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1
Xi, Xingyuan, Yuan Zong, Shiming Li, Dong Cao, Xuemei Sun, and Baolong Liu. "Transcriptome Analysis Clarified Genes Involved in Betalain Biosynthesis in the Fruit of Red Pitayas (Hylocereus costaricensis)." Molecules 24, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030445.
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The red flesh trait gives red pitayas more healthful components and a higher price, while the genetic mechanism behind this trait is unknown. In this manuscript, transcriptome analysis was employed to discover the genetic differences between white and red flesh in pitayas. A total of 27.99 Gb clean data were obtained for four samples. Unigenes, 79,049 in number, were generated with an average length of 1333 bp, and 52,618 Unigenes were annotated. Compared with white flesh, the expression of 10,215 Unigenes was up-regulated, and 4853 Unigenes were down-regulated in red flesh. The metabolic pathways accounted for 64.6% of all differentially expressed Unigenes in KEGG pathways. The group with high betalain content in red flesh and all structural genes, related to betalain biosynthesis, had a higher expression in red flesh than white flesh. The expression of the key gene, tyrosine hydroxylase CYP76AD1, was up-regulated 245.08 times, while 4,5-DOPA dioxygenase DODA was up-regulated 6.46 times. Moreover, the special isomers CYP76AD1α and DODAα were only expressed in red flesh. The competitive anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway had a lower expression in red flesh. Two MYB transcription factors were of the same branch as BvMYB1, regulating betalain biosynthesis in beet, and those transcription factors had expression differences in two kinds of pitayas, which indicated that they should be candidate genes controlling betalain accumulation in red pitayas. This research would benefit from identifying the major gene controlling red flesh trait and breed new cultivars with the red flesh trait. Future research should aim to prove the role of each candidate gene in betalain biosynthesis in red pitayas.
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Lande, V. K., R. B. Kshirsagar, S. S. Aralkar, A. S. Aralkar, B. M. Patil, and H. V. Suryawanshi. "A comparative analysis of red and white dragon fruit pulp and juice characteristics." Journal of Applied Horticulture 26, no. 02 (August 25, 2024): 244–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i02.46.
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To ascertain their potential applications in the food industry, dragon fruit varieties, namely H. undatus and H. polyrhizus, were thoroughly analyzed for their physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties. The focus was on pulp and juice, emphasizing color, mineral content, proximate analysis, and phytochemical constituents. Red flesh dragon fruit displayed a bright pink color, a slightly smaller length (9.1 cm), and a larger diameter (8.3 cm) compared to white flesh dragon fruit (9.9 cm length, 7.53 cm diameter). Red flesh dragon fruit also exhibited higher circumference and weight. White flesh dragon fruit demonstrated superior juice yield (36.23 %) compared to red flesh dragon fruit (35.28 %). Red flesh dragon fruit had higher levels of total sugar (8.45 %), protein (1.36 %), and ascorbic acid (19.83 mg/100g) in its pulp. It also showed elevated mineral content of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Conversely, white flesh dragon fruit had higher fat content (0.65 %) and carbohydrate content (9.76 %) in its pulp. White flesh dragon fruit displayed brighter color characteristics with higher L*, a*, and b* values. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of betacyanin in red flesh dragon fruit (30.87 mg/100g) but not in white flesh dragon fruit. Red flesh dragon fruit exhibited significantly higher total phenolic content in pulp (49.67 mg GA/100g) and juice (41.25 mg GA/100g) than white flesh dragon fruit. These findings highlight substantial differences (P < lt; 0.05) between red and white flesh dragon fruit in physical, nutritional, and phytochemical aspects, offering valuable insights for their incorporation into diverse food products, such as beverages and ice cream.
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Byrne*, David, Marcia Vizzotto, Luis Cisneros-Zevallos, David Ramming, and W. Okie. "Antioxidant Content of Peach and Plum Genotypes." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 798C—798. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.798c.
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Stone fruits contain a range of phenolic compounds and carotenoids which have been implicated in improving human health. The objective of this study was to characterize the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity (AOA) exhibited in peaches and plums. Twenty-two peach varieties and fifty-three plum varieties with different flesh and skin color collected from fields in California, Georgia, and Texas were analyzed for their antioxidant content and AOA. Total phenolics, anthocyanins, carotenoids were analyzed spectrophotometrically. AOA was evaluated by DPPH. Anthocyanin and phenolic contents were higher in red-flesh than in white/yellow-flesh peaches. Carotenoid content was higher in yellow-flesh [2-3 mg β-carotene/100 g fw (fresh weight)] than in white or red-flesh peaches (0.01-1.8 mg β-carotene/100 g fw). AOA was about 2-fold higher in red-flesh varieties than in white/yellow-flesh varieties. Among the peaches, the AOA was well correlated with both phenolic and anthocyanin content. Among the plums, the anthocyanin content increased with the red color intensity. Although the plums varied widely in phenolic content, the red/purple-flesh plums generally had higher phenolic content (400-500 mg chlorogenic acid/100 g fw) than the other plums. Carotenoid content in plums was similar for all varieties (0.2-2 mg β-carotene/100 g fw). AOA was higher in red/purple-flesh varieties; however, it was well correlated only with the phenolic content in light colored flesh plums. These results suggest that red-flesh peach varieties have a greater potential health benefit based on antioxidant content and AOA as compared to the white/yellow-flesh varieties. Although this trend is not clear over all the plum varieties; the red/purple-flesh plums usually have higher antioxidant content and AOA.
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Nor Salasiah Mohamed, Amiza Mat Amin, Dasi Ong, Mohd Nazri Ismail, and Fisal Ahmad. "Protein Profiles of Red Bigeye Flesh (Priacanthus Macracanthus)." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 116, no. 1 (May 5, 2024): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.116.1.156168.
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Red bigeye fish with less than 15 cm length are categorized as low-value fish. The aim of this study was to determine the protein profiles of red bigeye flesh. Red bigeye flesh was analyzed for proximate analysis, LC-QTOF-MS analysis and Fourier transform infrared FTIR. It was found that red bigeye flesh contained 17.21% crude protein, 1.82% crude fat, 1.34% ash content and 3.42% carbohydrate. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 83 unique proteins, including troponin 33, myosin 23, actin 19, tropomyosin 6, and parvalbumin 2. Regulatory proteins gave the largest portion of 51%, followed by enzymes at 28.92%, and unreviewed proteins at 20.48%. Red bigeye flesh proteins exhibited higher levels of post-translational modifications (PTMs) mainly oxidation and mutation. FTIR spectra analysis of red bigeye flesh protein exhibiting symmetrical bending stretches within amide regions A, B, I, II, III, and VII. This study shows that red bigeye flesh proteins is a promising source of functional food.
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Henderson, Warren R., Gregory H. Scott, and Todd C. Wehner. "Interaction of Genes for Flesh Color in Watermelon." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 602d—602. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.602d.
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Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flesh color is controlled by several genes to produce red, canary yellow, salmon yellow, and orange. Our objective was to study the interaction of three gene loci with two or three alleles at each C (canary yellow vs. red), y (salmon yellow vs. red), yo (orange), and i (inhibitory to C permitting Y to produce red flesh color). Five crosses were used to study gene action: `Yellow Baby' × `Sweet Princess', `Yellow Baby' × `Tendersweet Orange Flesh', `Yellow Baby' × `Golden Honey', `Yellow Doll' × `Tendersweet Orange Flesh', and `Yellow Doll' × `Golden Honey'. Based on the performance of six generations (PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B), the parents had the following genotypes: `Yellow Baby' = CCYYII, `Yellow Doll' = CCYYII, `Sweet Princess' = ccYY ii, `Tendersweet Orange Flesh' = ccyoyoII, and `Golden Honey' = ccyyII. Segregation of flesh colors in the progeny of the five families demonstrated that there was a multiple allelic series at the y locus, where YY (red) was dominant to yo yo (orange) and yy (yellow). Also, yoyo was dominant to yy. In conclusion, epistasis is involved in genes for the major flesh colors in watermelon, with ii inhibitory to CC (Canary), resulting in red flesh, and CC in the absence of ii epistatic to YY, producing canary flesh.
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Chen, F. B., C. Y. Xing, S. P. Huo, C. L. Cao, Q. L. Yao, and P. Fang. "Red Pigment Content and Expression of Genes Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) with Different Colored Flesh." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 8 (July 17, 2016): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n8p126.
