Journal articles: 'Recrystallization'

1

Wang, Guoxin, Pingli Mao, Zhi Wang, Le Zhou, Feng Wang, and Zheng Liu. "Hot Deformation Behavior of an As-Extruded Mg-2.5Zn-4Y Alloy Containing LPSO Phases." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040674.

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The hot deformation and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics of an as-extruded Mg-2.5Zn-4Y alloy containing long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases were investigated using a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator at temperatures (300–400 °C) and strain rates (0.001–1 s−1). The results revealed that low flow stress corresponded to a high temperature and a low strain rate. An increase in the temperature of deformation caused an increase in the amount of dynamic recrystallization. Additionally, as the strain rate decreased at a given deformation temperature, dislocations were less likely to cause pile-up and dynamic recrystallization was more appropriate, resulting in a lower stress value. Kink deformation was clearly minimized as the number of dynamic recrystallizations increased. The test alloy’s activation energy value was determined as 212.144 kJ/mol.

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2

MacKenzie, Alan P. "Recrystallization." Cryobiology 22, no. 6 (December 1985): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(85)90038-0.

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Iqra Zubair Awan, Iqra Zubair Awan. "Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain-Growth." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000707/jcsp/41.01.2019.

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This is a brief review of the important phenomena of recovery, recrystallization as well as grain-growth. The three mentioned phenomena are the mechanisms by which metals and alloys fix the structural damage introduced by the mechanical deformation and, as a consequence, in the physical and mechanical properties. These rehabilitation mechanisms are thermally activated. For this process, the materials have to be heated and any such heat-treatment is meant to reduce deformation-induced break is termed annealing. Other or different heat-treatments lead to recovery and recrystallization. It is rather strange that, though these phenomena are extremely important in metallurgical science and engineering, not so much work has been done as that in corrosion and shape memory technologies. An attempt has been made here to summarize all important aspects of these phenomena for the benefits of students of metallurgy, chemistry and solid state physics.

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Kaverinsky, V. V., and Z. P. Sukhenko. "Mathematical Modelling of Primary Recrystallization Kinetics and Precipitation of Carbonitride Particles in Steels. II. Recrystallization Kinetics." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 43, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.43.02.0235.

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5

Schaller, R., and Andre Rivière. "3.6 Recrystallization." Materials Science Forum 366-368 (March 2001): 276–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.366-368.276.

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Brunner, Julian, Britta Maier, Rose Rosenberg, Sebastian Sturm, Helmut Cölfen, and Elena V. Sturm. "Nonclassical Recrystallization." Chemistry – A European Journal 26, no. 66 (October 16, 2020): 15242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202002873.

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7

Xiong, J. C., Jia Rong Li, Y. S. Luo, and Shi Zhong Liu. "Surface Recrystallization and Twin Formation in a Single Crystal Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2490.

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The samples of single crystal superalloy DD6 were grit blasted and then heat treated in the temperature range of 1100-1250°C for 4h and the DD6 alloy ‘standard heat treatment’ in vacuum furnace, respectively. The results showed that cellular recrystallization occurred in the surface layer after heating at 1100°C for 4 hours. While equiaxed recrystallization grains occurred near the surface of the samples annealed at 1200°C for 4 hours, meanwhile, cellular recrystallization located between equiaxed recrystallization grains and the original region. With the improvement of the heating temperature, the size of cellular recrystallization decreased, while the size of equiaxed recrystallization grains increased, and the shape of the coarse γ′ phase in the cellular recrystallization changed from lamellar to equiaxial. Fully equiaxed recrystallization grains nucleated after standard heat treatment. Furthermore, the twins occurred in fully equiaxed recrystallization grains, and that the γ′ phase of the twin plane appeared different from that of the equiaxed recrystallization boundary. On the contrary, the twin formation was not observed in the cellular recrystallization grains. Therefore, the differences in twin behavior between the fully equiaxed recrystallization and cellular recrystallization grains were discussed.

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8

Huo, Wang Tu, Ming Xing Guo, Long Gang Hou, Hua Cui, Tao Tao Sun, Lin Zhong Zhuang, and Ji Shan Zhang. "Recrystallization Behavior of High-Strength AA 7075 Alloy Processed by New Short-Cycled Thermo-Mechanical Processing." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 1269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.1269.

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Recrystallization behavior under different conditions (different temperatures and times) of AA 7075 alloy processed by new short-cycled thermo-mechanical processing was investigated to design a suitable recrystallization schedule. With acquiring recrystallization activation energy by DSC, the recrystallization behavior was successfully verified by theoretical calculation. Experimental results of recrystallization response and re-dissolution of precipitates during isothermal annealing reveal excellent agreement with DSC prediction. The results show that the obtained activation energy of recrystallization can be used to establish the relationship between recrystallization temperatures and times. It is proposed that an appropriate recrystallization treatment (703-753 K/1-5 min) could be used to acquire completely recrystallized grains with size <10 μm, contributing to better formability/ductility. The coarsening rate of these fine recrystallized grains is fairly low even though extending the solution treatment times at 753 K. Therefore, it indicates that the recrystallization dynamical equation would be a useful method to adjust recrystallization temperatures and times to satisfy various requirements of structures and properties.

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9

Engler, Olaf. "Simulation of Recrystallization and Recrystallization Textures in Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.399.

