Academic literature on the topic 'Recyclable materials sorting'
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Journal articles on the topic "Recyclable materials sorting"
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Sörme, Louise, Elin Voxberg, Joacim Rosenlund, Sara Jensen, and Anna Augustsson. "Coloured Plastic Bags for Kerbside Collection of Waste from Households—To Improve Waste Recycling." Recycling 4, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling4020020.
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Today, considerable amounts of resources are landfilled or incinerated, and recyclable materials such as metal, glass, plastic, and paper are disposed of as residual waste instead of being sorted into recyclable fractions. Recycling is one way of transitioning towards a circular economy and a more resource-efficient society. However, in many older cities there is insufficient space for waste bins, which makes waste sorting difficult. The aim of the study was to test how the introduction of a new kerbside collection system, using different-coloured plastic bags, would influence the amounts of residual waste and separately collected food waste. Coloured plastic bags were introduced in an old city centre in Kalmar, in the southeast of Sweden. This type of kerbside collection was applied to 38 apartments with a total of 87 residents for four weeks. Results show that residual waste decreased directly by 15 percent and the collected amount of food waste increased directly by 35 percent. The residents perceived that the sorting system facilitated sorting and that the sorting of recyclable materials increased. Kerbside collection, close to properties, seemed to be an important factor in reducing the amount of residual waste, leading to increased sorting, and hence improved recycling.
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Hyvärinen, Marko, Mikko Ronkanen, and Timo Kärki. "Sorting efficiency in mechanical sorting of construction and demolition waste." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 7 (April 28, 2020): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20914750.
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The requirements for the recycling of construction and demolition waste are tightening, and companies in the waste business have improved their performance to comply with new legislation. Construction and demolition waste includes various recyclable materials, such as metals, plastics and wood. However, effective material recovery requires functional and reliable technology for sorting in order to separate waste fractions into useful secondary materials or applications. This paper concerns the mechanical sorting efficiency of construction and demolition waste with a commercial mechanical sorting equipment consisting of a roller screening and an air separation unit. Sorting ability is studied with pre-sorted and crushed test material. Sieve analysis of pre-sorted test material is used to define particle size distribution before sorting. The quality criteria of construction and demolition waste vary greatly, depending on a number of factors which pose a challenge to the operation of the sorting system. The studied sorting equipment was found to be reliable for producing nine different fractions from pre-sorted and crushed material mixtures. The requirements for the purity level of the fractions and the profitability of utilization define the number of fractions to be sorted cost-efficiently. Typically, a compromise between cost and purity level has to be found.
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Al-Athamin, Esra’a Amin, Safwat Hemidat, Husam Al-Hamaiedeh, Salah H. Aljbour, Tayel El-Hasan, and Abdallah Nassour. "A Techno-Economic Analysis of Sustainable Material Recovery Facilities: The Case of Al-Karak Solid Waste Sorting Plant, Jordan." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 13043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313043.
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Solid waste sorting facilities are constructed and operated to properly manage solid waste for both material and energy recovery. This paper investigates the possible technical and economic performance of the Al-Karak solid waste sorting plant in order to achieve financial sustainability and increase the profits that return on the plant to cover its operating costs. A standard procedure was followed to quantify and characterize the input materials of commercial solid waste by determining the recyclable materials in the sorting products. Thus, possible different equipment and material flows through the plant were proposed. An economic model was used in order to know the feasibility of the proposed options of the plant according to three economic factors, which are net present worth (NPW), return on investment (ROI), and payback period values. The results inferred that the characterization of the input materials contains a high portion of recyclable materials of paper, cardboard, plastic, and metals, which accounted for 63%. In this case, the mass of rejected waste to be landfilled was 9%. Results for the proposed options showed that the economic analysis is feasible when working loads on three and two shifts with ROI values of 4.4 and 3.5 with a payback period of the initial cost in 2 and 3 years, respectively. Working load on one shift was not feasible, which resulted in an ROI value of less than 2 and a payback period larger than 5 years. This paper recommended operating the sorting plant at a higher input feed with a working load on three shifts daily to ensure a maximum profit and to reduce the amount of commercial solid waste prior to landfilling through the concept of sorting and recycling.
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Rodrigues, Luís Henrique, Ricardo Reolon Jorge, and Kevin Laita Kumamoto. "Productivity Analysis in Recyclable Materials Sorting Operation - A Case Study at Recifavela Cooperative." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 8, no. 8 (2021): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.88.50.
