combining these two systems, we developed a single cell of novel anthraquinone-bromate flow battery, which showed a power density of 1.08 W cm−2, energy density of 16.1 W h L−1 and energy efficiency of 72% after 10 charge–discharge cycles.

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Wang, Wei. "(Invited) Redox Flow Battery Research, Development, and Manufacturing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026622mtgabs.

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Redox flow batteries are increasingly recognized as a promising candidate for large-scale grid energy storage due to their unique architecture that decouples the power and energy. This feature is desirable for long-duration energy storage since it enables the flow batteries to singularly increase the duration without the concomitant cost increase of the power component. This presentation will give an overview of the current research and development of the redox flow battery technologies, especially considering their manufacturing challenges from material synthesis, electrolyte formulation, cell components, and devices to the systems. Focuses will be given to developing organic redox-active molecules, new testing technics, testing protocols, and procedures. A data-driven flow battery research, development, and deployment platform, a digital twin flow battery, will also be discussed.

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Friedl, Jochen, Felix L. Pfanschilling, Matthäa V. Holland-Cunz, Robert Fleck, Barbara Schricker, Holger Wolfschmidt, and Ulrich Stimming. "A polyoxometalate redox flow battery: functionality and upscale." Clean Energy 3, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkz019.

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Abstract While redox flow batteries carry a large potential for electricity storage, specifically for regenerative energies, the current technology-prone system—the all-vanadium redox flow battery—exhibits two major disadvantages: low energy and low power densities. Polyoxometalates have the potential to mitigate both effects. In this publication, the operation of a polyoxometalate redox flow battery was demonstrated for the polyoxoanions [SiW12O40]4– (SiW12) in the anolyte and [PV14O42]9– (PV14) in the catholyte. Emphasis was laid on comparing to which extent an upscale from 25 to 1400 cm2 membrane area may impede efficiency and operational parameters. Results demonstrated that the operation of the large cell for close to 3 months did not diminish operation and the stability of polyoxometalates was unaltered.

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Gong, Ke, Xiaoya Ma, Kameron M. Conforti, Kevin J. Kuttler, Jonathan B. Grunewald, Kelsey L. Yeager, Martin Z. Bazant, Shuang Gu, and Yushan Yan. "A zinc–iron redox-flow battery under $100 per kW h of system capital cost." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 10 (2015): 2941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee02315g.

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A zinc–iron redox-flow battery is developed that uses low cost redox materials and delivers high cell performance, consequently achieving an unprecedentedly low system capital cost under $100 per kW h.

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Yang, Xian, Sergio Garcia, Tobias Janoschka, Dénes Kónya, Martin Hager, and Ulrich Schubert. "Novel, Stable Catholyte for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: Symmetric Cell Study of Hydroquinones with High Accessible Capacity." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133823.

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Owing to their broad range of redox potential, quinones/hydroquinones can be utilized for energy storage in redox flow batteries. In terms of stability, organic catholytes are more challenging than anolytes. The two-electron transfer feature adds value when building all-quinone flow battery systems. However, the dimerization of quinones/hydroquinones usually makes it difficult to achieve a full two-electron transfer in practical redox flow battery applications. In this work, we designed and synthesized four new hydroquinone derivatives bearing morpholinomethylene and/or methyl groups in different positions on the benzene ring to probe molecular stability upon battery cycling. The redox potential of the four molecules were investigated, followed by long-term stability tests using different supporting electrolytes and cell cycling methods in a symmetric flow cell. The derivative with two unoccupied ortho positions was found highly unstable, the cell of which exhibited a capacity decay rate of ~50% per day. Fully substituted hydroquinones turned out to be more stable. In particular, 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis(morpholinomethylene)benzene-1,4-diol (asym-O-5) displayed a capacity decay of only 0.45%/day with four-week potentiostatic cycling at 0.1 M in 1 M H3PO4. In addition, the three fully substituted hydroquinones displayed good accessible capacity of over 82%, much higher than those of conventional quinone derivatives.