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The control of the plastic anisotropy during forming of a metallic sheet requires detailed knowledge on its microstructure and, especially, crystallographic texture. During the thermo-mechanical processing of aluminium sheet products in commercial production lines the material experiences a complex history of temperature, time and strain paths, which result in alternating cycles of deformation and recrystallization with the associated changes in texture and microstructure. Thus, computer-based alloy and process development requires integration of models for simulating the evolution of microstructure, microchemistry and crystallographic texture into process models of the thermo-mechanical production of Al sheet. The present study focuses on recent developments in linking softening modules that simulate the progress of recovery and recrystallization with the following texture changes to deformation and microchemistry models.

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10

Qi, Hong Na, Zhi Min Zhang, Jian Min Yu, Xue Yan Yin, and Zhi Yuan Du. "Dynamic Recrystallization of Mg-8Gd-3Y-1Nd-0.5Zr Alloy during Hot Deformation." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.311.

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Uniaxial hot compression was conducted on Gleeble-3500 thermo simulation machine. Based on stress-strain curves, the constitutive relationship and the dynamic recrystallization kinetics model of Mg-8Gd-3Y-1Nd-0.5Zr were established. Simultaneously, dynamic recrystallization mechanism of this alloy under different deformation condition was investigated by SEM, EBSD and OM. The critical strain equation and the dynamic recrystallization kinetics model were obtained. The results showed that the dynamic recrystallization volume fraction increased with the increasing of the strain.The twin dynamic recrystallization (TDRX) was the mainly DRX mechanism at 350°C;the dynamiac recrysallization mechanism was dominated by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) at 400°C and 450°C. At higher temperature (500°C), the dynamic recrystallization was dominated by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) with a small amount of CDRX.

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11

Mayrhofer, Benitto, Jana Mayrhoferová, and Lubomír Neužil. "Mathematical modelling of salt purification by recrystallization. Estimation of the recrystallization factor for countercurrent arrangement." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 11 (1986): 2502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19862502.

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In a previous paper a simple model was developed for salt purification by countercurrent recrystallization. Analysis of mass balances for a microcomponent provided a relation for the composition (purity) of the product as a function of the number of recrystallization stages and of recrystallization conditions reduced to a single parameter called the recrystallization factor. The problem can be readily solved if the dependence of the product purity on the number of recrystallization stages is to be established for a given recrystallization factor. Some difficulties arise when the product purity and maximum number of stages are fixed. For this variant, relations are derived from which the upper and lower limits for the recrystallization factor can be estimated. For recrystallization factors K > 2, this method is more accurate than the use of diagrams published previously. An example is given to illustrate the proposed method.

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12

Inagaki, Hirosuke. "Texture Development in 6000 Series Al-Mg-Si Alloys for Car Body Panels." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.77.

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Recovery, recrystallization and the formation of recrystallization textures were investigated in three representative Al-Mg-Si alloys used for car body panels. Commercial hot bands of AA6016, AA6111 and AA6061 Al-Mg-Si alloys finished at low temperatures were cold rolled to a rolling reduction of 95 % in thickness and isothermally annealed at temperatures between 250 and 500 °C. In these alloys, precipitation was completed for the most part during low temperature hot rolling, and the sizes and the amount of fine precipitates formed during this low temperature hot rolling strongly affected recrystallization and the development of recrystallization textures. As a result, in the specimens annealed at 300 °C, quite different recrystallization behavior and recrystallization textures were observed. In the AA6061 alloy, in which, among three alloys, the maximum amount of Mg2Si should be precipitated, recrystallization was significantly suppressed. This resulted in the formation of strong {110} <111> and {100} <013> recrystallization textures. Also in the AA6111 alloy, in which precipitation of a medium amount of Mg2Si was expected, recrystallization was retarded to the same extent. In this alloy, however, recrystallization textures consisted of very strong {100} <001> and rather strong {110} <111> main orientations. In theAA6016 alloy, in which the minimum amount of Mg2Si and a large amount of Si particles should be precipitated, recrystallization occurred very rapidly, forming very weak recrystallization textures. In all alloys, annealing at higher temperatures resulted in the formation of weak textures, since fine precipitates were dissolved during annealing. Thus, the solution treatment, which is a necessary step to induce bake hardening in these alloys, randomizes their recrystallization textures.

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13

MENG, J., T. JIN, X. F. SUN, and Z. Q. HU. "RECRYSTALLIZATION OF A NICKEL-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOY UNDER COMPRESSION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210065799.

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Recrystallization behavior of a nickel-base single crystal superalloy cold-deformed by compression has been investigated. The effects of plastic strain, annealing temperature and annealing time have been studied, and recrystallization diagram has been obtained. It has been found that a very strong dependence upon temperature is evident. For the single crystal superalloy with 4.5% strain, full recrystallization has been observed when annealing at 1300°C for 1h, surface recrystallization at 1250°C for 1h, cellular recrystallization at 1150°C for 1h and no recrystallization at 1100° for 1h. With the drop of temperature, the volume fraction of γ′ phase increases, which incrementally restricts recrystallized boundary migration. With the increasing of annealing time or strain, the sensitivity of recrystallization increases. Recrystallization tendency of standard- heat-treated superalloy is weaker than that of as-cast single crystal superalloy, because standard heat treatment reduces the microsegregation, lowers the eutectic amount and forms homogeneous γ1 phase distribution, which decrease preferential nucleation site of recrystallized grain and increase the resistance of boundary migration of recrystallization.