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Dumessa, Nathan, Katie Lucaites, Hannah Solini, Jeremy Lopez, Paige Lawton, and Suyash Ahire. "Evaluating the Usability of University Waste-Sorting Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 2046–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641494.
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Recycling is a widely adopted practice that can reduce waste in landfills and increase profits for companies, corporations, and universities, such as Clemson, that sell recyclable materials. For these materials to be sold at a competitive price, however, they must be uncontaminated. This is a considerable barrier for Clemson University because users’ knowledge and experience with recycling do not align with Clemson University’s expected recycling practices. In an effort to bridge this gap, we followed human-centered design practices to generate and test prototypes of new system signage. We found that users were more accurate and confident in their sorting behavior when interacting with the new signage. Users also perceived the new signage as more usable than the old signage. In addition to these findings, the results of this research include a user testing methodology and experimental protocol that can be implemented in other contexts where large populations sort waste.
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Caton, Patrick, Howard Ernst, Karen Flack, Joseph Smith, and Kurtis Swope. "Waste Flow, Recycling, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: a Case Study of the Comparative Environmental Impact of Recycling Approaches on a College Campus." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.446.
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Municipal solid waste flow was modeled and measured at the U.S. Naval Academy to understand not only the movement of waste, but also the policies and economic incentives that have led to the current waste management plan at the Academy. The study contains four primary thrusts: regulatory policies, waste production and recycling levels, collection and sorting processes, and disposal and material recovery. Waste hauling data for a one-year period in 2017-2018 showed that the institution generated approximately 300 tons of total waste each month and recycled approximately 11-15% of that waste. From directly measuring waste across campus, approximately 36% of the non-recyclable waste stream contains recyclable materials. Most recyclable materials that ended up in the non-recyclable waste stream were plastics and cans, and came from academic spaces. However, a test academic space that gave access to waste bins only conjoined with recycling bins showed a substantial reduction in recycling infiltrating the non-recyclable waste stream. The study also shows how the handling of waste has evolved over recent years. Since the mid-2000s, the Academy has shifted to relying on contractors to sort and transport waste. Currently, five private contracting agencies are utilized in the waste flow stream after materials leave the Academy. To assess environmental impact, a life cycle assessment model was constructed based on the movement of waste to estimate the possible effects of the current recycling program on carbon equivalent emissions. The results indicate that current practices result in over 500 metric tons of carbon equivalent savings over the long-term during the one-year measurement period. The model also shows that by reducing recycling infiltrates into the waste stream, an additional 1000 metric tons of carbon equivalent savings are possible. Economic incentives were evaluated at each of the four sections of the waste process model, and analysis suggests that focusing on behavioral change strategies at the waste generation and initial collection and sorting levels holds the best promise for increasing levels of recycling, reducing landfilled waste, and reducing net carbon emissions in accordance with DOD policy goals.
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Dědičová, K., and P. Valášek. "Influence of Glass Powder Size Sorting on Properties of Composite Systems." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2016-0005.
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Abstract Glass powder ranks among the secondary raw materials, which can be used in the interaction with polymeric materials. In the present experiment the polymeric/epoxy particle composite with different sizes of glass powder particles is described. Such utilization of recyclable materials is environmental-friendly and should be preferred. The size of particles forming the filler of the described composites is one of the key characteristics affecting the mechanical properties. Due to the properties of the systems filled with glass powder, these materials can potentially be used in agriculture (renovations, adhesive bonding, cementing, etc.). In the experiment, glass powder was dimensionally sorted through sieves. Three fractions of glass powder with particles size of 0−30, 30−50, and 50−90 μm were created and utilized, the average particle size being 18.7, 38.7, and 72.6 μm, respectively. The interaction of the 18.7 μm particles did not lead to a statistically significant decrease of shear strength values in the interval 0−20 vol.%. The presence of glass powder, however, in all cases decreased tensile strength.
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Larsen, Anna W., Claus Petersen, and Thomas H. Christensen. "Bulky waste quantities and treatment methods in Denmark." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 30, no. 2 (September 2, 2011): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x11417973.