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<p>Radish with red skin and red flesh (<em>Raphanus sativus</em>) is a unique vegetable containing large amounts of a red pigment, which is widely used in foods, wine, and cosmetics. To investigate the gene or genes that play a key role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish with red skin and red flesh, the red pigment content and expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis of 16 varieties with different colored flesh were studied. The expression level of the genes <em>RsPAL</em>, <em>RsCHS</em>, <em>RsCHI</em>, <em>RsDFR</em>, <em>RsF3H</em>, <em>RsF3'H</em>, and <em>RsANS</em> in radish with red skin and red flesh are all significantly higher than that of radish with white skin and white flesh, radish with red skin and white flesh, radish with green skin and pinky flesh, and radish with red skin and pinky flesh. Correlation analysis indicated that the gene expression level of <em>RsDFR</em>, <em>RsF3H</em>, <em>RsCHS</em>, <em>RsANS</em>, <em>RsF3'H</em>, <em>RsCHI</em>,<em> </em>and <em>RsPAL</em> showed remarkable positive and significant correlation to red pigment content of radish. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the gene expression level of <em>RsDFR</em> had the highest and significant direct effect (0.8932) on red pigment content of radish. The results indicated that (1) the red pigment content of radish is closely related to the increased expression of a number of structural genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, (2) the <em>RsDFR </em>gene plays a key role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in red radish with red flesh, and (3) <em>RsDFR</em> might be one of the best targets in genetic engineering for anthocyanin production from radish and other plants.</p>
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Wulandari, Rezky, St Sabahannur, and Andi Ralle. "PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN GULA MERAH DAN GULA PASIR TERHADAP MUTU DODOL BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus L.)." AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian 4, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v4i1.316.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio of brown sugar and granulated sugar on the quality of red dragon fruit lunkhead. The research was conducted at the Post-Harvest Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Indonesian Muslim University from September to October 2020. The study used a single factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with the treatment of red dragon fruit flesh and two types of sugar (granulated sugar and brown sugar), the treatment was repeated as many times three times. The treatment formulation consisted of 5 levels namely: (M1) 500g red dragon fruit flesh + 250g sugar, (M2) 500g red dragon fruit flesh + 250g brown sugar, (M3) 500g red dragon fruit flesh + 125g granulated sugar + 125g brown sugar, (M4) red dragon fruit flesh 500g + sugar 187g + brown sugar 63g, (M5) red dragon fruit flesh 500g + brown sugar 187g + sugar 63g. The parameters observed were moisture content, ash content, texture, taste, color, and aroma. The results showed that red dragon fruit dodol with the addition of 250g of granulated sugar and 250g of brown sugar gave the best results at 4.36% moisture content, 0.1% ash content, 4.35 (liked texture), and 4.08 (liked taste), color 4.07 (like), and aroma 3.48 (like).
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TKACZYŃSKA, AGNIESZKA, and ELŻBIETA RYTEL. "WPŁYW ODMIANY ZIEMNIAKÓW O CZERWONYM I FIOLETOWYM MIĄŻSZU NA CIEMNIENIE ENZYMATYCZNE BULW ORAZ WŁAŚCIWOŚCI PRZECIWUTLENIAJĄCE." Zywnosc Nauka Technologia Jakosc/Food Science Technology Quality 29, no. 4 (2022): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15193/zntj/2022/133/431.
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Background. Colored-flesh potato varieties are becoming more and more popular in Poland. One of the distinctive features of tuber quality is a tendency for the enzymatic darkening of flesh. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of red and purple flesh potato varieties on the change of their color immediately after cutting tubers, one hour and four hours after their cutting, and on the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. The research material was three purple flesh potato varieties: Provita, Double Fun, Violet Queen and three red flesh potato varieties: Magenta, Mulberry Beauty, Lily Rose. The raw material came from Polish producers from the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Basic chemical composition, total polyphenol content and ABTS+• (μM TROLOX/1g d.m.) and DPPH (μM TROLOX/1g d.m.), as well as antioxidant activity were determined for the potatoes. The color of tuber flesh and its changes were determined calorimetrically using a Minolta CR-200. Results and conclusions. Purple flesh potatoes were characterized by higher total polyphenol content (by 2%) and higher antioxidant activity of ABTS+• and DPPH• (71.2, and 21.0 μM TROLOX/1g d.m. respectively) in comparison to the red varieties (ABTS+• – 60.5 and DPPH – 15.5 μM TROLOX/1g d.m.). The potato varieties tested were characterized by a low tendency for the enzymatic darkening of tubers. The flesh of purple potatoes immediately after cutting was darker (L* 41.8 on average). It was also characterized by a higher share of blue (b* -2.8 on average) and a lower share of red (a* 3.8 on average) than for red flesh potatoes. The flesh of red potatoes after cutting was characterized by a color with a higher proportion of yellow shade (parameter b* was 7.2 on average), which did not change after four hours after cutting.
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Aliya, Nuska, Aldi Budi Riyanta, and Tya Muldiyana. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK KULIT DAN DAGING BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus) DANPENENTUAN PARAMETER NON SPESIFIK." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v6i1.485.
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Red dragon fruit is one of the fruits that is often consumed by the Indonesian people because it is rich in properties and benefits. In addition to the fruit, red dragon fruit skin can also be used as a natural colorant in food and cosmetics. One of the beneficial compounds contained in the skin and flesh of red dragon fruit is antioxidant. This study aims to determine the differences in antioxidant activity and non-specific parameters of red dragon fruit skin and flesh extracts. The samples used are skin and flesh of red dragon fruit, in addition to comparing fresh samples and dried simplisia of each skin and flesh, dried simplisia samples from each skin and flesh. Method extraction method used in this study is reflux method with 70% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity was determined by IC50 value. From the IC50 calculation, it was found that red dragon fruit peel extract with fresh samples and dry simplisia included strong antioxidants while antioxidants in red dragon fruit flesh were lower with weak antioxidant activity. The difference in the use of simplisia also affects the antioxidant activity of the extract, extracts using dry simplisia have higher antioxidant activity than extracts using fresh samples. While in the test of non-specific parameters of the extract there is no significant effect.
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Prananta, Hillary Inggrid, Purwanto Purwanto, Elyda Akhya Afida Misrohmasari, Niken Probosari, and Surartono Dwiatmoko. "Perbedaan Indeks Plak setelah Pengolesan Ekstrak Daging Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) dan Larutan Pengungkap." STOMATOGNATIC - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 16, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/stoma.v16i1.19957.
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Red dragon fruit flesh extract contains of anthocyanin as red pigmen that potentially to be a natural dye. Athocyanin contains of polysaccharide that can binding with polysaccharide of dental plaque called hydrogen bonds, so dental plaque has been colored and potentially as alternative of disclosing solution. The purpose of this study was to find out the difference of plaque index after smeared by red dragon fruit flesh extract 75% and disclosing solution. The method of this study is a clinical experimental study with a static-group comparison design. 20 subjects were examined the plaque index after smeared with red dragon fruit flesh extract 75%) and disclosing solution). There was no significant difference between groups. Conclusions: Red dragon fruit flesh extract 75% had similar capability with disclosing solution to examine dental plaque.
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Ezekiel, Adewole, Ojo Abiodun, Adewumi Deborah Funmilayo, Idowu Olajumoke Tolulope, Oludoro Oluwatosin, and Ogola-Emma E. "Identification of ascorbic acid and phytochemical profiles of Scotch Bonnet pepper (Capsicum chinense) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detector (HPLC-UV)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 15, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 1475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.4861.
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Researchers have discovered that red and green scotch peppers are extremely rich in phytochemicals and that these secondary metabolites are connected to several biological processes in the human body. This study aimed to determine the numerous phytochemicals present in scotch pepper seeds, flesh, and red and green varieties. The samples were pulverized after being air-dried. The phytochemicals and ascorbic acid contents were examined using a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). Twelve phytochemicals and ascorbic acid were identified in the flesh and seed of red scotch pepper, with lycopene having the highest content (83.10 mg/kg), the ascorbic acid content of 8.80 mg/kg; moreover, the seed of red scotch pepper revealed twelve phytochemicals and lycopene being the highest content (75.60 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid content of 6.80 mg/kg, furthermore, fourteen phytochemicals were identified in the flesh of red scotch bonnet pepper with lycopene the highest quantity (86.00 mg/kg) and ascorbic content of 10.60 mg/kg. Twelve phytochemicals were identified in the flesh and seed of green scotch bonnet pepper, lycopene (68.70 mg/kg) being the highest content, ascorbic acid content (6.50 mg/kg), twelve phytochemicals were revealed in the flesh of green pepper and lycopene had highest quantity (76.30 mg/kg), in the seed of green pepper, the lycopene content was 68.70 mg/kg. However, it has been shown that capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and lutein concentrations varied, with red scotch pepper flesh having the highest concentration of capsaicin (7.50 mg/kg). The lycopene and ascorbic acid contents of flesh were the highest (86.00 mg/kg) and (10.60 mg/kg). The study's findings showed that red pepper flesh was better than other components that were looked at.
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Werner, Dennis J., Michael A. Creller, and José X. Chaparro. "Inheritance of the Blood-flesh Trait in Peach." HortScience 33, no. 7 (December 1998): 1243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1243.