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14

Zhao, Yang, Jiahao Zheng, Liqing Chen, and Xianghua Liu. "Static Recrystallization Behavior of Low-Carbon Nb-V-Microalloyed Forging Steel." Metals 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101745.

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Static recrystallization is a method of tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of steels, which is important for microalloyed forging steels as the hot deformation process significantly affects their mechanical properties. In this paper, the static recrystallization behavior of a low-carbon Nb-V-microalloyed forging steel was investigated by double-pass hot compression tests at deformation temperature of 800–1100 °C and interruption time of 1–1000 s. The static recrystallization fractions were determined using the 2% offset method. The static recrystallization activation energy and the static recrystallization critical temperature (SRCT) of the experimental steel were determined. When the deformation temperature was higher than the SRCT, the recrystallization fraction curve conformed to the Avrami equation. When the deformation temperature was below the SRCT, the recrystallization curve appeared to plateau, which was caused by strain-induced precipitation. Before and after the plateau, the static recrystallization kinetics still obeyed the Avrami equation.

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15

Xiong, Xue Gang. "Austenite Recrystallization Model of High Ti Microalloyed Steels." Advanced Materials Research 1014 (July 2014): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1014.25.

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Through the thermal simulation test, the curves of austenite recrystallization kinetics is recorded, the influence of the parameters including deformation temperature, strain and strain rate on the austenite recrystallization fraction of Ti microalloyed steels is studied, the recrystallization kinetics equation is calculated, and the austenite recrystallization model of the test steel is obtained. The results improve that Ti inhibits both the dynamic and static austenite recrystallization in high Ti microalloyed steels.

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16

Xiong, Ji Chun, Li Jie Hu, and Jia Rrong Li. "Kinetics and Microstructures of Cellular Recrystallization of Single Crystal Superalloy DD6." Materials Science Forum 1072 (October 25, 2022): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-15w80y.

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The samples of single crystal superalloy DD6 were grit blasted and heat treated at 1100°C for 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h at vacuum atmosphere, respectively, then the recrystallization microstructure and kinetics of DD6 alloy was investigated. The results showed that the cellular recrystallization grains nucleated in grit blasted single crystal samples heat treated at 1100°Cfor 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h. With the increase of the duration of heat heating process, the configuration of cellular recrystallization cleared up, and the depth of cellular recrystallization increased. While the coarse γ phase formed in the cellular recrystallization, and the shape of γ phases in the cellular recrystallization was almost equiaxed near the surface of the grit blasted samples and lamellar at the interface between cellular recrystallization and the original zone, respectively. The lamellar γ phase in the cellular grains was radial, and perpendicular to the cellular grain boundary. The recrystallization kinetics of single crystal superalloy DD6 was disclosed, with the increase of the duration of heat heating process, the depth of cellular recrystallization increase quickly and then almost keeps stable at last. The velocity of growth of cellular recrystallization increase very quickly at first, and then decrease at some stage, at last, the velocity tends to zero.

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17

Shi, Wen Min, Jing Liu, and Chang Yi Li. "The Recrystallization Behavior Study of 3%Si Nonoriented Electrical Steel." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.678.

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The recrystallization behavior of the cold rolled 3%Si nonoriented electrical steel at different temperatures is investigated by OIM(Orientation Imaging Microscopy). The results show that the recrystallization process and texture of 3%Si nonoriented electrical steel at different temperatures are determinated by different recrystallization mechanisms. At low annealing temperatures, the formation of recrystallization texture in this specimen can be explained by the mechanism of oriented nucleation theory, but at higher annealing temperatures, the formation of recrystallization texture in this specimen can be explained by the mechanism of oriented growth theory, the twin nucleation mechanism may penetrate the whole recrystallization process.

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18

Feng, Kai, Xiaxu Huang, Rui Wang, Wenli Xue, Yilei Fu, and Zhaoxin Li. "The Research on Recrystallization Behaviors and Mechanism of a Medium-Density Ni-Based Alloy." Metals 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010137.

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Revealing the recrystallization behavior and mechanism of this new alloy is of great significance to subsequent research. In this study, the Ni-36.6W-15Co ternary medium heavy alloy was solution-treated at 1100–1200 °C for different lengths of time. The grain size change, microstructure and texture evolution as well as twin development during recrystallization annealing were analyzed using SEM, EBSD and TEM techniques. The study found that complete recrystallization occurs at 1150 °C/60 min. In addition, it takes a longer amount of time for complete recrystallization to occur at 1100 °C. The value of the activation energy Q1 of the studied alloys is 701 kJ/mol and the recrystallization process is relatively slow. By comparing the changes of microstructure and texture with superalloys, it is found that the recrystallization mechanism of the studied alloy is different from that of the superalloy. The development of annealing twins has a great influence on the recrystallization behavior and mechanism. The results show that the twin mechanism is considered as the dominant recrystallization mechanism of the studied alloy, although the formation and development of sub-grains appear in the early stage of recrystallization.

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Bracke, Lieven, Kim Verbeken, Leo Kestens, and Jan Penning. "Recrystallization Behaviour of an Austenitic High Mn Steel." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.137.

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The recrystallization behaviour of a cold rolled austenitic Fe-Mn steel is studied to explain the fine grained final microstructure. Thorough investigation of the kinetics, the microstructure and the texture evolution during recrystallization showed that the fast recrystallization kinetics is responsible for the final microstructure, while an oriented nucleation mechanism determines the texture evolution. The reason for the fast recrystallization kinetics is the low amount of recovery prior to recrystallization, resulting in a high driving force for the latter.

