Journal articles: 'Red fox'

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Richardson, Nick. "The Red Fox." AQ: Australian Quarterly 70, no. 3 (1998): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20637733.

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Clarke, Andrea. "Red Fox Catches Gosling." Blue Jay 72, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/bluejay300.

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Połap, Dawid, and Marcin Woźniak. "Red fox optimization algorithm." Expert Systems with Applications 166 (March 2021): 114107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114107.

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Shirley, Mark D. F., Bodil Elmhagen, Peter W. W. Lurz, Steve P. Rushton, and Anders Angerbjörn. "Modelling the spatial population dynamics of arctic foxes: the effects of red foxes and microtine cycles." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 12 (December 2009): 1170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-104.

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The Fennoscandian arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus (L., 1758)) population is critically endangered, possibly because of increased interference competition from red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) and fading cycles in microtine rodents, which cause food shortage. It is not known how these factors drive arctic fox population trends. To test their role in arctic fox decline, we developed a spatially explicit and individual-based model that allowed us to simulate fox interactions and food availability in a real landscape. A sensitivity analysis revealed that simulated arctic fox population size and den occupancy were strongly correlated with fecundity and mortality during the microtine crash phase, but also with red fox status. Model simulations suggested that arctic fox population trends depended on microtine cycles and that arctic fox distributions were restricted by red fox presence. We compared the model predictions with field data collected at Vindelfjällen, Sweden. The model recreated the observed arctic fox trend only with the inclusion of arctic fox avoidance of red fox home ranges. The results indicate that avoidance behaviours can affect population trends and hence that relatively small numbers of red foxes can have a strong negative impact on arctic fox population size and distribution.

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NASEER, AMIR, MUHAMMAD BILAL, UMAR NASEER, NAUREEN MUSTAFA, and BUSHRA ALLAH RAKHA. "Population Density, Habitat Characteristics and Preferences of Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Chakwal, Pakistan." Journal of Bioresource Management 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.0202.0152.

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The Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a least concern carnivore according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2016). However, in Pakistan Red fox is considered as Near Threatened (NT), due to habitat destruction and depletion of food resources. The objective of the study was to identify habitat preferences and population density of Red fox in District Chakwal, Pakistan. Line transect census method was used to estimate the population density of Red fox through direct sighting and indirect method of burrow counting, presence of footprints and scats. A total of 10 transects were carried out at three potential sites: Devi, Photaki and Chumbisurla Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS) in Chakwal based on preliminary surveys. Habitat preference was estimated by comparing three different study sites by quadrat method and found that CWS area is preferred habitat for Red fox. A total of 24 plant species were recorded in the study areas, among them Cynodon dactylon is major herb found to provide shelter to Red fox in all study sites based on Importance value Index (I.V.I) at CWS (IVI=208.8) followed by Devi (IVI=185.93) and Photaki (IVI=142.33). The maximum population density of Red fox through direct sighting at CWS having 0.26 individuals/km2 compared to Devi and Photaki having 0.16 and 0.13 individuals/km2, respectively. The indirect estimation method revealed that maximum dens were found in CWS area compared to Devi and Photaki, while footprints and scats were found maximum in Devi and Photaki, respectively. It is concluded that Red fox preferred habitat is CWS site. Habitat destruction and conflicts with fox are causing the population of the Red fox to dwindle in Chakwal, Pakistan.

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Harris, Stephen, and J. David Henry. "Red Fox: The Catlike Canine." Journal of Animal Ecology 56, no. 3 (October 1987): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4971.

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Williams, Alison. "Wildlife care: the red fox." Veterinary Nursing Journal 23, no. 1 (January 2008): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2008.11013649.

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Colson, K. E., James D. Smith, and Kris J. Hundertmark. "St. Matthew Island colonized through multiple long-distance red fox (Vulpes vulpes) dispersal events." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 8 (August 2017): 607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0289.

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Expansion of red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) into new arctic habitat and the potential for competition with arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus (L., 1758)) are of considerable conservation concern. Previous work has focused on red fox expanding into contiguous areas with few barriers to dispersal. Here, we examine mitochondrial DNA in red fox on recently colonized St. Matthew Island in the Bering Sea to determine their ultimate origin. Though limited in sample size (n = 7), we found that St. Matthew Island was colonized by North American lineages; surprisingly, despite the >400 km distance to the mainland, we found the island was colonized by at least three mitochondrial matrilines. These results suggest that even extremely isolated places may be colonized by red fox, and that the over-ice or over-ocean dispersal ability of red fox may have been previously underappreciated.

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Kaledin, A. P., A. M. Ostapchuk, O. N. Golubeva, O. V. Poddubnaya, S. V. Beketov, and V. M. Makeeva. "Resources of red fox in the Moscow region." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 10 (September 15, 2023): 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2310-04.

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Red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) is one of the most common predatory mammals of the canid family living on the territory of the Moscow region. The main interest in the study of red fox is caused by the lack of data on the current state of the dynamics of the number of species on the territory of the hunting grounds of this region. The purpose of the research was to study the resources of the red fox grouping and their use on the territory of the Moscow region. It was found that the number of red fox in the Moscow region from 2010 to 2021 tended to decrease and amounted to 4014 individuals in 2021. The average long-term population density of the fox was at the level of 2,7 individuals per 1000 ectares of native land, the biological productivity of hunting grounds for the red fox in 2017–2021 was 1,15 rubles/ha, and the yield of its products in 2016–2019 was 0,82 rubles/ha with the average annual cost of resources 3867,45 thousand rubles in 2010–2021. Fox harvest in 2010–2021 was unstable and amounted to 43-73 % of the post-harvest population, which may be due to the lack of demand for fox skins. According to the results of the research the relationship of the highest fox population density per 1000 hectares of native land in the Solnechnogorsky and the Kashirsky districts with the largest landfi lls of the Moscow region operating on their territories was revealed. A map of the average annual resources of red fox and their placement in the Moscow region in 2010–2021 has been developed, which clearly shows the most promising areas of the Moscow region for the organization of hunting for red fox.

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Reshamwala, Hussain S., Pankaj Raina, Zehidul Hussain, Shaheer Khan, Rodolfo Dirzo, and Bilal Habib. "On the move: spatial ecology and habitat use of red fox in the Trans-Himalayan cold desert." PeerJ 10 (September 15, 2022): e13967. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13967.