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Bulky waste is a significant and increasing waste stream in Denmark. However, only little research has been done on its composition and treatment. In the present study, data about collection methods, waste quantities and treatment methods for bulky waste were obtained from two municipalities. In addition a sorting analysis was conducted on combustible waste, which is a major fraction of bulky waste in Denmark. The generation of bulky waste was found to be 150–250 kg capita−1 year−1, and 90% of the waste was collected at recycling centres; the rest through kerbside collection. Twelve main fractions were identified of which ten were recyclable and constituted 50–60% of the total quantity. The others were combustible waste for incineration (30–40%) and non-combustible waste for landfilling (10%). The largest fractions by mass were combustible waste, bricks and tile, concrete, non-combustible waste, wood, and metal scrap, which together made up more than 90% of the total waste amounts. The amount of combustible waste could be significantly reduced through better sorting. Many of the waste fractions consisted of composite products that underwent thorough separation before being recycled. The recyclable materials were in many cases exported to other countries which made it difficult to track their destination and further treatment.
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Seryogin, O. O., O. V. Vasylenko, Frank J. Riedel, and Helmut Aigner. "TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEX FOR PROCESSING OF SOLID HOUSEHOLD AND TREATMENT FACILITIES WASTE WITH BIOGAS OBTAINING." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2021.06.
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A concept has been developed for processing of biologically active sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants in combination with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste using the BioTech Process. The complex, which makes it possible to implement the proposed concept, does not require additional land plots, and classified secondary raw materials, biogas and high-quality biofertilizers suitable for use in the agricultural industry are the products of its activity. The proposed concept will allow solving several problems at once due to the construction of a waste recycling plant on the territory of the filtration zone of the existing water treatment facilities. The new processing plant will be used not only for processing and sorting of solid waste, but also for treating sludge from wastewater treatment plants, together with organic waste obtained from solid waste in the BioTech Process to obtain biogas and biofertilizers, the so-called compost. The new recycling plant will be environmentally friendly and, among other benefits, will be able to process of municipal solid waste with preliminary sorting and separation of recyclable materials. Bibl. 9, Fig. 1.
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Girich, Maria G., and Antonina D. Levashenko. "SEPARATE AND DOMINATE: HIDDEN POTENTIAL OF WASTE MARKET IN RUSSIA AND IN THE WORLD." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-1-72-84.
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The waste market is a large segment of international trade, which allows earning on the recyclable treatment materials and the waste trade. The separate waste collection allows obtaining a better quality of recyclable materials, which can be processed without additional sorting. Toda, measures for infrastructure development for separate collection, recycling, and incineration of solid municipal waste are established as part of the Strategy of solid municipal waste management in theRussian Federation. At the same time, disposal is the primary method of waste management. As a result, there is a problem of development of separate waste collection system which is aimed at reducing the use of a non-eco-friendly and desirable method of waste management – disposal. OECD proposes many standards for separate waste collection are possible, including integration of waste management hierarchy, development of extended producer responsibility practices, stimulation and training of population in a separate waste collection, etc. These measures allowed OECD countries, for example,Germany,Sweden,Austriato become world leaders in the field of waste treatment. These countries improve the quality of the environment, earn through recycling, resale of garbage, saving the money by re-using of useful components contained in the wastes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Recyclable materials sorting"
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Сметана, Максим Олександрович. "Веборієнтований сервіс для сортування та пошуку місць прийому вторинної сировини." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/34795.
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Кваліфікаційна робота включає пояснювальну записку (55 с., 33 рис., 4 додатки).
Об’єкт розробки – створення веборієнтованого сервісу для сортування та пошуку місць прийому вторинної сировини, яке спрямоване на полегшення процесу сортування сировини.
Розроблений вебдодаток дозволяє:
- отримати інформацію про сортування необхідної сировини;
- сортувати всі вибрані сутності сировини за допомогою реалізованого алгоритму;
- шукати місця прийому сировини на мапі;
- фільтрувати місця прийому на мапі.
В ході виконання дипломного проєкту:
- розроблено вебдодаток для сортування та пошуку місця прийому вторинної сировини;
- проведено аналіз існуючих рішень;
- розроблено структуру взаємодії клієнта та серверу.Qualification work includes an explanatory note (55 pages, 33 pictures, 4 appendices). The object of research is to create a web-oriented application for sorting and searching the places for the reception of recyclable materials, that is directed to simplify recyclable materials sorting process. Developed web-application allows to: - receive the information about necessary raw materials sorting; - sort all the chosen recyclable materials according to the implemented algorithm; - search for recyclable materials reception places on the map; - to filter reception places on the map. - the web-application for sorting and searching the places for the reception of recyclable materials was developed; - all existing solutions were analyzed; - the structure of interaction between the client and server was created.
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Souza, Renato Luvizoto Rodrigues de. "Análise do processo de regulação da atividade de triagem de materiais recicláveis: estudo de caso em uma cooperativa." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3833.
