Journal articles on the topic 'REDD+ Scheme'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: REDD+ Scheme.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'REDD+ Scheme.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hjort, Mattias. "Who should be governed to reduce deforestation and how? Multiple governmentalities at the REDD+ negotiations." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419837298.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on recent multiple governmentality literature, this article analyses the REDD+ negotiations to interrogate who the scheme is likely to govern and how. Two arguments are advanced. First, REDD+ is likely to target local forest users at the expense of both corporate and international drivers of deforestation. This will reduce the effectiveness of the scheme and invite leakage issues. In elucidating the ultimately rejected strategies for addressing international drivers now hidden in neat negotiation outcomes, this article opens a space for considering how the scheme could move beyond a predominant focus on local forest users. Second, targeted forest users are likely to be governed by a combination of neoliberal and disciplinary technologies. REDD+ will seek to ‘improve’ their conduct through a three-staged process involving education, self-reflection and rewards for carbon sequestration. An alternative governmentality associated with local forest users’ claims to decide on REDD+ implementation and governance, on the other hand, met with resistance and ultimately received no protection in the adopted REDD+ safeguards. Moreover, the formulation of the safeguards could undermine legitimacy and forest stewardship in REDD+ projects. By linking the possibility of such issues to the negotiation outcomes, this article demonstrates necessary changes to the scheme.
2
Hook, Andrew. "Following REDD+: Elite agendas, political temporalities, and the politics of environmental policy failure in Guyana." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 999–1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619875665.
Full textAbstract:
This article follows the journey of Guyana’s Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programme, from its promising emergence in 2009 as an ambitious, Norway-funded scheme worth US$250m to its near-abandonment by all actors ten years later. It is based on primary fieldwork conducted in Guyana in 2016 and 2017 and a deep review of the theoretical and empirical literature on REDD+ policy processes and the Norway–Guyana agreement. The article shows how, contrary to the mainstream understanding of environmental policy as a disinterested search for a rational, scientific solution, decisions governing REDD+ policy in Guyana were rather shaped throughout by the political objectives and calculations of a small number of opportunistic elite actors. It further shows how even the modest incarnation of REDD+ in Guyana (which ended up resembling more of a results-based aid programme than a Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme) was continually affected by political factors beyond the control of policy managers. These included fluctuations in the world gold price that led to an increase in mining activity and deforestation, the departure of a key international investor which caused the collapse of the flagship REDD+-funded Amaila Falls hydropower project, and legislative gridlock in Guyana generated by a hung Parliament. While not suggesting that REDD+ (or similar Payment for Ecosystem Services schemes) can never work, the article nonetheless illustrates the ways in which political objectives and unforeseen events can overwhelm substantive policy efforts towards fighting climate change. The findings also illustrate the dangers of prioritizing short-term ‘success stories’ over longer-term and more consultative environmental policy processes.
3
Sheng, Jichuan. "Effect of Uncertainties in Estimated Carbon Reduction from Deforestation and Forest Degradation on Required Incentive Payments in Developing Countries." Sustainability 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2017): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9091608.
Full textAbstract:
For reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) programs, it is particularly important that monitoring for emission reductions is tied to the revenues a developing country receives from REDD+ projects; any estimated uncertainties will have significant impacts on the emission reduction estimation and incentive scheme of REDD+. However, the effects of estimated uncertainties on incentives for developing countries have not been deeply discussed in the current literature. To fill this gap, two estimation approaches for emission reductions are introduced by considering the incentive coefficient by the principle of reliable minimum estimation. The relationship between estimated uncertainties and incentive coefficient is simulated to illustrate the effects of estimated uncertainties on the emission reduction estimation and incentive scheme. Data from six tropical developing countries are used, including Nigeria, Honduras, Indonesia, Cambodia, Ghana, and Brazil. The results indicate that both the errors of referential and actual carbon stock must be considered when estimating and predicting emission reductions. The effects of the error of actual carbon stock on the emission reduction estimation and incentive coefficient were determined to be more influential. The current incentive scheme was more favorable to developing countries with high carbon stock variability, while developing countries with low carbon stock variability had insufficient incentives to implement REDD+ project.
4
Goodman, James, and Ellen Roberts. "Is the United Nations' REDD scheme conservation colonialism by default?" International Journal of Water 5, no. 4 (2010): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijw.2010.038733.
Full text
5
Musthafa, I. Z. F., and Youn Y-C. "Motivation and factors affecting Indigenous People's willingness to participate in future REDD+ project activities: the case of Tagal Hutan in Sabah, Malaysia." International Forestry Review 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554822835941904.
Full textAbstract:
The Kadazandusun people of Sabah have practiced traditional forest management of tagal hutan or prohibited forests. An official development assistance (ODA) project under REDD+ implementation scheme targets tagal hutan forests in Sabah, with the participation of the indigenous people. Through the theory of planned behaviour, this study assesses the link between attitude, social norms, customary norms, and perceived behaviour control on Kadazandusun people's intentions to participate in future REDD+ project activities. We found out that attitude and perceived behaviour control affect intentions to participate in future REDD+ project activities meanwhile social norm and customary norm were otherwise. Socio-demographic factors, such as household size, age, and prior experience as leaders or committee members in the village, also influence the intentions to participate in future REDD+ project activities. This study may help predict the acceptance of REDD+ activities among indigenous people in Sabah and help design more effective REDD+ projects.
6
Asiyanbi, Adeniyi, and Kate Massarella. "Transformation is what you expect, models are what you get: REDD+ and models in conservation and development." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): preprint. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23540.
Full textAbstract:
Models increasingly pervade conservation and development practice – model policies, model countries, model regions, model states, model projects, model villages, model communities and so on. These are idealized, bounded, miniature entities that seek to demonstrate the efficacy of a more substantive policy, scheme or intervention. Although political ecologists and critical scholars have analyzed models in specific interventions, there has been relatively little reflection on the common logics central to models more generally. Drawing on critical conservation and development literature and in-depth case studies of REDD+ in Tanzania and Nigeria, we identify and elaborate three core model logics: 1) problematization of the field of intervention and valorization of microcosms within it; 2) isolation and bounding which seek to order complexity and etch microcosms in space and time; 3) enrolment of actors. Although ambitious and transformational in its claims and aspirations, REDD+ has thus far manifested as an extensive network of models across socio-political scales. We argue that idealized REDD+ models enable proponents to demonstrate and 'sell' REDD+ as a 'successful' intervention, thereby allowing the scheme to persist in policy circles in spite of its failures on the ground and its lack of viability at scale. We therefore argue that models often become an end in themselves, paradoxically failing to herald the transformational intervention they were originally meant to epitomize.Keywords: Conservation, development, models, Nigeria, Tanzania, REDD+
7
Sheng, Jichuan, You Wu, Mingyang Zhang, and Zhuang Miao. "An evolutionary modeling approach for designing a contractual REDD+ payment scheme." Ecological Indicators 79 (August 2017): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.010.
Full text
8
Figuières, Charles. "The REDD Scheme to Curb Deforestation: A Well-designed System of Incentives?" Strategic Behavior and the Environment 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2012): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/102.00000017.