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Gurkan, Burcu, Raziyeh Ghahremani, William Dean, Nicholas Scott Sinclair, Robert F. Savinell, and Jesse S. Wainright. "(Invited) Concentrated Hydrogen Bonded Electrolytes with Ferrocene and Viologen for Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461699mtgabs.

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We developed concentrated hydrogen bonded electrolytes (CoHBEs) derived from a mixture of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG) containing ferrocene and viologen redox species for redox flow batteries. CoHBEs are similar to deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in terms of having distinct physical properties including wide electrochemical window, and low volatility. However, CoHBEs do not necessarily meet the requirement of “deep eutectic temperature” at a specific composition of the parent compounds that form the DES. CoHBEs formed with viologen and ferrocene species in ChCl:EG demonstrate reversible redox reactions. More importantly, 0.5 M of a viologen derivative coupled with 1 M of a ferrocene derivative was achieved owing to the good solvent strength of ChCl:EG at 1:4 and 1:6 compositions. The resulting electrolyte presents about 2M equivalent concentration of the redox couple since the viologen derivative is able to undergo two successive electron transfer. A theoretical cell voltage of 1.35V is possible with this electrolyte. This presentation will discuss the electrochemical and transport properties of this electrolyte system, and their applicability in redox flow batteries as studied by spectro-electrochemical and flow cell experiments.

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Aramendia, Iñigo, Unai Fernandez-Gamiz, Adrian Martinez-San-Vicente, Ekaitz Zulueta, and Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede. "Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Review Oriented to Fluid-Dynamic Optimization." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010176.

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Large-scale energy storage systems (ESS) are nowadays growing in popularity due to the increase in the energy production by renewable energy sources, which in general have a random intermittent nature. Currently, several redox flow batteries have been presented as an alternative of the classical ESS; the scalability, design flexibility and long life cycle of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) have made it to stand out. In a VRFB cell, which consists of two electrodes and an ion exchange membrane, the electrolyte flows through the electrodes where the electrochemical reactions take place. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are a very powerful tool to develop feasible numerical models to enhance the performance and lifetime of VRFBs. This review aims to present and discuss the numerical models developed in this field and, particularly, to analyze different types of flow fields and patterns that can be found in the literature. The numerical studies presented in this review are a helpful tool to evaluate several key parameters important to optimize the energy systems based on redox flow technologies.

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Xi, Jingyu, Wenjing Dai, and Lihong Yu. "Polydopamine coated SPEEK membrane for a vanadium redox flow battery." RSC Advances 5, no. 42 (2015): 33400–33406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01486g.

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Tanaka, Hiroshi, Y. Miyafuji, J. Fukushima, T. Tayama, T. Sugita, M. Takezawa, and T. Muta. "Visualization of flow patterns in a cell of redox flow battery by infrared thermography." Journal of Energy Storage 19 (October 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.07.009.

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Jervis, Rhodri, Leon D. Brown, Tobias P. Neville, Jason Millichamp, Donal P. Finegan, Thomas M. M. Heenan, Dan J. L. Brett, and Paul R. Shearing. "Design of a miniature flow cell forin situx-ray imaging of redox flow batteries." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 49, no. 43 (October 4, 2016): 434002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/43/434002.

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Juarez-Robles, Daniel, Taina Rauhala, and Judith Jeevarajan. "Exploring the Safety Aspects of Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02144mtgabs.

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Redox flow batteries are energy storage systems consisting of liquid electrolytes containing one or more electroactive species. Electrolytes flow through the electrochemical cell where chemical energy is converted into electricity. The energy stored by the redox flow batteries depends on the volume of electrolytes in the tanks and the size of the electrochemical battery. If the electrolytes deteriorate, they can be replaced, and the battery's capacity will get restored. Factors and components affecting performance have been extensively studied but not the response to off-nominal tests. In this work, performance (cycle life) and safety tests (overcharge, overdischarge and short circuit) are carried out on two conventional redox battery systems, Vanadium (V) and Zinc-Bromine (Zn-Br). The vanadium-based flow battery is of a table-top lab-scale size, whereas, the Zn-Br batteries are residential-scale systems.

