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1
Menges, G. "PVC Recycling Management." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 1809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091809.
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PVC is the second most important polymer worldwide. Thanks to its excellent cost/performance ratio and outstanding chemical and environmental resistance, it is today mainly used for long-life applications. In some countries, for example, France, PVC is used in large volume for the manufacture of bottles. Pure PVC scrap can be recycled without any problems. Although many applications for such products of recycled PVC have been developed, and pilot plants for recycling exist, only small volumes have been recycled up to now. Only bottles made from PVC for the large drinking water market in France are already collected separately, recycled in large quantities, and transformed into such articles as water pipes. Specialist organisations deal with this business. In such cases, for example, kitchen waste, where PVC is part of mixed plastics waste for example, sorting and separation of the PVC is necessary.
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Grigorieva, Larisa, and Pavel Oleinik. "Recycling Waste Wood of Construction." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.126.
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The article considers contemporary methods and especially recycling of wood waste. The volume of wood waste is constantly growing due to the increase in the number of buildings subject to demolition or dismantling, reconstruction and repair works. The article contains the main requirements to the raw material derived from waste. Advantages of products made from wood-polymer composite materials on physic mechanical parameters. The comparative characteristic of cost for the production of wood-polymer plastic. It is noted that production made from wood polymer composite materials has unlimited product range, including boards, various profiled molded and moulded details with complicated shape (the board for the floor, skirting board, baguette, etc).
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Wu, Yong Chun, and Lian Feng Xu. "Analysis of the Barrier Factors of Municipal Solid Waste Classification Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2618.
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Many cities in China are facing a "junk siege" dilemma, municipal solid waste classified recycling is one of the effective disposal methods of garbage scientific management, and is also the best way to waste reduction, recycling and harmless, However our municipal solid waste classification recycling remain stagnant, This paper argues that it is because of many obstacles that municipal solid waste classification recycling face makes municipal solid waste classification recycling have little effect, which include public awareness needs to be improved, the limitations of traditional garbage classification, lack of corresponding laws and regulations, garbage recycling facilities not complete and the corresponding theoretical issues remain to be explored etc.
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Jin, Yanming, Zhuonan Li, Xinli Xiao, Conggan Ma, Min Liu, and Lingyu Chen. "Research on the evaluation method of the business model for the recycling of hazardous waste in power grid." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.1.1.241.
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Hazardous wastes in power grids include waste transformer oil and waste lead-acid batteries, etc. Due to the problems of extremely large number of points, wide distribution, and small number of units, coupled with differences in hazardous waste recycling technologies, policies, and markets in various regions, so Possible business models need to be listed and evaluated. This paper establishes an evaluation index system for the business model of hazardous waste recycling, and uses the TOPSIS method to evaluate five feasible business models. The evaluation results will help relevant departments of power grid companies at all levels to formulate recycling strategies according to the characteristics of hazardous waste recycling, so as to facilitate the recycling and reuse of hazardous wastes.
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Rovin, S. L., A. S. Kalinichenko, and L. E. Rovin. "The return of the dispersed metal waste into production." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-1-45-48.
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The article presents an alternative method of recycling of dispersed metal waste, based on a continuous solid-liquid-phase process, implemented in rotary tilting furnaces (RTF). The new proposed method of recycling allows processing wastes with almost any composition and state from metal to oxide and multicomponent wastes (shavings, fine scrap, mill scale, aspiration dust, sludge, etc.). The wastes can be even contaminated with moisture, oil, and organic impurities. The method developed does not require preliminary preparation of the initial materials (cleaning, homogenization, pelletizing, etc.). The finished products are ingots (pigs) for subsequent processing aiming the particular chemical composition or cast alloys of certain brend.
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Zia, Umer, Hira Iram, Hafiz Zeshan Haider, Faiza Ameen, Maria Abrar, and Muhammad Atif. "Review—Biowaste as a Source of Conductive Carbon." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 021001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ac4edb.
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Recycling trend has transformed the prerequisites of our cravings. Makeover of waste material into useful goods has become inevitable. Bio waste shares a major portion of waste materials, hence pursued for recycling. Activated carbon from bio waste has been reported remarkable in electrochemical performance (capacitance, charge density, charge-discharge ratio etc.). This survey of data has been compiled for different bio wastes as a source of activated carbons with conductive behavior.
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Liu, Jia You. "Waste Heat Utility Technology in Coal Mine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2723.
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Coal mine drainage, exhaust air and bathing wastewater, etc. contain a large amount of waste heat resource. Using the waste heat effectively is beneficial to achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction and improve economic benefit for coal mine. Heat pump and heat pipe are thermal devices recycling waste heat effectively. The ways and purpose of recycling waste heat in coal mine by using water-source heat pump, air-source heat pump and heat pipe exchanger is given. The performance of heat pump and heat pipe is briefly evaluated.
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Meena, Jagram. "A Brief Study on Recycling of Waste Paper." Journal of Advance Research in Applied Science (ISSN: 2208-2352) 2, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnas.v2i3.681.
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Energy harvesting also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging is the process by which energy is derived from external sources solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor. Energy harvesters provide very small low-energy electronics. While the input fuel to some large-scale generation costs money (oil, coal, etc.), the energy source for energy harvesters is present as ambient background and is free. For example, temperature gradients exist from the operation of a combustion engine and in urban areas, there is a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the environment because of radio and television broadcasting
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Blinová, Lenka, and Peter Godovčin. "Importance of Recycling the Waste-Cables Containing Copper and PVC." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 29, no. 48 (June 1, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2021-0001.
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Abstract Urbanization, development of economy, increasing population and improved living standards and lifestyle have caused a sharp growth in waste. Inappropriate or inefficient waste disposal techniques can cause serious air, soil, and groundwater pollution, which subsequently can negatively affect the urban environment and threaten the health of residents. The goal of waste management is to move to a circular economy in which waste does not exist. If there is no possible way to reduce or reuse waste, the best solution is recycling it. Recycling brings abundant benefits on the economic and ecological levels levels, and helps reduce overall human health risk of adverse impacts. Recycling of the waste-cables which contain PVC and copper replaces the production of virgin PVC and mining of copper from copper ore, it reduces landfill solid waste pressures, saves energy and water sources, reduces emissions to environment, and also reduces negative impacts from improperly dispose of waste, etc. This paper presents an overview of recycling techniques for the waste-cables containing copper as a core and polyvinyl chloride as an insulating layer or sheath. It also lists advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and importance of recycling this type of waste.