Full text
9
Susanti, Delvia, and Adiasri Purbantina. "Diplomasi Lingkungan Norwegia kepada Indonesia: Analisis Skema REDD+ tahun 2015-2020." PROCEEDING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ON INDONESIAN FOREIGN POLICY CONFERENCE 1, no. 1 (December 2, 2021): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/irofonic.v1i1.14.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental issues have become a fairly important topic of discussion in the last few decades. These environmental issues have attracted a lot of attention from local to global levels. REDD + contains measures designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation in the presence of financial incentives. In environmental diplomacy between Indonesia and Norway, the REDD + scheme aims to reduce pollution levels according to targets and within a certain time period. In analyzing Norway's environmental policy and its involvement in global environmental cooperation, market-based environmental policy instruments can be used. In market-based environmental policy instruments there is a carbon trading mechanism to evaluate the REDD + mechanism in 2015-2020. REDD + implementation in Indonesia is carried out with the existence of a carbon market that uses a cap and trade mechanism, which results in the form of carbon credits that can be disbursed into financial incentives. The funds can be used to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, as well as for the conversion of peatlands in Indonesia.
10
Apriwan and S. Anita Afriani. "Local Readiness Towards REDD+ UNFCCC Scheme (Study in Province of West Sumatera Indonesia)." Procedia Environmental Sciences 28 (2015): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.076.
Full text
11
Sasaki, Nophea, Kimsun Chheng, and Sokhun Ty. "Managing production forests for timber production and carbon emission reductions under the REDD+ scheme." Environmental Science & Policy 23 (November 2012): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.06.009.
Full text
12
Githiru, Mwangi, and Josephine Njambuya. "Globalization and Biodiversity Conservation Problems: Polycentric REDD+ Solutions." Land 8, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020035.
Full textAbstract:
Protected areas are considered the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation, but face multiple problems in delivering this core objective. The growing trend of framing biodiversity and protected area values in terms of ecosystem services and human well-being may not always lead to biodiversity conservation. Although globalization is often spoken about in terms of its adverse effects to the environment and biodiversity, it also heralds unprecedented and previously inaccessible opportunities linked to ecosystem services. Biodiversity and related ecosystem services are amongst the common goods hardest hit by globalization. Yet, interconnectedness between people, institutions, and governments offers a great chance for globalization to play a role in ameliorating some of the negative impacts. Employing a polycentric governance approach to overcome the free-rider problem of unsustainable use of common goods, we argue here that REDD+, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate change mitigation scheme, could be harnessed to boost biodiversity conservation in the face of increasing globalization, both within classic and novel protected areas. We believe this offers a timely example of how an increasingly globalized world connects hitherto isolated peoples, with the ability to channel feelings and forces for biodiversity conservation. Through the global voluntary carbon market, REDD+ can enable and empower, on the one hand, rural communities in developing countries contribute to mitigation of a global problem, and on the other, individuals or societies in the West to help save species they may never see, yet feel emotionally connected to.
13
Cetera, Kenny. "Recognition of Forest Carbon Rights in Indonesia: A Constitutional Approach." Lentera Hukum 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v9i1.29331.
Full textAbstract:
As a forest-rich nation, Indonesia has actively participated in carbon market governance like the REDD+ program. With the rapid expansion of REDD+ to address the effects of climate change, questions surrounding carbon rights have surfaced. This study aims to analyze the regulatory development of carbon rights in Indonesia and its impact on the community rights over forest resources by elaborating on the ideal carbon rights governance under a constitutional perspective. The study uses the normative method, which includes pertinent rules and supporting statements from climate change specialists. This study shows that carbon rights are defined broadly as the right to participate in forest carbon trading, although they require a government permit. There is no clear explanation of the relationship between land tenure and carbon ownership under the existing legislation, despite four permits to acquire carbon benefits: environmental service, social forestry, ecosystem restoration, and forest carbon administration permit. While the state can claim state control rights on certain commodities like carbon under Article 33 of the Indonesian Constitution, it also has to manage the distribution of carbon incentives based on the public interest. By facilitating the transfer of carbon rights under a carbon trading scheme while highlighting the government's role in sharing the benefits of carbon via a result-based payment scheme, Presidential Regulation 98/2021 contributes to more explicit control of carbon rights. All concerns related to carbon rights governance in Indonesia include complicated administrative and technical requirements for applying for a license, insecure land tenure due to overlapping claims, and unlawful encroachment in forest regions. Since land tenure issues remain unresolved, recognizing carbon rights as an alternative to recognizing marginal and community rights to forest resources could be viable.
KEYWORDS: Environmental Regulation, Forest Carbon Rights, REDD+.
14
Lady, Nadhea. "KERJASAMA INDONESIA – NORWEGIA MELALUI SKEMA REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD+) DALAM UPAYA PENYELAMATAN HUTAN INDONESIA." Global Political Studies Journal 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v2i1.2007.
Full textAbstract:
This study used qualitative research type. The research method used is descriptive analysis techniques. Most of the data collected through the literature, searching websites, and interviews. Those data were analyzed by theory approach based on International Relations, Foreign Policy, International Cooperation, International Agreement, and Environmental. The results of this study indicate that the cooperation between Indonesia – Norway through the REDD scheme is poured into the form of a Letter of Intent (LoI) agreed on three phases in order to save Indonesia’s forest despite undergoing a new stage in the first phase, this cooperation has resulted although not significantly.
15
Michinaka, Tetsuya, Ei Hlaing, Thaung Oo, Myat Mon, and Tamotsu Sato. "Forecasting Forest Areas in Myanmar Based on Socioeconomic Factors." Forests 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010100.
Full textAbstract:
National circumstances should be considered in establishing and adjusting forest reference emission levels (FRELs/FRLs) under the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD+ Programme). Myanmar, one of the world’s least developed countries may face accelerating deforestation under an open and democratic political system that desires rapid economic development. This research analyzes the impacts of population growth and economic development on forest areas in Myanmar by using panel data analysis, an econometrics approach based on panel data of forest areas, population, and gross domestic product (GDP) by states and regions in 2005, 2010, and 2015. This research revealed that per capita GDP and population density gave statistically significant negative impacts on forest areas. Using the regression model obtained above, medium population growth projections, and three GDP development scenarios, annual forest areas from 2016 to 2020 were forecast. The forecasting results showed possible higher deforestation under higher economic development. Finally, this research showed the necessity of adjusting the current average deforestation for RELs in the REDD+ scheme in Myanmar and the direction in which the adjustment should go.
16
Lestari, N. S., G. K. Sari, Kusmayanti, W. V. Ponekke, F. Saputra, A. H. Waskito, A. E. Satrio, and E. Susanti. "Integrating Economic Value of Environmental Services and Carbon Stock: A Case Study from Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012065.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract As a conservation area, national parks play essential roles in environmental services provision and have the potential to support the REDD+ program. This study aims to estimate appropriate incentives for national parks based on carbon units by integrating the economic value of environmental services and carbon stock provided by the lowland dry forest ecosystem in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (BNWNP) consisted of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo areas. Carbon stock was estimated by establishing sample plots, including five carbon pools. While the economic valuation of environmental services includes biodiversity using the market approach, ecotourism using the zonal travel cost method, and water service using simulation water regulation services method and market approach. The total ecosystem carbon stock in BNWNP is estimated at 73.67 Mton. Meanwhile, the estimation of the economic value of environmental services is about IDR 70.57 trillion. Based on these results, the appropriate carbon values are IDR 683,308 and IDR 1,304,238 per ton carbon for the lowland dry forest ecosystem in Gorontalo and North Sulawesi areas. This result indicates that given its essential environmental services, the incentive for protecting national parks may exceed the carbon value used in result-based payment scheme in REDD+ initiatives that have been implemented.