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Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the most widespread wild carnivore globally, occupying diverse habitats. The species is known for its adaptability to survive in dynamic anthropogenic landscapes. Despite being one of the most extensively studied carnivores, there is a dearth of information on red fox from the Trans-Himalayan region. We studied the home range sizes of red fox using the different estimation methods: minimum convex polygon (MCP), kernel density estimator (KDE), local convex hull (LoCoH) and Brownian-bridge movement model (BBMM). We analysed the daily movement and assessed the habitat selection with respect to topographic factors (ruggedness, elevation and slope), environmental factor (distance to water) and anthropogenic factors (distance to road and human settlements). We captured and GPS-collared six red fox individuals (three males and three females) from Chiktan and one female from Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India. The collars were programmed to record GPS fixes every 15-min. The average BBMM home range estimate (95% contour) was 22.40 ± 12.12 SD km2 (range 3.81–32.93 km2) and the average core area (50% contour) was 1.87 ± 0.86 SD km2 (range 0.55–2.69 km2). The estimated average daily movement of red fox was 17.76 ± 8.45 SD km/d (range 10.91–34.22 km/d). Red fox significantly selected lower elevations with less rugged terrain and were positively associated with water. This is the first study in the Trans-Himalayan landscape which aims to understand the daily movement of red fox at a fine temporal scale. Studying the movement and home range sizes helps understand the daily energetics and nutritional requirements of red fox. Movement information of a species is important for the prioritisation of areas for conservation and can aid in understanding ecosystem functioning and landscape management.

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Jaslow, Carolyn Renzulli. "Morphology and digestive efficiency of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in relation to diet." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-011.

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Measurements of the skull and dentition, and digestive efficiency of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were compared to determine whether differences in morphology and digestive ability could be associated with dietary preference. The longer jaws of the more carnivorous red fox increase the resistance moment arm when biting at the canines and carnassials, but greater size and mechanical leverage of the masticatory muscles in this species compensate for this, enabling the red fox to bite with forces that should be comparable to or exceed those of the grey fox. The relatively shorter masticatory moment arms of the more omnivorous–insectivorous grey fox should increase bite speed. Both fox species digested mice with equal efficiency, but the more omnivorous grey foxes had higher digestive efficiencies than red foxes when fed a diet of fruit. These morphological and physiological differences observed between sympatric red foxes and grey foxes may allow each species to exploit different foods more effectively.

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Rando, Halie M., William H. Wadlington, Jennifer L. Johnson, Jeremy T. Stutchman, Lyudmila N. Trut, Marta Farré, and Anna V. Kukekova. "The Red Fox Y-Chromosome in Comparative Context." Genes 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060409.

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While the number of mammalian genome assemblies has proliferated, Y-chromosome assemblies have lagged behind. This discrepancy is caused by biological features of the Y-chromosome, such as its high repeat content, that present challenges to assembly with short-read, next-generation sequencing technologies. Partial Y-chromosome assemblies have been developed for the cat (Felis catus), dog (Canis lupus familiaris), and grey wolf (Canis lupus lupus), providing the opportunity to examine the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Y-chromosome in the context of closely related species. Here we present a data-driven approach to identifying Y-chromosome sequence among the scaffolds that comprise the short-read assembled red fox genome. First, scaffolds containing genes found on the Y-chromosomes of cats, dogs, and wolves were identified. Next, analysis of the resequenced genomes of 15 male and 15 female foxes revealed scaffolds containing male-specific k-mers and patterns of inter-sex copy number variation consistent with the heterogametic chromosome. Analyzing variation across these two metrics revealed 171 scaffolds containing 3.37 Mbp of putative Y-chromosome sequence. The gene content of these scaffolds is consistent overall with that of the Y-chromosome in other carnivore species, though the red fox Y-chromosome carries more copies of BCORY2 and UBE1Y than has been reported in related species and fewer copies of SRY than in other canids. The assignment of these scaffolds to the Y-chromosome serves to further characterize the content of the red fox draft genome while providing resources for future analyses of canid Y-chromosome evolution.

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Pietsch, Gregory S., Gary Averbeck, and Bert Stromberg. "Aberrant Toxocara canisin a Red Fox." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38, no. 1 (January 2002): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.219.

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Sides, Josh. "The Return of the Red Fox!" California History 92, no. 2 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2015.92.2.1.

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Vozdova, Miluse, Svatava Kubickova, Halina Cernohorska, Jan Fröhlich, and Jiri Rubes. "Satellite DNA Sequences in Canidae and Their Chromosome Distribution in Dog and Red Fox." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 150, no. 2 (2016): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000455081.

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Satellite DNA is a characteristic component of mammalian centromeric heterochromatin, and a comparative analysis of its evolutionary dynamics can be used for phylogenetic studies. We analysed satellite and satellite-like DNA sequences available in NCBI for 4 species of the family Canidae (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, VVU; domestic dog, Canis familiaris, CFA; arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus, VLA; raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides, NPR) by comparative sequence analysis, which revealed 86-90% intraspecies and 76-79% interspecies similarity. Comparative fluorescence in situ hybridisation in the red fox and dog showed signals of the red fox satellite probe in canine and vulpine autosomal centromeres, on VVUY, B chromosomes, and in the distal parts of VVU9q and VVU10p which were shown to contain nucleolus organiser regions. The CFA satellite probe stained autosomal centromeres only in the dog. The CFA satellite-like DNA did not show any significant sequence similarity with the satellite DNA of any species analysed and was localised to the centromeres of 9 canine chromosome pairs. No significant heterochromatin block was detected on the B chromosomes of the red fox. Our results show extensive heterogeneity of satellite sequences among Canidae and prove close evolutionary relationships between the red and arctic fox.

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Andreychev, Alexey. "Vocalizations by red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in natural and climatic conditions of Mordovia (Middle Volga region)." E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346201004.

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The daily and seasonal vocalization of the red fox was traced. Year-round studies were carried out using digital voice recorders. Fox barking was recorded in the frequency range from 700 to 3600 Hz. The cackling of the fox was recorded in the frequency range from 500 to 2500 Hz. Fox calls were recorded in all seasons of the year, but the most pronounced peaks of prolonged activity in the year were recorded in spring and autumn. The vocal activity of the red fox was noted for the entire period of the study from 17:51 to 01:38. During this period, the total duration of calls in the red fox varied from 34 sec to 27 min per day, 4 min on average. 86% of all call registrations in the region occurred before midnight, the rest (14%) after midnight. Vocalization began after sunset for an average of 2 h 49 min.

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Ahn, Huijeong, Dong-Hyuk Jeong, Gilyoung Lee, Suk-Jin Lee, Jeong-Jin Yang, Yo-Han Kim, Tae-Wook Hahn, Sooyoung Choi, and Geun-Shik Lee. "Characterization of Inflammasomes and Their Regulation in the Red Fox." Animals 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2023): 3842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13243842.