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Inheritance of the blood-flesh (red-violet mesocarp) trait in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] was investigated in S1, S2, F1, F2, F3, BC1P1, and BC1P2 families derived from `Harrow Blood', a clone showing anthocyanin accumulation in fruit about 45-50 days after anthesis. This trait invariably was associated with the red midrib leaf phenotype in `Harrow Blood', an S1 family from `Harrow Blood', and in green leaf F2 progeny derived from `Harrow Blood' × `Rutgers Red Leaf 2n'. A segregation ratio of about 3 blood-flesh : 1 wild-type was observed in the S1 family, but F1 progeny produced only wild-type fruit. Examination of F2 progeny segregating for the blood-flesh and red leaf traits revealed no evidence of epistasis. Based on segregation ratios in F1, F2, F3, BC1P1, and BC1P2 families from this cross, the F1 family from `Contender × (`Harrow Blood' × `Rutgers Red Leaf 2n'), and six additional F1 families from crosses between `Harrow Blood' and green leaf clones with wild-type fruit, we propose that blood-flesh is controlled by one gene, designated bf (blood-flesh). The blood-flesh phenotype was associated with reduced tree height in S1 and F2 progeny derived from `Harrow Blood'. Segregation for leaf blade color deviated significantly (P = 0.05) from the expected 3 red : 1 green ratio in six of the F2 families derived from selfing seven F1 trees from `Harrow Blood' × `Rutgers Red Leaf 2n'.
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Umemura, Hitomi, Katsuhiro Shiratake, Shogo Matsumoto, Tsutomu Maejima, and Hiromitsu Komatsu. "Practical Breeding of Red-fleshed Apple: Cultivar Combination for Efficient Red-fleshed Progeny Production." HortScience 46, no. 8 (August 2011): 1098–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.8.1098.
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We re-investigated the flesh color and S-genotypes of progenies of red-fleshed apple cultivar JPP35, which was produced by ‘Jonathan’ × ‘Pink Pearl’, and clarified that 100% and 96% of progenies from ‘Shinano Sweet’ (S1S7) × ‘JPP35’ (S3S7) and ‘Orin’ (S2S7) × ‘JPP35’ (S3S7) containing S3-RNase allele, respectively, showed the red flesh trait. Using this tight linkage between red flesh trait and self- and cross-compatibility relating allele such as S3-RNase allele, we showed suitable cultivar combinations for efficient production of various red-fleshed apples. We also identified an unknown S-RNase allele in ‘Pink Pearl’ as S11 and determined its partial genomic sequence, including a complete intron with its known S3-RNase allele.
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Fidrianny, Irda, Nadia Ilham, and Rika Hartati. "ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SUPER RED DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS COSTARICENSIS) COLLECTED FROM WEST JAVA-INDONESIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21571.
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Objectives: The goals of this research were to observe antioxidant properties from different parts of super red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS).Methods: Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS assays, total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoid content by Chang’s method.Results: Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH scavenging activity of all of the extracts in the range of 2.69 μg/ml was −94.17 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate peel extract of super red dragon fruit expressed the highest TPC (4.56 g GAE/100 g) and the highest total flavonoid content (12.63 g QE/100 g). TPC in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit had a negative and significant correlation with their IC50 of ABTS. The IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS of flesh extract of super red dragon fruit showed positive and significant correlation.Conclusion: All different parts extracts of super red dragon fruit (except n-hexane flesh extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by ABTS method. DPPH and ABTS showed linear results in antioxidant activities of super red dragon fruit flesh extract.
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Serra, Sara, Brendon Anthony, Andrea Masia, Daniela Giovannini, and Stefano Musacchi. "Determination of Biochemical Composition in Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Accessions Characterized by Different Flesh Color and Textural Typologies." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101452.
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The rising interest in beneficial health properties of polyphenol compounds in fruit initiated this investigation about biochemical composition in peach mesocarp/exocarp. Biochemical evaluation of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid were quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in relation to three flesh colors (white, yellow and red) and four flesh typologies (melting, non-melting, slow softening and stony hard) within six commercial cultivars and eight breeding selections of peach/nectarine in 2007. While in 2008, quality and sensorial analyses were conducted on only three commercial cultivars (‘Big Top’, ‘Springcrest’ and ‘Ghiaccio 1’). The red flesh selection demonstrated the highest levels of phenolic compounds (in mesocarp/exocarp) and ascorbic acid. Total phenolic concentration was approximately three-fold higher in the exocarp than the mesocarp across all accessions. Breeding selections generally reported higher levels of phenolics than commercial cultivars. Flesh textural typologies justified firmness differences at harvest, but minimally addressed variations in quality and phenolic compounds. Flesh pigmentation explained variation in the biochemical composition, with the red flesh accession characterized by an abundancy of phenolic compounds and a high potential for elevated antioxidant activity. Sensorial analyses ranked the cultivar with high soluble solids concentration:titratable acidity (SSC:TA) and reduced firmness the highest overall. Red flesh is a highly desirable trait for breeding programs aiming to improve consumption of peaches selected for nutraceutical properties.
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Lu, Lizhen, Yingzhen Yang, Gan-Yuan Zhong, Zhenchang Liang, and Lailiang Cheng. "Phytochemical Composition and Content of Red-Fleshed Grape Accessions." Horticulturae 9, no. 5 (May 12, 2023): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050579.
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Red-fleshed grapes are important breeding resources, and study of the content and composition of phenolic compounds in red-fleshed grapes is lacking. In this study, the profiles of phenolic compounds in the whole berry, flesh, and peel of thirteen red-fleshed grape (Vitis) accessions were determined for two consecutive years. The content of total phenolic compounds ranged from 4.795 to 29.875 mg g−1 FW (fresh weight) in berry, from 1.960 to 12.593 mg g−1 FW in flesh, and from 17.067 to 60.182 mg g−1 FW in peel. As expected, anthocyanins were the main phenolic compounds, accounting for 90.4, 89.4, and 94.1% of the total phenolic compounds in berry, flesh, and peel, respectively. Flavanols accounted for 36.2% of the non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in berry, 35.3% in flesh, and 38.3% in peel. In comparison, flavonols accounted for about 11.6, 5.7, and 15.8% of the non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in berry, flesh, and peel, respectively. Hydroxycinnamic derivatives were the most abundant non-anthocyanins and accounted for 53.8, 56.1, and 44.3% of non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in these three tissues. The content of phenolic compounds in peel was significantly higher than that in flesh and whole berry. A significant variation in the content of total and individual phenolic compounds was observed among different red-fleshed grapes, suggesting that genetic background was an important factor affecting the accumulation of these phenolic compounds. This work represents the most comprehensive characterization of phenolic compounds profiles in red-fleshed grapes.
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Tan, Chin Xuan, See Wen Lim, Seok Shin Tan, and Seok Tyug Tan. "Characterization of Juice Extracted from Ultrasonic-Treated Red Pitaya Flesh." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010092.
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Red pitaya is a tropical fruit rich in phytonutrients essential for human health. The fruit is savored either through its processed products or raw consumption. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties of red pitaya juice extracted from ultrasonic-pretreated flesh. The red pitaya flesh was cut into cubes and subjected to different durations (20, 40, and 60 min) of ultrasonic treatment. The total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity of the juice were unaffected by pretreatment durations. Compared with the non-ultrasonic pretreated sample, the levels of organic acids, phenolics, and anthocyanins in red pitaya juice increased (p < 0.05) following 60 min of ultrasonic pretreatment. The duration of sonication pretreatment influenced the antioxidant activity of red pitaya juice. This pilot study shows that pretreatment of the red pitaya flesh using ultrasound enhances the quality of its juice.
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Johnson, C. E., J. T. Payne, and K. C. Pee. "INHERITANCE OF VERMILLION FLESH COLOR IN WATERMELON." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 861H—861. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.861.
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Controlled crosses of a Vermillion red flesh color cultivar with 4 normal red flesh color cultivars were made. F1, F2, and backcross generations were grown in the field and the fruits evaluated for flesh color. All fruits of the F1 generation were Vermillion. The F2 generation segregated to a 9:7 ratio of vermillion to normal in all crosses. The probabilities of fit ranged from 0.10 to 0.95. This ratio is indicative of two dominant genes with complementary effects or double recessive epistasis, Backcrosses to the dominant parent produced almost all vermillion flesh fruit. Backcrosses to the recessive parents did not fit any documented ratios. Further analysis of the BC generations seems to suggest that flesh color is controlled by two dominant genes.
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Johnson, C. E., J. T. Payne, and K. C. Pee. "INHERITANCE OF VERMILLION FLESH COLOR IN WATERMELON." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 861h—861. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.861h.
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Controlled crosses of a Vermillion red flesh color cultivar with 4 normal red flesh color cultivars were made. F1, F2, and backcross generations were grown in the field and the fruits evaluated for flesh color. All fruits of the F1 generation were Vermillion. The F2 generation segregated to a 9:7 ratio of vermillion to normal in all crosses. The probabilities of fit ranged from 0.10 to 0.95. This ratio is indicative of two dominant genes with complementary effects or double recessive epistasis, Backcrosses to the dominant parent produced almost all vermillion flesh fruit. Backcrosses to the recessive parents did not fit any documented ratios. Further analysis of the BC generations seems to suggest that flesh color is controlled by two dominant genes.