17
LOCATELLI, BRUNO, PABLO IMBACH, and SVEN WUNDER. "Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Costa Rica." Environmental Conservation 41, no. 1 (June 18, 2013): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892913000234.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYEcosystems services have become a key concept in understanding the way humans benefit from ecosystems. In Costa Rica, a pioneer national scheme of payment provides compensation for forest conservation that is assumed to jointly produce services related to biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, water and scenic beauty, but little is known about the spatial correlations among these services. A spatial assessment, at national scale and with fine resolution, identified the spatial congruence between these services, by considering the biophysical potential of service provision and socioeconomic demand. Services have different spatial distributions but are positively correlated. Spatial synergies exist between current policies (national parks and the payment scheme) and the conservation of ecosystem services: national parks and areas receiving payments provide more services than other areas. Biodiversity hotspots have the highest co-benefits for other services, while carbon hotspots have the lowest. This finding calls for cautiousness in relation to expectations that forest-based mitigation initiatives such as REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) can automatically maximize bundled co-benefits for biodiversity and local ecosystem services.
18
Araya, Meley M., and Ole Hofstad. "Monetary incentives to avoid deforestation under the Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)+ climate change mitigation scheme in Tanzania." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 21, no. 3 (September 10, 2014): 421–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9607-y.
Full text
19
Cappello, Christina, Arun Kumar Pratihast, Alonso Pérez Ojeda del Arco, Johannes Reiche, Veronique De Sy, Martin Herold, Rolando Eduardo Vivanco Vicencio, and Daniel Castillo Soto. "Alert-Driven Community-Based Forest Monitoring: A Case of the Peruvian Amazon." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174284.
Full textAbstract:
Community-based monitoring (CBM) is one of the- most sustainable ways of establishing a national forest monitoring system for successful Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) implementation. In this research, we present the details of the National Forest Conservation Program (PNCB—Programa Nacional de Conservación de Bosques para la Mitigación del Cambio Climático), Peru, from a satellite-based alert perspective. We examined the community’s involvement in forest monitoring and investigated the usability of 1853 CBM data in conjunction with 445 satellite-based alerts. The results confirm that Peru’s PCNB contributed significantly to the REDD+ scheme, and that the CBM data provided rich information on the process and drivers of forest change. We also identified some of the challenges faced in the existing system, such as delays in satellite-based alert transfer to communities, sustaining community participation, data quality and integration, data flow, and standardization. Furthermore, we found that mobile devices responding to alerts provided better and faster data on land-use, and a better response rate, and facilitated a more targeted approach to monitoring. We recommend expanding training efforts and equipping more communities with mobile devices, to facilitate a more standardized approach to forest monitoring. The automation and unification of the alert data flow and incentivization of the participating communities could further improve forest monitoring and bridge the gap between near-real-time (NRT) satellite-based and CBM systems.
20
Bonadiman, Renato. "Sustainability." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2013070104.
Full textAbstract:
During the first Kyoto Protocol period (2008-2012) the carbon market evolved globally as well as Brazil. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, which promote technology substitution in order to obtain “cleaner” processes, had an expressive participation. Within this scenario, Brazil and mainly China applied a considerable number of projects. However, in the case of REDD (Reduction from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) and REDD+, the complexity of discussions regarding legal issues, carbon reduction/mitigation methodologies, complexity around methodologies, resources distribution, costs, etc., associated with the world economic crisis, slowed down this process. Reflection of that can be seen through the carbon allowance price deterioration resulting in the prediction of retraction in the 2012 market size. In this sense, the scenario after the first period of the Kyoto’s Protocol, presents many challenges, but also presents opportunities. Legislations are emerging from different parts of the globe and also in Brazil. They indicate the nucleation of future obligations around the control and reduction of GHG emissions. Also, efforts to increase carbon allowances quotations are also being planned. Bilateral agreements are emerging being bottom-up alternatives for a global carbon commercialization scheme. On top of these actions an agreement to the creation of a billionaire fund until 2020 create great expectations around the development and growth of the carbon markets presenting the sustainability issue as an unquestionable trend to the upcoming years.
21
Christin Sicilia Blandina Ansanay. "INDONESIA-NORWAY COOPERATION TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS THROUGH REDD + SCHEMES (CASE STUDY: FORESTS OF CENTRAL KALIMANTAN)." Sociae Polites 19, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v19i2.1650.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental problems, in particular, climate change is of international concern as this issue is directly related to human life using natural resources such as forests, regardless of environmental carrying capacity and ecosystem sustainability. It will undoubtedly affect the economy because natural resources have economic and social functions that provide benefits and become the foundation for the sustainability of the lives of nations in the world, especially in reducing the impact of climate change. The purpose of this research is to know the cooperation between Indonesia dan Norway to reduce greenhouse gas emission (GHG) through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) scheme. The benefits of the research are theoretically useful for the development of the International Relations of science, especially concerning the cooperation of the environment. The theory used as the basis of the author in answering the question is the theory of constructivism. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The results of this research indicate that the cooperation between Indonesia and Norway runs well through the preparation and transition phase, but not yet at the full implementation stage so that there has been no result of reduction of gas emissions a significant deforestation and degradation. However, this cooperation has a positive impact on improving forest governance for Indonesia and raising awareness government and communities to safeguard and conserve forests to reduce carbon emissions through the formation of policies in Indonesia.
22
K. Murthy, Indu, Rakesh Tiwari, G. T. Hegde, M. Beerappa, Kameswar Rao, and N. H. Ravindranath. "Comparison of mitigation potential estimates of three models using the IPCC 3-tier approach." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6, no. 3 (August 12, 2014): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-06-2012-0032.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to estimate carbon mitigation impacts of project activities in a community forestry project in Andhra Pradesh, India. Measurement and quantification of carbon stocks, monitoring of these stocks over time and projections using models is necessary for assessing the climate change mitigation potential or impacts of all forest development and conservation projects. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, multiple mitigation assessment methods and models were used to estimate the carbon mitigation impacts – PROCOMAP, TARAM and CATIE, by adopting a three-tier approach similar to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines. Findings – There are differences in mitigation potential estimates across models as well as across tiers. The study highlights the strength and weaknesses and/or limitations and advantages of adopting the different approaches and their applicability for estimating mitigation potential of a forestry project. The same could be adopted for a future Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) regime also, given countries may not have the necessary technical capacity and data needed during the post-2012 REDD scheme. While countries with advanced data, technical and research capabilities could use models or, in other words, adopt the Tier-3 approach, countries with data and technical limitations, as in India, could adopt a Tier-2 or Tier-1 approach to begin with. Research limitations/implications – The limitations and advantages of use of the multiple mitigation models is addressed. Originality/value – This work would help understand use of three mitigation models by prospective students and researchers and also the data needs and limitations for use of these models.
23
Gebhardt, S., P. Maeda, T. Wehrmann, J. Argumedo Espinoza, and M. Schmidt. "A proper Land Cover and Forest Type Classification Scheme for Mexico." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-383-2015.