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Previous issue date: 2014-12-17Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
This dissertation discusses the construction of the operational methods in the conveyor belt of sorting recyclable materials in a collectors' cooperative. Cooperatives represent not only a way out of the problems of management of municipal solid waste, but also a possibility of integration and income generation for people who are outside the formal work. Nevertheless, the search for income and better life clashes with precarious working conditions. In this context, the aim of this study is to understand how the cooperative regulate their activity against the difficulties in the conveyor belt of sorting recyclable materials. The applied methodology includes a case study outlined by the Activity Ergonomics. The results indicate both an intense physical and mental effort associated with the collection of recyclable materials. During the activity, the cooperative members face few situations which may affect the objectives and regulate their activity without risking their internal state. Collective joints emerge from the conveyor belt as a possibility of collective regulation of the difficulties arising from the instantaneous overlapping variations (volume, variety and condition of materials) and ascending and descending requirements. These results indicate that the collection of recyclable materials is only possible through the inventiveness of the cooperative members to use perceptual exploration and solve problems facing the pace of work.
Nesta dissertação se discute a construção dos modos operatórios na esteira de triagem de materiais recicláveis em uma cooperativa de catadores. As cooperativas representam não só uma saída para os problemas de gestão dos resíduos sólidos municipais, mas também uma possibilidade de integração e geração de renda para pessoas que estão à margem do trabalho formal. Apesar disso, a busca por renda e melhor condição de vida se choca nas precárias condições de trabalho. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é compreender como os cooperados regulam sua atividade frente às dificuldades na esteira de triagem de materiais recicláveis. A metodologia aplicada conta com um estudo de caso delineado pela Ergonomia da Atividade. Os resultados indicam um intenso esforço físico e mental associado à triagem de materiais recicláveis. Durante a atividade os cooperados se deparam com poucas situações em que podem agir sobre os objetivos e regularem sua atividade sem colocar em risco seu estado interno. As articulações coletivas emergem da esteira como uma possibilidade de regulação coletiva das dificuldades advindas das sobreposições instantâneas das variabilidades (volume, variedade e estado dos materiais) e das prescrições ascendentes e descendentes. Esses resultados indicam que a triagem de materiais recicláveis só é possível graças à inventividade dos cooperados em utilizar a exploração perceptiva e resolver problemas frente ao ritmo de trabalho.
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Ogliari, Elizandra Machado. "Avaliação de duas cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos urbanos para identificação de parâmetros operacionais e de gerenciamento que influenciam na quantidade de rejeitos gerados no processo de coleta e triagem." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5388.
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Elizandra Machado Ogliari_.pdf: 3447300 bytes, checksum: 9571434ce3c3036a37c4afc86c11a56d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T13:01:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizandra Machado Ogliari_.pdf: 3447300 bytes, checksum: 9571434ce3c3036a37c4afc86c11a56d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
A melhoria nos processos produtivos em busca da eficiência na produção de novos bens e o crescimento populacional acompanhado pela elevação no consumo, ocasionam uma crescente geração de resíduos sólidos. Verifica-se que os problemas ambientais são decorrentes do perfil de consumo que as pessoas passaram a adotar ao longo dos anos, porém há um aumento de preocupação com a destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos gerados pela sociedade. O reflexo desta preocupação são leis que foram criadas para proteger o meio ambiente. Um marco na legislação brasileira foi a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, que busca com o apoio dos empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis, realizar uma gestão correta dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. No entanto, no país, os empreendimentos que realizam a coleta, triagem e comercialização de resíduos sólidos, possuem níveis elevados de rejeitos ocasionados nas atividades internas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em dois empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis localizados na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS para propor, a partir destes estudos, ações voltadas ao aumento da eficiência de triagem dos empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis instalados em vários municípios brasileiros. Foi possível observar que variáveis externas às atividades dos empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis, como veículo utilizado na coleta, influenciam nos níveis de rejeitos encaminhados aos aterros. Gerencialmente, a coleta seletiva é mais eficaz para obter melhor aproveitamento dos materiais potencialmente recicláveis. A COOTRE que realiza a coleta seletiva de RSU com caminhão com carroceria e tria com a esteira parada, apresenta eficiência de 97,1% na triagem dos materiais potencialmente recicláveis. Já a COOPERESÍDUOS que recebe RSU procedentes da coleta regular realizada com caminhão compactador e opera a triagem em uma esteira com velocidade de 20m/min, possui eficiência de 15,6% na triagem de materiais potencialmente recicláveis. Cabe considerar, contudo que, embora percentualmente esta eficiência seja bem menor que a da outra cooperativa, em função da quantidade de resíduos coletados nesta forma (regular com posterior triagem) ser muito maior, o resultado financeiro ainda é superior. A efetiva melhoria no processo está na mudança do sistema de coleta, de regular para seletiva, já que na coleta regular realizada hoje em São Leopoldo, 59,7% do total coletado é inadequado à reciclagem de inertes. Estes resíduos nem deveriam passar por qualquer triagem, sendo encaminhados diretamente para área de disposição final.