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Khaertdinova, Alfira, Dilbar Sultanova, and Albert Karimov. "European waste management experience: yesterday, today, tomorrow." E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701008.
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The article presents an economic analysis of the state of municipal waste generation, utilization and recycling in the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation. As a basis for the analysis, we used data on the 20 most representative countries that make a significant contribution to the formation of the main macroeconomic indicators of the EU. The results of the implementation of the EU environmental policy, the degree of reflection on the volume of trade in secondary raw materials, private investment in this sector, employment in the processing and recycling sectors, etc. are considered. In addition, a correlation analysis was carried out, which allowed us to determine the degree of dependence of waste disposal and recycling on various indicators, to identify the most significant of them and the main factor affecting the effectiveness of the country’s environmental policy.
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Zimmermann, François, Marie-Thérèse Lecler, Frédéric Clerc, Alain Chollot, Eric Silvente, and Jérome Grosjean. "Occupational exposure in the fluorescent lamp recycling sector in France." Waste Management 34, no. 7 (July 2014): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.03.023.
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Zhou, Gui Zhong, Zhao Feng Wang, Xuan Wang, and Shao Xiang Li. "Recycling of Waste Hard Alloy via Electrochemical Dissolution Method." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2263.
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Electrochemical dissolution method was used to achieve the recycling of waste hard alloy. Tungsten, cobalt powder and cobalt salts can be obtained through the control of suitable conditions of electric dissolution process ,such as cleaning of waste hard alloy, electric dissolution of waste hard alloy, knocking the basket, treatment of cobalt chloride etc. Tungsten and cobalt chloride solution can be obtained directly by this method, and thus to obtain the cobalt powder and cobalt salts. Recovery rate of WC and cobalt were above 98% and 92-95%.
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Khan, MN Hasan. "Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mymensingh City towards Sustainable and Profitable Waste Management." Journal of Science and Technology Research 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jscitr.v3i1.62805.
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Waste generation is increasing with the increasing of population at Mymensingh city but the waste management practice of the Mymensingh city corporation is not well established. The present study was conducted to find out profitable opportunities for municipal solid waste (MSW) management of Mymensingh city. Both primary and secondary sources were used to collect data as fulfillment of the study. Twenty two different locations of 5 wards in the city were visited for collecting these data. In the city estimated amount of waste produce 150 tons/day where 40-50% biodegradable and 15-25% recyclable paper, plastic, glass, metal etc. Currently waste is not being collecting and disposing scientifically due to unavailability of facilities, thus creating environmental pollution as well as unable to earn profit. Resource recovery and recycling could be a good option to reduce waste and earn profit from recyclable materials such as plastic, paper, metal etc. Besides this composting could be useful to produce bio fertilizer and bio gas from biodegradable wastes. By selling bio-fertilizer and biogas city could also earn profit. Integrated waste management combination with reduce, recovery, recycling and composting would be better solution for managing waste in the city. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 3(1): 41-48, 2021
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Nhu, Dung Kim Thi, Duoc Van Tran, Thuat Tien Phung, and Toi Trung Tran. "An overview of recycling methods from composite wastes." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, no. 3b (July 20, 2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(3b).08.
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In the era of industrialization and modernization, pollution caused by industrial wastes has become one of the biggest challenges most countries are facing. Wastes such as plastics, ceramics, paper, metals, composite, etc. are the predominant detriments to the environment. Although composite materials account for just a small proportion in the waste stream, they are difficult to process and possess a great number of potential risks to the environment. At the same time, recycling and recovering composite waste materials are more challenging than other easy-to-handle waste materials. This paper will first present an overview of the methods used to recycle composite wastes, then it will further orientate recycling technologies suitable for Vietnam.
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Li, Xiao Peng, Yun Song, and Wei Wang. "Research on Evaluation Index System of Non-Metallic Materials Recycling Technologies from Copper Clad Laminate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.627.
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The Copper Clad Laminate (CCL) residue recycling technologies are important to improve the recycling of waste circuit boards and reducing the environmental impact during its life cycle. However, there has not yet been able to have the technical evaluation criteria for CCL residue. This study demonstrates the feasibility of one recycling technology from the technical, economic, social, environmental and political, and then determinates CCL residue recycling technologies evaluation index system by Delphi Method, AHP, expert panel and Questionnaire and etc., which provides a tool for CCL residue recycling technologies assessment.
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Baba Srinivas, Adhikarla, Santosh Kumar Sar, Shweta Singh, and Santosh Yadav. "Solid Waste management from Steel Melting Shop." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i1.55.
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- Production of steel in steel Industry is accomplice for the generation of solid waste materials like sludge, slag, dust etc. In recent days most part of wastes are generated from steelmaking process which is a focus point now-a-days. The solid waste generation, presently in Indian steel industry is in the range of 400 - 500 kg/t of crude steel and recycling rate varies between 40 - 70 % which lead to higher production costs, lower productivity and further environmental degradation. It is very essential not only for recycling of the waste valuable metals and mineral resources but also to protect the environment. I Solid waste management in steel industry is broadly classified in “4 R” i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and restore the materials. The aim of the paper is to explore the various developments for total recycling of solid waste generated from steel industry, so that the vision for making “clean & green steel with zero waste” can be achieved for survival and growth of steel business in future. Keywords—Steel, Reuse, recycle, solid waste, sustainable development.
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Samir, Mourad, Faruz Alama, Paul Buysse, Tomas van Nylen, and Oleg Ostanin. "Disposal of Mining Waste: Classification and International Recycling Experience." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184102012.