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Background: Inflammasomes recognize endogenous and exogenous danger signals, and subsequently induce the secretion of IL-1β. Studying inflammasomes in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is crucial for wildlife veterinary medicine, as it can help control inflammatory diseases in foxes. Methods: We investigated the activation and intracellular mechanisms of three inflammasomes (NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4) in fox peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), using established triggers and inhibitors derived from humans and mice. Results: Fox PBMCs exhibited normal activation and induction of IL-1β secretion in response to representative inflammasome triggers (ATP and nigericin for NLRP3, dsDNA for AIM2, flagellin for NLRC4). Additionally, PBMCs showed normal IL-1β secretion when inoculated with inflammasome-activating bacteria. In inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling pathway, fox inflammasome activation was compared with mouse inflammasomes. MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inhibitor, suppressed the secretion of dsDNA- and flagellin-mediated IL-1β in foxes, unlike mice. Conclusions: These findings suggest that NLRP3 may have a common role in dsDNA- and flagellin-mediated inflammasome activation in the red fox. It implies that this fox inflammasome biology can be applied to the treatment of inflammasome-mediated diseases in the red fox.

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Gomo, Gjermund, Jenny Mattisson, Lars Rød-Eriksen, Nina E. Eide, and Morten Odden. "Spatiotemporal patterns of red fox scavenging in forest and tundra: the influence of prey fluctuations and winter conditions." Mammal Research 66, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-021-00566-7.

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AbstractConcern has been raised regarding red fox (Vulpes Vulpes) population increase and range expansion into alpine tundra, directly and indirectly enhanced by human activities, including carrion supply, and its negative impact on native fauna. In this study, we used cameras on bait stations and hunting remains to investigate how spatiotemporal patterns of red fox scavenging were influenced by abundance and accessibility of live prey, i.e., small rodent population cycles, snow depth, and primary productivity. We found contrasting patterns of scavenging between habitats during winter. In alpine areas, use of baits was highest post rodent peaks and when snow depth was low. This probably reflected relatively higher red fox abundance due to increased reproduction or migration of individuals from neighboring areas, possibly also enhanced by a diet shift. Contrastingly, red fox use of baits in the forest was highest during rodent low phase, and when snow was deep, indicating a higher dependency of carrion under these conditions. Scavenging patterns by red fox on the pulsed but predictable food resource from hunting remains in the autumn revealed no patterns throughout the rodent cycle. In this study, we showed that small rodent dynamics influenced red fox scavenging, at least in winter, but with contrasting patterns depending on environmental conditions. In marginal alpine areas, a numerical response to higher availability of rodents possible lead to the increase in bait visitation the proceeding winter, while in more productive forest areas, low availability of rodents induced a functional diet shift towards scavenging.

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Sacks, Benjamin N., Zachary T. Lounsberry, Halie M. Rando, Kristopher Kluepfel, Steven R. Fain, Sarah K. Brown, and Anna V. Kukekova. "Sequencing Red Fox Y Chromosome Fragments to Develop Phylogenetically Informative SNP Markers and Glimpse Male-Specific Trans-Pacific Phylogeography." Genes 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010097.

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The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has a wide global distribution with many ecotypes and has been bred in captivity for various traits, making it a useful evolutionary model system. The Y chromosome represents one of the most informative markers of phylogeography, yet it has not been well-studied in the red fox due to a lack of the necessary genomic resources. We used a target capture approach to sequence a portion of the red fox Y chromosome in a geographically diverse red fox sample, along with other canid species, to develop single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, 13 of which we validated for use in subsequent studies. Phylogenetic analyses of the Y chromosome sequences, including calibration to outgroups, confirmed previous estimates of the timing of two intercontinental exchanges of red foxes, the initial colonization of North America from Eurasia approximately half a million years ago and a subsequent continental exchange before the last Pleistocene glaciation (~100,000 years ago). However, in contrast to mtDNA, which showed unidirectional transfer from Eurasia to North America prior to the last glaciation, the Y chromosome appears to have been transferred from North America to Eurasia during this period. Additional sampling is needed to confirm this pattern and to further clarify red fox Y chromosome phylogeography.

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İbiş, Osman, Coşkun Tez, and Servet Özcan. "Phylogenetic Status of the Turkish Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) based on Partial Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene." Vertebrate Zoology 64, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.64.e31495.

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Genetic diversity and multiple mitochondrial phylogroups of the red fox have been revealed from scattered locations in previous studies. There is a still lack of information about the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of the red fox in Asia Minor. We investigated the genetic diversity in the Turkish red fox using a part of the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene (375 bp), and attempted to evaluate the phylogeographic structure in various geographic ranges of the species with the use of sequences available from the GenBank from various geographic origins and our data. Bayesian and Network analyses of the cytochrome b sequences from Turkey and GenBank suggested that the red fox is divided into four main phylogroups. They are grouped accordingly: Group 1 (SW Anatolia, Turkey and Hokkaido, Japan), Group 2 (Eurasia and North America), Group 3 (only North America), and Group 4 (Vietnam). The majority of Turkish haplotypes grouped with those of Eurasia. Despite the great distance between the localities, two haplotypes from SW Anatolia, Turkey grouped with previously reported haplotypes from Hokkaido, Japan. The present study shows that the Turkish red fox is nested within two main phylogroups and exhibits a high genetic diversity.

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Koynova, Teodora, Radoslav Tsvetkov, and Nikolay Natchev. "A fox on the hunt: red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was able to subdue and kill an adult coypu (Myocastor coypus) in a protected site in south-eastern Bulgaria." Natura Croatica 32, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2023.32.36.

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In the present study, we report on a rare predatory behaviour in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758). In the early evening of 03.03.2023 we detected a red fox attacking and killing a coypu (Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782). We were able to document the event by the use of camera with tele-lens. The red fox was known to feed on smaller prey like insects, smaller rodents, lagomorphs, birds and others. Data on attacks on large and potentially dangerous prey are rather scarce and we discuss on the potential trigger for that predatory behaviour.

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Dawson, Stuart J., Heather M. Crawford, Robert M. Huston, Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "How to catch red foxes red handed: identifying predation of freshwater turtles and nests." Wildlife Research 43, no. 8 (2016): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16066.