The improvement in production processes in pursuit of efficiency in the production of consumer goods and population growth accompanied by an increase in consumption, cause an increasing solid waste generation. It appears that environmental problems are arising from the consumption profile that people have adopted over the years, but there is a concern increased with the proper disposal of solid waste generated by society. The reflection of this concern are laws that are designed to protect the environment. A milestone in Brazilian law was the National Solid Waste Policy, which seeks the support of pickers of recyclable materials enterprises, conduct proper management of municipal solid waste. However, in the country, the enterprises that carry out the collection, sorting and marketing of solid waste, have caused high levels of waste in the internal activities. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the management of municipal solid waste in two projects of recyclable material collectors located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre / RS to propose, from these studies, actions aimed at increasing the enterprises screening efficiency of recyclable material collectors installed in various municipalities. It was observed that external variables to the activities of waste pickers ventures as a vehicle used in the collection, influence the levels of waste sent to landfills. Management, selective collection is more effective for better use of potentially recyclable materials. The COOTRE that performs the selective collection of MSW with truck body and with industry to stop treadmill, shows 97,1% efficiency in the screening of potentially recyclable materials. COOPERESÍDUOS already receiving MSW coming from the regular collection held with compactor truck and operates screening on a treadmill at a speed of 20m / min, it has 15,6% efficiency in the screening of potentially recyclable materials. It is worth noting, however, that although this percentage efficiency is much lower than that of the other cooperative, depending on the amount of waste collected in this way (with subsequent regular screening) be much larger, the financial result is even higher. The actual process improvement lies in changing the collection system regularly for selective, since the regular collection held today in São Leopoldo, 59,7% of the total collected is inadequate recycling of aggregates. This waste should not go through any screening being sent directly to final disposal area.
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Signoret, Charles. "Valorisation de Matières Premières Secondaires (MPS) thermoplastiques en mélange issues de tri spectroscopique en ligne - Projet Mélanie MIR spectral characterization of plastic to enable discrimination in an industrial recycling context: I. Specific case of styrenic polymers MIR spectral characterization of plastic to enable discrimination in an industrial recycling context: II. Specific case of polyolefins." Thesis, IMT Mines Alès, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAL0005.
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Les travaux de thèse présentés ici ont pour contexte le recyclage mécanique de polymères issus de DEEE (Déchets d’Equipements Electriques et Electroniques), principalement représentés par les styréniques (HIPS et ABS). Une première partie s’est intéressée à la discrimination de polymères par spectroscopie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier (IRTF ou FTIR), l’équivalent statique du MIR-HSI (Imagerie Hyperspectrale en Moyen-Infrarouge) qui pourrait être une réponse au verrou technologique du tri des plastiques sombres. Une quarantaine de références vierges de polymères (certaines vieillies en laboratoire), de charges minérales et de retardateurs de flamme ont été comparés à des gisements réels de DEEE pour établir une méthodologie d’identification, souligner des confusions possibles et mettre en valeur des signaux clefs.La recyclabilité d’ABS et d’HIPS a également été étudiée en reextrudant des échantillons modèles vieillis en conditions naturelles et artificielles à différentes durées. De fortes colorations suivies par photométrie, exclusivement des matières préalablement photooxydées, ont montré une importante réactivité en extrusion des espères formées lors du vieillissement. Les propriétés mécaniques, notamment statique en traction simple, dynamique en choc instrumenté mais également des essais rhéologiques en fondu ont, pour certains illustré la combinaison des deux phénomènes de dégradation.Le dernier aspect de ces travaux a concerné la gestion d’impuretés PP résiduelles au sein d’ABS après tri industriel imparfait. Sur des systèmes modèles, il a été constaté que les propriétés à l’impact commençaient à chuter dès 2% d’impuretés pour atteindre un minimum dès 4%. Des essais de compatibilisation ont permis de sélectionner le PP-g-MA et le SEBS comme agents de compatibilisation intéressants. Une modélisation prédictive des comportements jusqu’à rupture en statique basée sur des analyses morphologiques des mélanges de polymères (MEB et AFM) et des essais de traction instrumentés photomécaniquement a permis d’analyser la sensibilité des propriétés à rupture à la distribution des tailles de nodules de PP inhérente à l’emploi d’un compatibilisantPhD works presented here were performed within the context of mechanical recycling of polymers recovered from WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), mainly represented by styrenic polymers (HIPS and ABS). A first part focused on polymer discrimination thanks to Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the static equivalent