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The main directions of mining and industrial wastes’ utilization are the production of building materials, their use in the construction industry without additional processing, and also the production of metals from metal-containing raw materials. It should be noted that current waste is preferable for the production of building materials, since they preserve the primary physical and mechanical properties and chemical composition and, moreover, can reach the consumer bypassing all other steps that are mandatory for waste consolidated (transportation, storage, etc.). For the production of building materials, not less than 30% of overburden and refinement tailings are suitable, almost all metallurgical and fuel slags, waste products of fertilizers and building materials. Even larger amounts of waste can be used for various laying and burial works (construction of road bases and dams, filling of worked out areas, leveling of the relief).
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Wang, Bin, and HeHua Li. "Multi-objective optimization model of waste tire recycling network." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 03052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021403052.
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To achieve sustainable development, logistics enterprises need not only to reduce costs, but also to save energy for environmental protection and improve customer service level. The improvement of reverse logistics management level of waste tires is of great significance to improve the efficiency of the automobile industry. In this paper, multi-objective programming is adopted to establish the waste tire recycling network model. The decision variable is whether the network nodes are set or not, the traffic flow between nodes. Constraints include meeting customer demand, balance of flow in and out of logistics nodes, etc. The model is solved by ε- constraint. Taking the actual data of the enterprise as an example, the operation results show that the operation cost, carbon emission and customer transportation distance can get an consistence within a certain range. Waste tire logistics enterprises can realize the simultaneous improvement of profit, environmental protection and customer service level.
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Defeuilley, Christophe, and Sylvie Lupton. "The future place of recycling in household waste policy: the case of France." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 24, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(98)00018-4.
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Ahmed, Rand R. "Produced The Compost by Recycling The Municipality Waste." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.27.1.015.
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Around 5000 tons of food waste are prooduced every day in Iraq, accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of .Waste sent to landfill for disposal may breakdown and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect ,as well as odour , epidemics , and disease because of the disintegration. The aims of the research are to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic food waste which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for the purpose of ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (tap water) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the resalt that the use of "domestic wastewater" rich in living organisms and bacteria to hydrate the mixture is better than the use of "tap water". The felicitous fertilizer is rich with nutrient nitrogen 2.3%, phosphorus 13% and potassium 20% etc. There are a number of important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, and moisture content in the mixture, which ranges from 40-60% to provide a suitable medium for microorganisms within the mixture. Where less than 40% lead to dry mixture and kill organisms.
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Rajan, Krishna, Aravinthan Gopanna, and Selvin Thomas. "A Project Based Learning (PBL) Approach Involving PET Recycling in Chemical Engineering Education." Recycling 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling4010010.
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The recycling of waste plastics is considered as one of the strategies to tackle the issue of environmental pollution caused by commodity plastics all over the world. Recently, many universities have incorporated topics related to recycling and plastics waste management into their curricula at different levels to increase awareness as well as to develop new recycling technologies. In this study, one of the most important waste recycling problems is given as the project for the undergraduate students of chemical engineering to analyze the effectiveness of the project-based learning (PBL) approach in the school curriculum. A team of students was assigned with the task of recycling post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles through an experimental and design approach. From the experimental data, students designed a recycling plant with a proposed capacity to produce 1 ton of recycled granules per day through the project-based learning approach. Evaluation of the project was carried out at various stages and it was found that the students acquired the required skills and applied them effectively. The outcomes of the present study clearly establish that the problems which have societal impacts, such as waste management, environmental pollution, etc., can be effectively communicated to the student community through the PBL approach, which can lead to increased motivation and enhanced critical thinking abilities.
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HUONG, NGUYEN THI THU, and O. N. LARIN. "ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION WITH RECYCLING OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT WASTE IN VIETNAM." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 4 (2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.02.018.
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Today, in world practice, a rapid increase in the rate of generation of household and industrial waste is noticeable, and Vietnam, as a developing country, this problem is especially tangible. With the development of industry and technology, one of the most problematic industries in terms of waste generation is the electrical and electronic equipment industry. The products of this industry are tightly integrated into all other sectors of human life, whether it is production (refrigeration equipment, machine tools, computers, monitors, communications, etc.) or everyday life (household appliances, mobile phones, game consoles, smart appliances, etc.). This article provides an analysis of the current situation with the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Vietnam, and provides recommendations for solving this problem.
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Wu, Jiang-Ping, Ling Mo, Hui Zhi, Ying Peng, Lin Tao, Zi-He Ren, Xiao-Jun Luo, and Bi-Xian Mai. "Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O -deethylase induction in the common kingfisher from an electronic waste recycling site." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35, no. 6 (March 22, 2016): 1594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3294.
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Hudym, Milena, Hanna Kononenko, and Yuriy Izbash. "Current state, issues and perspectives of construction waste recycling in Ukraine." International Science Journal of Engineering & Agriculture 1, no. 5 (December 1, 2022): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46299/j.isjea.20220105.08.
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The article analyzes the problem of construction and demolition waste disposal in Ukraine, which is especially relevant due to the increasing number of housing renovation projects and the intensification of national construction projects. Construction waste accounts for almost a third of the waste generated in most developed countries. The most efficient disposal method is recycling, i.e. recycling of secondary building resources (SBR). However, the share of recycled construction waste in Ukraine lags far behind developed countries (it is about 6% of its total volume). The high level of waste generation and low rates of its use as secondary raw materials (SRM) have led to the fact that a significant amount of solid waste accumulates annually in the industrial and civil sectors of Ukraine, only a small part of which is used as SRM, the rest ends up in landfills. The difference between waste management in Ukraine, compared with other developed countries, is in the large volumes of waste generation and the lack of infrastructure to recycle it. The issues of the environmental impact of construction waste are considered, and the main cost-effective technologies for processing SBR are identified and considered in this research. With the help of market mechanisms and government regulations, these technologies may become promising for investment and their development will be beneficial for small and medium-sized businesses. Perspective areas of construction waste recycling in order to obtain demanded products are presented; existing advantages and technologies of processing SRM are also considered: solid waste processing, biothermal composting, wood waste processing, recycling of construction waste and metallurgical slag, etc.
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Mishra, Srabani, Sandeep Panda, Ata Akcil, Seydou Dembele, and Ismail Agcasulu. "A Review on Chemical versus Microbial Leaching of Electronic Wastes with Emphasis on Base Metals Dissolution." Minerals 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111255.