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Maysarah, Hilda, Rika Apriani, and Misrahanum Misrahanum. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF WHITE AND RED FLESH FROM GUAVA LEAF ( Psidium guajava. L) AGAINTS Staphylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli." Jurnal Natural 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v16i1.4818.
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An antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract of white and red flesh from guava leaf (Psidium guajava. L) against S.aureus and E.coli; using agar diffusion method was carried out in order to produce the extract. The extract was collected using maceration method. The concentration of extract was 7,8125; 6,1035; 5,00; 4,8828; 4,3944; and 3,90625 mg/mL. The results showed that both of extracts had antibacterial activities. Ethanol extract of white flesh of fruit guava leaf had (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) MIC value at 5.000 mg/mL against S.aureus and 4.8828 mg/mL against E.coli. Whereas ethanol extract of red flesh of fruit guava leaf had MIC value at 4.3944 mg/mL against S.aureus and E.coli. MIC value of ethanol extract of white flesh of fruit guava leaf is equal with MIC value of clindamicin concentration at 3.00 µg/mL against S.aureus, and 1.00 µg/mL against E.coli. The MIC value of red flesh of fruit guava leaf is equal to the MIC value of clindamicin concentration at 3.00 µg/mL against S.aureus, and 1.00 µg/mL against E.coli.
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Zarzecka, Krystyna, Agnieszka Ginter, Marek Gugała, and Waldemar Durakiewicz. "Nutritional Value of Coloured Flesh Potato Tubers in Terms of Their Micronutrient Content." Agronomy 14, no. 7 (July 15, 2024): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071537.
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The aim of this study was to compare Fe, Zn, Mn, Al and Li contents in table potato tubers, obtained from seven potato cultivars with different flesh colour, and one cultivar characterised by light-coloured flesh. The study material consisted of potato tubers produced in a one-factor field experiment carried out at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Zawady belonging to the University of Siedlce, Poland (52°03′ N, 22°33′ E) in 2021–2023. The following cultivars were tested: Eurostar (light yellow flesh), Rote Emmalie and Herbie 26 (red flesh), Provita, Salad Blue, Blaue Annelise, Vitelotte Noire and Bora Valley (purple and blue flesh). The study showed that the genetic characteristics of the cultivars determined the nutrient content and uptake with tuber yield. Of the tested minerals which are important for human nutrition (Fe, Zn, Mn), red and purple cultivars accumulated more Fe than the light yellow-fleshed Eurostar. Zn content was the highest in red-fleshed cultivars compared with light and purple-fleshed cultivars. Mn content was the highest in the tubers of the light yellow-fleshed Eurostar and lowest in red Rote Emmalie. Fe, Zn, Mn and Al contents and uptake with tuber yield were influenced by weather conditions during the growing season.
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Mariani, Sri, Nurdin Rahman, and Supriadi Supriadi. "Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Buah Semangka (Citrullus lanatus)." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2018.v7.i2.10401.
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The aim of this study is determine the IC50 extracts values of white peel and flesh of red watermelon, white peel and flesh of yellow watermelon as antioxidants. To determine antioxidant activities DPPH reagent was used as well as UV-Vis Spectrophotometry was used to measure vitamin C as a positive control measurement. The samples mixed with ethanol in various concentration of 5, 15, 25 and 35 mg/L. The results showed that the IC50 values for each extract of red watermelon flesh, yellow watermelon flesh, white peel of red watermelon, and white peel of yellow watermelon were 16.619 mg/L, 16.575 mg/L, 14.729 mg/L, and 16.782 mg/L, respectively. Vitamin C as the positive control has IC50 value of 9.526 mg/L. These IC50 values showed that vitamin C had higher antioxidant activity than watermelon extracts, but the extracts of watermelon still categorized in strong natural antioxidants. This study concluded that watermelon is good to be consumed because it is a very strong antioxidant.
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Mariani, Sri, Nurdin Rahman, and Supriadi Supriadi. "Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Buah Semangka (Citrullus lanatus)." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 7, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2018.v7.i3.11905.
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The aim of this study is to determine the IC50 extracts values of white peel and flesh of red watermelon, white peel and flesh of yellow watermelon as antioxidants. To determine antioxidant activities DPPH reagent was used and UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to measure Vitamin C as a positive control measurement. The samples mixed with ethanol in a various concentration of 5, 15, 25 and 35 mg/L. The results showed that the IC50 values for each extract of red watermelon flesh, yellow watermelon flesh, white peel of red watermelon, and white peel of yellow watermelon were 16.619, 16.575, 14.729, and 16.782 mg/L, respectively. Vitamin C as positive control has an IC50 value of 9.526 mg/L. These IC50 values showed that vitamin C had higher antioxidant activity than watermelon extracts, but the extracts of watermelon still categorized in strong natural antioxidants. This study concluded that watermelon is good to be consumed because it is a very strong antioxidant.
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Montefiori, M., R. V. Espley, D. D. Stevenson, J. M. Cooney, P. M. Datson, A. Saiz, R. G. Atkinson, T. McGhie, R. P. Hellens, and A. C. Allan. "THE CONTROL OF KIWIFRUIT RED FLESH COLOUR." Acta Horticulturae, no. 913 (November 2011): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.913.11.
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Lehnert, S. J., K. A. Christensen, W. E. Vandersteen, D. Sakhrani, T. E. Pitcher, J. W. Heath, B. F. Koop, D. D. Heath, and R. H. Devlin. "Carotenoid pigmentation in salmon: variation in expression at BCO2-l locus controls a key fitness trait affecting red coloration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1913 (October 16, 2019): 20191588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1588.
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Carotenoids are primarily responsible for the characteristic red flesh coloration of salmon. Flesh coloration is an economically and evolutionarily significant trait that varies inter- and intra-specifically, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is unknown. Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) represents an ideal system to study carotenoid variation as, unlike other salmonids, they exhibit extreme differences in carotenoid utilization due to genetic polymorphisms. Here, we crossed populations of Chinook salmon with fixed differences in flesh coloration (red versus white) for a genome-wide association study to identify loci associated with pigmentation. Here, the beta-carotene oxygenase 2-like ( BCO2-l ) gene was significantly associated with flesh colour, with the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism explaining 66% of the variation in colour. BCO2 gene disruption is linked to carotenoid accumulation in other taxa, therefore we hypothesize that an ancestral mutation partially disrupting BCO2-l activity (i.e. hypomorphic mutation) allowed the deposition and accumulation of carotenoids within Salmonidae. Indeed, we found elevated transcript levels of BCO2-l in white Chinook salmon relative to red. The long-standing mystery of why salmon are red, while no other fishes are, is thus probably explained by a hypomorphic mutation in the proto-salmonid at the time of divergence of red-fleshed salmonid genera (approx. 30 Ma).
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Febrianti, Novi, Purwanti P. Purbosari, Triana Hertiani, Sukarti Moeljopawiro, and Sofia M. Haryana. "Antioxidant Potency of Red Dragon Fruit Flesh and Peel Prepared by Different Methods." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 7 (September 10, 2020): 1106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401316666191216124950.
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Background: Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus, (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose) is widely consumed all over the world nowadays. The peel and flesh of red dragon fruit contain many bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The preparation process is critical to maximizing the yield of the antioxidant content. Objective: The objectives of this research were to evaluate total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as the antioxidant activity of peel and flesh of red dragon fruit prepared by various methods. Methods: The fresh and dried samples of peel and flesh of red dragon fruit were prepared via maceration and non-maceration process. Ethanol (96%) was used as the solvent in maceration. In the nonmaceration process, the samples were ground using a blender and pressed using a juicer. TPC was analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteau methods, while TFC was determined by spectrophotometry UV-Vis with AlCl3. Antioxidant activity was analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching (BCB) tests. Results: TPC from all of the measured samples varied from 22.43 ± 0.27 to 80.54 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g dry extract. The highest TPC concentration was found in the blended peel via maceration and the lowest concentration was found in the blended flesh without maceration. The dried peel via maceration treatment had the highest TFC (51.96 ± 0.084 mg of QE/g dry extract). Regarding to the antioxidant activity, the blended flesh ethanolic extract and blended peel ethanolic extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging, IC50=966.83 ± 11.62 and 973.81 ± 3.571ppm, respectively. While the blended peel ethanolic extract had the highest BCB antioxidant activity (IC50= 45.48 ± 6,79 mg/mL). Conclusion: Preparation methods affect the antioxidant activity of red dragon fruit peel and flesh. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity (BCB test) can be found in the ethanolic extract of the blended peel. The highest TFC can be found in the ethanolic extract of dried-peel. Both the ethanolic extracts, blended peel and blended flesh, had the same DPPH radical scavenging activity.