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Zachgo, Sabine, Guy T. Hanke, and Renate Scheibe. "Plant cell microcompartments: a redox-signaling perspective." Biological Chemistry 394, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2012-0284.

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Abstract This review describes how transient protein-protein interactions can contribute to direct information flow between subsequent steps of metabolic and signaling pathways, focusing on the redox perspective. Posttranslational modifications are often the basis for the dynamic nature of such macromolecular aggregates, named microcompartments. The high cellular protein concentration promotes these interactions that are prone to disappear upon the extraction of proteins from cells. Changes of signaling molecules, such as metabolites, effectors or phytohormones, or the redox state in the cellular microenvironment, can modulate them. The signaling network can, therefore, respond in a very flexible and appropriate manner, such that metabolism, stress responses, and developmental steps are integrated by multiple and changing contacts between functional modules. This allows plants to survive and persist by continuously and flexibly adapting to a challenging or even adverse environment.

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Suman, Rathod, Satya Prakash Yadav, M. K. Ravikumar, Satish Patil, and A. K. Shukla. "Developing Shunt-Current Minimized Soluble-Lead-Redox-Flow-Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac436c.

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Shunt currents in membrane-less soluble-lead-redox-flow-batteries (SLRFB) are observed in open-circuit condition and found to depend on size of the stack, manifolds, flow rates and charge/discharge parameters. Ramifications of shunt currents on the performance of membrane-less SLRFB stacks with internal and external manifolds are reported. In the case of stacks with 3, 5 and 7-cells and internal manifold design, the charge current for the middle cell decreases by 3.3%, 6%, and 8.5%, while the discharge current increases by 2.6%, 5.5%, and 6.6%, respectively, for 3 A charge/discharge current. By contrast, no such adverse effect is observed for external manifold design. The current—potential studies show that while the stacks comprising 3 and 5-cells deliver a maximum power density of 35 mW cm−2, which declines to 15 mW cm−2 for the 7-cell stack with internal manifold design, while the power density remains invariant at 50 mW cm−2 for stacks with external manifold design. An 8-cell stack of 12 V, 50 mAh/cm2 specific capacity and 273 Wh energy storage capacity with 64% energy efficiency is also reported which shows good cyclability over 100 cycles with 95% coulombic efficiency when cycled at 20 mA cm−2 current density for 1 h duration.

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Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria, and Nicholas Milne. "Evaluation of iodide and titanium halide redox couple combinations for common electrolyte redox flow cell systems." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 41, no. 10 (March 20, 2011): 1233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-011-0287-y.

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Petrov, Mikhail, Dmitry Chikin, Lilia Abunaeva, Artem Glazkov, Roman Pichugov, Alexey Vinyukov, Irina Levina, et al. "Mixture of Anthraquinone Sulfo-Derivatives as an Inexpensive Organic Flow Battery Negolyte: Optimization of Battery Cell." Membranes 12, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100912.

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Anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (2,7-AQDS) is a promising organic compound, which is considered as a negolyte for redox flow batteries as well as for other applications. In this work we carried out a well-known reaction of anthraquinone sulfonation to synthesize 2,7-AQDS in mixture with other sulfo-derivatives, namely 2,6-AQDS and 2-AQS. Redox behavior of this mixture was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and was almost identical to 2,7-AQDS. Mixture was then assessed as a potential negolyte of anthraquinone-bromine redox flow battery. After adjusting membrane-electrode assembly composition (membrane material and flow field)), the cell demonstrated peak power density of 335 mW cm−2 (at SOC 90%) and capacity utilization, capacity retention and energy efficiency of 87.9, 99.6 and 64.2%, respectively. These values are almost identical or even higher than similar values for flow battery with 2,7-AQDS as a negolyte, while the price of mixture is significantly lower. Therefore, this work unveils the promising possibility of using a mixture of crude sulfonated anthraquinone derivatives mixture as an inexpensive negolyte of RFB.