of MIR-HSI (Mid-Infrared Hyperspectral Imagery) which could represent an answer to the technological obstacle of dark colored plastics sorting. About forty references of virgin polymers (some of them aged in laboratory), mineral fillers and flame retardants were compared to real WEEE waste stocks to establish an identification methodology, to highlight possible confusions and emphasize key signals.Recyclability of ABS and HIPS was studied by extruding model samples aged in both natural and artificial conditions at different durations. Strong discolorations monitored by photometry, exclusively for previously photooxydized materials, showed a strong reactivity during extrusion from species formed during ageing. Mechanical properties, including static ones through tensile tests, dynamic ones in instrumented impact and melted state rheology, showed, for some of them, an interaction between the two degradation phenomena.The last aspect of these works concerned the management of post-sorting residual PP impurities within ABS. With model systems, it was observed that impact properties began to fall at 2w% of impurities to reach a minimum at 4w%. Compatibilization trials lead to the selection of PP-g-MA and SEBS as interesting compatibilizers. Predictive modeling of static behavior towards failure, based on morphological analysis of polymer blends (SEM and AFM) and photomecanically instrumented tensile tests, highlighted the sensitivity of break properties to the distribution of PP nodules sizes under the influence of a compatibilize
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Maris, Joachim. "Compatibilisation de matières plastiques en mélange issues de déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques en vue de leur valorisation par recyclage mécanique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1004.
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Le recyclage des déchets plastiques issus des déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques (D3E) est devenu un enjeu majeur de nos sociétés afin de limiter leur impact environnemental. Le recyclage mécanique apparaît aujourd’hui comme une solution mature industriellement et adaptée pour produire de matières premières de recyclage (MPR). L’objectif de cette thèse est la compatibilisation de mélange de plastiques issus de la filière de tri des D3E en vue de leur valorisation par recyclage mécanique. La caractérisation des mélanges D3E par des analyses FT-IR, fluorescence-X, ATG et DSC a montré qu’il s’agissait de mélanges complexes contenant majoritairement des polymères styréniques et des polyoléfines et de faible pourcentage de PVC, PMMA, PC… Ces mélanges, mis en œuvre, présentent des propriétés mécaniques très faibles par rapport aux polymères techniques et de commodité. Ces résultats ont démontré la nécessité d’une compatibilisation de ces D3E en vue de leur transformation en MPR. Au vu de la complexité des mélanges, la compatibilisation in situ à l’aide de réactions radicalaires est apparue particulièrement prometteuse. Une première approche a consisté à générer les radicaux par irradiation puis, en deuxième approche, par ajout d’amorceurs chimiques. Ces deux approches n’ont pas produit d’améliorations significatives des propriétés. Suite à ces résultats, des essais de compatibilisation par ajout de copolymères ont été entrepris, conduisant à une amélioration importante des propriétés mécaniques. La réalisation de prototypes techniques, à partir de MPR compatibilisés, a été validée et permet de démontrer leur potentiel techniqueThe recycling of the plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has attracted great attention recently for environmental reasons. Mechanical recycling has emerged as the most economical, as well as the most energetic and ecologically efficient option. The aim of this work is the mechanical recycling of WEEE mixed plastic waste (MPW) streams. First, MPW composition has been evaluated by FT-IR and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies, and ATG and DSC analyses. MPW are complex blend composed of thermoplastics, mainly styrenic polymers (ABS, HIPS, PS) and polyolefins. The remaining were other thermoplastics as PVC, PE, PMMA, PC…. After processing, these mixtures show very low mechanical properties compared to commodity and engineering thermoplastics. These results demonstrated that compatibilization is necessary to transform these D3E into secondary raw materials (SRM). In situ compatibilization using radical reactions appeared to be an attractive solution. Two pathways have been studied to generate the radicals, firstly, by electron beam radiation and, secondly, by adding chemical initiators. These two approaches didn’t show any substantial improvement in mechanical properties. Following these results, compatibilization by addition of reactive and non-reactive commercial copolymers were undertaken, leading to a significant improvement in mechanical properties. The production of technical prototypes and 3D printing wires from compatibilized SRM has been validated and allows considering an industrial development
Books on the topic "Recyclable materials sorting"
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Where Do Recyclable Materials Go?: Garbology Kids Series. Orlando, USA: Firewater Media Group, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Recyclable materials sorting"
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Silva, Hebert. "The Ergonomics of Sorting Recyclable Materials: A Case Study of a Brazilian Cooperative." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 256–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20145-6_25.