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Vizzotto, Marcia, Luis Cisneros-Zevallos, David H. Byrne, David W. Ramming, and W. R. Okie. "Large Variation Found in the Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Peach and Plum Germplasm." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 3 (May 2007): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.3.334.
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Nineteen peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] genotypes and 45 plum (Prunus salicina Erhr. and hybrids) genotypes with different flesh and skin color were analyzed for their antioxidant content and activity. Anthocyanin content, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity were higher in red-flesh than in light-colored flesh peaches. Carotenoid content was higher in yellow-flesh peaches than in light-colored ones. Red-flesh plums generally had higher anthocyanin and phenolic contents than the other plums but not necessarily greater antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content had the most consistent and highest correlation with antioxidant activity, indicating that it is more important in determining the antioxidant activity of peaches and plums than are the anthocyanin or carotenoid contents. In general, the wide range of phytochemical content and antioxidant activity found indicates that the genetic variability present can be used to develop cultivars with enhanced health benefits.
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Asra, Ridho, Rusdi R, Indah Kemala Fitrina, and Nessa Nessa. "Application of Red Dragon Fruit Dyes as Staining in Histological Study." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 6 (December 14, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i6.1045.
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Background: The betacyanin pigment found in dragon fruit flesh (Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C.Weber) Britton & Rose) has many advantages, for instance as a tissue histology dye.
Objectives: determining the properties of organs stained with betacyanin red dye and finding alternative histology colors to replace synthetic hematoxylin-eosin dyes.
Summary of contents of the article: The flesh of the red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C.Weber) Britton & Rose) was extracted using the Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) method. The study employed six male white mice divided into two treatment groups: a placebo group induced with 1% Na.CMC carrier solution and a positive control group generated a toxic dose of paracetamol. The results were visually compared to hematoxylin-eosin with standard betacyanin and betacyanin extract of red dragon fruit flesh concentrations of 50% (v/v), 80% (v/v), and 100% (v/v).
Conclusion: Betacyanin from the flesh of the red dragon fruit can be applied as a histological dye in the liver of male white mice and as a counterstaining hematoxylin as a substitute for eosin dye at a concentration of 100% (v/v).
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Hamouz, K., J. Lachman, K. Pazderů, K. Hejtmánková, J. Cimr, J. Musilová, V. Pivec, M. Orsák, and A. Svobodová. "Effect of cultivar, location and method of cultivation on the content of chlorogenic acid in potatoes with different flesh colour." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 10 (October 2, 2013): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/460/2013-pse.
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In precise field trials in the years 2010 and 2011 the effect of genotype and location in cultivars with yellow, white, purple or red flesh on the content of chlorogenic acid (CA) and in 2011 and 2012 the effect of organic cultivation were evaluated. The results show a statistically significant effect of genotype to CA content, which ranged from 74.0 mg/kg fresh matter (FM) (Agria) to 825 mg/kg FM (Vitelotte). Demonstrable effect of flesh colour on CA content between cultivars with coloured flesh was found (430 mg/kg FM) in comparison with cultivars with yellow or white flesh (71.1 mg/kg FM). For cultivars with coloured flesh rather the genotype specific cultivar ruled than the purple or red flesh colour. In terms of the influence of location, higher CA levels were found on warm locations with frequent periods of drought in comparison with locations of high altitude climatic conditions which are favourable for potato cultivation. In the organically grown potatoes significantly higher levels of CA were found as compared with conventional treatment.
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Wellner, Annika, Eckhard Grimm, and Moritz Knoche. "Effect of Orchard Management Factors on Flesh Color of Two Red-Fleshed Apple Clones." Horticulturae 5, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5030054.
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Little is known about factors affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.). The objective was to establish the effects of orchard management factors on flesh anthocyanin content of dark-colored (DC) and light-colored (LC) apple clones. Flesh color was assessed by measuring color in the L, a, b mode using a spectrophotometer and predicting the anthocyanin content based on relationships between the absorption of a flesh extract at 530 nm and the L-value determined using a spectrophotometer (r2 = 0.99 ***). Fruit from the DC clone were red by 86 days after full bloom (DAFB), whereas the LC clone began to color at 136 DAFB. Color intensity in both clones decreased from the top of the tree to the base. Further, the intensity of the flesh color of the DC clone decreased with shading (94% absorption of incident photosynthetic active radiation). Covering a fruit with a UV absorbing film (100% UV absorption) had no effect on flesh color in the DC clone but decreased color in the LC clone. Fruit thinning increased color in DC and LC fruit. There was little change in flesh color during storage. However, the DC clone developed severe flesh browning as storage progressed beyond 30 days. The results demonstrated that light (visible and UV wavelength) stimulated, whereas shade inhibited, anthocyanin biosynthesis in the flesh under orchard conditions.
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Juhart, Jan, Aljaz Medic, Robert Veberic, Metka Hudina, Jerneja Jakopic, and Franci Stampar. "Phytochemical Composition of Red-Fleshed Apple Cultivar ‘Baya Marisa’ Compared to Traditional, White-Fleshed Apple Cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’." Horticulturae 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2022): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090811.
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We analyzed the red-fleshed apple cultivar ‘Baya Marisa’ and compared it with the traditional, white-fleshed apple cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. The objective of this study was to compare sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds of ‘Baya Marisa’ with the widely known and consumed white-fleshed apple cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. In addition, flesh firmness, color, and soluble solid content was studied. A total of 46 phenolic compounds were quantified and identified, some for the first time in apples. The study showed that the total analyzed phenolic content (TAPC) was 1.6× higher in the skin of red-fleshed ‘Baya Marisa’ and 1.4× higher in the flesh of red-fleshed ‘Baya Marisa’. Organic acid (citric acid, malic acid, and ascorbic acid) content was higher in the red-fleshed cultivar ‘Baya Marisa’, whereas sugar content (sucrose, glucose, and sorbitol) was similar, except for fructose, which was 1.1× higher in ‘Golden Delicious’. The content of citric acid was 1.6× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’, whereas the content of malic acid was 1.2× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’ and the content of ascorbic acid was 2.8× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’. Among phenolics, total dihydrochalcones in the skin were 3.3× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’ and similar in the flesh compared to ‘Golden Delicious’. Flavonols were 1.4× higher in the skin of ‘Baya Marisa’ and 2.8× higher in the flesh of ‘Golden Delicious’. Anthocyanins were not identified in the white-fleshed cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. Total hydroxycinnamic acids were 2.0× higher in the skin of ‘Golden Delicious’ and similar in the flesh compared to ‘Baya Marisa’. Total flavanols were 1.8× higher in the skin and 2.2× higher in the flesh of the white-fleshed cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’.
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Porret, Naomi, Peter Cousins, and Christopher Owens. "(265) DNA Sequence Variation within the Promoter of VvmybA1 Associates with Flesh Pigmentation of Intensely Colored Grape Varieties." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1049C—1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1049c.
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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of our oldest domesticated crops and economically the most important cultivated fruit crop in the world. Cultivated grapes show substantial diversity in fruit color, including: varying shades of black, red, pink, grey, white, and types with pigmented berry flesh. The majority of V. vinifera cultivars only possess anthocyanin pigmentation in the skin of the berry (also known as teinturiers). However, some cultivars possess berries with intensely pigmented flesh as well as skin, which is often also associated with greater pigmentation of vegetative tissues. The genetic control and inheritance of fruit color in grapevine is poorly understood, despite evidence that the primary determination of anthocyanin production appears to be controlled by a single dominant locus in V. vinifera with white fruit being a recessive character. Recently, it has been shown that the presence of Gret1, a Ty3-gypsy-type retro-transposon in the promoter region of a myb-like regulatory gene is present in white-fruited cultivars of V. vinifera and that allelic variation in this gene associates with several qualitative classes of grape fruit color. It has been observed that the red-flesh berry phenotype is similarly controlled by a single dominant locus. Considering the association of variation in VvmybA1 with grape berry skin color, it was hypothesized that DNA sequence variation in VvmybA1 would also be associated with genotypes showing intensely pigmented berry flesh. In this study, we show that allelic variation in VvmybA1 associates with the teinturier phenotype both in a panel of accessions possessing red-flesh as well as in a population of full-sibs segregating for the red-flesh phenotype.
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Miswan, Miswan, Irwan Said, and Ratman Ratman. "Penentuan Kadar Kalsium (Ca) dalam Kulit dan Daging Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) yang Berasal dari Sidera." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 7, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2018.v7.i3.11909.
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This study aims to determine the calcium in peel and flesh of red dragon fruit (HylocereusPolyrhizus) Sample uses red dragon fruit aged 2 months, which is ripe on the tree. This research used the Spectrophotometric method, the analysis method based on the measurement of light absorption. Using spectro-direct as an instrument and tablet (Ca) as an indicator. From these studies, it was obtained in calcium levels: for peel was 9.21 mg/100 g and flesh red dragon fruit was 18.10 mg /100 g.