Full textAbstract:
The imminent implementation of a REDD+ MRV system in Mexico in 2015, demanding operational annual land cover change reporting, requires highly accurate, annual and high resolution forest type maps; not only for monitoring but also to establish the historical baseline from the 1990s onwards. The employment of any supervised classifier demands exhaustive definition of land cover classes and the representation of all classes in the training stage. This paper reports the process of a data driven class separability analysis and the definition and application of a national land cover classification scheme. All Landsat data recorded over Mexico in the year 2000 with cloud coverage below 10 percent and a national digital elevation model have been used. Automatic wall-2-wall image classification has been performed trained by national reference data on land use and vegetation types with 66 classes. Validation has been performed against field plots of the national forest inventory. Groups of non-separable classes have subsequently been discerned by automatic iterative class aggregation. Class aggregations have finally been manually revised and modified towards a proposed national land cover classification scheme at 4 levels with 35 classes at the highest level including 13 classes for primary temperate and tropical forests, 2 classes for secondary temperate and tropical forest, 1 for induced or cultivated forest, as also 8 different scrubland classes. The remaining 11 classes cover agriculture, grassland, wetland, water bodies, urban and other vegetation land cover classes. The remaining 3 levels provide further hierarchic aggregations with 14, 10, and 8 classes, respectively. Trained by the relabeled training dataset wall-2-wall classification towards the 35 classes has been performed. The final national land cover dataset has been validated against more than 200,000 polygons randomly distributed all over the country with class labels derived by manual interpretation. The agreement for all 35 classes at level 4 was 71%. Primary forest classes have been identified with accuracies between 60% and 83%. Secondary forest classes rated only 50% finding major confusion with the primary forest classes. Accuracies over the scrubland classes have been calculated between 60% and 90%. Agreements for aggregated temperate and tropical forest classes was 85% and 80%, respectively. Separation of forest and non-forest has been achieved with an agreement of 87%.
24
Schirmer, Pascal A., Iosif Mporas, and Akbar Sheikh-Akbari. "Energy Disaggregation Using Two-Stage Fusion of Binary Device Detectors." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092148.
Full textAbstract:
A data-driven methodology to improve the energy disaggregation accuracy during Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring is proposed. In detail, the method uses a two-stage classification scheme, with the first stage consisting of classification models processing the aggregated signal in parallel and each of them producing a binary device detection score, and the second stage consisting of fusion regression models for estimating the power consumption for each of the electrical appliances. The accuracy of the proposed approach was tested on three datasets—ECO (Electricity Consumption & Occupancy), REDD (Reference Energy Disaggregation Data Set), and iAWE (Indian Dataset for Ambient Water and Energy)—which are available online, using four different classifiers. The presented approach improves the estimation accuracy by up to 4.1% with respect to a basic energy disaggregation architecture, while the improvement on device level was up to 10.1%. Analysis on device level showed significant improvement of power consumption estimation accuracy especially for continuous and nonlinear appliances across all evaluated datasets.
25
Fagiani, Marco, Roberto Bonfigli, Emanuele Principi, Stefano Squartini, and Luigi Mandolini. "A Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Algorithm Based on Non-Uniform Sampling of Power Data and Deep Neural Networks." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071371.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, measurement systems strongly rely on the Internet of Things paradigm, and typically involve miniaturized devices on purpose. In these devices, the computational resources and signal acquisition rates are limited in order to preserve battery life. In addition, the amount of streamed data is affected by the network capacity strictly related to the transmission protocol constraints and the environmental conditions. All those limitations are in contrast with the need of exploiting all possible signal details for the task under study. In the specific application of interest, i.e., Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), they could lead to low performance in the energy disaggregation process. To overcome these issues, an ad hoc data reduction policy needs to be adopted, in order to reduce the acquisition and elaboration burden of the device, and, at the same time, to ensure compliance with network bandwidth limits while maintaining a reliable signal representation. Moved by these motivations, an extended evaluation study concerning the application of data reduction strategy to the aggregate signal is presented in this work. In particular, a non-uniform subsampling (NUS) scheme is defined together with a uniform subsampling (US) strategy and compared, in terms of disaggregation performance, with the use of data at original sampling (OS) rate. A Deep Learning based technique is used for disaggregation, having the aggregate active power signal sampled according to diverse sampling schema mentioned above as input. The approaches are tested on the UK-DALE and REDD datasets, and the combination of US+NUS configurations allows for achieving a good performance in terms of F 1 -score, even superior than the one obtained with the OS rate, and a remarkable data reduction at the same time.
26
Adinugroho, W. C., H. Krisnawati, R. Imanuddin, A. Ayat, L. A. Wirastami, and C. Kusmana. "Integrating issues of biodiversity and climate change to achieve sustainable forest management: A case of Mbeliling landscape, Flores." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 914, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Biodiversity and climate change are interrelated, so a coordinated approach is needed to cover it by focusing on how landscapes provide many benefits. The Mbeliling landscape, Flores is the smallest management unit in an ecological perspective, essential for the conservation and preservation of biodiversity, especially for the endemic birds of Flores. Efforts to preserve biodiversity are also expected to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The study aims to produce data and information on biodiversity and potential carbon stocks at the land cover of the Mbeliling landscape. Desk study and field survey were used to answer research questions. The Mbeliling landscape has eight types of tree vegetation land cover that can serve as carbon sinks and the habitat for four species of Flores endemic birds. Approximately 139 species of vegetation with the total carbon stocks could potentially absorb the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of ± 103.63 Mt CO2-e. The type of land cover significantly influences carbon stocks. The land cover with forest category in the Mbeliling landscape has the most extensive carbon stock among other land cover types. This result can be used as a reference in managing the Mbeliling landscape in integrating efforts to conserve biodiversity and mitigate climate change through the REDD+ scheme.
27
Yao, Ruotian, Hong Zhou, Dongguo Zhou, and Heng Zhang. "State Characteristic Clustering for Nonintrusive Load Monitoring with Stochastic Behaviours in Smart Grids." Complexity 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8839595.
Full textAbstract:
Integrating the nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) technology into smart meters poses challenges in demand-side management (DSM) of the smart grid when capturing detailed power information and stochastic consumption behaviours, due to the difficulties in accurately detecting load operation states in real household environments with the limited information available. In this paper, a state characteristic clustering (SCC) approach is presented for promoting the performance of event detection in NILM, which makes full use of multidimensional characteristic information. After identifying different types of state domains in an established multidimensional characteristic space, we design a sliding window difference search method (SWDS) to extract their initial clustering centre. Meanwhile, the mean-shift updating and iterating procedures are conducted to find the potential terminal stable state according to the probability density function. The above control strategy considers the transient events and stable states in a time-series dataset simultaneously, which thus allows the exact state of complex events to be obtained in a fluctuating environment. Moreover, a multisegment computing scheme is applied for fast computing in the state characteristic clustering process. Experiments of three different cases on both our real household dataset and REDD public dataset are provided to reveal the higher performance of the proposed SCC approach over the existing related methods.
