Journal articles on the topic 'Recreational waters'
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1
Yermakov, Viacheslav. "INTEGRATED USE OF INTERNAL WATERS OF THE POLTAVA REGION AS TOURISM AND RECREATION." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 45 (2018): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.45.90-99.
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Goal. The purpose of this article is to study the organizational and locally-spatial features of the use of recreational and tourist potential of resources of inland waters of the Poltava region. Methods. The methodological basis of the study consisted of the concepts and provisions of recreational geography, tourism, social geography. The main methods of research are literary, analytical, descriptive, comparative-geographical. Results. The content of integrated use of inland water for tourist and recreational purposes is revealed on the example of the Poltava region. The main directions of this use and the territorial integration functions of water tourism are shown for creation of complex local tourist clusters. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in developing a scheme (model) for the rational use of recreational and tourist potential of inland water objects of Poltava region and the variant of the integration model of a local territorial cluster of water tourism and recreation. Practical significance. The practical significance of the studies of geospatial aspects of the organization of the tourist and recreational potential of inland waters of the Poltava region is to promote the further development of tourism and recreation on the territory of the region in the form of organizing new tourist routes, developing methodological recommendations for the rational use of the potential of water objects, the development of the relevant infrastructure, increasing its attractiveness for domestic and foreign tourists.
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Kalyn, B. M., and M. V. Stanishevska. "Assessment of the potential and use of recreational resources of Stryj district of Lviv region." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 93 (October 2, 2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9317.
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In Lviv region, the development of the recreational sphere is a strategic landmark. Natural recreational resources of Lviv region and the largest in Ukraine in number, diversity and degree of preservation of historical and cultural resources have led to significant development of the industry. However, the territory of the region is characterized by varying degrees of development of recreational resources and development of recreational potential. The level and intensity of the current use of the potential of recreational resources of Stryi district are estimated. Due to the favorable geographical location, favorable climatic resources, a significant number and diversity of historical and cultural recreational resources, Stryi district has significant potential for the development of recreation. One of the main components of therapeutic recreation is the availability of natural therapeutic recreational resources – mineral waters and therapeutic mud – in the area. Morshyn has the largest number of mineral water sources, which are characterized by high sulfate content. 21 objects of the nature reserve fund have been created on the territory of the district, which has a high value for the organization of recreational activities and allows to consider them as the most important component of natural recreational resources. The potential of recreational resources of Stryi district is determined, which is 0.46 and corresponds to the average attractive level. Separate recreation centers have been formed within the district. This is, first of all, the city of Stryi, which has a significant number of historical and cultural resources, the city of Morshyn – as a center of medical and recreational recreation. The proximity to these cities of protected areas increases their recreational potential. Threats to further recreational use of nature are a significant anthropogenic load on the environment, irrational use of natural recreational resources and low investment activity in the development of the industry. Priorities for the development of recreational activities are the identification and use of new types of recreation, unique features of individual territories, popularization of their historical and ethnographic features, increasing the share of objects of will, in particular national importance.
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Hughes, M. S., P. V. Coyle, and J. H. Connolly. "Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland." Epidemiology and Infection 108, no. 3 (June 1992): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050020.
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SUMMARYVirus surveillance of Northern Ireland recreational waters, between April 1986 and May 1989 demonstrated widespread enteroviral contamination of coastal and inland waters. In 1986, enteroviruses were detected in 4 of 46 (8·7%) water samples, collected from 6 coastal bathing waters. In 1987, 49 of 107 (45·8%) samples, from 16 coastal bathing waters, yielded enteroviruses; 33 of the enterovirus positive samples passed one or both of the coliform standards outlined by the European Economic Community (EEC) bathing water directive (76/160/EEC). Enteroviruses were also detected in 33 of 39 (84·6%) samples tested from 3 inland recreational waters.
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Standish-Lee, P., and E. Loboschefsky. "Protecting public health from the impact of body-contact recreation." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.313.