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Šlosár, Miroslav, Tomáš Kopta, Ondrej Hegedűs, Alžbeta Hegedűsová, Ivana Mezeyová, Mária Timoracká, and Ján Mezey. "Yield parameters, antioxidant activity, polyphenol and total soluble solids content of beetroot cultivars with different flesh colours." Folia Horticulturae 32, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0030.
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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate yield parameters, antioxidant activity (AOA), total polyphenol content (TPC) and total soluble solids (TSS) in beetroot cultivars with different flesh colours. Field experiments were established at the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in 2016 and 2017. Within the study, 16 beetroot cultivars were tested, including 11 red-fleshed (‘Boltardy’, ‘Boro’ F1, ‘Crosby Egyptian’, ‘Cylindra’, ‘Detroit Globe’, ‘Detroit 2’, ‘Egyptian Turnip Rooted’, ‘Opolski’, ‘Pablo’ F1, ‘Renova’ and ‘Taunus’ F1), 2 yellow-fleshed (‘Boldor’ F1 and ‘Golden’), 2 white-flesh cultivars (‘Albino’ and ‘White Detroit’) and 1 red-white fleshed cultivar (‘Chioggia’). All beetroot cultivars with red flesh colour showed higher AOA and TPC than different-coloured beetroot cultivars. The highest root yield was found in the white-fleshed beetroot cultivar ‘Albino’ (37.80–41.91 t · ha−1). The highest root weight was found in the white-fleshed beetroot cultivar ‘White Detroit’ (362.4–412.1 g). The highest AOA (819.19–972.50 mg TEAC · kg−1 d.w.) and TPC (2,387.70–2,731.00 mg · kg−1 d.w.) were found in the red-fleshed beetroot cultivar ‘Pablo’ F1. Different-coloured cultivars of beetroot were characterised by a lower content of TSS (6.4–8.8 ºBRIX) than cultivars with typical, red flesh colour (7.8–10.8 ºBRIX). Results clearly indicate that cultivar, or flesh colour, is showed as a significant factor influencing the quality of beetroot. Knowing of yield potential and quality of beetroot cultivars is important for growers as well as consumers. Results of this study indicate that white-fleshed cultivars of beetroot are characterised by high yield potential but lower quality, including lower AOA, TPC and TSS.
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Ramli, Nurul Shazini, Patimah Ismail, and Asmah Rahmat. "Influence of Conventional and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction on Phenolic Contents, Betacyanin Contents, and Antioxidant Capacity of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus)." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/964731.
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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of extraction methods on antioxidant capacities of red dragon fruit peel and flesh. Antioxidant capacities were measured using ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent while quantitative determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) was conducted using aluminium trichloride colorimetric method. Betacyanin content (BC) was measured by spectrophotometer. Red dragon fruit was extracted using conventional (CV) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE) technique to determine the most efficient way of extracting its antioxidant components. Results indicated that UE increased TFC, reduced the extraction yield, BC, and TPC, but exhibited the strongest scavenging activity for the peel of red dragon fruit. In contrast, UE reduced BC, TFC, and scavenging activity but increased the yield for the flesh. Nonetheless, UE slightly increases TPC in flesh. Scavenging activity and reducing power were highly correlated with phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Conversely, the scavenging activity and reducing power were weakly correlated with betacyanin content. This work gives scientific evidences for the consideration of the type of extraction techniques for the peel and flesh of red dragon fruit in applied research and food industry.
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Lee, Rina, Jeongmin Lee, Hyeonju Lee, and Myunghyup Oh. "Antioxidant, whitening and anti-obesity effects of red-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extract." Food Engineering Progress 28, no. 4 (November 2024): 325–32. https://doi.org/10.13050/foodengprog.2024.28.4.325.
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This study investigated the antioxidant, whitening, and anti-obesity properties of red-fleshed pitaya extracts. We aimed to increase the financial value of red-fleshed pitaya and demonstrate its potential as a functional food material in the future. Flesh and peel extracts were obtained using 70% ethanol and water extraction conditions. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity) for each extract were measured, and the 70% ethanol peel extract had the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity was used to measure the whitening effect, with the water flesh extract being the most effective. To investigate the anti-obesity effect, a 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation experiment was performed at a non-cytotoxic concentration using 70% ethanol and water flesh extracts. In comparison to the control, the water flesh extract showed a substantial decrease in lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant activity of the 70% ethanol pitaya peel extracts and the whitening and anti-obesity effects of the water flesh extracts are expected to make pitaya a highly valuable functional food ingredient.
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Syarifuddin, Aminah Nur, Rezky Zantrie, and Romauli Anna Teresia Marbun. "IDENTIFIKASI KADAR VITAMIN C PADA DAGING DAN KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VISIBLE." JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM) 2, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v2i1.285.
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Introduction: Vitamin C is one of the nutrition acted as a antioxidants and effective addres free radicals can be destructive cells or tissue. Fruits are a source of vitamins C, which is a dragon red. Part of the dragon red during this rarely used is the skin. The dragon fruit is very useful to health, but in fact only thought of as waste farming has yet to be used as a good. This study aims to determine comparison levels of vitamin C on the flesh and the dragon red (Hylocereus polyrhizus) with a method spectrophotometry UV-Visible. Method: This type of research using the method of true experimental reseach stage includes preparation of samples, qualitative test,quantitative test, making the solution of the parent raw materials, determination of wavelength of vitamin C and manufacture of the calibration curve. The sample of this study is the flesh and the dragon red (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Results: Based on the results revealed that the fles and the dragon red (Hylocereus polyrhizus) contain vitamin C. Discussion: Levels of vitamin C on the flesh the dragon red of 0.05888 mg/mL and The levels of vitamin C on the skin the dragon red of 0.02533 mg/mL .
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Lutfiyah, Izzatul, Sudarti Sudarti, and Singgih Bektiarso. "ANALISIS PERUBAHAN PH DAN TEKSTUR DAGING BUAH NAGA MERAH (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS) OLEH PENGARUH PAPARAN MEDAN MAGNET EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF)." ORBITA: Jurnal Kajian, Inovasi dan Aplikasi Pendidikan Fisika 8, no. 1 (May 20, 2022): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/orbita.v8i1.8609.
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ABSTRAKBuah naga daging merah keunguan dengan nama latin Hylocereus polyrhizus merupakan salah satu jenis produk holtikultura yang saat ini sedang populer. Kandungan air 90% membuat buah ini cukup kaya akan mineral. Namun, kandungan air yang tinggi dalam buah menyebabkan buah naga merah tergolong dalam perishable commmodities yang mudah mengalami kerusakan dan pembusukan jika disimpan dalam suhu kamar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh paparan medan magnet Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) terhadap perubahan pH dan tekstur daging buah naga merah sebagai indikator pembusukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 165 potong daging buah naga merah dengan 25 sampel kelompok kontrol, 20 sampel kelompok kulkas, dan 125 sampel kelompok eksperimen. Kelompok eksperimen merupakan kelompok dengan perlakuan diberi paparan medan magnet ELF intensitas 600 dan 1000 selama paparan 30 menit, 60 menit, dan 90 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan medan magnet ELF berpengaruh terhadap perubahan pH dan tekstur daging buah naga merah. Paparan medan magnet ELF mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri pembusuk pada daging buah naga merah, sehingga nilai pH meningkat dan tekstur daging buah naga bertahan padat. Dalam penelitian ini, Intensitas 600 lama paparan 60 menit efektif dalam menghambat pembusukan daging buah naga merah.Kata kunci: buah naga merah;medan magnet; extremely low frequency (ELF). ABSTRACTPurplish red flesh dragon fruit with the Latin name Hylocereus polyrhizus is one type of horticultural product that is currently popular. The water content of 90% makes this fruit quite rich in minerals. However, the high water content in the fruit causes red dragon fruit to be classified as perishable commodities which are easily damaged and spoiled if stored at room temperature. This study aims to examine the effect of exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on changes in pH and texture of red dragon fruit flesh as an indicator of decay. This study used a sample of 165 pieces of red dragon fruit flesh with 25 samples of the control group, 20 samples of the refrigerator group, and 125 samples of the experimental group. The experimental group was the treatment group that was exposed to an ELF magnetic field with an intensity of 600 dan 1000 for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The results showed that exposure to the ELF magnetic field had an effect on changes in pH and texture of red dragon fruit flesh. Exposure to the ELF magnetic field was able to inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in red dragon fruit flesh, so that the pH value increased and the texture of dragon fruit flesh remained solid. In this study, the intensity of 600μT with 60 minutes of exposure was effective in inhibiting the rotting of red dragon fruit flesh. Keywords: red dragon fruit; magnetic field; extremely low frequency.
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Wu, Jin-Hu, A. Ross Ferguson, Brian G. Murray, Alison M. Duffy, Yilin Jia, Canhong Cheng, and Philip J. Martin. "Fruit Quality in Induced Polyploids of Actinidia chinensis." HortScience 48, no. 6 (June 2013): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.6.701.