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Context Predation is one of the key contributors to mortality in freshwater turtles. Confirming the identity of predators is an important step towards conservation management action. Throughout Australia, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is suspected to apply significant and unsustainable predation pressure to turtle populations, killing adults and depredating nests; however methods for confirming this are limited. Aims The present study used a range of methods to confirm predation of oblong turtle (Chelodina colliei) nests and adults by the introduced red fox. Methods First, depredated adult carapaces, and turtle egg-shell fragments from excavated nests were swabbed and analysed for trace DNA. Second, we used artificial turtle nests, monitored by camera traps, to analyse seasonal changes in the behaviour of foxes around sites where turtle nests are present, including over the nesting season. Last, we used scat analysis to identify the prevalence of turtle remains in fox diet. Key results Predominantly fox DNA was recovered from both adult carapaces and depredated eggs. In addition, camera traps recorded only foxes depredating artificial nests. Despite this evidence that foxes kill adults and excavated nests, we found that turtle remains were only a small part of the diet of foxes at this study site (hatchling or turtle egg shell were present in only 4% of 230 scats sampled). The diet of these foxes was largely anthropogenic-sourced foods, such as fruit (e.g. figs, grapes, melons; 81% of scats), sheep carrion (41%) and rodents (36%). Conclusions We conclude that DNA analysis, camera trapping and scat analysis are effective methods of identifying foxes as predators of adult turtle, and their nests. Furthermore, we found that anthropogenic foods (orchard crops, livestock or synanthropic species) may subsidise greater fox population size than might occur in their absence, thereby increasing potential pressure on these freshwater turtles. Implications Our findings give credence to the argument that foxes are effective predators of turtle adults and nests. In addition, the high proportion of anthropogenic food sources in the diet of foxes, and potential subsidisation, is an important consideration for land managers.

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Aanes, Ronny, and Reidar Andersen. "The effects of sex, time of birth, and habitat on the vulnerability of roe deer fawns to red fox predation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-209.

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Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) predation on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns was studied using radiotelemetry techniques on an island in central Norway. Red foxes killed 48% of the monitored roe deer fawns within 60 days of birth, and mortality from other factors constituted only a minor part (5%) of the total mortality. The predation rate was lower in first week of life than during the subsequent 3 weeks. Male roe deer fawns were four times more susceptible to red fox predation than female fawns. We argue that these results reflect differences in behaviour between the sexes. There were some indications that time of birth may be important in determining vulnerability of fawns to red fox predation, with fawns born during the birth peak suffering more predation than fawns born outside the peak. The type of habitat a roe deer fawn used appeared to influence the probability of being killed by a red fox, and our results supported the hypothesis that hiding is a strategy to avoid predation in dense habitats. Fawns killed by red foxes used open grassland significantly more than surviving fawns, which used woodland to a greater extent.

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Vipin, Tirupathi Rao Golla, Vinita Sharma, Bheemavarapu Kesav Kumar, and Ajay Gaur. "Kleptoparasitic interaction between Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Red Fox Vulpes vulpes suggested by circumstantial evidence in Pin Valley National Park, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): 21928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7793.14.10.21928-21935.

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In the present study, we describe an interspecific kleptoparasitic interaction between two sympatric mammalian carnivores in the high altitudinal Trans-Himalaya region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The study was based on the inferences drawn from the circumstantial evidence (direct and indirect) noticed in the study area in Pin Valley National Park. The inferences from the analysis of the evidence suggested the interaction between a Snow Leopard Panthera uncia, a Red Fox Vulpes vulpes, and a donkey. The arrangement of evidence in a sequential manner suggested that a donkey was killed by a Snow Leopard and a Red Fox stole the food from the carrion of the Snow Leopard’s prey. The Red Fox was killed by the Snow Leopard, which was caught while stealing. The present study represents an example of kleptoparasitic interaction between the Snow Leopard and the Red Fox. This study also proves that such interactions may cost the life of a kleptoparasite and supports the retaliation behaviour of Snow Leopards.

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Kulsum Ahmad Bhat, Bilal A. Bhat, Bashir A. Ganai, Aamir Majeed, Naziya Khurshid, and Muniza Manzoor. "Food habits of the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Dachigam National Park of the Kashmir Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): 22364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7714.15.1.22364-22370.

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Food habits of the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes were studied in Dachigam National Park of the Kashmir Himalaya from December 2017 to November 2018 by scat analysis. A total of 246 scats were collected across seasons from different habitat types of the park. The diet of the Red Fox was characterized by a wider prey spectrum with small rodents, plants, and Himalayan Grey Langur Semnopithecus ajax as the major food items. The dietary behaviour showed slight seasonal variation with more invertebrates and plant material (fruits, berries, & grasses) during spring and summer. The food niche of the canid was wider in the warm season than in the cold season. Diet analysis revealed substantial use of anthropogenic food sources (human refuse and livestock carrion) by the Red Fox. The frequency of occurrence of human refuse and livestock carrion in the scats of the canid species varied seasonally. The results show that the Red Fox is an opportunistic feeder, and capable of adapting to a variety of dietary items.

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Fausey, Beth A., and Arthur C. Cameron. "Differing Vernalization Responses of Veronica spicata ‘Red Fox’ and Laurentia axillaris." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 6 (November 2007): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.6.751.

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Many polycarpic herbaceous perennials are known to have a cold-requirement for flowering. To determine the range and relative effectiveness of vernalization temperatures for flower induction, clonally propagated plants of veronica (Veronica spicata L.) ‘Red Fox’ and laurentia [Laurentia axillaris (Lindl.) E. Wimm.] were exposed to temperatures from −2.5 to 20 °C at 2.5 °C increments for 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks (veronica ‘Red Fox’) and 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, or 15 weeks (laurentia). After treatments, growth and flowering were monitored in a glass greenhouse set at 20 °C with an average daily light integral of ≈5 mol·m−2·d−1. Both veronica ‘Red Fox’ and laurentia exhibited obligate vernalization requirements for flowering, but the temperature–response curves were distinctly different. A minimum of 4 weeks at −2.5 and 0 °C, 6 weeks at 2.5 °C, and 8 weeks at 5 and 7.5 °C was required for complete (100%) flowering of veronica ‘Red Fox’, while a minimum of 5 weeks at 5 to 10 °C, 7.5 weeks at 12.5 °C, and 10 weeks at 2.5 °C were required for complete flowering of laurentia. For veronica ‘Red Fox’, node number under each flower and flower timing were relatively fixed following up to 8 weeks at each temperature, although these values generally decreased at each temperature with extended exposure for laurentia. Based on percent flowering and percentage of lateral nodes flowering, vernalization of veronica ‘Red Fox’ was most effective at 0 and −2.5 °C, while based on percent flowering and flower number, vernalization of laurentia was most effective at 5 to 10 °C.

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Jung, Thomas S., Michael J. Suitor, Steven Barykuk, Joseph Nuyaviak, Danny C. Gordon, Danny Gordon, Jr., and Ernest Pokiak. "Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) scavenging on the spring sea ice: potential implications for Arctic food webs." Canadian Field-Naturalist 134, no. 2 (September 21, 2020): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v134i2.2375.