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20

Feng, Yan Qing, Zhi Guo Gao, and Fu Ming Wang. "Recrystallization Law of Ti-IF Steel During Annealing Process." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 2301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.2301.

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Recrystallization law was investigated at different annealing processes. The results showed that the annealing temperature was a main effect factor on the properties of Ti-IF steel. Nominal recrystallization temperature of the samples was evaluated as 620 °C. Simulated batch annealing was performed by two-stage heating. Determined recrystallization temperature was 660 °C, the recrystallization of samples heated at 660 °C was completed in 68min. For 800 °C, the equiaxial recrystallized grains were obtained. Simulated continuous annealing by rapidly heating to different temperatures, samples were held for 100s and then cooled in air. Recrystallization nucleation was not observed until 660 °C. The occurrence of secondary recrystallization was observed at 900 °C.

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21

Tian, Ya Qiang, Fei Tian, Ying Li Wei, Jin Ying Song, and Lian Sheng Chen. "Study on Recrystallization Behaviour of Hot Medium Plate Rolling." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 2028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.2028.

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The effect regulation of recrystallization softening on rolling load of 16MnR plate hot rolling was studied by means of researching theory analysis and experiment model based on the simulation of the austenitic recrystallization of 16MnR plate hot rolling. The results show that it is static recrystallization totally and almost partial static recrystallization in pass of 16MnR plate hot rolling, the measurement results are in accordance with the prediction value of consideration the effect of recrystallization softening on rolling load of 16MnR plate hot rolling, the Sims equation is suitable for calculating the rolling pressure of the pass after complete recrystallization softening of plate hot rolling.

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22

Gao, Qi Mei, Ya Zhen Liu, and Ni Tian. "Effects of Heating Methods on Recrystallization Texture of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.131.

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The cold-rolled sheets of the Al-Mg-Si Alloy were annealed for recrystallization in the box furnace and the bath furnace respectively, then the microstructures were observed and the recrystallization textures were investigated with the orientation distribution functions (ODFs). The results show that after recrystallization annealing at slow heating rate the coarse a-Al grains and the strong recrystallization texture composed of Cube+nd25 components and the {011}<323> components were formed in the sheets of the Al-Mg-Si alloy, and after recrystallization annealing at rapid heating rate the fine a-Al grains and the weak or almost random recrystallization textures were formed.

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23

Zhang, Zhao Hui, Xiao Kai Liang, and Yong Ning Liu. "Effect of Deformation Temperature and Strain on Recrystallization Behavior of a Nb Micro-Alloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.47.

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The post-dynamic softening of Nb micro-alloyed steel and plain carbon steel was investigated through stress relaxation method. Meanwhile, By comparison with C-Mn steel, the effect of deformation temperature and strain on post dynamic recrystallization of Nb steel was studied . The result shows that element Nb in solution state can dramatically improve the apparent activation energy of static recrystallization. At lower temperature, the recrystallization can be retarded and precipitation of Nb(C, N) occured. If strain is more than the critical strain of dynamic recrystallization, the metadynamic recrystallization takes place. If fully metadynamic recrystallization takes place, the kinetics is no longer dependent on strain of the kind of steels.

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24

Humphreys, John F. "Nucleation in Recrystallization." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.107.

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The nucleation of recrystallization in deformed and annealed metals is reviewed. The main mechanisms are thought to involve the growth of subgrains by low angle boundary (LAGB) migration in an orientation gradient or the strain induced boundary migration (SIBM) of existing boundaries. Although these mechanisms are reasonably well understood, the details of the dislocation recovery mechanisms which are often required before migration can occur, particularly in metals in which recovery is slow, are poorly understood. Complete experimental investigation of the nucleation event requires a 3-d in-situ technique which will resolve dislocations, and this is not currently available. Although recrystallized grains of orientations not in the deformed structure have been reported, there is as yet no substantial evidence or theory to suggest the creation of new orientations by mechanisms other than annealing twinning. It is concluded that further understanding of the deformed state is required before adequate models of nucleation can be formulated and verified.

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Bhama Iyer, P., S. Sreenivasan, P. K. Chidambareswaran, and N. B. Patil. "Recrystallization of Cellulose." Textile Research Journal 56, no. 8 (August 1986): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758605600808.

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26

Estrin, E. I. "Recrystallization-induced plasticity." Physics of Metals and Metallography 102, no. 3 (September 2006): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031918x06090134.

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27

Doherty, Roger D. "Recrystallization and texture." Progress in Materials Science 42, no. 1-4 (January 1997): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6425(97)00007-8.

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Michael, J. R., J. G. Speer, and S. S. Hansen. "Austenite recrystallization in." Metallurgical Transactions A 18, no. 4 (April 1987): 481–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02648809.

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Lanin, A. G., V. N. Turchin, O. N. Erin, and S. N. Sul'yanov. "Zirconium carbide recrystallization." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 25, no. 2 (February 1986): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00805616.

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Erukhimovitch, V., and J. Baram. "Modeling recrystallization kinetics." Materials Science and Engineering: A 214, no. 1-2 (August 1996): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(96)10223-9.

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Jensen, D. Juul, and Y. Zhang. "Nucleation of recrystallization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2635, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2635/1/012001.