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Gerber, Fischer, Pinkwart, and Tübke. "Segmented Printed Circuit Board Electrode for Locally-resolved Current Density Measurements in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Batteries 5, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5020038.

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One of the most important parameters for the design of redox flow batteries is a uniform distribution of the electrolyte solution over the complete electrode area. The performance of redox flow batteries is usually investigated by general measurements of the cell in systematic experimental studies such as galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. Local inhomogeneity within the electrode cannot be locally-resolved. In this study a printed circuit board (PCB) with a segmented current collector was integrated into a 40 cm2 all-vanadium redox flow battery to analyze the locally-resolved current density distribution of the graphite felt electrode. Current density distribution during charging and discharging of the redox flow battery indicated different limiting influences. The local current density in redox flow batteries mainly depends on the transport of the electrolyte solution. Due to this correlation, the electrolyte flow in the porous electrode can be visualized. A PCB electrode can easily be integrated into the flow battery and can be scaled to nearly any size of the electrode area. The carbon coating of the PCB enables direct contact to the corrosive electrolyte, whereby the sensitivity of the measurement method is increased compared to state-of-the-art methods.

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Tam, Vincent, and Jesse S. Wainright. "Low Concentration Slurry Electrodes for Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013507mtgabs.

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Iron redox flow batteries are a promising option for utility scale energy storage. In redox flow batteries (RFB), the power and energy storage capacities are decoupled, making them highly scalable 1,2. Due to its high abundance, low cost, and low toxicity, iron is very attractive as a reactive species for both the positive and negative half cells in large scale redox flow batteries 3. The Fe(II)/Fe(III) reaction is utilized at the positive electrode while the Fe(0)/Fe(II) reaction is used at the negative electrode. Unfortunately, the Fe(II) reduction reaction used in the negative cell involves plating solid iron onto the electrode during charge. This plating reaction limits the battery’s capacity based on the spatial constraints of the flow cell, coupling the power and storage capacities of the flow battery and limiting its scalability 2. Slurry electrodes, consisting of a dispersion of conductive particles in the electrode, have been proposed as solution for this issue4. By having the metal deposit onto the mobile dispersion of particles, as in Figure 1B, instead of the stationary electrode as in Figure 1A, the power and storage capacities of a hybrid flow battery can be decoupled. Slurry electrodes have also been proposed in a number of other applications such as water deionization and supercapacitors5. Their use has also been studied for use in fully soluble RFB chemistries, such as all-vanadium6,7. However, nearly all of the previous work in slurry electrodes has been in highly concentrated slurries in order to take advantage of the conductivity of the percolated particle network. Unfortunately, these highly loaded slurries can be viscous and can cause clogs and failures in a flowing system such as an RFB4,7. In this work, the electrochemical behavior of slurries below the percolation threshold are investigated via voltammetry in a custom flow cell. The percolation threshold of a slurry is identified and the modified behavior of the Fe (II)/Fe (III) reaction is measured as a function of slurry concentration and flow rate. The results suggest that significant enhancement of the electrochemically active surface area can be achieved below the percolation threshold. (1) Dinesh, A.; Olivera, S.; Venkatesh, K.; Santosh, M. S.; Priya, M. G.; Inamuddin; Asiri, A. M.; Muralidhara, H. B. Iron-Based Flow Batteries to Store Renewable Energies. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2018, 16 (3), 683–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0709-8. (2) Weber, A. Z.; Mench, M. M.; Meyers, J. P.; Ross, P. N.; Jeffrey, T.; Liu, Q. Redox Flow Batteries , a Review Environmental Energy Technologies Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Department of Mechanical , Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering , University of Tennessee , Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill Un. 1–72. (3) Petek, T. J. Enhancing the Capacity of All-Iron Flow Batteries: Understanding Crossover and Slurry Electrodes. Ph.D. Thesis 2015, No. May. (4) Petek, T. J.; Hoyt, N. C.; Savinell, R. F.; Wainright, J. S. Slurry Electrodes for Iron Plating in an All-Iron Flow Battery. J. Power Sources 2015, 294, 620–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.050. (5) Mourshed, M.; Niya, S. M. R.; Ojha, R.; Rosengarten, G.; Andrews, J.; Shabani, B. Carbon-Based Slurry Electrodes for Energy Storage and Power Supply Systems. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 40 (April), 461–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.05.032. (6) Percin, K.; van der Zee, B.; Wessling, M. On the Resistances of a Slurry Electrode Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. ChemElectroChem 2020, 7 (9), 2165–2172. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000242. (7) Lohaus, J.; Rall, D.; Kruse, M.; Steinberger, V.; Wessling, M. On Charge Percolation in Slurry Electrodes Used in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. Electrochem. commun. 2019, 101 (March), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2019.02.013. Figure 1