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Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been increasingly observed in the Arctic. However, few observations of Red Foxes occupying and using resources on the sea ice have been reported. We observed a Red Fox scavenging on a Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) carcass on the Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, Canada. The fox was in a jumble of ice (i.e., rubble ice) approximately 4.5 km from shore. Local Inuvialuit hunters had also previously observed Red Foxes on the sea ice. Our observation, coupled with those of Inuvialuit hunters, is of interest because it provides additional information on the adaptability of Red Foxes to local environments and their ability to use a wide range of habitats and food sources. Moreover, it points to encroachment by Red Foxes into the offshore habitat of Arctic Foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and potential competition with them for scarce resources, which may impact trophic food webs.

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Baecklund, Tristan M., Jaycee Morrison, Michael E. Donaldson, Karsten Hueffer, and Christopher J. Kyle. "The role of a mechanistic host in maintaining arctic rabies variant distributions: Assessment of functional genetic diversity in Alaskan red fox (Vulpes vulpes)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): e0249176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249176.

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Populations are exposed to different types and strains of pathogens across heterogeneous landscapes, where local interactions between host and pathogen may present reciprocal selective forces leading to correlated patterns of spatial genetic structure. Understanding these coevolutionary patterns provides insight into mechanisms of disease spread and maintenance. Arctic rabies (AR) is a lethal disease with viral variants that occupy distinct geographic distributions across North America and Europe. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)are a highly susceptible AR host, whose range overlaps both geographically distinct AR strains and regions where AR is absent. It is unclear if genetic structure exists among red fox populations relative to the presence/absence of AR or the spatial distribution of AR variants. Acquiring these data may enhance our understanding of the role of red fox in AR maintenance/spread and inform disease control strategies. Using a genotyping-by-sequencing assay targeting 116 genomic regions of immunogenetic relevance, we screened for sequence variation among red fox populations from Alaska and an outgroup from Ontario, including areas with different AR variants, and regions where the disease was absent. Presumed neutral SNP data from the assay found negligible levels of neutral genetic structure among Alaskan populations. The immunogenetically-associated data identified 30 outlier SNPs supporting weak to moderate genetic structure between regions with and without AR in Alaska. The outliers included SNPs with the potential to cause missense mutations within several toll-like receptor genes that have been associated with AR outcome. In contrast, there was a lack of genetic structure between regions with different AR variants. Combined, we interpret these data to suggest red fox populations respond differently to the presence of AR, but not AR variants. This research increases our understanding of AR dynamics in the Arctic, where host/disease patterns are undergoing flux in a rapidly changing Arctic landscape, including the continued northward expansion of red fox into regions previously predominated by the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus).

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Szuma, Elwira, and Mietje Germonpré. "Size of the lower carnassial in the arctic and the red fox from Late Pleistocene in Belgium compared to other ancient and extant populations." Mammal Research 65, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-019-00459-w.

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AbstractLengths, widths, and size proportions (length to width) of the lower carnassial were measured in 45 teeth of the arctic fox and 35 teeth of the red fox from Belgium radiocarbon dated to 46 640–14 120 ka BP. Data the Late Pleistocene foxes from Belgium were compared to 20 ancient and extant populations form Europe, Asia, and North America. The Pleistocene arctic fox from Belgium showed larger carnassial than in all recent samples of this species, whereas the Belgian fossil red foxes were characterized by the carnassial size comparable to that of the recent Siberian red foxes. Both fox species from the Pleistocene of Belgium showed the highest index of the carnassials length to width, which means increase in carnivorous adaptation. We conclude that the higher level of carnivorous specialization reached by the Belgian arctic and red foxes at the end of the Late Pleistocene reflected their scavenging on kills of large carnivores and human hunters (remains of megafauna). Harsh environmental conditions of that period and specific composition of ecosystems led to adapting to a more carnivorous food niche in both foxes.

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Michelet, Lorraine, Krystel De Cruz, Sylvie Hénault, Jennifer Tambosco, Céline Richomme, Édouard Réveillaud, Hélène Gares, Jean-Louis Moyen, and María Laura Boschiroli. "Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Red Fox, France." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 6 (June 2018): 1150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2406.180094.

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HARRIS, STEPHEN. "Syndactyly in the Red fox, Vulpes vulpes." Journal of Zoology 176, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03199.x.

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Rando, Halie M., Jeremy T. Stutchman, Estelle R. Bastounes, Jennifer L. Johnson, Carlos A. Driscoll, Christina S. Barr, Lyudmila N. Trut, Benjamin N. Sacks, and Anna V. Kukekova. "Y-Chromosome Markers for the Red Fox." Journal of Heredity 108, no. 6 (August 14, 2017): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx066.

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Forró, Barbara, Szilvia Marton, Sándor Kecskeméti, Ákos Hornyák, and Krisztián Bányai. "Vaccine-associated rabies in red fox, Hungary." Vaccine 37, no. 27 (June 2019): 3535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.014.

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Jojić, Vida, Jelena Porobić, and Duško Ćirović. "Cranial variability of the Serbian red fox." Zoologischer Anzeiger 267 (March 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2017.02.001.

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Shevchuk, T. V. "SELECTION AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FOXES AT CAGE BREEDING." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (August 10, 2018): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.24.