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Fruit of colchicine-induced tetraploids of Actinidia chinensis were 50% to 60% larger than those of their diploid progenitors. In addition to fruit size, fruit quality is a key issue in any commercialization of these autotetraploids. We have made the first detailed study of the effects of chromosome doubling on fruit quality parameters other than size: these attributes include flesh firmness, color, soluble solid content (SSC), dry matter content (DM), vitamin C content, fruit skin thickness, and red pigmentation distribution in red-fleshed kiwifruit. Four selections from colchicine-induced tetraploids from the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar Hort16A were trialed for the stability of their fruit quality. Analysis of fruit at harvest over 3 years showed that fruit of the induced autotetraploids were significantly softer (lower flesh firmness), had lower DM, and had a less intense golden flesh color than fruit of their diploid progenitor. During development, SSC of fruit of the autotetraploid plants started to increase earlier than in the diploid ‘Hort16A’. This has been confirmed by replicated trials. No difference was found in vitamin C content between fruit of autotetraploids and diploids. Autotetraploids had significantly thicker skins than diploid ‘Hort16A’. Induced autotetraploids from three female genotypes of red-fleshed A. chinensis showed similar trends to autotetraploids of ‘Hort16A’ in fruit flesh firmness and outer pericarp flesh color, DM, SSC, and vitamin C. All the traits analyzed indicated that fruit of the autotetraploid plants matured earlier than those of their diploid progenitors. Furthermore, red pigmentation, one of the most important traits for red-fleshed kiwifruit breeding, showed a reduction in both intensity and distribution in the autotetraploids compared with their diploid progenitors. There was considerable variation among fruit of autotetraploid plants regenerated from each diploid progenitor. Therefore, selection among the regenerants may be required to achieve the best outcome after ploidy manipulation in kiwifruit breeding.
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Duong, T. N. D., T. N. T. Tran, and Q. B. Hoang. "Impact of maltodextrin and temperature on spray dried mixed flesh-peel matrix of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) powder." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1155, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1155/1/012022.
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Abstract Red flesh dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has been considered as rich source of essential nutrients for health. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of producing fruit powder from the pulp underwith the utilization of the peel of red flesh dragon fruit by spray drying technique. Maltodextrin concentration and inlet air temperature were the experimental factors investigated the effects on the physicochemical properties of the powder. Results showed that the concentration of maltodextrin (10 - 20%) and the inlet spray drying temperature (140 - 160°C) affected on the retention of betacyanin, morphology and other properties of the fruit powder. The maltodextrin concentration of 15% and the inlet temperature of 150°C revealed high retention (98.75%) of betacyanin. There were analytical methods including SEM, FTIR and DSC explored also to confirm the changes of the mixed flesh-peel matrix from red dragon fruit through the processing.
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Zhang, Lu, Li Gao, Xi Hong Li, Peng Yu Zhao, Feng Li, Chong Xiao Shao, Yao Yao Li, and Hong Yuan Ma. "Study on the Pathogens Carrier Rate of “Red Globe” Table Grape at Different Temperatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.146.
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“Red Globe” table grapes were packaged at four temperature conditions: -1C、-0.5C、0C and 4C. Pathogens carrier rate of grape flesh, grape pedicel, grape peduncle and disease incidence rate were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. The result revealed that-0.5C was the best storage condition of “Red Globe” table grape, from perspective of pathogens carrier rate of grape flesh, grape pedicel, grape peduncle and disease incidence rate. There was a positive correlation between disease incidence rate and pathogens carrier rate of grape parts. This study is to provide a theoretical basis for reducing the loss red grapes.
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Bang, Haejeen, Angela R. Davis, Sunggil Kim, Daniel I. Leskovar, and Stephen R. King. "Flesh Color Inheritance and Gene Interactions among Canary Yellow, Pale Yellow, and Red Watermelon." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 4 (July 2010): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.4.362.
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Two loci, C and i-C, were previously reported to determine flesh colors between canary yellow and red watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Recently, lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) was found as a color determinant gene for canary yellow (C) and a codominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker was developed to identify canary yellow and red alleles. The inhibitor of canary yellow (i-C), as reported in a previous work, was not detected in our original family derived from a cross between canary yellow and red parents. To identify additional genetic determinants such as i-C, we prepared a new family using ‘Yellow Doll’ (canary yellow) and ‘Sweet Princess’ (red), which was reported to carry the inhibitor gene i-C as parents. A new distinct class of flesh color, pale yellow, was identified in the progeny from the new canary yellow × red cross. The predominant carotenoid in canary yellow and pale yellow phenotypes was neoxanthin, followed by violaxanthin and neochrome; pale yellow contained less total carotenoids, but had more minor carotenoids compared with canary yellow. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test indicated that there are two genes involved in determining flesh color among canary yellow, pale yellow, and red, but the segregation pattern did not fit the pattern as reported for an i-C gene. When the genotype of the family ‘Yellow Doll’ × ‘Sweet Princess’ was analyzed with our LCYB CAPS marker, the flesh color of every individual perfectly cosegregated with the marker. The new pale yellow phenotype also cosegregated with the marker linked to the C allele, indicating that the recessive py phenotype (pale yellow) must carry at least one of the C alleles for expression. Therefore, we propose to designate py for a pale yellow determinant along with C as a canary yellow determinant. A homozygous recessive py gene resulted in pale yellow flesh color in the presence of a dominant C.
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Ropelewska, Ewa, Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska, Monika Mieszczakowska-Frąc, Karolina Celejewska, Dorota E. Kruczyńska, Krzysztof P. Rutkowski, and Dorota Konopacka. "Physicochemical Properties, Image Textures, and Relationships between Parameters of Red-Fleshed Apples Collected on Different Harvest Dates." Agronomy 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2023): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102452.
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The determination of the optimal harvest date is very important to obtain the desired apple quality. This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of the harvest date on selected properties of the following red-fleshed apples: ‘Alex Red’, ‘Trinity’, and ‘Roxana’. The color parameters of skin and flesh were measured using a portable spectrophotometer. The apple slices were imaged using a digital camera to extract flesh image textures. Then, the contents of chemical compounds, such as sugars, acids, and polyphenols were measured. The greatest significant changes with the delay in the harvest date were observed in the values of parameter a* of red-fleshed apple skin (from 21.57 to 25.42 for ‘Alex Red’, from 22.65 to 26.81 for ‘Trinity’, and from 21.82 to 30.00 for ‘Roxana’) and apple flesh (from 29.06 to 32.80 for ‘Alex Red’ and from 32.96 to 36.30 for ‘Trinity’); image textures (RHMean—from 227.6 to 236.5 for ‘Alex Red’, from 231.8 to 236.3 for ‘Trinity’, and from 217.8 to 227.9 for ‘Roxana’, and SHMean—from 126.0 to 135.6 for ‘Alex Red’, from 127.4 to 143.4 for ‘Trinity’, and from 58.4 to 96.0 for ‘Roxana’); the total sugar content—from 85.6 to 90.9 g kg−1 for ‘Alex Red’ and from 112 to 128 g kg−1 for ‘Trinity’; total pectin—from 6278 to 6008 mg·100 g−1 for ‘Alex Red’, from 6196 to 6401 mg·100 g−1 for ‘Trinity’, and from 5912 to 6807 mg·100 g−1 for ‘Roxana’; and total phenolic content—from 536.1 to 501.9 mg kg−1 for ‘Alex Red’, from 515.5 to 573.3 mg kg−1 for ‘Trinity’, and from 1121.3 to 1293.3 mg kg−1 for ‘Roxana’. The linear relationships with the Pearson’s correlation coefficients (R) reaching 0.999 between the image texture from color channel a and color parameter L*, and −0.999 for the image feature from color channel R vs. color parameter a* of the flesh, and image texture from channel X vs. anthocyanins were confirmed.
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Hamouz, Karel, David Bečka, and Ivana Capouchová. "Ascorbic acid content in potato tubers with coloured flesh as affected by genotype, environment and storage." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (November 30, 2018): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/542/2018-pse.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of genotype, tuber flesh colour, site conditions, year of cultivation and storage on the content of ascorbic acid (AAC) in the tubers of twelve potato cultivars with coloured flesh, compared with the yellow-flesh cv. Agria. AAC ranged from 88.6 to 282.0 mg/kg fresh matter (FM) and it was significantly influenced by genotype. A significantly highest AAC, on a three-year average, was achieved by cv. Rosemarie with red flesh (218.9 mg/kg FM; 1.10–1.84-fold more than the other cultivars). Position number two was achieved by the control cv. Agria (199.4 mg/kg FM). The purple or red colour of the cultivars with coloured flesh did not have a significant effect on the AAC. A significantly higher (1.17 times) AAC was determined at the Uhříněves site with warmer climate and drier weather before the harvest, compared with the other site in Valečov. The AAC was also significantly affected by year of cultivation. Cold storage (4°C, 180 days) resulted in a significant decrease in AAC, which varied in dependence on the genotype of the cultivars (34.6% to 65.1%). However, no link to the colour of the tuber flesh was found.