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Abstract This paper reviews the mechanisms of nucleation during recrystallization of cold deformed, single phase polycrystalline metals including metals with large particles. The classic nucleation theories and conceptions are shortly summarized, while the main focus is on our results from recent 3D studies of nucleation. The novel results are related to the classic nucleation ideas and agreement/disagreement as well as new suggestions are discussed. More specifically the paper covers recovery leading to intragranular nucleation, bulge nucleation (which is often referred to as strain induced boundary migration), and particle stimulated nucleation. Also, effects of clustered nucleation, crystallographic orientation relationships and residual stress are considered. Finally future studies are suggested, which we consider key to advancing the understanding of nucleation during recrystallization.

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Chun, Y. B., S. Lee Semiatin, and Sun Keun Hwang. "Role of Deformation Twinning in Cold Rolling and Recrystallization of Titanium." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.651.

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The evolution of microstructure and texture during cold rolling and recrystallization annealing of commercial-purity Ti (CP-Ti) was established. Cold rolling to 40% reduction activated mechanical twinning- mostly > 3 2 11 < } 2 2 11 { compressive twins and > 1 1 10 < } 2 1 10 { tensile twins. The formation of twins resulted in an inhomogeneous microstructure, in which only the localized regions containing twins were refined and the regions deformed by slip remained coarse. The twinned grains, containing high stored energy and numerous high-angle grain boundaries, became the preferential sites of nucleation during subsequent recrystallization. During recrystallization heat treatment at 500~700°C, the cold-rolling texture (ϕ1=0°, Φ=35°, ϕ2=30°) diminished in intensity, whereas a recrystallization texture component (ϕ1=15°, Φ=35°, ϕ2=35°) appeared. The recrystallization heat treatment temperature affected the rate of recrystallization but not the texture characteristics per se. During the subsequent grain growth stage, the recrystallization texture component increased. This behavior was attributed to the growth of larger-than-average grains of this particular crystal orientation.The evolution of microstructure and texture during cold rolling and recrystallization annealing of commercial-purity Ti (CP-Ti) was established. Cold rolling to 40% reduction activated mechanical twinning- mostly > 3 2 11 < } 2 2 11 { compressive twins and > 1 1 10 < } 2 1 10 { tensile twins. The formation of twins resulted in an inhomogeneous microstructure, in which only the localized regions containing twins were refined and the regions deformed by slip remained coarse. The twinned grains, containing high stored energy and numerous high-angle grain boundaries, became the preferential sites of nucleation during subsequent recrystallization. During recrystallization heat treatment at 500~700°C, the cold-rolling texture (ϕ1=0°, Φ=35°, ϕ2=30°) diminished in intensity, whereas a recrystallization texture component (ϕ1=15°, Φ=35°, ϕ2=35°) appeared. The recrystallization heat treatment temperature affected the rate of recrystallization but not the texture characteristics per se. During the subsequent grain growth stage, the recrystallization texture component increased. This behavior was attributed to the growth of larger-than-average grains of this particular crystal orientation.

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Cao, Yun Fei, Wei Yu, Huan Yang, Wen Gao Chang, and Zeng Qiang Man. "Static Recrystallization Behavior of Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel 38MnSiVS." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.482.

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Refinement and uniform austenite grains are essential to obtain excellent and homogenous properties for non-quenched and tempered steel, which is mainly affected by static recrystallization of the rolling process. Using the Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation test machine, 20% compression test was carried out for two passes at 850~1050 °C (interval of 50 °C) and different pass interval time conditions to study the static softening and recrystallization behavior of 38MnSiVS non-quenched and tempered steel during deformation process. The effects of strain rate, deformation temperature and interval time on static softening rate and austenite recrystallization fraction were analyzed. The results showed that the increase of deformation temperature and the increase of pass interval time had more significant impact on the static recrystallization volume fraction of 38MnSiVS steel, while the influence of strain rate was relatively smaller. When the deformation temperature was 950 °C or higher, the non-conditioning steel 38MnSiVS could undergo complete recrystallization, and partial recrystallization occurred in the temperature range of 850-950 °C. A static recrystallization volume fraction model of non-regulatory steel 38MnSiVS was established. The static recrystallization activation energy was 296.7 kJ·mol-1, and the static recrystallization volume fraction model had a relative error of 2%.

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Liu, Chen, Kang Zheng, Xia Yin Yao, Xian Zhang, Xiang Lan Liu, Ruo Xi Wang, and Xing You Tian. "The Melting and Recrystallization Behavior of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)/SiO₂ Nanocomposites Studied by Step-Scan DSC." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.69.

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The melting and recrystallization behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/SiO2 nanocomposites after isothermal crystallization from the melt was studied by Step-scan differential scanning calorimetry (SDSC). The influence of SiO2 contents, crystallization temperature and crystallization time on the melting process were examined. Two melting endotherms(in the SDSC CP.A curves, reversible part) and one recrystallization exotherm (in the SDSC CP.IsoK curves, irreversible part)of PET/SiO2 nanocomposites after isothermal crystallization were observed during the melt process. This ascribes to the melting-recrystallization mechanism .The low temperature endotherm attributes to the melting of primary crystal formed during the isothermal treating and the high temperature endotherm resulting from the melting of recrystallization materials. The reason why more recrystallization happened with the increase of SiO2 content was given and the process of recrystallization was described in detail. The effects of crystal perfection and recrystallization were minimized by increasing of crystallization temperature and time.

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Zhang, Xin, Yi Xiong, Rong Hui He, Zhi Qiang Li, and Ya Wei Lin. "Study on Thermal Deformation and Recrystallization Behavior of Cu-P Weathering Steel." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1228.