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Fur is not only a wonderful decoration of clothing, but also one of the insulating factors. Choosing fur, women are guided not only aesthetic considerations, but also practicality of the product. It has a number of physical and organoleptic parameters and commodity characteristics determined genetically. Fox fur is long with degree of density of 60 units and wear – up to 20 years. Colour, tracery, friability, silkiness, and veil availability or silveriness are determined by animal’s interior. The purpose of our research was to establish breeding and genetic characteristics of foxes of different colour types at cage breeding. The earliest object of farming was a fox. It is spread in Europe, Asia and America in the wild. Typically, a wild fox is red colour, but sometimes you can find dark individuals among them – black and brown (in Europe, Asia and America – Alaska), silver-black (in Canada) and intermediate forms between red and black. A characteristic feature of all foxes is a white tail tip. A fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758) belongs to the genus Vulpes of the family Canidae of the order Carnivora. There are 6 species belonging to the genus Vulpes; there are 4 breeds (silver-black, burgundy, pearl and kolikott) and 7 types in the State Register. Recessive mutation foxes by colour can be divided into three groups by analogy with minks. Blue group includes pearl colour types of foxes. Pearl colour is very close to a silver-black phenotypically, but has the weakened tone of black axial hair, so it seems that colour is gray-blue or gray-brown. Foxes divided into two recessive forms: kolikott-brown and burgundy in brown group. A burgundy fox has a bright (red-brown) colour than kolikott. Eyes of kolikott are blue, and burgundy fox has yellow-brown ones. A wild red fox is characterized by red colour of various shades from fiery red to almost gray. There are six main types of colour of a red fox: fiery – reddish red; red – bright red, but without fiery hue; red – light red or reddish-yellow; light – light sand-yellow; red and grey – grey with reddish belt along a spine; grey – grey with a dim red back. Variability of colour of wild foxes is largely associated with habitat. The ears and ends of paws (to a carpal joint on front paws and to rear hock) are black. A tip tail is usually white or grey because of grey fluff or certain parts of pigmented hair. Black hair is quite often on a tail and body. Fluff is various shades of grey or brown all over the body. Albinos are found among foxes as among other animals. They have a pure white colour fluff, depigmented end of nose and claw, light blue eyes with a reddish tint. The colour of white foxes is recessive in relation to the colour of wild foxes. Other names of this fox are Georgian White, Bakuriani. This breed was obtained in Bakuriani fur farm in the forties of the twentieth century. Their coloration is white with black ears and black spots on a face, a back and legs. Creamy shades are considered undesirable. It has been established that homozygotes in this type of colour tend to die. There are two known fox breeds determining colour: silver-black and black-brown. The silver-black fox originates from wild foxes in Canada, black-brown one – in Eurasia and Alaska. Therefore, black-brown foxes are often called Alaskan silver-black in foreign literature. The silver-black and black-brown foxes can differ externally only that the black-brown fox has hair bundle of brown colour, located near inner edge of a base of an auricle. Sometimes significant development of red (different tone and intensity) spots behind ears, on sides, scapulas and at root of the tail is observed in some black-brown foxes. Awn hair with white area in the middle of them is called silver. Feature of fox silveriness is that it can be extended across a back, sides (silver hair can’t be on a belly), on a neck or to grab only some parts of body. For successful breeding of fur-bearing animals in captivity it needs to know their biological characteristics. Keeping of fox under conditions of fur farms began recently. Furry animals are in the earliest stages of domestication, so they have retained many features and physiological properties characterizing animals in the wild. One of the features is nature of nervous activity. Animals of cage keeping have features of wild, so they can’t be picked up without certain warnings; they do not respond to the call of a person, someone of them is evil, while others show timidity. The second feature of furry animals of cage keeping is related to nature of nutrition. The third feature of furry animals is seasonality of their basic life processes – reproduction, moulting, and metabolism. Conclusions. 1. There are three main groups of foxes according to colour: black, blue and brown at cage breeding. 2. Foxes of original red, silver-black, pearl and "ice" colours are perspective among all colour types in selection.

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Savory, G. A., C. M. Hunter, M. J. Wooller, and D. M. O’Brien. "Anthropogenic food use and diet overlap between red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0283.

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Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) recently expanded into the oil fields at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, USA, and we hypothesized that the availability of anthropogenic foods may contribute to their success and persistence there. This study assessed the importance of anthropogenic foods to the diets of red foxes and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus (L., 1758)), and competition for food resources between the two species in Prudhoe Bay. We used stable isotope analysis of fox tissues to infer diet during summer and winter for both red and arctic foxes, and lifetime diet for red fox. While the contribution of anthropogenic foods in late summer for both species’ diets was low (~10% to 15%), the contribution in late winter was higher and varied between species (red foxes = 49%; arctic foxes = 39%). Estimates of lifetime diet in red foxes suggest consistent use of anthropogenic foods. We found moderate overlap of fox diets, although red foxes appeared to be more specialized on lemmings, whereas arctic foxes had a more diverse diet. Availability and consumption of anthropogenic foods by red foxes, particularly in winter, may partially explain their year-round presence in Prudhoe Bay.

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Talbot, Benoit, Thaneah J. Alanazi, Vicky Albert, Émilie Bordeleau, Émilie Bouchard, Patrick A. Leighton, H. Dawn Marshall, Daphné Rondeau-Geoffrion, Audrey Simon, and Ariane Massé. "Low levels of genetic differentiation and structure in red fox populations in Eastern Canada and implications for Arctic fox rabies propagation potential." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): e0286784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286784.

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Rabies is a lethal zoonosis present in most parts of the world which can be transmitted to humans through the bite from an infected mammalian reservoir host. The Arctic rabies virus variant (ARVV) persists mainly in populations of Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus), and to a lesser extent in red fox populations (Vulpes vulpes). Red foxes are thought to be responsible for sporadic southward movement waves of the ARVV outside the enzootic area of northern Canada. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether red foxes displayed notable levels of genetic structure across the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula, which includes portions of the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland-Labrador in Canada, and is a region with a history of southward ARVV movement waves. We combined two datasets that were collected and genotyped using different protocols, totalling 675 red fox individuals across the whole region and genotyped across 13 microsatellite markers. We found two genetic clusters across the region, reflecting a latitudinal gradient, and characterized by low genetic differentiation. We also observed weak but significant isolation by distance, which seems to be marginally more important for females than for males. These findings suggest a general lack of resistance to movement in red fox populations across the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula, regardless of sex. Implications of these findings include additional support for the hypothesis of long-distance southward ARVV propagation through its red fox reservoir host.

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Prpić, Jelena, Ivana Lojkić, Tomislav Keros, Nina Krešić, and Lorena Jemeršić. "Canine Distemper Virus Infection in the Free-Living Wild Canines, the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus), in Croatia." Pathogens 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060833.

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The canine distemper virus (CDV), a paramyxovirus that is closely related to the human measles virus and rinderpest virus of cattle, is a highly contagious viral disease in dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV represents a serious threat to domestic and wild animals, especially to the conservation of endangered wild carnivores. Our study aims to investigate the occurrence of CDV in free-living wild canines in Croatia. For this purpose, 176 red foxes and 24 jackal brain samples collected in the frame of the active surveillance of rabies during winter 2021/2022 were tested. This study provided the first comprehensive overview of the prevalence and spatial distribution of CDV in the wildlife of Croatia, including the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the H gene sequence of field CDV strains circulating in red fox and jackal populations of Croatia. The molecular characterization of hemagglutinin gene genomic regions confirmed the phylogenetic clustering of obtained sequences into the Europa 1 genotype. The obtained CDV red fox sequences were mutually very similar (97.60%). This study indicates the high genetic similarity of Croatian CDV red fox sequences and CDV red fox sequences from Italy and Germany, badger sequences from Germany, polecat sequences from Hungary, and dog sequences from Hungary and Germany.