28
Grainger, Alan. "Uncertainty in the construction of global knowledge of tropical forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 34, no. 6 (December 2010): 811–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133310387326.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge of tropical forest change remains uncertain, affecting our ability to produce accurate estimates of globally aggregated parameters to support clear global statements about ‘the tropical forests’. This paper reviews current methods for constructing global knowledge of changes in tropical forest area, carbon density, biodiversity and ecosystem services. It finds a deficiency in formal institutions for global measurement and constructing global knowledge. In their absence, informal institutions have proliferated, increasing the spread of estimates. This is exacerbated by dependence on inaccurate official statistics, which has limited construction of knowledge about forest area change through modelling. Employing the new concept of the Knowledge Exchange Chain shows the interdependence of different disciplines in constructing composite information. Limitations linked to compartmentalization and scale are present, as predicted by the ‘post-normal hypothesis’. Disciplinary compartmentalization has impeded construction of information about forest carbon and biodiversity change. There is growth in interdisciplinary research into modelling forest change and estimating carbon emissions using remote sensing data, but not in studying biodiversity. Continuing uncertainty has implications for implementing the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) scheme. Uncertainty could be reduced by expanding formal scientific institutions, e.g. by establishing an operational scientific global forest monitoring system, and devising formal generic rules for constructing global environmental knowledge.
29
Regmi, Supuspa, Krishna Prasad Dahal, Garima Sharma, Siddhartha Regmi, and Mahamad Sayab Miya. "Biomass and Carbon Stock in the Sal (Shorea robusta) Forest of Dang District Nepal." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 2, no. 3 (December 28, 2021): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v2i3.281.
Full textAbstract:
The study was conducted to find the net carbon stock in the Sal (Shorea robusta) forest in Bagdaila Chisapani community forest of Dang district, Nepal. The inventory was done by a stratified sampling technique with 0.5% sampling intensity taking into account the woody plants with ≥ 5cm DBH. A total of 49 sample plots of radius 8.94m and 5.64 were established to measure tree biomass and sapling biomass respectively in the forest. The mean above-ground carbon (AGC) was 160.4 t ha-1 and the mean below-ground carbon (BGC) was 24.1t ha-1. The mean total carbon stock in the study area was estimated to be 99.02 t ha-1; of which maximum carbon stock of 143.51 t ha-1 was found in block number 5. Sal was the major tree species in the CF. The biomass and carbon content in this forest is found quite low as compared to other studies in the Sal forest and other tropical forests which were due to the presence of tree stands of less diameter and height. This study would be helpful in the long-term management of forests, planning, and research purposes. The data from this study could also be taken as a reference document for the participation of community forests in carbon accounting under the REDD+ scheme in Nepal.
30
Bakri, Samsul, Christine Wulandari, Rusita Jamal, and Ghina Zhafira. "Land elevation and slope exposition impacts on rubber wood production volume under agroforestry system." E3S Web of Conferences 305 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130503003.
Full textAbstract:
As the senile phase due and causes depeleting latex productivity, the rubberwood stands can still be claimed as carbon sequestration under the REDD+ Scheme. This is also to maintain vegetation cover in protected forests, beside for fostering social forestry (HKm) sustainability as well. Nowadays the role of genetic and environment factors on latex production have widely revealed by some researchers, but lack on wood production especially for the effect of land elevation and slope exposition against solar beam radiation so need to research. Ordinary Least Square employed at 95% significant level, the respond variable was the volume wood production per tree, whereas the predictor were land elevation in an-100 m above sea level, land slope expositions that were decomposed into 4 categories with the reference of the compass direction in between 3370.30’ to 225.50 follow needle clock’s direction while the three other directions were the westward, southwest ward, and northwest ward. Air humidity and temperature also incorporated to control model error. Data collected by surveying to 75 parcels at HKm area Mangga Joyo located in Way Kanan Regency. Parameter optimization used Minitab 16. The result suggest that wood volume average: (1) increase significantly by 0.02205m3 for every 100m higher elevation, but (2) decrease significantly by 0.21532 m3 which for westward land exposition compare to the eastward one.
31
Vijitharan, Sharaniya. "Restoration and Conservation Benefits of Mangrove Forest to the Coastal Communities: A Review on Sri Lankan Perspective." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 10, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2021.10.2.3117.
Full textAbstract:
Mangrove forest plays a vital role to enhance the standard of living in coastal communities by providing a variety of products and services. However, the mangrove forest cover was 0.2% which is much less than other existing forest types. The objective of the study was to conduct a review of mangrove forest resources and their associated benefits to coastal communities through conservation and restoration in Sri Lanka. This study reviewed secondary data such as peer-reviewed published research papers and reports for this study. The present extent of mangrove forest cover is increased to 16,000 ha between 2015 and 2016. Notably, the Puttalam district has the highest extent of mangrove forest. 10% of mangroves are cleared for prawn farming in the Chilaw and Kalpitiya. Mangrove forests provide vegetables, fuelwood, timber, and seafood to local communities to accomplish their subsistence and commercial uses. The restoration project has been initiated by the Sri Lankan government with the partnership of non-profit organizations and Seacology. Rhizophoraand Avicinnia was the main species used for replanting. Community-based restoration and conservation approaches are widely considered and implemented for replanting mangroves. This study recommends that future researches need to be focused more on the mangrove forest in each province, and their values to empower the livelihood, and more in-depth scientific studies regarding the effective mangrove restoration, conservation, and quantification of mangrove forests carbon stocks through REDD+ scheme to obtain incentives to improve the living standards of the mangrove-dependent community.
32
SAHU, Sudam Charan, H. S. SURESH, and N. H. RAVINDRANATH. "Forest Structure, Composition and Above Ground Biomass of Tree Community in Tropical Dry Forests of Eastern Ghats, India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 8, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb819746.
Full textAbstract:
The study of biomass, structure and composition of tropical forests implies also the investigation of forest productivity, protection of biodiversity and removal of CO2 from the atmosphere via C-stocks. The hereby study aimed at understanding the forest structure, composition and above ground biomass (AGB) of tropical dry deciduous forests of Eastern Ghats, India, where as a total of 128 sample plots (20 x 20 meters) were laid. The study showed the presence of 71 tree species belonging to 57 genera and 30 families. Dominant tree species was Shorea robusta with an importance value index (IVI) of 40.72, while Combretaceae had the highest family importance value (FIV) of 39.01. Mean stand density was 479 trees ha-1 and a basal area of 15.20 m2 ha-1. Shannon’s diversity index was 2.01 ± 0.22 and Simpson’s index was 0.85 ± 0.03. About 54% individuals were in the size between 10 and 20 cm DBH, indicating growing forests. Mean above ground biomass value was 98.87 ± 68.8 Mg ha-1. Some of the dominant species that contributed to above ground biomass were Shorea robusta (17.2%), Madhuca indica (7.9%), Mangifera indica (6.9%), Terminalia alata (6.9%) and Diospyros melanoxylon (4.4%), warranting extra efforts for their conservation. The results suggested that C-stocks of tropical dry forests can be enhanced by in-situ conserving the high C-density species and also by selecting these species for afforestation and stand improvement programs. Correlations were computed to understand the relationship between above ground biomass, diversity indices, density and basal area, which may be helpful for implementation of REDD+ (reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and foster conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) scheme.
33
Venkatappa, Sasaki, Shrestha, Tripathi, and Ma. "Determination of Vegetation Thresholds for Assessing Land Use and Land Use Changes in Cambodia using the Google Earth Engine Cloud-Computing Platform." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131514.