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Population growth and the increasing demand for recreational opportunities have put public and political pressure on water purveyors to make every water body available for multipurpose use. There is increasing evidence that full water-body contact recreation such as swimming, and water/jet skiing may add significantly more microorganisms such as viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium to a water body when compared with non-body contact recreational waters. Body-contact recreation also poses a risk to the consumer inadvertently ingesting contaminated water. Waterborne disease outbreaks caused by recreation are well documented with the endemic rate and the risk level to the public estimated to be very high. Since 1989, 171 outbreaks, associated with recreational water, have been documented in the USA with more than 15,000 individuals infected; these outbreaks occurred in both natural and artificial settings. Discussions on the recently published Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2) have focused on varied treatment goals related to microbiological quality and source water protection methods at the heart of this discussion. This paper highlights new studies on risk from recreation, proposed beach standards, modeling to assess the risk of infection, political issues associated with limiting recreation, and what water utilities can do to reduce risk.
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Venter, J. M. E., J. van Heerden, J. C. Vivier, W. O. K. Grabow, and M. B. Taylor. "Hepatitis A virus in surface water in South Africa: what are the risks?" Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.006b.
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The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of infection constituted by HAV to persons using surface dam and river water for domestic and recreational purposes. It estimates the potential risk using a deterministic exponential risk assessment model with mean values and conservative assumptions. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 17.5% of river and 14.9% of dam water samples tested. The number of indicator organisms in these sources exceeded drinking and recreational water quality guidelines set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), indicating possible health risks to recreational water users. Based on the available data and taking all the assumptions into consideration, the probability of infection (Pinf) to the higher socio-economic population using the river water for recreational purposes was 1.1 × 10−3 per day and 3.3 × 10−1 per annum if 100 ml was ingested per day. For recreation in the dam water the Pinf value was 1.2 × 10−4 per day and 4.2 × 10−2 per annum. For the lower socio-economic population, risk values for drinking purposes (2 L day−1) were ten-fold greater. These surface waters therefore did not conform to the US EPA guidelines of 1 infection per 10,000 consumers per year for drinking water or eight gastrointestinal illnesses per 1,000 bathers per day in environmental waters used for recreational purposes. This is the first risk assessment study addressing the risk of infection by HAV in surface water to different socio-economic populations in South Africa.
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Voronkova, Olga Yu, Svetlana N. Petrova, Elena A. Ivanova, Elena N. Klochko, Elena V. Logvina, and Angelina N. Penkova. "ASSESSMENT OF THE REGIONAL POTENTIAL OF RECREATION AND HEALTH-PROMOTING NATURAL RESOURCES." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Spl-2-AABAS (December 15, 2020): S314—S321. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(spl-2-aabas).s314.s321.
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Recreational and health tourism is essential for the development of a system of global resort-tourist relations. Every year, the flow of tourists traveling with recreational and therapeutic purposes to the Russian regions is increasing. Currently, the industry of recreational and health tourism is constantly developing in Russia and it offers a variety of developed services and comfort in the field of health tourism. The modern development stage of tourism and recreation in Russia is characterized by in-depth transformations in all spheres of public life. A market for recreational and recreational services is being formed in the country, and a new state doctrine for the development of tourism activities is being developed. International tourist flows are increasing, and the geography of tourist routes is expanding. The presence of recreational natural resources as a whole determines the territorial landmarks of tourism and recreation. In addition to the resource potential, there are many significant factors such as socioeconomic factors, the type, and level of economic development, the volume and structure of recreational needs that influence the development dynamics of health tourism. Recreational resources usually include both natural and cultural-historical objects, complexes, and their elements, each of which has its specifics. The regions of Russia have unique recreational and health-improving potential, for example, the Marcial waters of Karelia, the radon waters of Pyatigorsk and Belokurikha, the narzans of Kislovodsk, the therapeutic mud of Lake Karachi, the hydrogen sulfide of Matsesta. Such diversity is not found in any other country in the world. This article is devoted to the development of recreational or health tourism, approaches to the assessment of the natural and recreational potential of the territory; identification of factors affecting the natural and recreational potential of the region; formulation of the advantages and disadvantages of the management and development of the regional natural and recreational complex; assessment of the impact of the management of natural and recreational resources on the development of the region and analysis of the recreational natural potential of the Altai Territory of the Russian Federation.
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Troicka, O., K. Belokon, Y. Manidina, and V. Ryzkov. "ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATERS OF THE RIVER DNIEPER FROM THE RECREATIONAL ZONES OF THE LEFT BANK OF ZAPORIZHZHIA." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 37 (April 23, 2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.37.2020.24.