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Fell, Eric M., Diana De Porcellinis, Yan Jing, Valeria Gutierrez-Venegas, Roy G. Gordon, Sergio Granados-Focil, and Michael Aziz. "Long-Term Stability of Ferri/Ferrocyanide As an Electroactive Component for Redox Flow Battery Applications: On the Origin of Apparent Capacity Fade." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461726mtgabs.

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The attraction of aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) lies in the potential for low mass-production cost and long lifetime of the organic molecules. To reach cell potentials >1.0 V, several AORFBs have employed the ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple as posolyte in alkaline conditions. Recent works have reported significant amounts of capacity fade of this redox couple at high pH, attributed either to chemical decomposition associated with cyanide ligand dissociation and irreversible hydroxylation of the iron complex [1,2], or due to cell unbalancing associated with electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) [3]. We assess the chemical and electrochemical stability of ferri/ferrocyanide utilizing a volumetrically unbalanced, compositionally symmetric cell method [4]. A series of electrochemical and chemical characterization experiments was performed to distinguish between “real” capacity fade (redox-active is structurally damaged) and “apparent” capacity fade (redox-active remains structurally intact), when ferri/ferrocyanide electrolytes are used in the capacity-limiting side of a flow battery. Our results indicate that, in contrast with previous reports [1,2], no chemical decomposition of ferri/ferrocyanide occurs at tested pH values as high as 14 in the dark or in diffuse indoor light. Instead, an apparent capacity fade takes place due to an electroless reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide, via electroless OER. We find that this parasitic process can be further enhanced by carbon electrodes, with apparent capacity fade rates at pH 14 increasing with an increased ratio of carbon electrode surface area to total amount of ferricyanide in solution. Based on these results, we report a set of operating conditions that enables the cycling of alkaline ferri/ferrocyanide electrolytes, and further demonstrate how apparent capacity fade rates can be engineered by the initial cell setup. If protected from direct exposure to light, the chemical stability of ferri/ferrocyanide anions allows for their practical deployment as electroactive species in long duration energy storage applications at alkaline pH values up to at least 14. References [1] J. Luo, A. Sam, B. Hu, C. DeBruler, X. Wei, W. Wang, and T.L. Liu, “Unraveling pH dependent cycling stability of ferricyanide/ferrocyanide in redox flow batteries,” Nano Energy, 42, 215 (2017). [2] M. Hu, A. Wang, T.L. Liu, “Cycling Performance and Mechanistic Insights of Ferricyanide Electrolytes in Alkaline Redox Flow Batteries,” ChemRxiv, (2022), DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-lqms7-v2 [3] T. Paéz, A. Martínez-Cuezva, J. Palma, E. Ventosa, “Revisiting the cycling stability of ferrocyanide in alkaline media for redox flow batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, 471, 228453 (2020). [4] M-A. Goulet, M.J. Aziz, “Flow Battery Molecular Reactant Stability Determined by Symmetric Cell Cycling Methods”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 165, A1466 (2018).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Redox Flow Cell'

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