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Silva, Hebert R. "Analysis of the Mental Workload Applied to the Sorting Activity of Recyclable Materials." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 807–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25629-6_126.
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Egbuhuzor, Macdenis, Chima Umunankwe, and Peter Ogbobe. "Polyethylenes: A Vital Recyclable Polymer." In Waste Material Recycling in the Circular Economy - Challenges and Developments. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102836.
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Polyethylene (PE) is a synthetic polymer made from the polymerization of ethylene. It is the most widely used plastic in the world. Its production, processing, usage, applications, and disposal system had made the study of this plastic very significant. The role played by this plastic in the world has made the knowledge of its usage, disposal system, processing, recycling, and applications inevitable. The chapter discussed the general overview of this plastic product, the production, properties, and disposal systems. The processing of recycled polyethylene is vital in its end-use through collecting, sorting, cleaning, separation, and compounding, and this was extensively treated. We also discussed the opportunities, applications, and limitations of polyethylene recycling. At the end of this chapter, one will know the production, processing, recycling, and applications of polyethylene plastic and the dangers posed by this plastic if a proper disposal system is not followed.
Conference papers on the topic "Recyclable materials sorting"
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Gundupalli Paulraj, Sathish, Subrata Hait, and Atul Thakur. "Automated Municipal Solid Waste Sorting for Recycling Using a Mobile Manipulator." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59842.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW), generated at an unprecedented rate due to rapid urbanization and industrialization contains useful recyclable materials like metals, plastic, wood, etc. Recycling of useful materials from MSW in the developing countries is severely constrained by limited door-to-door collection and poor means of segregation. Recovery of recyclables is usually performed by waste pickers, which is highly risky and hazardous for their health. This paper reports the development of a robotic mobile manipulation system for automated sorting of useful recyclables from MSW. The developed robot is equipped with a thermal imaging camera, proximity sensor and a 5-DOF robotic arm. This paper presents an approach for sorting based on automated identification from thermographic images. The developed algorithm extracts keypoint features from the thermographic image and feeds into clustering model to map them into a bag-of-word vectors. Finally, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used for identifying the recyclable material. We used the developed algorithm to detect three categories of recyclables namely, aluminum can, plastic bottle and tetra pack from given thermographic images. We obtained classification rate of 94.3% in the tests. In future, we plan to extend the developed approach for classifying a wider range of recyclable objects as well as to incorporate motion planning algorithms to handle cluttered environments.
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Fyffe, John R., Aaron K. Townsend, and Michael E. Webber. "Methodology for Comparing End-of-Life Pathways for Non-Recycled Materials." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64131.
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Recycling plastics is widely accepted as the most beneficial end use of plastic products. Consequently, many cities are turning towards single-stream recycling to make it easier for consumers to recycle and to increase the total amount of municipal solid waste (in particular, energy-dense plastic waste) that is diverted to recycling facilities. However, single-stream recycling Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) are now faced with sorting more diverse material flows with increased contamination from the mixing of recyclable and non-recyclable materials, leading to roughly 5–10% of the incoming material being sent to landfills. Converting the energy dense MRF waste material into solid recovery fuel (SRF) pellets creates an additional use for the products, diverts the material from the landfill, and displaces some fossil fuel use. However, there are some non-obvious energetic and environmental tradeoffs that require analysis to quantify. That is the intent of the research presented here. To analyze the potential of SRFs as viable alternative fuel sources, a first-order thermodynamic materials and energy balance was constructed using cement kilns as a test-bed. The proposed methodology allows for a range of traditional fuels to be compared with and without supplemental SRF. The SRF case can be benchmarked against the reference case, or conventional plastic end-of-life pathway, landfilling of the non-recycled plastic. The comparison includes transportation and processing steps required for each pathway, including any additional sorting needed for creating the SRF as well as the pelletization process itself. A robust methodology was created that allows for the MRF residue to be adjusted on a compositional basis because residue composition varies by season and location, which affects the analysis. Additionally, proximity to SRF conversion facilities and cement kilns will vary for each MRF and can impact the analysis so the methodology allows these factors to be adjusted. A test case was studied to compare the landfilling or combustion of MRF residue in a cement kiln at a rate of 0.9 metric tons per hour (7884 metric tons for a one year period). The analysis details the total energy consumed, landfill avoidance, amount of fuel displaced, and the total equivalent CO2 emissions of each scenario. The methodology successfully models the reference and SRF case and is robust enough to be used with a wide variety of potential SRF scenarios. A few parametric studies were performed on the transportation and landfill variables to determine their relative effect on results. It was found that additional transportation would have minimal effect of total energy consumption. When using SRF as a supplementary cement kiln fuel, the equivalent CO2 reductions are higher in scenarios with low methane capture efficiency at the landfill. Overall, it was found that using SRF as a supplementary fuel at cement kilns reduces the total fossil energy consumption and total equivalent CO2 reductions by 6% and 76%, respectively.