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The problem of environmental safety is relevant for all water recreational facilities in Ukraine. The quality of the natural environment, and, accordingly, the scale of the recreational use of water bodies largely depends on the impact on natural complexes of various unfavorable anthropogenic factors. These include, first of all, the release of untreated and insufficiently treated wastewater, pollution of water bodies by wastewater from unsettled territories of industrial and agricultural use, air pollution by pollutants, etc. These anthropogenic influences limit the recreational possibilities of aquatorial natural complexes and are dangerous for the health of vacationers.In addition to physical and chemical pollution, biological pollution of surface waters has become widespread, in particular microbial, the test indicator of which is E. coli, saprophytic bacteria and enterococci. When ingested, they can cause acute intestinal infections, fever, nausea, etc.It was determined in the work that the average annual number of saprophytic bacteria, for five years of research, varied from 25.5 to 35.5 thousand cells/cm3, which within the ecological classification corresponds to the IV class and 6 categories of water quality , according to the degree of pollution «dirty»).The results of the assessment of bacterial contamination of the surface waters of the river. The Dnieper from the recreational zones of the Left Bank of Zaporizhzhia over a five-year period indicate an unstable ecological state of the studied waters according to such bacterial indicators as the PEC index and the number of saprophytic bacteria. This makes it necessary to carry out environmental protection measures in order to increase the level of environmental safety in the zones of water recreation.
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Steyn, M., P. Jagals, and B. Genthe. "Assessment of microbial infection risks posed by ingestion of water during domestic water use and full-contact recreation in a mid-southern African region." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0071.
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A customised Water-related Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (WRQMRA) process was used to determine risk of infection to water ingested by users in the south-eastern Free State, South Africa. The WRQMRA consisted of an observed-adverse-effect-level approach (OAELA) and a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The OAELA was based on the occurrence of E. coli in the study waters to determine the possible risk of infection and the QMRA probable risk of infection by salmonellae. The WRQMRA was applied to recreational surface resource waters as well as waters from an unprotected spring and waters from the treated municipal supply that were stored in containers for domestic purposes. E. coli numbers were measured against expected infection levels expressed in water quality guidelines, while Salmonella counts were calculated to give the probable infection risk (Pi). Ingestion was based on intake volumes compiled for the various water uses. E. coli occurred in numbers <106 in the surface waters, while the untreated spring and treated supply water contained E. coli of <102 and <101 respectively. Salmonella occurred in numbers of <103 in recreational waters, and <10-1 in water used for domestic purposes. A single exposure to the mean (as well as 95th percentile) risk was calculated using a β-Poisson dose-response model at ingestion volumes of 100 mL (for full-contact recreation) and 1,318 mL (for domestic water use). Both the OAELA and the QMRA approaches indicated a risk of infection to recreational and domestic water users, even for a single exposure event, with the OAELA either over- or under-estimating the risk of infection for singular exposure events. This indicated that this method, used on its own, could not reliably predict a realistic risk of infection. It is recommended that the full WRQMRA process be used, and further developed to address several uncertainties that became evident during this study.
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Giampaoli, Saverio, and Vincenzo Romano Spica. "Health and safety in recreational waters." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.13.126391.
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Matavulj, Milan, Nebojsa Vulikic, Igor Gojkovic, and Maja Karaman. "Conditionally pathogenic fungi in recreational waters." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 109 (2005): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0519149m.
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The improvement of health and life conditions depends on various environmental factors. The exposition to organic and inorganic pollutants, as well as to the broad spectar of microorganisms is one of these factors. Medically important fungi have been increasing their number recently especially in urban and in recreational zones. Some of them, first of all molds and yeasts, are involved by different means in causing more or less serious diseases of man and animals. Frequency of alergic symptoms and human mycotic lesions increased significantly during last decades. Such phenomena have provoked more scientific attention recently. According to the available literature data, micro-fungi, causing mycoses and "environmental" fungi too could be considered as an important factor of health risk, being neglected and underestimated so far, especially in analyses of safe use of recreational waters and surrounding areas, among them swimming pools, river and sea beaches. On the basis of such statement there arises conclusion that water and ground of recreational zones could serve as vectors in transmission pathways of potentially or conditionally pathogenic fungi, being dangerous especially for immunocompromised individuals, which suggests inclusion of qualitative and quantitative composition of fungal community into a continual monitoring of hygienic status of recreational zones.