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Klukowska, J., T. Strabel, M. Mackowski, and M. Switonski. "Microsatellite polymorphism and genetic distances between the dog, red fox and arctic fox." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 120, no. 2 (April 2003): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0388.2003.00375.x.

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Yannic, Glenn, Mark J. Statham, Laure Denoyelle, Guillaume Szor, George Q. Qulaut, Benjamin N. Sacks, and Nicolas Lecomte. "Investigating the ancestry of putative hybrids: are Arctic fox and red fox hybridizing?" Polar Biology 40, no. 10 (May 30, 2017): 2055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2126-z.

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Kopij, Grzegorz. "Effect of rabies vaccination on population densities of Vulpes vulpes in south-western Poland (Carnivora: Canidae)." Lynx new series 54, no. 1 (2024): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2023.006.

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Despite intensive studies on the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), little is known about current spatial and temporal dynamics of red fox populations. This study analysed the spatial and temporal changes of red fox populations in the south-western part of Poland in relation to main factors shaping the changes, above all the rabies vaccination. After a long period of low population density depressed by rabies, a rapid increase took place in the last decade of the 20th century, as a consequence of vaccination applied on a wide scale throughout SW Poland. The populations reached the highest levels ever in the two first decades of the 21st century, they stabilized, and at the end of the second decade they begun to decline. In 2001–2020, the crude population density ranged from 0.6 to 12 red foxes per 100 ha. It was highest in the regions with the lowest afforestation (6.7–12 ind./100 ha), whereas in the regions with the highest afforestation it was the lowest (0.6–0.8 ind./100 ha). The ecological consequences of these changes in the fox population densities are paralleled with changes in population densities of many prey species and fox’s competitors.

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Porteus, Tom A., Jonathan C. Reynolds, and Murdoch K. McAllister. "Modelling the rate of successful search of red foxes during population control." Wildlife Research 46, no. 4 (2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18025.

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Context Relative abundance indices of wildlife can be scaled to give estimates of absolute abundance. Choice of scaling parameter depends on the data available and assumptions made about the relationship between the index and absolute abundance. Predation-mechanics theory suggests that a parameterisation involving the rate of successful search, s, will be useful where the area searched is unknown. An example arises during fox culling on shooting estates in Britain, where detection and cull data from gamekeepers using a spotlight and rifle are available, and can potentially be used to understand the population dynamics of the local population. Aims We aimed to develop an informative prior for s for use within a Bayesian framework to fit a fox population-dynamics model to detection data. Methods We developed a mechanistic model with a rate of successful search parameter for the gamekeeper–fox system. We established a mechanistic prior for s, using Monte Carlo simulation to combine relevant information on its component factors (detection probability, observer field of view and speed of travel). We obtained empirical estimates of s from a distance-sampling study of fox populations using similar survey methods, and used these as data in a Bayesian model to develop a mechanistic–empirical prior. We then applied this informative prior within a state–space model to estimate fox density from fox-detection rate on four estates. Key results The mechanistic–empirical prior for the rate of successful search was lognormally distributed with a median of 2.01 km2 h–1 (CV = 0.56). Underlying assumptions of the parameterisation were met. Local fox-density estimates obtained using informative priors closely reflected regional density. Conclusions A mechanistic understanding of the search process leading to fox detections by gamekeepers, and the use of Bayesian models, allowed the use of diverse sources of information to develop an informative prior for s that was useful in estimating fox density from detection data. Implications Careful use of prior knowledge within a Bayesian modelling framework can reduce uncertainty in population estimates derived from index data, and lead to improved management decisions. The mechanistic approach we have used will have parallel applications in many other contexts.

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Bengsen, Andrew. "Effects of coordinated poison-baiting programs on survival and abundance in two red fox populations." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13202.

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Context Poison-baiting programs coordinated among neighbouring landholders should provide the most effective and efficient tool for controlling fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations and impacts in mixed agricultural landscapes, but the effects of such programs on fox mortality and abundance have not been well described. Aims This study aimed to describe the effects of coordinated fox-control programs conducted by landholders on fox mortality and abundance, and to evaluate the likely impacts of reduced landholder participation rates on the proportion of the fox population exposed to baits. Methods The effects of two baiting programs on fox abundance were evaluated using camera-trap surveys and abundance-induced heterogeneity models. The proportion of foxes surviving baiting was estimated by tracking the fate of 19 GPS-collared individuals. The benefits of coordinated baiting were examined using simulated scenarios based on local fox movements and bait distribution patterns. Key results Examination of actual and simulated fox home ranges demonstrated that coordinated baiting increases exposure of the target population to baits. However, 69% of foxes captured on properties that later baited were estimated to have survived the baiting period. Camera-trap surveys across baited and unbaited properties showed no detectable decline in average fox abundance after baiting. Conclusions Coordinated baiting increases the proportion of the fox population encountering baited properties. However, high fox survival and the absence of detectable declines in abundance after baiting showed that even well coordinated baiting programs can produce suboptimal results if many of the foxes using baited properties fail to locate and ingest lethal baits. Implications Baiting programs aiming to reduce the density and impacts of foxes in agricultural landscapes should strive to maximise participation among neighbours. Programs may also benefit from taking steps to improve bait-encounter and consumption rates within properties, for example, by deploying baits at sufficient intensity to provide all foxes with access to at least one bait within their short-term home range. Future research should aim to identify optimal baiting intensities within properties and conditions to maximise bait uptake.

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G, Jiang. "Do Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) Increase the Detectability of Scent Marks by Selecting Highly Conspicuous Substrates." Journal of Ethology & Animal Science 2, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jeasc-16000113.

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In mammals, especially those that are nocturnal or crepuscular, chemical marks usually play a significant role as environmental labels. Scent marks in mammals can have many functions, including territorial defense and communication signals in the mating season. Furthermore, animals can increase the detectability of marks by selecting highly conspicuous locations and substrates on which to mark, such as stones and sticks, on or around faeces, other animal carcasses, anthropogenic features, and plants. Human-carnivore interactions can result in a conflict where perceived damage to livelihoods occurs in socio-economically poor areas. In the Shigar Valley, Karakorum Range, Pakistan, subsistence mixed farming is the predominant land use and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are widely persecuted. Understanding the effects of human activity and habitat factors on fox behaviors in the region are lacking. We used line transect surveys aided by a domestic dog (Canis familiaris) to detect fox faeces locations and characterize fox den form 2015-16-17. We encountered 467 fox scats by dog assistance. We tested for associations between scent deposition, and environmental variables including vegetation and substrate type, distribution of livestock carcasses and dung, roads and agricultural land at micro-habitat. We found more fox scats on aromatic plants, shrubs, and on or near livestock feaces and carcasses. Fox scent marking site selection varied for forested and shrub areas relative to open grassland or barren ground and vegetation cover and tree density at the microhabitat scale. The findings suggest that foxes do not avoid human activity per se and anthropogenic benefits (road kill, livestock carrion, crop food sources) may outweigh the costs of persecution. Foxes may also provide ecosystem benefits via seed dispersal, carrion removal and regulation of prey populations.