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Gegeckienė, Laura, and Ingrida Venytė. "Eco-friendly material for packaging." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p34.
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: At the moment there exists a predominant prevalence of the combined packaging (i. e. cardboard is covered with polyethylene) in the food packaging market, which provides the necessary barrier properties for a packaged product. However, there also exist a great number of problems regarding the issue such as packaging sorting, recycling, waste management, and economic losses. According to the latest data, 65 enterprises in Lithuania are currently working in the recycling industry. They can recycle different types of packaging. The issue of ecology is highly relevant in the printing industry. It is not a secret that the global population is growing rapidly. As the demand for food and non-food product packaging increases, the production volume increases accordingly. In the future, it is expected that the volume of packaging production will increase accordingly. MMK cardboard can be called a revolution in the industry of packaging. Until now, packaging which has direct contact with food must be laminated with films such as PE. Plastic waste is one of the most common types of waste that takes a very long time to decompose. Normally, plastic packaging can take up to several hundred years to decompose in landfills, while cardboard is easily recyclable and takes up to half a year to biodegrade. The aim of this research is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties and characteristics (in order to offer analog materials in the perspective) of the new materials with the necessary properties and compared to the properties of the most using materials.
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Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.
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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
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Breckel, Alex C., John R. Fyffe, and Michael E. Webber. "Net Energy and CO2 Emissions Analysis of Using MRF Residue as Solid Recovered Fuel at Coal Fired Power Plants." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88092.
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According to the waste management hierarchy published by the U.S. EPA, waste reduction and reuse are the most preferred modes of waste management, followed by recycling, energy recovery and lastly disposal. As many communities in the U.S. work towards sustainable waste management practices, recycling tends to be a cost-effective and common solution for handling municipal solid waste. With the introduction of single-stream recycling and automated materials recovery facilities (MRFs), where commingled recyclables are sorted into various commodity streams for sale to recycling facilities, recycling rates have steadily climbed in recent years. Despite increasing total recycling rates, contamination and diminishing returns for higher recovery ratios causes MRFs to landfill 5–25% of the incoming recycling stream as residue. This residue stream is composed primarily of plastics and fiber, both of which have high energy content that could be recovered instead of buried in a landfill. Plastics in particular are reported to have heat contents similar to fossil fuels, making energy recovery a viable end-of-life pathway. Sorting, shredding and densifying the residue stream to form solid recovered fuel (SRF) pellets for use as an alternative fuel yields energy recovery, displaced fossil fuels and landfill avoidance, moving more disposed refuse up the waste management hierarchy. Previous studies have shown that plastic, paper, and plastic-paper mixes are well suited for conversion to SRF and combustion for energy production. However, these studies focused on relatively homogenous and predictable material streams. MRF residue is not homogenous and has only a moderate degree of predictability, and thus poses several technical challenges for conversion to SRF and for straightforward energy and emissions analysis. This research seeks to understand the energetic and environmental tradeoffs associated with converting MRF residue into SRF for co-firing in pulverized coal power plants. A technical analysis is presented that compares a residue-to-SRF scenario to a residue-to-landfill scenario to estimate non-obvious energy and emissions tradeoffs associated with this alternative end-of-life scenario for MRF residue. Sensitivity to key assumptions was analyzed by considering facility proximity, landfill gas capture efficiency, conversion ratio of residue to SRF and the mass of residue used. The results of this study indicate that the use of MRF residue derived SRF in coal fired steam-electricity power plants realizes meaningful reductions of emissions, primary energy consumption, coal use and landfill deposition.