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There is a growing interest in electronic wastes (e-wastes) recycling for metal recovery because the fast depletion of worldwide reserves for primary resources is gradually becoming a matter of concern. E-wastes contain metals with a concentration higher than that present in the primary ores, which renders them as an apt resource for metal recovery. Owing to such aspects, research is progressing well to address several issues related to e-waste recycling for metal recovery through both chemical and biological routes. Base metals, for example, Cu, Ni, Zn, Al, etc., can be easily leached out through the typical chemical (with higher kinetics) and microbial (with eco-friendly benefits) routes under ambient temperature conditions in contrast to other metals. This feature makes them the most suitable candidates to be targeted primarily for metal leaching from these waste streams. Hence, the current piece of review aims at providing updated information pertinent to e-waste recycling through chemical and microbial treatment methods. Individual process routes are compared and reviewed with focus on non-ferrous metal leaching (with particular emphasis on base metals dissolution) from some selected e-waste streams. Future outlooks are discussed on the suitability of these two important extractive metallurgical routes for e-waste recycling at a scale-up level along with concluding remarks.
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Vukovic, Natalia, and Evgenia Makogon. "Waste-to-Energy Generation: Complex Efficiency Analysis of Modern Technologies." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113814.
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Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a significant challenge all over the world. Waste-to-Energy generation solves the problem of MSW recycling and produces power for urban territories. In this study, the researchers implemented complex economic and ecological efficiency analyses of modern Waste-to-Energy technologies. The fundamental challenge of modern Waste-to-Energy generations is finding the balance between economics, ecology, and productivity. Thus, to assess the effectiveness of various thermal technologies, statistics from enterprises were used. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) method was implemented to calculate an integral effectiveness of a particular Waste-to-Energy technological approach. Environmental and economic analysess of thermal MSW disposal technologies was carried out by selecting the data from at least 146 functioning plants in Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Thailand. The research results confirm that gasification technology was the most promising and the most environmentally and cost effective. Incineration Moving Grate technology was the least effective and attractive Waste-to-Energy technology according to the results of the environmental and economic efficiency assessments. The research results can be used for urban planning in waste recycling projects and the new energy national and municipal agenda. The research results can also be useful for municipal strategic energy and sustainable plans and programs.
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Delcea, Camelia, Liliana Crăciun, Corina Ioanăș, Gabriella Ferruzzi, and Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. "Determinants of Individuals’ E-Waste Recycling Decision: A Case Study from Romania." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072753.
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Due to the increase of the amount of electrical and electronical equipment waste (e-waste), the understanding of individual consumers’ main decision triggers represents a key point in increasing the quantity of recycled e-waste. A series of studies from the literature have shown a positive relationship between the consumers’ attitude, awareness, self-efficacy, social norms, and their e-waste recycling intention, as well as the positive influence between the intention and the manifested behavior. Additional to these determinants, in the present study, the influence of social media was analyzed along with the actions taken by the government and nongovernmental organizations, with the purpose to include and to capture, as much as possible, a high amount of determinants in the e-waste recycling process. Nevertheless, the demographic or socio-economic variables, such as age, gender, income, education, number of family members, etc., have shown over time to have a contribution to predicting the consumers’ pro-recycling behavior. As on one side, in the research literature, the opinions related to which of the demographic or socio-economic factors can have an impact on the recycling behavior have been divided and, on another side, a series of researchers believe that the discrepancies in the findings of different studies can be due to culture in various countries, in this paper we conducted such an analysis with reference to the Romania’s case. The results have shown that the demographic variables, such as age and gender, can have a contribution to predicting residents’ pro-e-waste recycling behavior. Based on these findings, the policymakers can gain a better understanding of the e-waste recycling phenomenon and on its main triggers, with results in creating better policies for sustaining a proper e-waste managing system.
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Neagu-Cogălniceanu, Camelia, and Irinel Neagu-Cogălniceanu. "Thermal Embossing Method for Glass Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.349.
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Over the past years the target for waste recovery/ recycling has significantly increased in Romania, in according with the EU Directives. Nowadays, the competitive contexts of the current market lead the manufacturers to obtain novel and custom-made products using new technologies and quality raw materials. Such resources can be consisting of low-cost waste/by-products and in the processes of converting them into value-added products. On the other hand, the necessity for recycling waste is important under the strict European legislation. Regarding glass, the key sources of waste are container/ packaging glass, flat glass, electric and electronic equipments, domestic glass, E-glass, etc. According with source, waste glass can be: pre-and post-consumer waste glass. Now many recycling processes have been studied, developed and applied in industry. The major challenge is represented by creating of innovative and sustainable technologies and making it suitable. But recycling of glass is technologically more complicated than other waste (for example: paper). In case of glass, the most sustainable route is to use it for re-melting processes and obtaining a new glass. Glass is 100% recyclable but not all waste/cullet can be used for the manufacturing of any type of glass, due different chemical composition and the prohibitive shipping costs from collection points to glass factory. In this study, authors paid attention to the recycling process of soda-lime glass (post-industrial flat glass) and proposed the thermal embossing technique of glass, using glass slumping process, in order to obtain decorative products with aesthetic impact and functional role. An input image is prepared by applying different enhancement techniques, adjusting contrast, transferring into grayscale image in 256 shades of gray. The result image is transferred in Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) software to refine the surface geometries and to obtain with rapid tooling the mould for glass. The method used for tooling fabrication consists of machining a block of suitable material with a Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machine which is known as a subtractive method. The next stage consists in applying of the heat treatment, using an electrical furnace. The major advantages of the embossing method for converting waste glass in value-added products is represented in the fact of use reduced energy comparing with the classic route of re-melting, possibility of obtaining bespoke products, ready to use in architectural and decorative fields. In addition, environmental benefits that results from processing waste glass are the reducing the raw materials (virgin) and the CO2 emissions.
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Bodkhe, Rajesh, Dr Sandeep Khedkar, Yogeshwar Deshmukh, Ashutosh Gahukar, and Gaurav Meshram. "Solar Powered Portable Garbage Composter Machine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41533.