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Under different deformation temperatures and strain rates, the thermal deformation process of Cu-P weathering steel was studied using Gleeble1500D-type thermal simulator. After the high temperature rheopectic curves at different conditions and thermal deformation equation was got, the dynamic recrystallization diagram of the steel was plotted. The results show that the thermal deformation activation energy of the steel is 345kJ/mol, and the dynamic recrystallization diagram of the steel consisits of three parts as completely dynamic recrystallization zone, partially dynamic recrystallization zone and non-dynamic recrystallization zone.

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Zhang, Zhi Hao, Wen Rong Hou, Qing Hai Pang, and Jian Xin Xie. "The Dynamic Recrystallization Model of 7050 Al-Alloy during Hot Deformation." Materials Science Forum 749 (March 2013): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.749.274.

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In this paper, the compression stress-strain curves of 7050 Al-alloy under various deformation conditions were obtained, and the recrystallization structures were analyzed. The main parameters of dynamic recrystallization model were determined. The rationality of the model parameters were verified by hot compression and extrusion. The results show that the accuracy of the model is high enough for predicting the recrystallization of the 7050 Al-alloy during hot deformation. Comparison of the experiment and calculated results in hot compression shows that the maximum relative error of the recrystallization fraction is 11.4%. Comparison of the experiment and calculated results in hot extrusion shows that the maximum relative error of the recrystallization fraction is 13.0%, and that of the recrystallization grain size is 14.9%.

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Liu, Chen, Xiang Hui Lu, Xue Qi, and Peng Li. "The Melting Behavior of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/ Attapulgite Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.530.

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The melting and recrystallization behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/ Attapulgite(At)nanocomposites after isothermal crystallization from the melt was studied by Step-scan differential scanning calorimetry (SDSC). The influence of At contents, crystallization temperature and crystallization time on the melting process were examined. Two melting endotherms(in the SDSC CP.A curves, reversible part) and one recrystallization exotherm (in the SDSC CP.IsoK curves, irreversible part)of PET/At nanocomposites after isothermal crystallization were observed during the melt process. This ascribes to the melting-recrystallization mechanism .The low temperature endotherm attributes to the melting of primary crystal formed during the isothermal treating and the high temperature endotherm resulting from the melting of recrystallization materials. The reason why more recrystallization happened with the increase of At content was given and the process of recrystallization was described in detail. The effects of crystal perfection and recrystallization were minimized by increasing of crystallization temperature and time.

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Wang, You Bin, Yi Lin, and Jian Min Zeng. "The Effect of Mn Addition on Recrystallization of Cold Rolled Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1874.

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Small amounts of Mn have been used in order to modify the microstructure and thus improve the properties of the alloys. The effect of Mn addition on structure and properties of cold rolled Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy at different annealed temperatures is presented in this paper. Both recrystallization temperature and activation energy of recrystallization are obtained from the hardness-temperature curves. The results show that Mn can have an inhibitive effect on recrystallization. Within a certain concentration of Mn in the alloy (<0.7 wt.%) both the activation energy of recrystallization and recrystallization start temperature increase with the addition of Mn content. The activation energy of recrystallization of the alloy which contains 0 wt.% Mn, 0.3 wt.% Mn and 0.7 wt.% Mn are respectively 134.4 kJ·mol-1, 137.4 kJ·mol-1 and 140.1 kJ·mol-1 and the recrystallization start temperature increases from 190 to 230 as Mn content increases from 0 to 0.7 wt.%.

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Duval, Paul, Laurent Arnaud, Olivier Brissaud, Maureen Montagnat, and Sophie de la Chapelle. "Deformation and recrystallization processes of ice from polar ice sheets." Annals of Glaciology 30 (2000): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820688.

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AbstractInformation on deformation modes, fabric development and recrystallization processes was obtained by study of deep ice cores from polar ice sheets. It is shown that intracrystalline slip is the main deformation mechanism in polar ice sheets. Grain-boundary sliding does not appear to be a significant deformation mode. Special emphasis was laid on the occurrence of "laboratory" tertiary creep in ice sheets. The creep behavior is directly related to recrystallization processes. Grain-boundary migration associated with grain growth and rotation recrystallization accommodates dislocation slip and counteracts strain hardening. The fabric pattern is similar to that induced only by slip, even if rotation recrystallization slows down fabric development. Fabrics which develop during tertiary creep, and are associated with migration recrystallization, are typical recrystallization fabrics. They are associated with the fast boundary migration regime as observed in temperate glaciers. A decrease of the stress exponent is expected from 3, when migration recrystallization occurs, to a value ≤ 2 when normal grain growth occurs.

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Lin, Hai-bo. "Dynamic recrystallization behavior of 6082 aluminum alloy during hot deformation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 9 (September 2021): 168781402110461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211046107.

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The dynamic recrystallization behaviors of 6082 aluminum alloy in the temperature range of 623–773 K and strain rate range of 0.01–5 s−1 were studied by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the experimental results, dynamic recrystallization occurs during hot deformation of 6082 aluminum alloy, although the true stress-strain curve has no obvious single peak characteristic, and the degree of dynamic recrystallization is closely related to the Z parameter. Hot compression with lnZ = 24.9014 (723 K, 0.1 s−1) gives rise to the highest recrystallization fraction of 38.6%. The initial critical strain of dynamic recrystallization was determined by the work hardening rate. The quantitative relationship between the critical strain and Z parameters was established: [Formula: see text]. Based on the EBSD analysis and measurement results, dynamic recrystallization kinetics models of 6082 aluminum alloy during hot deformation were deduced. Microstructure analysis showed that the subgrain structure formed in the original grain is coarsened by grain boundary migration, and the orientation difference increases continuously until a large-angle grain boundary forms, resulting in dynamic recrystallization of grains. The likely mechanism is continuous dynamic recrystallization.