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Guzak, Ludmula, and Natalya Andrusyak. "Mineral resources of National Nature Park “Vyzhnytskyi”: location, characterization, recommendations for use." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 42 (October 15, 2013): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.42.1774.
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This article is devoted to the study of a variety of mineral springs in the National Nature Park “Vyzhnytskyi”. Retrospective study of medicinal aspects of groundwater in the National Nature Park was analyzed. Mineral springs are located in areas regulated and fixed recreation and economic zone, which requires the development of tourism infrastructure and enhance their resort and recreational use, were determined. Key words: mineral springs, national parks, resort and recreational use of mineral waters.
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Sánchez-Nazario, Elia E., Tasha M. Santiago-Rodriguez, and Gary A. Toranzos. "Prospective epidemiological pilot study on the morbidity of bathers exposed to tropical recreational waters and sand." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2014): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.107.
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A prospective cohort epidemiological pilot study was performed at three tropical beaches with point- and non-point-sources of fecal pollution to characterize the risk of illness among swimmers and non-swimmers. There was an increased risk of illness in swimmers as compared to non-swimmers, even when waters met current microbial standards for recreational water quality. Illnesses included gastrointestinal (GI), skin and respiratory symptoms, earache and fever. Odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 0.32 to 42.35 (GI illness), 0.69 to 3.12 (skin infections), 0.71 to 3.21 (respiratory symptoms), 0.52 to 15.32 (earache) and 0.80 to 1.68 (fever), depending on the beach sampled. The indicators that better predicted the risks of symptoms (respiratory) in tropical recreational waters were total (somatic and male-specific) coliphages (OR = 1.56, p < 0.10, R2 = 3.79%) and Escherichia coli (OR = 1.38, p < 0.10, R2 = 1.97%). The present study supports the potential of coliphages as good predictors of risks of respiratory illness in tropical recreational waters. This is the first study that has determined risks of illness after exposure to tropical recreational waters with point- and non-point sources of fecal contamination. The results give an opportunity to perform epidemiological studies in tropical recreational waters in Puerto Rico which can include more participants and other indicators and detection techniques.
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Boehm, Alexandria B., Nicholas J. Ashbolt, John M. Colford, Lee E. Dunbar, Lora E. Fleming, Mark A. Gold, Joel A. Hansel, et al. "A sea change ahead for recreational water quality criteria." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2008): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.122.
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The United States Environmental Protection Agency is committed to developing new recreational water quality criteria for coastal waters by 2012 to provide increased protection to swimmers. We review the uncertainties and shortcomings of the current recreational water quality criteria, describe critical research needs for the development of new criteria, as well as recommend a path forward for new criteria development. We believe that among the most needed research needs are the completion of epidemiology studies in tropical waters and in waters adversely impacted by urban runoff and animal feces, as well as studies aimed to validate the use of models for indicator and pathogen concentration and health risk predictions.
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Turgeon, Patricia, Pascal Michel, Patrick Levallois, André Ravel, Marie Archambault, Martin-Pierre Lavigne, Serge Olivier Kotchi, and Stéphanie Brazeau. "Assessing and monitoring agroenvironmental determinants of recreational freshwater quality using remote sensing." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 1503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.020.
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Diverse fecal and nonfecal bacterial contamination and nutrient sources (e.g. agriculture, human activities and wildlife) represent a considerable non-point source load entering natural recreational waters which may adversely affect water quality. Monitoring of natural recreational water microbial quality is most often based mainly on testing a set of microbiological indicators. The cost and labour involved in testing numerous water samples may be significant when a large number of sites must be monitored repetitively over time. In addition to water testing, ongoing monitoring of key environmental factors known to influence microbial contamination may be carried out as an additional component. Monitoring of environmental factors can now be performed using remote sensing technology which represents an increasingly recognized source of rigorous and recurrent data, especially when monitoring over a large or difficult to access territory is needed. To determine whether this technology could be useful in the context of recreational water monitoring, we evaluated a set of agroenvironmental determinants associated with fecal contamination of recreational waters through a multivariable logistic regression model built with data extracted from satellite imagery. We found that variables describing the proportions of land with agricultural and impervious surfaces, as derived from remote sensing observations, were statistically associated (odds ratio, OR = 11 and 5.2, respectively) with a higher level of fecal coliforms in lake waters in the southwestern region of Quebec, Canada. From a technical perspective, remote sensing may provide important added-value in the monitoring of microbial risk from recreational waters and further applications of this technology should be investigated to support public health risk assessments and environmental monitoring programs relating to water quality.