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Abstract: Garbage collection is an important task of ensuring that our communities have a pleasant environment in which to live. But the main problem we face today can be reduced by reducing or minimizing the amount of waste transportation, specific waste. A compactor can be used to reduce the amount of waste streams. The waste burden remains the same so there are no savings from the total waste generated. However, the amount of waste can be reduced by up to 80%, eliminating the need to empty the dumpster many times, resulting in lower pick-up charges. These paper focus on, to identify and analyze concepts and strategies for waste recycling. Its aim is to reduce their negative impact on the environment and human health and natural resources. Right now, garbage is an existential problem in India, so you must find financial solutions. In developing countries, reducing the amount of waste is one of the major challenges that need to be addressed to improve living conditions. By using management in waste recycling, one can contribute to urban development, but we must remember that there is a significant cost involved in waste management. In conclusion, we noted that the necessary discussions are taking place nationally and internationally to adopt management strategies in the area of waste recycling. Keywords: Solar energy, Waste Management, Organic Composting, Composting process, Modern Composting etc.
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Shrivastava, Harsh, and Vivek Parashar. "E-Waste Causes and Management Using BASEL Convention." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.030102.
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"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life. “Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators. "E-wastes are considered dangerous; ascertain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others are re-usable (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. This paper highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented.
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Wu, Zhong Wei, Zhi Feng Liu, and Jian Zhao. "Recycling Experimental Research of Thermosetting Phenolic Plastic Waste Based on Mechanical Effects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1708.
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Using adjustable speed crushing regeneration test device for the recovery experiment of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste, this paper analyses the principle of recovery process. Through particle size analytical technique, FTIR, XRD and SEM etc. various testing method is analyzed mechanochemical effects of crushing process. Research the speed, time, temperature process parameters of the influence of recycling process conditions. According to the experimental results, it established the mechanochemical model and analyzed the degradation and regeneration mechanism of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste.
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Khalid, Ibrahim, Sadiq Ullah, and Iqbal Saeed Umar. "The problem of solid waste: origins, composition, disposal, recycling, and reusing." International Journal of Advanced Science and Computer Applications 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47679/ijasca.v1i1.6.
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Solid waste disposal is a major challenge in many industrialized and developing nations, both in metropolitan regions as well as rural ones. The collection and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a serious issue facing metropolitan areas in many nations today. An effective MSW management strategy must satisfy all of these criteria: financial viability; technical feasibility; social and legal acceptability; and ecological friendliness. Small and large cities alike have a major difficulty in dealing with solid waste management.
One of the current study topics is the valuation of food organic waste. Existing waste disposal methods include the typical landfill, incineration, composting, and other methods of handling solid waste. Composting and anaerobic digestion have traditionally been the most widely employed methods for the treatment and exploitation of the organic part of MSW (AD). The amount of organic solid waste (OSW) being generated globally is rising at an astronomical rate. Agricultural waste, domestic food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. comprise the majority of OSW. They're often used as animal feed, disposed of in landfills, or burnt. OAWs are made up of protein-, mineral-, and sugar-rich components that may be employed as substrates or raw materials in other processes.
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Rohsig Lopez, Nicole Sofia, and Jenny Faucheu. "EXPLORING LOCAL RECIRCULATION OF PAPER WASTE THROUGH UPCYCLING AND ARTISTIC RECYCLING." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 1481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.409.
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AbstractLocal recirculation of materials is a key aspect for a green transition, as it enables materials to be reused in new life cycles locally. In this article, we use the material “paper” as a case study to explore how this material recirculates at the local scales. This article aims at observing and evaluating upcycling scenarios as part of an expansion of local end-of-life possibilities compared to the current situation where paper end-of-life is reduced to a few recycling plants in France and abroad. This work relies on interviews and questionnaires that aim at understanding how paper is used and explored by artists to be recirculated in products. Indicators were tested to provide a methodology to compare different material circulation scenarios in terms of material use, environmental impact and value perception. Collaboration among multiple actors, artists, community centres, schools and industrial players is crucial for scaling up such recirculation loops.
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Prykhodko, V. Yu, T. A. Safranov, and T. P. Shanina. "Comparative assessment of different municipal solid waste treatment methods based on greenhouse gases emission values." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 22 (December 3, 2018): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.22.2018.12.
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The research is aimed at comparing different methods of municipal solid waste treatment (waste burial, composting, complex recycling) depending on the values of generated greenhouse gases. In order to compare waste burial and composting of municipal solid waste based on amount of generated greenhouse gases the calculation methods used for compiling the National Inventory, were taken. The mass balance method was used to estimate the output of a product of complex recycling. The municipal solid waste components differ by amount of degradable organic carbon and decomposition rate but have the largest mass. The municipal solid waste treatment techniques consist in placing such waste at landfills and dumps which are sources of environmental pollution, for example, by greenhouse gases. There are other organic waste treatment methods, such as composting via different technologies, burning, recycling etc. But all of them are also associated with greenhouse gases emission. Easily decomposed organic waste can be used for production of organic fertilizers, but a mandatory requirement, that is separation from the general municipal solid waste stream at the time of waste production, should be complied with. A complex recycling of easily decomposed organic waste, including anaerobic and aerobic composting is offered as an efficient way of waste management. The article presents a comparative analysis of various methods of municipal solid waste treatment based on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the Odessa Region. It considers three waste treatment approaches: all waste mass is to be placed at landfills and dumps, composting of some of park and garden waste and burial of other components, complex recycling of food, park and garden waste and some of paper waste according to the developed scheme. Complex recycling offers the least value of total greenhouse gases emission over a five-year period whereas waste disposal is characterized by the highest value thereof. The complex recovery of components containing bioavailable organic carbon through anaerobic fermentation method excludes emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as the biogas produced can be collected and extracted. However, over a long period, even after two-stage complex recycling, the total emission of greenhouse gases will be lower comparing to other methods of easily decomposed organic waste treatment. Emission of greenhouse gases in case of waste disposal has a prolonged nature whereas emission of greenhouse gases in case of composting occurs within a short period of time which should be taken into account when analyzing the prospects of solving the municipal solid waste problem.