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Lei, Fan, Yuhui Sha, Zhenghua He, Fang Zhang, and Liang Zuo. "Rapid Secondary Recrystallization of the Goss Texture in Fe81Ga19 Sheets Using Nanosized NbC Particles." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 3818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143818.

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Herein, a simple and efficient method is proposed for fabricating Fe81Ga19 alloy thin sheets with a high magnetostriction coefficient. Sharp Goss texture ({110}<001>) was successfully produced in the sheets by rapid secondary recrystallization induced by nanosized NbC particles at low temperatures. Numerous NbC precipitates (size ~90 nm) were obtained after hot rolling, intermediate annealing, and primary recrystallization annealing. The relatively higher quantity of nanosized NbC precipitates with 0.22 mol% resulted in finer and uniform grains (~10 μm) through thickness after primary recrystallization annealing. There was a slow coarsening of the NbC precipitates, from 104 nm to 130 nm, as the temperature rose from 850 °C to 900 °C in a pure nitrogen atmosphere, as well as a primary recrystallization textured by strong γ fibers with a peak at {111} <112> favoring the development of secondary recrystallization of Goss texture at a temperature of 850 °C. Matching of the appropriate inhibitor characteristics and primary recrystallization texture guaranteed rapid secondary recrystallization at temperatures lower than 950 °C. A high magnetostriction coefficient of 304 ppm was achieved for the Fe81Ga19 sheet after rapid secondary recrystallization.

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Skrotzki, Werner, K. Kegler, R. Tamm, and C. G. Oertel. "Recrystallization of Iron Aluminides." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.525.

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Cast iron aluminides of three compositions were strongly deformed by hot extrusion and subsequently annealed. The texture development and kinetics of recrystallization were determined by local and global texture measurements. The deformation texture of Fe-10Al (A2 structure) is a <110>-fibre, Fe-35Al and Fe-50Al (B2 structure) show a <100>-<110> double fibre texture with <110> dominating Fe-35Al. The texture change with composition is due to a change in slip system. The deformed samples are partially dynamically recrystallized. The recrystallization components are aligned along the symmetry line <100>- <110> and towards <114> for Fe-10Al. For the other alloys the recrystallization texture is <111> with a tendency to <112>. The texture components do not change during static recrystallization. In general, the recrystallization texture is quite weak. The microstructure is very inhomogeneous ranging from deformed, strongly recovered to recrystallized areas. Beside primary recrystallization abnormal grain growth takes place. The heterogeneity of recrystallization makes it difficult to quantify the kinetics of recrystallization. The results are discussed with respect to the order of the alloys.

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Li, Zhi-chao, Ning Dang, and Zhen-li Mi. "Influence of Temperature on Typical Texture Distribution in Primary Recrystallization Matrix of 3% Si CGO Silicon Steel." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8936805.

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OM (optical microscopy) and EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) techniques were used to study microstructure and texture distribution during primary recrystallization under different intermediate annealing temperatures in CGO silicon steels. The effect of intermediate annealing temperature on texture distribution in 3% Si electrical steel was analyzed. The results indicate that the microstructure in primary recrystallization matrix of CGO silicon steel is comprised of equiaxed ferrite grains. Mean grain size of primary recrystallization increases with the rising of intermediate annealing temperature.γ-fiber texture is the dominant component in primary recrystallization matrix. With higher intermediate annealing temperature,111121texture and111110texture increase and111121texture is stronger than111110texture. Goss texture was observed to be decreased firstly and then increased. The content of high angle grain boundaries in primary recrystallization matrix are affected by intermediate annealing temperature. When intermediate annealing temperature is increased, high angle grain boundaries are increased firstly and then decreased. Misorientation distribution in primary recrystallized matrix is affected by primary recrystallization annealing temperature either. The content of high angle grain boundaries are increased owing to higher primary recrystallization annealing temperature, which can be a benefit to the abnormal growth of Goss grains in secondary recrystallization.

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Li, Zhaosen, Jinyang Ge, Bin Kong, Deng Luo, Zhen Wang, and Xiaoyong Zhang. "Strain Rate Dependence and Recrystallization Modeling for TC18 Alloy during Post-Deformation Annealing." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031140.

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In this paper, the dependence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and post-dynamic recrystallization (PDRX) of TC18 alloy on strain rate within the range of 0.001 s−1~1 s−1 was investigated through isothermal compression and subsequent annealing in the single-phase region. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization was employed to quantify microstructure evolution and to reveal the recrystallization mechanism. At the thermo-deformation stage, the DRX fraction does not exceed 10% at different strain rates, due to the high stacking fault energy of the β phase. During the subsequent annealing process, the total recrystallization fraction increases from 10.5% to 79.6% with the strain rate increasing from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1. The variations in the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density before and after annealing exhibit a significant discrepancy with the increasing strain rate, indicating that the GND density is a key factor affecting the PDRX rate. The PDRX mechanisms, namely meta-dynamic recrystallization (MDRX), continuous static recrystallization (CSRX) and discontinuous static recrystallization (DSRX), were also revealed during the annealing process. A new kinetic model coupling DRX and PDRX was proposed to further describe the correlation between recrystallization and the strain rate during continuous deformation and annealing. This new model facilitates the prediction of recrystallization fraction during isothermal deformation and annealing of titanium alloys.