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Sokolova, Diana V., Natalia A. Shvachko, Aleksandra S. Mikhailova, and Vitaliy S. Popov. "Betalain Content and Morphological Characteristics of Table Beet Accessions: Their Interplay with Abiotic Factors." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051033.
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Table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a source of the natural red-colored food dye (E162), highly demanded for the broad spectrum of its biological activity. The relevance of this study is dictated by the lack of knowledge about the dynamics of changes in the crop’s betalain content during the growing season, which impedes identifying the optimal timing of harvesting in order to obtain the dye. This paper presents the results of research into betacyanins (BC) and betaxanthins (BX), separately in the peel and flesh of roots, in 15 differently colored table beet accessions from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute (VIR). There was no statistically significant accumulation of betalains in beets during the growing season. The pigment’s significant fluctuations associated with abiotic environmental factors were shown. The ratio of BC/BX in red-colored accessions was measured: 2.65 in the peel and 2.9 in the flesh. Strong positive relationships were found between BC and BX in the peel (r = 0.97) and flesh (r = 0.79) of red-colored biotypes, which stably persisted throughout the growing season. The beetroot peel was more sensitive to temperature changes, in contrast to the flesh. The negative effect of a temperature increase on betalains in red-colored beetroots intensified on the second or third day. The pigment composition of the flesh was less susceptible to the negative impact of increased temperatures, but reacted negatively to rainfall, becoming more expressed on the second or third day. A conclusion was made about the morphotype with high betalain content. Recommended cultivars are mid-ripening, with rounded and medium-sized roots, a large number of narrow leaf blades, and short and thin petioles.
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Sokolova, Diana V., Natalia A. Shvachko, Aleksandra S. Mikhailova, and Vitaliy S. Popov. "Betalain Content and Morphological Characteristics of Table Beet Accessions: Their Interplay with Abiotic Factors." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051033.
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Table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a source of the natural red-colored food dye (E162), highly demanded for the broad spectrum of its biological activity. The relevance of this study is dictated by the lack of knowledge about the dynamics of changes in the crop’s betalain content during the growing season, which impedes identifying the optimal timing of harvesting in order to obtain the dye. This paper presents the results of research into betacyanins (BC) and betaxanthins (BX), separately in the peel and flesh of roots, in 15 differently colored table beet accessions from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute (VIR). There was no statistically significant accumulation of betalains in beets during the growing season. The pigment’s significant fluctuations associated with abiotic environmental factors were shown. The ratio of BC/BX in red-colored accessions was measured: 2.65 in the peel and 2.9 in the flesh. Strong positive relationships were found between BC and BX in the peel (r = 0.97) and flesh (r = 0.79) of red-colored biotypes, which stably persisted throughout the growing season. The beetroot peel was more sensitive to temperature changes, in contrast to the flesh. The negative effect of a temperature increase on betalains in red-colored beetroots intensified on the second or third day. The pigment composition of the flesh was less susceptible to the negative impact of increased temperatures, but reacted negatively to rainfall, becoming more expressed on the second or third day. A conclusion was made about the morphotype with high betalain content. Recommended cultivars are mid-ripening, with rounded and medium-sized roots, a large number of narrow leaf blades, and short and thin petioles.
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Gorman, Patrick. "Red Guard 2.0: Nationalist Flesh Search in China." Journal of Contemporary China 26, no. 104 (September 21, 2016): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1223102.
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Zaracho, Nathalia, Gemma Reig, Naveen Kalluri, Pere Arús, and Iban Eduardo. "Inheritance of Fruit Red-Flesh Patterns in Peach." Plants 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020394.
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Fruit color is an important trait in peach from the point of view of consumer preference, nutritional content, and diversification of fruit typologies. Several genes and phenotypes have been described for peach flesh and skin color, and although peach color knowledge has increased in the last few years, some fruit color patterns observed in peach breeding programs have not been carefully described. In this work, we first describe some peach mesocarp color patterns that have not yet been described in a collection of commercial peach cultivars, and we also study the genetic inheritance of the red dots present in the flesh (RDF) and red color around the stone (CAS) in several intra- and interspecific segregating populations for both traits. For RDF, we identified a QTL at the beginning of G5 in two intraspecific populations, and for CAS we identified a major QTL in G4 in both an intraspecific and an interspecific population between almond and peach. Finally, we discuss the interaction between these QTLs and some other genes previously identified in peach, such as dominant blood flesh (DBF), color around the stone (Cs), subacid (D) and the maturity date (MD), and the implications for peach breeding. The results obtained here will help peach germplasm curators and breeders to better characterize their plant materials and to develop an integrated system of molecular markers to select these traits.
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Savina, E. E., K. A. Sheydik, and A. Salka. "FEATURES PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION OF RED-FLESH APPLE VARIETIES." Plant Science (Horticulture, Viticulture, Seed Production) 1-2, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47279/plantscience_2023-01-13.
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In the changing conditions of Transcarpathia, red-soft varieties provide high productivity and are less affected by diseases, which will provide a biologically clean technology for their cultivation. Most apples of red pulp varieties at first glance do not differ from the total weight of the fruit. Era apples do not have an intense skin color, but an intense color of the pulp. Fruits of Siren, Odysio, Baia Marissa red with different intensity of placement of lentils and rusting with white edging. Assessing the structure of the flower, it should be noted that almost each has additional pistils and highly developed anthers, which promotes self-pollination. All varieties are characterized by dark pink flowers with very abundant flowering. Rings are formed not only on short biennial branches, but also annual, which should be taken into account when pruning and normalization of flowering. Among the studied varieties, the Baia Marisa variety is the tastiest and with an intense color. It has a red flesh color due to the presence of a special pigment "anthocyanin", which destroys harmful bacteria in the human body and strengthens the immune system. The amount of anthocyanins is 2 times higher than in ordinary apples. Therefore, we offer it for widespread implementation in the production of dietary food. Assessing the economic and biological indicators, it is established that the load on the trees of the third and fourth year of fruiting is quite high with the formation of high quality apples in spite of the critical conditions of 2020. The average number of fruits per tree was up to 60 apples weighing from 188 to 203 g, which provided a high yield of Baia Marisa 33.7 t/ ha in 2019 and the lowest in 2020 30.5 t / ha. The lowest yield in 2019 was characterized by the Odisio variety, which yielded only 29.8 t / ha against 31.2 t / ha in 2020. Measuring biometric indicators, the required height of trees in the fourth year of vegetation was established. The height of the trees of the studied varieties was about 300 cm, except for the variety Sirena, whose trees reached an average of no more than 285 cm in 2019 and an increase in height by 20-25 cm in 2020. The diameter of the trunk is the best in the variety Sirena (232 mm) with the best growth during the year. In terms of the number of annual shoots, the Era variety is in the lead (58 pieces) and the average length of annual growth is 61 cm in two years of comparative evaluation. In difficult climatic conditions, new varieties with red crumbs stood out, the yield of which averaged over the above period 30t / ha of high quality fruit, which provided a selling price of 45-64 UAH. The level of profitability from the cultivation of these varieties was 167 256%. Efficiency indicators depended on the form of product delivery, sales and time of maximum sales. Such products are designed for sale in gift packaging with juices during the Christmas holidays, sale to restaurants for culinary decoration of meat and desserts. Keywords: apple tree, red pulp varieties, productivity, economically valuable traits, economic efficiency
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Jaroslav, Urban, Hamouz Karel, Lachman Jaromír, Pulkrábek Josef, and Pazderů Kateřina. "Effect of genotype, flesh colour and environment on the glycoalkaloid content in potato tubers from integrated agriculture." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 4 (April 20, 2018): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/166/2018-pse.
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The main aim of the study was evaluation of the content of -solanine, -chaconine and total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in fourteen new potato cultivars with purple and red flesh in comparison with yellow- and white-fleshed control potatoes cultivated in a friendly way in integrated agriculture. The results were obtained from three-year trials on two locations. TGA levels in tubers’ flesh ranged from 33.69 to 167.77 mg/kg fresh matter (FM), and the ratio of α-chaconin to α-solanin from 1.18 to 3.78. No TGA safety limit was exceeded for any cultivar. The glycoalkaloids content was not significantly influenced by flesh colour, whereas the cultivar genotype had a decisive influence on their content. Eight cultivars with coloured flesh yielded a more favourable lower TGA content in comparison with the yellow-fleshed control cv. Agria (86.3 mg/kg FM); on the contrary six cultivars showed higher TGA values. The highest average TGA content was found in the purple-fleshed Bora Valley cultivar (165 mg/kg FM), the lowest was found in the red-fleshed Red Emmalie cultivar (43.6 mg/kg FM), whereas the white-fleshed cv. Russet Burbank reached 67.0 mg/kg FM. The glycoalkaloid content was significantly affected by location and year weather conditions.