Full textAbstract:
As more data and technologies become available, it is important that a simple method is developed for the assessment of land use changes because of the global need to understand the potential climate mitigation that could result from a reduction in deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Here, we determined the threshold values of vegetation types to classify land use categories in Cambodia through the analysis of phenological behaviors and the development of a robust phenology-based threshold classification (PBTC) method for the mapping and long-term monitoring of land cover changes. We accessed 2199 Landsat collections using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and applied the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and harmonic regression methods to identify phenological behaviors of land cover categories during the leaf-shedding phenology (LSP) and leaf-flushing phenology (LFS) seasons. We then generated 722 mean phenology EVI profiles for 12 major land cover categories and determined the threshold values for selected land cover categories in the mid-LSP season. The PBTC pixel-based classified map was validated using very high-resolution (VHR) imagery. We obtained a cumulative overall accuracy of more than 88% and a cumulative overall accuracy of the referenced forest cover of almost 85%. These high accuracy values suggest that the very first PBTC map can be useful for estimating the activity data, which are critically needed to assess land use changes and related carbon emissions under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) scheme. We found that GEE cloud-computing is an appropriate tool to use to access remote sensing big data at scale and at no cost.
34
Pirker, Johannes, Aline Mosnier, Tatiana Nana, Matthias Dees, Achille Momo, Bart Muys, Florian Kraxner, and René Siwe. "Determining a Carbon Reference Level for a High-Forest-Low-Deforestation Country." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121095.
Full textAbstract:
Research Highlights: A transparent approach to developing a forest reference emissions level (FREL) adjusted to future local developments in Southern Cameroon is demonstrated. Background and Objectives: Countries with low historical deforestation can adjust their forest reference (emission) level (FREL/FRL) upwards for REDD+ to account for likely future developments. Many countries, however, find it difficult to establish a credible adjusted reference level. This article demonstrates the establishment of a FREL for southern Cameroon adjusted to societal megatrends of strong population—and economic growth combined with rapid urbanization. It demonstrates what can be done with available information and data, but most importantly outlines pathways to further improve the quality of future FREL/FRL’s in light of possibly accessing performance-based payments. Materials and Methods: The virtual FREL encompasses three main elements: Remotely sensed activity data; emission factors derived from the national forest inventory; and the adjustment of the reference level using a land use model of the agriculture sector. Sensitivity analysis is performed on all three elements using Monte Carlo methods. Results: Deforestation during the virtual reference period 2000–2015 is dominated by non-industrial agriculture (comprising both smallholders and local elites) and increases over time. The land use model projections are consistent with this trend, resulting in emissions that are on average 47% higher during the virtual performance period 2020–2030 than during the reference period 2000–2015. Monte Carlo analysis points to the adjustment term as the main driver of uncertainty in the FREL calculation. Conclusions: The available data is suitable for constructing a FREL for periodic reporting to the UNFCCC. Enhanced coherence of input data notably for activity data and adjustment is needed to apply for a performance-based payment scheme. Expanding the accounting framework to include forest degradation and forest gain are further priorities requiring future research.
35
Solórzano, Jonathan V., and Yan Gao. "Forest Disturbance Detection with Seasonal and Trend Model Components and Machine Learning Algorithms." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030803.
Full textAbstract:
Forest disturbances reduce the extent of natural habitats, biodiversity, and carbon sequestered in forests. With the implementation of the international framework Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), it is important to improve the accuracy in the estimation of the extent of forest disturbances. Time series analyses, such as Breaks for Additive Season and Trend (BFAST), have been frequently used to map tropical forest disturbances with promising results. Previous studies suggest that in addition to magnitude of change, disturbance accuracy could be enhanced by using other components of BFAST that describe additional aspects of the model, such as its goodness-of-fit, NDVI seasonal variation, temporal trend, historical length of observations and data quality, as well as by using separate thresholds for distinct forest types. The objective of this study is to determine if the BFAST algorithm can benefit from using these model components in a supervised scheme to improve the accuracy to detect forest disturbance. A random forests and support vector machines algorithms were trained and verified using 238 points in three different datasets: all-forest, tropical dry forest, and temperate forest. The results show that the highest accuracy was achieved by the support vector machines algorithm using the all-forest dataset. Although the increase in accuracy of the latter model vs. a magnitude threshold model is small, i.e., 0.14% for sample-based accuracy and 0.71% for area-weighted accuracy, the standard error of the estimated total disturbed forest area was 4352.59 ha smaller, while the annual disturbance rate was also smaller by 1262.2 ha year−1. The implemented approach can be useful to obtain more precise estimates in forest disturbance, as well as its associated carbon emissions.
36
Cha, Kainan, Anil Ramachandran, and Sarangapani Jagannathan. "Adaptive and Probabilistic Power Control Algorithms for RFID Reader Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15501320701344107.
Full textAbstract:
In radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, the detection range and read rates will suffer from interference among high power reading devices. This problem grows severely and degrades system performance in dense RFID networks. Consequently, medium access protocols (MAC) protocols are needed for such networks to assess and provide access to the channel so that tags can be read accurately. In this paper, we investigate a suite of feasible power control schemes to ensure overall coverage area of the system while maintaining a desired read rate. The power control scheme and MAC protocol dynamically adjusts the RFID reader power output in response to the interference level seen during tag reading and acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We present novel distributed adaptive power control (DAPC) and probabilistic power control (PPC) as two possible solutions. A suitable back off scheme is also added with DAPC to improve coverage. Both the methodology and implementation of the schemes are presented, simulated, compared, and discussed for further work.
37
Yang, Yin, Wen Yi Li, and Kai Wang. "A Read-Write Optimization Scheme for Flash Memory Storage Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 2096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2096.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient read-write optimization scheme for flash memory storage systems, we have named RWF: Read-Write FTL. In the proposed scheme, we effectively connect Logical Sector Number, Logical Block Number, Logical Page Number, Physical Page Number and Physical Block Number. RWF through uniting log blocks and physical blocks, all blocks can be used for servicing update requests. The invalid blocks could be reclaimed properly and intensively, it can avoid merging log blocks with physical blocks. At last, through the simulation test on RWF and the comparison with other schemes, which demonstrate the RWF can effectively solve data storage problems, and it greatly reduces erase count of flash devices and efficiency improves the performance of flash memory storage systems.
38
BYUN, SIWOO, MOONHAENG HUH, and HOYOUNG HWANG. "FLASH MEMORY LOCK MANAGEMENT FOR PORTABLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 15, no. 03 (September 2006): 461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843006001438.
Full textAbstract:
Flash memory is becoming a major database storage in building embedded systems or portable devices because of its non-volatile, shock-resistant, power-economic nature, and fast access time for read operations. Flash memory, however, should be erased before it can be rewritten and the erase and write operations are very slow as compared to main memory. Due to this drawback, traditional database management schemes are not easy to apply directly to flash memory database for portable devices. Therefore, we improve the traditional schemes and propose a new scheme called Flash Two Phase Locking (F2PL) scheme for efficient transaction processing in a flash memory database environment. F2PL achieves high transaction performance by exploiting the notion of the Alternative Version Coordination which allows previous version reads and efficiently handles slow write/erase operations in lock management processes. We also propose a simulation model to show the performance of F2PL. Based on the results of the performance evaluation, we conclude that F2PL scheme outperforms the traditional schemes.
39
Dutta, Abhinav, David Pellow, and Ron Shamir. "Parameterized syncmer schemes improve long-read mapping." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 28, 2022): e1010638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010638.