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Yu, Huiying. "Past, present, and future perspectives on the governance of waste household appliances in China: A 20-year review based on CiteSpace analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127502028.
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This study offers a systematic review of the research on the treatment of waste household appliances in China in the past 20 years. A total of 1123 related articles were selected from the CNKI database from 1998 to 2020 to sort out the hot spots, evolution and frontier trends. The results show that: (1) In the past 20 years, the research on waste household appliances in China has followed the development path of “society-technology-human”, gradually evolving from the macro level to the micro level, and the research in the field of waste household appliances governance has begun to take shape. (2) With the increasing enrichment of research methods and the continuous expansion of research ideas, the research topic breaks through the boundaries of single theory and discipline, and reverse logistics, closed-loop supply chain, recycling behavior, recycling and dismantling technology, etc. have become research hotspots. (3) From the initial study of the management experience of developed countries to the study of recycling management with Chinese characteristics, China’s “Internet + recycling” model is ahead of the international level and has become the latest research hotspot.
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Shi, Lei, and Da Yong Li. "A Technique Method of Recycling Sylvite Zinc Plating Waste Liquid in Laboratory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.290.
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It introduces a kind of technique method that recycling sylvite zinc plating waste liquid laboratory, involving the fields in electroplating and comprehensive utilization of waste liquid. It includes the following steps: first add hydrogen peroxide and activated carbon into waste liquid to remove the organic matter in it, and then reduce the solution’s temperature with refrigeration film, and filter out the solid contents. Add NaOH solid, NaHSO3 into the solution, through chemical reactions, precipitate the heavy metal element, and finally get distilled water through distillation. It can make the recycled materials be reused, such as distilled water, boric acid, etc., and as to nonrecyclables, such as heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Cr3+), bury them deep that disposing harmless.
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Issah, Ibrahim, John Arko-Mensah, Thomas P. Agyekum, Duah Dwomoh, and Julius N. Fobil. "Health Risks Associated with Informal Electronic Waste Recycling in Africa: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 14278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114278.
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Informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling in Africa has become a major public health concern. This review examined studies that report on the association between e-waste exposure and adverse human health outcomes in Africa. The review was conducted following the updated version of the Preferred Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA 2020) statement checklist. We included papers that were original peer-reviewed epidemiological studies and conference papers, written in English, and reported on e-waste exposure among human populations and any health-related outcome in the context of Africa. Our results from the evaluation of 17 studies found an association between informal e-waste recycling methods and musculoskeletal disease (MSD) symptoms and physical injuries such as back pains, lacerations, eye problems, skin burns, and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). In addition, the generation and release of particulate matter (PM) of various sizes, and toxic and essential metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), etc., during the recycling process are associated with adverse systemic intermediate health outcomes including cardiopulmonary function and DNA damage. This systematic review concludes that the methods used by e-waste recyclers in Africa expose them to increased risk of adverse health outcomes. However, there is a need for more rigorous research that moves past single pollutant analysis.
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Rijal, Sandhya, Yu-Han Huang, and Hung-Yueh Lin. "An Integrated Approach to Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Performance Evaluation by Incorporating Local Demographic Features." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 19, 2021): 10446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810446.
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Recycling municipal solid waste has become a challenging task for municipalities. Appropriate recycling efficiency evaluations are, thus, essential to find practical benchmark learning targets for inefficient municipal solid waste authorities (MSWAs). This study developed a recycling performance evaluation procedure by subgrouping MSWAs with prominent local demographic features, such as population density, ratio of senior citizens, tourism index etc. Principal recycling relevant factors for MSWAs in each group were then collected, and data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied for efficiency evaluation and benchmark learning targets. A case study of 181 MSWAs in Taiwan demonstrated the suitability of the proposed procedures. An assessment of the required efforts for efficiency improvements revealed that, in an unsegregated scenario, inefficient MSWAs representing a rural subgroup required maximum efforts to fulfill the efficiency targets, which was on average 61% higher than that determined in their respective subgroup. Furthermore, the unsegregated scenario revealed proximal efficiency results for the urban subgroup. The results indicated that consideration of local demographic features was essential for a fair assessment of recycling efficiency. Additionally, evaluating MSWAs with similar local demographic features was superior in obtaining appropriate benchmark learning targets for the inefficient MSWAs and, consequently, exhibited practicality for improving walkthroughs to achieve the efficiency goal.
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Ali, S. Rehan. "Solid Waste Management – A Case Study of Moradabad." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 2 (2014): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.221410.
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Many people feel that solid waste management is simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump. But if we consider it true then why do so many towns suffer from uncollected refuse, blocking street and drains, harbouring flies and rats and degrading urban environments? Successful solid waste management is rarely achieved without thought, efforts and much learning from mistakes. Preparation and management of a good solid waste management system needs inputs from a range of disciplines, and careful consideration of local conditions. Keeping in mind all above, the present paper is an attempt to combine several aspects of environmental, biological, chemical and civil engineering to resolve the problem related to solid waste management for the Moradabad district. It is felt that there is need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a common practice, need to focus on environmental impacts (e.g. surface and groundwater) of solid waste around dump sites etc a plan was prepared for its proper management. At present A2Z Waste Management Private Limited is involving for the solid waste management work in Moradabad. Data related to waste generation, composition of municipal solid waste etc is provided by Nagar Nigam, Moradabad, Municipal Corporation and A2Z Moradabad. In Moradabad, there are about 100 notified slum settlements constituting about 21% of the total population i.e. 1,80,000. The steady incremental in the city population results in the increase of domestic waste generation. This project consists of the hierarchy of solid waste management starting from sources, types and composition of solid waste, waste generation, handling, storage, collection, reduction, combustion, upto landfill and recycling for waste management.
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Nguyen, T. K. V., T. T. H. Doan, T. H. Cao, and H. S. Pham. "A Study of State Parameters for Road Construction of MSWI Bottom Ash." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 5 (October 12, 2021): 7624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4370.
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The current work tries to valorize the bottom ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI). The bottom ash from waste incineration consists of atypical granular materials. They are industrial by-products resulting from the incineration of domestic waste and the way of the considered valorization is road gravel. In this paper, we present the state parameters of bottom ash taken from a recycling company in the North of France. These features can help us evaluate our bottom ash according to the technical guide of realization of embankments and subgrades.