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El-Farhati, Haithem, Mohamed Wassim Hizem, and Saïd Nouira. "Original record of deposited skins of hedgehogs (Erinaceidae) at red fox den." Mammalia 86, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0098.

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Abstract From 2015 to 2018, a total of 60 dens of red fox Vulpes vulpes have been visited in three sites of southern Tunisia. In this arid habitat, we recorded deposited skins of hedgehogs in front of 34 dens, an uncommon behaviour to our knowledge. These sightings suggest that red fox can be the main predator of hedgehogs in arid zones of North Africa.

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Halász, Tibor, Gábor Nagy, István Nagy, and Ágnes Csivincsik. "Micro-Epidemiological Investigation of Echinococcus multilocularis in Wild Hosts from an Endemic Area of Southwestern Hungary." Parasitologia 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia1030017.

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Echinococcus multilocularis is a tapeworm causing severe zoonotic disease in temperate Europe. Between 2018 and 2020, 68 golden jackals and 94 red foxes were investigated to determine the prevalence of E. multilocularis infection and its driving factors. The overall prevalence (golden jackal: 41.2%; red fox: 12.5%) significantly differed, whereas the mean intensities did not. The spatial scan statistics revealed three significant clusters of E. multilocularis infection. The binary logistic and ordinal regression results revealed that the golden jackal is more likely to become infected than the red fox, and the probability of infection level was also higher in jackals. Our findings highlight the golden jackal’s role, which could be as important as the red fox in the spread of this severe zoonotic agent. This micro-epidemiological approach can advance the knowledge on local drivers which facilitate the spread of E. multilocularis and could cause a relevant public health problem on the continent.

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Hale–Mitchell, Lorrie, Nichole Rosenhagen, and Julia Whittington. "Integrated Treatment for an Injured Red Fox Kit (Vulpes vulpes): A Case Study." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 31, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v31.44.

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Combining western veterinary medicine protocols with traditional Chinese veterinary medicine and physical therapy to treat a traumatically injured red fox kit led to a successful outcome and eventual release of the young fox.

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Vitekere, Kasereka, Jiao Wang, Henry Karanja, Kahindo Tulizo Consolée, Guangshun Jiang, and Yan Hua. "Dynamic in Species Estimates of Carnivores (Leopard Cat, Red Fox, and North Chinese Leopard): A Multi-Year Assessment of Occupancy and Coexistence in the Tieqiaoshan Nature Reserve, Shanxi Province, China." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081333.

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Wildlife populations are spatially controlled and undergo frequent fluctuations in abundance and site occupation. A comprehensive understanding of dynamic species processes is essential for making appropriate wildlife management plans. Here, we used a multi-season model to describe the dynamics of occupancy estimates of the carnivores: North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray, 1862), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis, Kerr, 1792), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758) in the Tieqiaoshan Nature Reserve, Shanxi Province, China, over a three-year study period using camera traps data. The occupancy probability of the North Chinese leopard did not markedly change with time as the occupancy equilibrium was constant or slightly enhanced. The occupancy of the leopard cat decreased with time. The occupancy equilibrium of the red fox alternately increased and decreased. However, all species presented a slight level of occupancy stability due to their small values of the rate of change in occupancy. Environmental factor and anthropogenic disturbances slightly influenced the occupancy of all species and the colonization and extirpation probability of the red fox. The colonization and extirpation for all species were relatively more strongly affected by the distances to villages and roads. Moreover, elevation increased the colonization and decreased the extirpation for the leopard cat. Species interaction factors increased with time for all species. The North Chinese leopard and the leopard cat avoided each other. The leopard cat and the red fox independently co-occurred. There was true coexistence between the North Chinese leopard and the red fox. This research confirmed that environmental factors and human perturbations are vital factors to consider in wild carnivores’ conservation and management.

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Halpin, Margaret A., and John A. Bissonette. "Influence of snow depth on prey availability and habitat use by red fox." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-086.

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Habitat use by red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was studied during the winters of 1982 and 1983. A total of 125 km of fox trails in eastern Maine were followed during periods of snow cover to examine the influence of snow conditions on fox habitat selection and prey availability. Red foxes used all available habitats but showed preferences for softwood stands and open areas. Hardwood forests were avoided. During both winters, snow depth was greatest in hardwood and mixed stands where soft, powdery conditions prevailed. Windblown, supportive crusts were found in open barrens. Foxes showed habitat preferences for traveling and hunting. Fox sinking depths were least in all habitats when crust conditions prevailed, and during these periods travel distances were more evenly distributed among habitats. Snow influenced relative prey availability. Hunting activities shifted among habitats for small mammals during most of the second winter, when snow was shallow. Proportions of small mammals in the fox diet decreased as snow accumulated and as crusts formed. When snow was deep, foxes hunted in habitats with softwood regeneration and other dense understories that supported snowshoe hare concentrations.

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Vasyukov, Dmitry D., Olga A. Krylovich, Dixie L. West, Virginia Hatfield, and Arkady B. Savinetsky. "Ancient canids of the Aleutian Islands (new archaeological discoveries from the Islands of Four Mountains)." Quaternary Research 91, no. 03 (May 2019): 1028–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.2.

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AbstractWe discuss the cultural roles of dog and red fox recovered from Carlisle Island, Islands of Four Mountains, Alaska, within the context of Aleutian ethnographic and zooarchaeological records. Three dog bones were recovered from the Ulyagan archaeological site, Unit 5, in levels that date to AD 1450–1645. Three red fox bones come from the Ulyagan site, Unit 4, in levels that date 460 BC–AD 95. Our analyses show that both red fox and domestic dog date earlier than the contact with Russians and that these canids do not extend west of the Islands of Four Mountains archipelago. Given the rich history of human intervention on the Aleutians ecosystems over the last 250 years, we argue that indigenous red fox inhabited the Islands of the Four Mountains region prior to western contact; however, foxes did not have a pronounced cultural role for prehistoric Aleuts. Domestic dogs accompanied humans in the Aleutians after AD 950, suggesting that these canids might be linked with the Neo-Aleut culture. In the light of Arctic and oceanic cases of human use of dogs considered in the paper, we suggest that dogs might have served as reserve food sources during long trips for people migrating west.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Red fox'

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