Full textAbstract:
Motivation Sequencing long reads presents novel challenges to mapping. One such challenge is low sequence similarity between the reads and the reference, due to high sequencing error and mutation rates. This occurs, e.g., in a cancer tumor, or due to differences between strains of viruses or bacteria. A key idea in mapping algorithms is to sketch sequences with their minimizers. Recently, syncmers were introduced as an alternative sketching method that is more robust to mutations and sequencing errors. Results We introduce parameterized syncmer schemes (PSS), a generalization of syncmers, and provide a theoretical analysis for multi-parameter schemes. By combining PSS with downsampling or minimizers we can achieve any desired compression and window guarantee. We implemented the use of PSS in the popular minimap2 and Winnowmap2 mappers. In tests on simulated and real long read data from a variety of genomes, the PSS-based algorithms, with scheme parameters selected on the basis of our theoretical analysis, reduced unmapped reads by 20-60% at high compression while usually using less memory. The advantage was more pronounced at low sequence identity. At sequence identity of 75% and medium compression, PSS-minimap had only 37% as many unmapped reads, and 8% fewer of the reads that did map were incorrectly mapped. Even at lower compression and error rates, PSS-based mapping mapped more reads than the original minimizer-based mappers as well as mappers using the original syncmer schemes. We conclude that using PSS can improve mapping of long reads in a wide range of settings.
40
Dellacherie, S., J. Jung, P. Omnes, and P. A. Raviart. "Construction of modified Godunov-type schemes accurate at any Mach number for the compressible Euler system." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 26, no. 13 (December 4, 2016): 2525–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202516500603.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is composed of three self-consistent sections that can be read independently of each other. In Sec. 1, we define and analyze the low Mach number problem through a linear analysis of a perturbed linear wave equation. Then, we show how to modify Godunov-type schemes applied to the linear wave equation to make this scheme accurate at any Mach number. This allows to define an all Mach correction and to propose a linear all Mach Godunov scheme for the linear wave equation. In Sec. 2, we apply the all Mach correction proposed in Sec. 1 to the case of the nonlinear barotropic Euler system when the Godunov-type scheme is a Roe scheme. A linear stability result is proposed and a formal asymptotic analysis justifies the construction in this nonlinear case by showing how this construction is related with the linear analysis of Sec. 1. At last, we apply in Sec. 3 the all Mach correction proposed in Sec. 1 in the case of the full Euler compressible system. Numerous numerical results proposed in Secs. 1–3 justify the theoretical results and show that the obtained all Mach Godunov-type schemes are both accurate and stable for all Mach numbers. We also underline that the proposed approach can be applied to other schemes and allows to justify other existing all Mach schemes.
41
Yao, Zhongyuan, and Yi Mu. "ACE with Compact Ciphertext Size and Decentralized Sanitizers." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 30, no. 04 (June 2019): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054119400112.
Full textAbstract:
We present an access control encryption (ACE) scheme which enjoys advantages over previous works in several aspects. Our scheme ensures not only compact ciphertext size but also small size of keys installed in each user in the ACE system. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, our scheme is the first implementation of ACE with decentralized sanitizers. Comparing to ACE constructions with only one sanitizer, our scheme is more secure and reliable since it does not suffer from the single point failure. Considering the security of our scheme, we present two models catering to the no-read rule and no-write rule security requirements respectively. Additionally, our extended no-write rule model allows the corruption of some sanitizers in the ACE system and thus is stronger than the one for schemes with only one sanitizer. We prove the security of our scheme under the two models.
42
van Lent, J., K. Hergoualc'h, and L. V. Verchot. "Reviews and syntheses: Soil N<sub>2</sub>O and NO emissions from land use and land-use change in the tropics and subtropics: a meta-analysis." Biogeosciences 12, no. 23 (December 14, 2015): 7299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7299-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics may substantially alter soil N-oxide emissions. It is particularly relevant to accurately quantify those changes to properly account for them in a REDD+ climate change mitigation scheme that provides financial incentives to reduce the emissions. With this study we provide updated land use (LU)-based emission rates (104 studies, 392 N2O and 111 NO case studies), we determine the trend and magnitude of flux changes with land-use change (LUC) using a meta-analysis approach (44 studies, 135 N2O and 37 NO cases) and evaluate biophysical drivers of N2O and NO emissions and emission changes for the tropics. The average N2O and NO emissions in intact upland tropical forest amounted to 2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 90) and 1.7 ± 0.5 (n = 36) kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. In agricultural soils annual N2O emissions were exponentially related to N fertilization rates and average water-filled pore space (WFPS) whereas in non-agricultural sites a Gaussian response to WFPS fit better with the observed NO and N2O emissions. The sum of soil N2O and NO fluxes and the ratio of N2O to NO increased exponentially and significantly with increasing nitrogen availability (expressed as NO3− / [NO3−+NH4+]) and WFPS, respectively; following the conceptual Hole-In-the-Pipe model. Nitrous and nitric oxide fluxes did not increase significantly overall as a result of LUC (Hedges's d of 0.11 ± 0.11 and 0.16 ± 0.19, respectively), however individual LUC trajectories or practices did. Nitrous oxide fluxes increased significantly after intact upland forest conversion to croplands (Hedges's d = 0.78 ± 0.24) and NO increased significantly following the conversion of low forest cover (secondary forest younger than 30 years, woodlands, shrublands) (Hedges's d of 0.44 ± 0.13). Forest conversion to fertilized systems significantly and highly raised both N2O and NO emission rates (Hedges's d of 1.03 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.09, respectively). Changes in nitrogen availability and WFPS were the main factors explaining changes in N2O emissions following LUC, therefore it is important that experimental designs monitor their spatio-temporal variation. Gaps in the literature on N oxide fluxes included geographical gaps (Africa, Oceania) and LU gaps (degraded forest, wetland (notably peat) forest, oil palm plantation and soy cultivation).
43
van Lent, J., K. Hergoualc'h, and L. V. Verchot. "Soil N<sub>2</sub>O and NO emissions from land use and land-use change in the tropics and subtropics: a meta-analysis." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 15 (August 11, 2015): 12783–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-12783-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics may substantially alter soil N-oxide emissions. It is particularly relevant to accurately quantify those changes to properly account for them in a REDD+ climate change mitigation scheme that provides financial incentives to reduce the emissions. With this study we provide updated land use (LU)-based emission rates (103 studies, 387 N2O and 111 NO case studies), determine the trend and magnitude of flux changes with land-use change (LUC) using a meta-analysis approach (43 studies, 132 N2O and 37 NO cases) and evaluate biophysical drivers of N2O and NO emissions and emission changes for the tropics. The average N2O and NO emissions in intact upland tropical forest amounted to 2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 88) and 1.7 ± 0.5 (n = 36) kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. In agricultural soils annual N2O emissions were exponentially related to N fertilization rates and average water-filled pore space (WFPS) whereas in non-agricultural sites a Gaussian response to WFPS fit better the observed NO and N2O emissions. The sum of soil N2O and NO fluxes and the ratio of N2O to NO increased exponentially and significantly with increasing nitrogen availability (expressed as NO3−/[NO3−+NH4+]) and WFPS, respectively; following the conceptual Hole-In-the-Pipe model. Nitrous and nitric oxide fluxes did not overall increase significantly as a result of LUC (Hedges's d of 0.11 ± 0.11 and 0.16 ± 0.19, respectively), however individual LUC trajectories or practices did. Nitrous oxide fluxes increased significantly after intact upland forest conversion to croplands (Hedges's d = 0.78 ± 0.24) and NO increased significantly following the conversion of low forest cover (secondary forest younger than 30 years, woodlands, shrublands) (Hedges's d of 0.44 ± 0.13). Forest conversion to fertilized systems significantly and highly raised both N2O and NO emission rates (Hedges's d of 1.03 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.09, respectively). Changes in nitrogen availability and WFPS were the main factors explaining changes in N2O emissions following LUC, therefore it is important that experimental designs monitor their spatio-temporal variation. Gaps in the literature on N oxide fluxes included geographical gaps (Africa, Oceania) and LU gaps (degraded forest, wetland (notably peat) forest, oil palm plantation and soy cultivation).