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Girich, Maria G., and Antonina D. Levashenko. "SEPARATE AND DOMINATE: HIDDEN POTENTIAL OF WASTE MARKET IN RUSSIA AND IN THE WORLD." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-1-72-84.
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The waste market is a large segment of international trade, which allows earning on the recyclable treatment materials and the waste trade. The separate waste collection allows obtaining a better quality of recyclable materials, which can be processed without additional sorting. Toda, measures for infrastructure development for separate collection, recycling, and incineration of solid municipal waste are established as part of the Strategy of solid municipal waste management in theRussian Federation. At the same time, disposal is the primary method of waste management. As a result, there is a problem of development of separate waste collection system which is aimed at reducing the use of a non-eco-friendly and desirable method of waste management – disposal. OECD proposes many standards for separate waste collection are possible, including integration of waste management hierarchy, development of extended producer responsibility practices, stimulation and training of population in a separate waste collection, etc. These measures allowed OECD countries, for example,Germany,Sweden,Austriato become world leaders in the field of waste treatment. These countries improve the quality of the environment, earn through recycling, resale of garbage, saving the money by re-using of useful components contained in the wastes.
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Epure, C. C., C. Munteanu, B. Istrate, S. C. Lupescu, and M. Harja. "Replacement of natural sand with sand obtained from the recycling of crushed household glass." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1262, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1262/1/012019.
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According to Eurostat in 2018, Romania occupies the penultimate place in waste recycling. Packaging waste, generated in the European Union, was 174 kg per capita, but these quantities varied between Croatia - 67.8 kg per capita and Germany - 227.5 kg per capita. In the first place are waste paper and cardboard - 41%, plastic - 19%, glass - 18%, wood - 16% and metal - 6%, in the European Union 2018, these types being the most common household waste. Of the types of packaging waste, glass with 18.7%, is the greatest danger to the environment, being a waste that is not biodegradable, obtained by melting a mixture of quartz sand, limestone and soda ash. Glass packaging waste is 100% recyclable, theoretically, if the recycling and sorting process is followed, removing impurities (paper, sand, metals, etc.), non-compliance with the process will make the smelting process impractical. By recycling one ton of glass, we save 660 kg of sand, water for four people a day and avoid emitting 315 kg of carbon emissions from the greenhouse. Glass packaging waste is recycled with various professional equipment, which is used to obtain glass granules of different sizes, from 0.1 mm to 10 mm, the edges of the granules are rounded and have the appearance of fine sand. The present study presents the use of sand obtained from recycled and crushed household glass, in constructions, filters for domestic water, thermal insulation. The sand obtained from the recycling of household glass has a great advantage, it can be used cold and hot, temperatures weighing 1000C °, substantially reducing production costs, higher resistance by up to 30% and processing time.
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SUN, Wenli, Mohamad H. SHAHRAJABIAN, and Qi CHENG. "Organic waste utilization and urban food waste composting strategies in China - A review." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 10881. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13210881.
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Food loss may occur in production, storage, transport, and processing, which are the stages of the value chain with the lowest returns. The current searching was done by the keywords in main indexing systems including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science as well as the search engine of Google Scholar. The most important points challenging areas that represent opportunities for stakeholders to look into in China are, put in place suitable economic incentives to encourage restaurants to get more involved in the formal system, create a comprehensive regulation system to benefit all relevant stakeholders by clearly defining their respective roles and responsibilities, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the whole system. In China, the most important regulations, policies and plans are regulations on safety issues of food waste treatment, detailed countermeasures on organizing, educating, supervising, and inspecting the work on food waste reduction in China, and detailed plant for household waste collection and treatment, issued by Chinese government, state council, and ministry of environmental protection. Setting national goals, awareness-raising campaigns, strict and appropriate regulation, stakeholder engagement, biorefinery and food waste recycling to animal feed are important strategies for better waste management. The most important food waste management practices in China are source separation, animal feed, rendering, composting, co-digestion, anaerobic digestion, incineration, landfill, and etc. Understanding social factors influencing household behavior is utmost importance; public education and specific communication highly contribute to improve recycling.
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Xin, Hai Ming, Dong Ri Shan, and Cheng Min Gao. "Review on Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Identification Technology in Sorting Impurities from Waste Paper." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.752.
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With rapid increase of waste paper recycling, more and more researchers focus on the advanced technologies of sorting impurities form waste paper. The principals of main identification and sorting technologies are introduced in this paper, whose advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Because of importance of sorting technologies based on near-infrared spectroscopy, we emphasis its principle, application and research status etc.. At last, research and development tendency of identification and sorting technology are prospected.
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Gangwar, Charu, Aprajita Singh, Raina Pal, Atul Kumar, Saloni Sharma, and Anamika Tripathi. "Environmental Susceptibility: Soil Contamination of Heavy Metals in the Territory of E-Waste Recycling Area." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 01 (January 31, 2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v3i.8444.
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E-waste is a popular name given to those electronic products nearing the end of their useful life which has become a major source of heavy metal contamination in soil and hence, became the global concern. Various samples of soil were collected from different sites and were determined for heavy metal analysis by the ICP-AAS after the digestion process. The main source of contamination is illegal e-waste recycling activities such as burning of PCB's acid baths etc. Different soil indices like contamination factor, I-geo, pollution load index, were calculated to determine the quality of the soil. Results indicate that e-waste recycling and industrial area are strongly contaminated by the heavy metals. Physiological analysis of soil revealed that e-waste processing and industrial activities decrease the soil pH and organic matter while enhancing the electrical conductivity of soil. The exceedance of metal contamination imposed negative impact to the soil environment and human health.
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Gupta, Piyush. "Plastic waste management, a concern for community." Holistic approach to environment 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.11.2.3.