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Schets, F. M., J. H. van Wijnen, J. F. Schijven, H. Schoon, and A. M. de Roda Husman. "Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens in Surface Waters in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the Potential Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in These Waters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 7 (February 15, 2008): 2069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01609-07.
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ABSTRACT The water in the canals and some recreational lakes in Amsterdam is microbiologically contaminated through the discharge of raw sewage from houseboats, sewage effluent, and dog and bird feces. Exposure to these waters may have negative health effects. During two successive 1-year study periods, the water quality in two canals (2003 to 2004) and five recreational lakes (2004 to 2005) in Amsterdam was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and waterborne pathogens. According to Bathing Water Directive 2006/7/EC, based on Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococcus counts, water quality in the canals was poor but was classified as excellent in the recreational lakes. Campylobacter, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia were detected in the canals, as was rotavirus, norovirus, and enterovirus RNA. Low numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in the recreational lakes, despite compliance with European bathing water legislation. The estimated risk of infection with Cryptosporidium and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 0.0002 to 0.007% and 0.04 to 0.2%, respectively, for occupational divers professionally exposed to canal water. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to incidental peak concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 0.01% and 1%, respectively, for people who accidentally swallow larger volumes of the canal water than the divers. Low levels of viable waterborne pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, pose a possible health risk from occupational, accidental, and recreational exposure to surface waters in Amsterdam.
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Dickinson, Gregory, Keah-ying Lim, and Sunny C. Jiang. "Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Pathogenic Vibrios in Marine Recreational Waters of Southern California." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 1 (October 26, 2012): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02674-12.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigated the occurrence of three types of vibrios in Southern California recreational beach waters during the peak marine bathing season in 2007. Over 160 water samples were concentrated and enriched for the detection of vibrios. Four sets of PCR primers, specific forVibrio cholerae,V. parahaemolyticus, andV. vulnificusspecies and theV. parahaemolyticustoxin gene, respectively, were used for the amplification of bacterial genomic DNA. Of 66 samples from Doheny State Beach, CA, 40.1% were positive forV. choleraeand 27.3% were positive forV. parahaemolyticus, and 1 sample (1.5%) was positive for theV. parahaemolyticustoxin gene. Of the 96 samples from Avalon Harbor, CA, 18.7% were positive forV. cholerae, 69.8% were positive forV. parahaemolyticus, and 5.2% were positive for theV. parahaemolyticustoxin gene. The detection of theV. choleraegenetic marker was significantly more frequent at Doheny State Beach, while the detection of theV. parahaemolyticusgenetic marker was significantly more frequent at Avalon Harbor. A probability-of-illness model forV. parahaemolyticuswas applied to the data. The risk for bathers exposed to recreational waters at two beaches was evaluated through Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The results suggest that the microbial risk from vibrios during beach recreation was below the illness benchmark set by the U.S. EPA. However, the risk varied with location and the type of water recreation activities. Surfers and children were exposed to a higher risk of vibrio diseases. Microbial risk assessment can serve as a useful tool for the management of risk related to opportunistic marine pathogens.
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Janeczko, Emilia. "The role and importance of forest watercourses and water reservoirs in designing landscape values of forests." Journal of Water and Land Development 13a, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-010-0027-4.
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The role and importance of forest watercourses and water reservoirs in designing landscape values of forestsThis paper presents some issues related to designing forest landscape located close to the areas of watercourses and water reservoirs. Surface waters, beside forests and diverse terrain relief, constitute the main element deciding about tourist and recreation attractiveness of every such area. Some surveys on the evaluation of forest recreational potential prove that the forest attractiveness is closely connected with the quantity and quality of water reservoirs and watercourses. Due do their functions (environmental, hydrological, economic and social), and the fact that over the past decades both their number and surface area have decreased, water areas require particular protection and concern. The aim of this paper is to highlight the necessity of defining the principles of designing forest landscape, with the consideration of the role of forest water areas in recreational and tourist development of forests.