44
Thongmanivong, Sithong, Khamla Phanvilay, and Thoumthone Vongvisouk. "How Laos is moving forward with REDD+ schemes." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (July 7, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2013.3355.
Full textAbstract:
The forest cover in Laos has decreased over the past three decades for variety of reasons. The current Laos Government has committed itself to restoring the forest cover to 70 per cent by 2020. As a result, many conservation projects and programs have been planned and implemented in different parts of the country. REDD+ was introduced in late 2007; however, progress of implementation of REDD+ has been slow. This paper examines and updates the status of REDD+ implementation in Laos, using information from literature and interviews with relevant individuals. The paper reveals that progress of REDD+ is slow not only due to external factors but also on internal factors. Currently, there are various international organisations and NGOs, from both the public and private sectors, attempting to pilot REDD+ projects. Laos faces many challenges in implementing REDD+, including institutional arrangements; appropriate methods for carbon accounting, reporting and verification; benefit sharing; and engaging local communities.
45
Strand, Jon. "Forest Preservation Under REDD+ Schemes With Incentives Distortions." Ecological Economics 154 (December 2018): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.08.019.
Full text
46
Zheng, Hongying, Jieming Wu, Bo Wang, and Jianyong Chen. "Modified Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme with Efficient Revocation for PHR System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6808190.
Full textAbstract:
Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is considered a promising technique for cloud storage where multiple accessors may read the same file. For storage system with specific personal health record (PHR), we propose a modified ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption scheme with expressive and flexible access policy for public domains. Our scheme supports multiauthority scenario, in which the authorities work independently without an authentication center. For attribute revocation, it can generate different update parameters for different accessors to effectively resist both accessor collusion and authority collusion. Moreover, a blacklist mechanism is designed to resist role-based collusion. Simulations show that the proposed scheme can achieve better performance with less storage occupation, computation assumption, and revocation cost compared with other schemes.
47
Challa, RatnaKumari, and VijayaKumari Gunta. "A Modified Symmetric Key Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme Based on Read-Muller Code." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 2(Suppl.) (June 20, 2021): 0899. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(suppl.).0899.
Full textAbstract:
Homomorphic encryption became popular and powerful cryptographic primitive for various cloud computing applications. In the recent decades several developments has been made. Few schemes based on coding theory have been proposed but none of them support unlimited operations with security. We propose a modified Reed-Muller Code based symmetric key fully homomorphic encryption to improve its security by using message expansion technique. Message expansion with prepended random fixed length string provides one-to-many mapping between message and codeword, thus one-to many mapping between plaintext and ciphertext. The proposed scheme supports both (MOD 2) additive and multiplication operations unlimitedly. We make an effort to prove the security of the scheme under indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack (IND-CPA) through a game-based security proof. The security proof gives a mathematical analysis and its complexity of hardness. Also, it presents security analysis against all the known attacks with respect to the message expansion and homomorphic operations.
48
Yeleswarapu, Ravikiran, and Arun K. Somani. "Addressing multiple bit/symbol errors in DRAM subsystem." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (February 9, 2021): e359. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.359.
Full textAbstract:
As DRAM technology continues to evolve towards smaller feature sizes and increased densities, faults in DRAM subsystem are becoming more severe. Current servers mostly use CHIPKILL based schemes to tolerate up-to one/two symbol errors per DRAM beat. Such schemes may not detect multiple symbol errors arising due to faults in multiple devices and/or data-bus, address bus. In this article, we introduce Single Symbol Correction Multiple Symbol Detection (SSCMSD)—a novel error handling scheme to correct single-symbol errors and detect multi-symbol errors. Our scheme makes use of a hash in combination with Error Correcting Code (ECC) to avoid silent data corruptions (SDCs). We develop a novel scheme that deploys 32-bit CRC along with Reed-Solomon code to implement SSCMSD for a ×4 based DDR4 system. Simulation based experiments show that our scheme effectively guards against device, data-bus and address-bus errors only limited by the aliasing probability of the hash. Our novel design enabled us to achieve this without introducing additional READ latency. We need 19 chips per rank, 76 data bus-lines and additional hash-logic at the memory controller.
49
Thakur, Palak, and Sharif Qamar. "Impact of Odd–Even Scheme on Travel Pattern in Delhi." Journal of Resources, Energy and Development 17, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/red-170103.
Full textAbstract:
The paper intends to assess the impact of the odd–even scheme on the travel pattern of the daily commuters in Delhi. The objective of the paper is to assess the impact of the odd–even scheme on mode choice for daily work trips, shift in travel patterns – before, during, and post-implementation – of the odd–even scheme, and to understand people perception regarding the odd–even scheme. Based on the primary survey, the paper concludes that the odd–even scheme brought a significant impact in the travel pattern in terms of occupancy, travel cost, travel time, and modal shift, and statistically not so much on the air quality gain. It was observed that the scheme helped increase the occupancy rate in cars as well as ridership of buses and Delhi metro. The scheme had a huge impact on congestion, which was evident from both perception analysis and the change in travel time. The modal shift, with an improvement in public transport services and a reduction in car users, is one of the key successes of the scheme resulting in decrease in air pollution caused by private vehicles. To improve the outcome of the odd–even scheme on air pollution, two-wheelers should not be exempted going forward.
50
Banov, Reni, Zdenko Šimić, and Davor Grgić. "A new heuristics for the event ordering in binary decision diagram applied in fault tree analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 234, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x19879305.
Full textAbstract:
Fault tree is a common approach in probabilistic risk assessment of complex engineering systems. Since their introduction, binary decision diagrams proved to be a valuable tool for complete quantification of hard fault tree models. As is known, the size of the binary decision diagram representation is mainly determined by the quality of the selected fault tree event ordering scheme. Finding the optimal event ordering for binary decision diagram representation is a computationally intractable problem, for which reason heuristic approaches are applied to find reasonable good ordering schemes. The existing method for finding optimal ordering schemes related to special types of fan-in 2 read-once formulas is employed in our research to develop a new heuristic for fault tree. Various fault tree simplification methods are used for the sake of reducing fault tree model discrepancy from fan-in 2 read-once formulas. The reduced fault tree is traversed in a depth-first manner, as for every gate, the best ordering scheme is chosen from selected sets of input permutations. The quality of the final event ordering scheme is compared to orderings produced with depth-first left most heuristic on a set of fault tree models addressed in the literature as well as on a set of our hard models. Our method proves to be a useful heuristic for finding good static event ordering, and it compares favourably to the known heuristic based on a depth-first left most assignment approach.