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Plastics i.e. polymers are long chains or networks of monomer molecules which can be fabricated in desired shape, colour and specifications. The multi-functionality of this macromolecule has made it an integral part of society. Due to being given immense importance in various industrial sectors, like information technology, electrical, as well as electronics industries, intelligent, smart and advanced packaging systems, agriculture, automobiles, biomedical applications, etc., they are quite indispensable for the modern generation. The huge demand and high frequency usage have alarmed a number of countries littered with plastic wastes which need to be attended immediately. The effects of plastic solid waste on environmental living and non-living components are noticeable in the ever-increasing level of plastic pollution both on land and in the oceans globally. This paper compiles the various aspects and prospects of disposal methods like landfilling, recycling, progress in recovery and management of plastic waste (i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) in order to minimize its huge volumes. The depolymerisation process is the key technology behind its success which provides a high yield of product and a minimal amount of waste. Few innovative methods other than recycling published by different researchers are also discussed in this paper.
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Geradin, Damien, and Anne Marie Welker. "Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Producer Responsibility: A Review of Initiatives in the EC." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 5, Issue 12 (December 1, 1996): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1996059.
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Failure of the EU Priority Waste Streams Programme on waste from electrical and electronic equipment; the German draft ordinance on the disposal of information technology equipment; the Dutch draft ordinance; the proposed Swedish Act concerning Recycling and Producer Responsibility with respect to end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment; preparatory steps with a view to legislative proposals in Austria, France, Finland and Denmark; the position in the remaining EU Member States; conclusion that the EU should take a lead with a view to harmonising future requirements.
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Hao, Yan Hong, Ling Mei Wang, and Li Xia Qiu. "System Dynamics Simulation and Adjustment on Coal Resource Utilization Based on Circular Economy." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3190.
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Coal resource utilization system, based on circular economy, is an opening, complex and time-varying system. It composes of subsystems such as industry, population, economy and environment etc. Taking the industry subsystem as prime object, this paper builds its system dynamics model adopting the system dynamics method based on full life cycle. The adjustment parameters such as utilization rate of by-product of mining, the proportion of coal use in each industry and waste recycling rate etc. were confirmed. As a case of coal utilization system being designed, thirteen development projects belong to two types of scenarios were run on the model. The efficacy coefficient method was applied to analyze the simulation results and determine the comparatively best project of coal resource utilization system for the first time. The results indicate that the C4 among them are the best project comparatively, its waste emission is the least, and the benefits of economy, environment and society are the maximum. Research shows that extending industrial chain, increasing production proportion of high added-value product and raising waste recycling rate are beneficial to decrease coal-mining quantity for unit output value, protect coal resource and achieve sustainable development, namely that adopting circular economy development pattern is undoubtedly worthy of advocating for sustainable development of economy, environment and society.
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R. Ahmed, Rand, and Aziz I. Abdulla. "Recycling of Food Waste to Produce the Plant Fertilizer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24096.
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Around 5000 tons of food waste is produced every day in Iraq which accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of them. Waste sent to landfill for disposal may break down and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect, as well as cause odor, epidemics, and disease because of the disintegration. The research aims to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic refuse food which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Have been working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (chlorination water supply) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the result that the use of "domestic wastewater" which it is rich in living organisms is the best and fastest in the process of manufacturing organic fertilizer than the use of "water supply", to contain the latter on the amount of chlorine of weakens the growth of microorganisms. And the use of dried plant waste, in the mixture as source of carbon was successful, and it gave the best organic fertilizer production results because these wastes are easy to decompose compare with sawdust wood. The felicitous fertilizer is it rich with nutrient such as nitrogen 2.3 %, phosphorus 13%, and potassium 20%, etc. There are some important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, moisture content in the mixture. Carbon to nitrogen is a major factor, where each 20-30 part of the carbon should be taken into account for the decomposition of 1 part of the nitrogen to produce the compost properly, the high proportion of carbon about 30%, causes low-temperature mixture, and it leads to slow compost composition, and less than 20% leads to excess nitrogen, which lost in the air in the form of ammonia, and the higher pH value, could be toxic to some microorganisms.
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Smyrnov, I., and Yu Bench. "LOGISTICS FACTOR IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISTIC TERRITORIES (DESTINATIONS) ON EXAMPLE OF URBAN AND RURAL TOURISM." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 66-67 (2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2017.66.5.
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Revealed logistical approach to achieve sustainable development of urban and rural kinds of tourism including practical examples of the most popular tourist destinations (cities) in Ukraine – Kyiv and Lviv. Logistics approach is based on applying the concept of spatial regulation of tourist flows in cities and rural areas (worked out by one of authors – Smyrnov I.G.) and the concept of reverse logistics for recycling of waste, which volume increases as usual after tourists visits. Fulfilled comparison of logistical features of urban and rural tourism in order to ensure their sustainability. For a common goal – to achieve sustainability of the tourism industry in a particular area and at the same functional purpose – by optimization (regulation) of tourist flows in appropriate way to the specific destinations considering their tourism resource base and distribution of tourist flows differences lie in the different resource base for tourism development. In the case of rural tourism resource base is: first, the landscape (natural landscapes); second, flora and fauna; third, agricultural production; fourth, various events (ethnographic, ethnomusic, ethnogastronomic and other ethnotouristic holidays and festivals). In the case of urban tourism the resource base is equally varied and includes: first, historical and modern buildings and other points of architectural interest; second, interurban objects (castles, museums, shopping and entertainment centers etc.); third, the natural environment (parks, botanical gardens etc.); fourth, various events (international, national, city celebrations, festivals and other social and cultural activities). There is difference in the case of rural and urban tourist flows distribution along the territory: typical for rural tourism is dispersing distribution (on farms), typical for urban tourism is concentrated distribution, particularly in the central and historic districts of cities. Accordingly major logistical tasks of ensuring the sustainability of tourism are also different: for rural tourism it is, first, to determine minimum and maximum volumes of tourist flows; second, is desired the waste recycling and monitoring of environmental conditions. For urban tourism main task is to determine the maximum tourist flows volume and as a must the waste recycling whith improving of environmental conditions. Also developed scientific and practical grounds of reverse ecologistics, i.e. logistics of waste recycling remaining after the tourists stay in urban and rural destinations. Proposed mathematical approach of ecologistical optimization of waste reusing (recycling) in destinations of urban and rural tourism.