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Benjamin-Chung, Jade, Benjamin F. Arnold, Timothy J. Wade, Kenneth Schiff, John F. Griffith, Alfred P. Dufour, Stephen B. Weisberg, and John M. Colford. "Coliphages and Gastrointestinal Illness in Recreational Waters." Epidemiology 28, no. 5 (September 2017): 644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000681.
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Lindquist, H. D. Alan. "Microbial biosensors for recreational and source waters." Journal of Microbiological Methods 177 (October 2020): 106059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106059.
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Turgeon, Patricia, Pascal Michel, Patrick Levallois, Pierre Chevalier, Danielle Daignault, Bryanne Crago, Rebecca Irwin, Scott A. McEwen, Norman F. Neumann, and Marie Louie. "Antimicrobial-ResistantEscherichia coliin Public Beach Waters in Quebec." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 23, no. 2 (2012): e20-e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/378602.
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INTRODUCTION: Human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria may result in the transfer of resistance to commensal or pathogenic microbes present in the gastrointestinal tract, which may lead to severe health consequences and difficulties in treatment of future bacterial infections. It was hypothesized that the recreational waters from beaches represent a source of antimicrobial-resistantEscherichia colifor people engaging in water activities.OBJECTIVE: To describe the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistantE coliin the recreational waters of beaches in southern Quebec.METHODS: Sampling occurred over two summers; in 2004, 674 water samples were taken from 201 beaches, and in 2005, 628 water samples were taken from 177 beaches. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial-resistantE coliisolates against a panel of 16 antimicrobials were determined using microbroth dilution.RESULTS: For 2004 and 2005, respectively, 28% and 38% of beaches sampled had at least one water sample contaminated byE coliresistant to one or more antimicrobials, and more than 10% of the resistant isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial of clinical importance for human medicine. The three antimicrobials with the highest frequency of resistance were tetracycline, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole.DISCUSSION: The recreational waters of these beaches represent a potential source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria for people engaging in water activities. Investigations relating the significance of these findings to public health should be pursued.
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Nappier, Sharon P., Krista Liguori, Audrey M. Ichida, Jill R. Stewart, and Kaedra R. Jones. "Antibiotic Resistance in Recreational Waters: State of the Science." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 8034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218034.
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Ambient recreational waters can act as both recipients and natural reservoirs for antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria and antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs), where they may persist and replicate. Contact with AMR bacteria and ARGs potentially puts recreators at risk, which can thus decrease their ability to fight infections. A variety of point and nonpoint sources, including contaminated wastewater effluents, runoff from animal feeding operations, and sewer overflow events, can contribute to environmental loading of AMR bacteria and ARGs. The overall goal of this article is to provide the state of the science related to recreational exposure and AMR, which has been an area of increasing interest. Specific objectives of the review include (1) a description of potential sources of antibiotics, AMR bacteria, and ARGs in recreational waters, as documented in the available literature; (2) a discussion of what is known about human recreational exposures to AMR bacteria and ARGs, using findings from health studies and exposure assessments; and (3) identification of knowledge gaps and future research needs. To better understand the dynamics related to AMR and associated recreational water risks, future research should focus on source contribution, fate and transport—across treatment and in the environment; human health risk assessment; and standardized methods.
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Jiang, Sunny, Rachel Noble, and Weiping Chu. "Human Adenoviruses and Coliphages in Urban Runoff-Impacted Coastal Waters of Southern California." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.1.179-184.2001.