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Xu, Hai Lin, Hong Bo Dong, and Yong Wang. "Hot Deformation Behavior of TC21 Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.117.

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The dynamic recrystallization behavior of TC21 alloy during hot compression deformation was investigated at 870~990 °C and strain rate of 0.001~10 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation machine. The results show that dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occurs during hot deformation. As the deformation temperature increases and strain rate decreases, the softening caused by dynamic recrystallization is more obvious. According to the relevance of flow stress, strain rate and deformation temperature, the dynamic recrystallization activation energy is obtained. The constitutive equation and dynamic recrystallization kinetics motel are set up through analyzing and calculating the data of thermo-simulation.

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Wu, Hong Yan, Xiang Hua Liu, Lin Xiu Du, and Yan Min Zhao. "Static Recrystallization and Precipitation Behaviors of Weathering Steel for Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1435.

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The static recrystallization and precipitation behavior of weathering steel were studied using thermal simulation technology. The influence of temperature and interval time was analyzed and the softening percentage of static recrystallization was calculated. The morphology and distribution of precipitates were studied, and the driving force for static recrystallization and pinning force of precipitation were calculated. Results show that the higher the deformation temperature is, the faster static recrystallization proceed. Retardation of recrystallization could occur even in the early stage of precipitation. The precipitation pinning force showed a peak in the intermediate stage, and finally decreased as particles coarsened.

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He, T., Y. D. Liu, Yan Wu, Q. W. Jiang, Gang Wang, Yan Dong Wang, and Liang Zuo. "Study on the Micro Mechanism of Recrystallization Texture Formation in Cold-Rolled IF Steel Sheet." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.417.

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An experimental setup was designed to study the recrystallization kinetics of Interstitial Free (IF) steel in this work. The 80% cold rolled IF steel foils are heated rapidly to 680°C, 730°C and 780°C by a salt bath. The recrystallization kinetic curves were obtained by the quantitative analysis of texture components, microstructures and EBSP (electron back-scattering patterns) measurements. With the help of EBSD, the orientations of the recrystallization nuclei are determined. The growth rule of the recrystallization nuclei was analyzed statistically. The effect of nucleus orientation on the formation of the recrystallization texture was investigated.

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Tikhonova, Marina, Andrey Belyakov, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "Static Grain Growth in an Austenitic Stainless Steel Subjected to Intense Plastic Straining." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1021.

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The post-dynamic recrystallization of an ultrafine grained 304-type austenitic stainless steel was studied during annealing at 800 and 1000°C for 7.5 to 480 minutes. The initial ultrafine grained microstructures have been developed by continuous dynamic recrystallization during isothermal multidirectional forging to a total strain of ∼4 at temperatures ranging from 500 to 800°C. The post-dynamic recrystallization involves a rapid softening at early stage of annealing followed by a sluggish decrease of hardness upon further annealing. A transient recrystallization at early annealing stage results in somewhat heterogeneous microstructures in the samples subjected to previous deformation at relatively low temperatures of 500-600°C. This structural heterogeneity disappears with increasing the annealing time. Commonly, the post-dynamic recrystallization behavior can be considered as a kind of continuous recrystallization.

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Radović, Nenad, Goran Vukicevic, Dragomir Glišić, and Stefan Dikić. "Some aspects of physical metallurgy of microalloyed steels." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 25, no. 04 (January 14, 2020): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/468.

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Some aspects of deformation, precipitation, and recrystallization behavior in medium carbon V-microalloyed and low carbon Nb/Ti-microalloyed steels are presented in the paper. Changes in microstructure are explained together with methods of quantification. The temperature of No-recrystallization (Tnr) is defined as a milestone to show the onset of retardation of recrystallization while the apparent activation energy for hot working shows the extent of this retardation. In the case of high cooling rates, this method is not sufficiently sensitive and Trl (recrystallization limit temperature) and Trs (recrystallization stop temperature) must be evaluated from softening data. Paper presented the possibility to estimate Tnr temperature on six stands finishing train at Hot Strip Mill in HBIS Iron and Steel Serbia, Smederevo as well as the activation energy for static recrystallization, QSRX, derived from Tnr temperatures.

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Sztwiertnia, Krzystof. "Orientation Aspects of the Recrystallization Nucleation in Highly Deformed Polycrystalline Copper." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.99.

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The orientation dependence of recrystallization nucleation in 95% cold-rolled polycrystalline copper was studied by means of electron microscopy and calorimetry. Local orientation characteristics of microstructure at the beginning of recrystallization process were analyzed. Combined calorimetric and microscopic investigations, including local orientations measurements, imply that recrystallization is a superposition of several local processes that develop in two steps. In the first step, discussed in this paper, recrystallization process develops in the areas of localized strain, including shear bands and regions of more or less distorted matrix subgrains. Orientations of nuclei reproduce all components of deformation texture. Further growth of nuclei is accompanied by selective generation of successive recrystallization twins. In fact, not single grains are growing, but entire colonies comprising the nuclei developed from fragments of deformed matrix and recrystallization twins [e. g. 1].

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Journal articles on the topic 'Recrystallization'

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