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ABSTRACT A nested-PCR method was used to detect the occurrence of human adenovirus in coastal waters of Southern California. Twenty- to forty-liter water samples were collected from 12 beach locations from Malibu to the border of Mexico between February and March 1999. All sampling sites were located at mouths of major rivers and creeks. Two ultrafiltration concentration methods, tangential flow filtration (TFF) and vortex flow filtration (VFF), were compared using six environmental samples. Human adenoviruses were detected in 4 of the 12 samples tested after nucleic acid extraction of VFF concentrates. The most probable number of adenoviral genomes ranged from 880 to 7,500 per liter of water. Coliphages were detected at all sites, with the concentration varying from 5.3 to 3332 PFU/liter of water. F-specific coliphages were found at 5 of the 12 sites, with the concentration ranging from 5.5 to 300 PFU/liter. The presence of human adenovirus was not significantly correlated with the concentration of coliphage (r = 0.32) but was significantly correlated (r = 0.99) with F-specific coliphage. The bacterial indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci) were found to exceed California recreational water quality daily limits at 5 of the 12 sites. However, this excess of bacterial indicators did not correlate with the presence of human adenoviruses in coastal waters. The results of this study call for both a reevaluation of our current recreational water quality standards to reflect the viral quality of recreational waters and monitoring of recreational waters for human viruses on a regular basis.
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Zharkov, R. V. "Thermal fields of the Ebeko volcano (Paramushir Island, Kuril Islands) and their recreational and tourist potential." Geosystems of Transition Zones 4, no. 4 (2020): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2020.4.4.514-525.
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The paper provides with the research results of physicochemical and balneological properties of thermal waters and hydrothermal mud of the Ebeko volcano (Paramushir Island, Kuril Islands). To assess recreational and tourist potential, we sample the most intensive thermal waters outputs. Ultra-acidic spring no. 1 of the Verkhne-Yuryeva group has a temperature of 88 °C, its mineralized (M – 13 g/l) chloride-sulfate waters contain biologically active elements in elevated concentrations (Si, B, Br, Fe2 +). Thermal waters of the Verkhne-Yuryeva springs can be roughly attributed to the Gaisky type of the acid water group and recommended for external use in the treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases. Given the complexity of the route to the springs, the real development of this territory is considered not as a balneotherapy complex, but as an object of recreational and tourist activities. A similar situation is with an ultra-acidic sulfate thermal spring in the North-Eastern solfataric field. In addition to hydrotherms, it contains thin deposits of hydrothermal mud , which is almost impossible to use as a therapeutic due to its insufficiently good physical indicators and relatively small volume. The most promising deep hydrotherms for recreation and balneotherapy are opened by a well P-2 in the area of Severo-Kurilsk. In 2014, the hydrotherms temperature was 82 °C, mineralized water (M – 8.6 g/l) chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium, slightly alkaline (pH 7.6), with an elevated content of biologically active components (Si, B, Br). According to the physical and chemical properties, the thermal waters of well P-2 can be tentatively attributed to the Lazarevsky hydrochemical type of therapeutic drinking water of chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium group, and as an external (balneological) use, they are tentatively close to the Kuldur type of siliceous thermal waters of various ion composition.
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Beniz, Victor Vinicius Medeiros, and Ângelo Ricardo Balduino. "Study of the balneability in the Francisquinha Stream Basin, in the municipality of Porto Nacional/TO." Natural Resources 10, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2237-9290.2020.003.0012.
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Water is a natural resource that is indispensable for life of all. However, this resource is not inexhaustible. Its use can have the most diverse purposes, whether for industrial activity, common daily use up to recreation activities. The municipality of Porto Nacional has several tributaries, that can be used in various ways by the local population. One of the forms of use is recreational activity, and in this study the bacteriological analysis of the Francisquinha Stream Basin was performed through the indicators of the group of total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli).). The results of the monitoring were based on the parameters established for balneability purposes defined by the current norm of CONAMA Resolution No. 274/00. In order to obtain the confirmatory results of microbiological presence, the Colilert technique was used in laboratory experiments. The detected levels of E. coli bacteria demonstrate a high concentration rate, thus allowing the classification of waters for balneability as improper waters, according to CONAMA Resolution No. 274/00. Therefore, the intention of recreational activity in the basin under study was framed outside the required standards.
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Пендюрин, Евгений, Evgenii Pendyurin, Елена Харьковская, Elena Khar'kovskaya, Елена Белецкая, and Elena Beletskaya. "Research of water and recreational resources of Belgorod region with the purpose of developing a new tour product." Servis Plus 11, no. 3 (September 19, 2017): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22412/1993-7768-11-3-1.
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In the article are discussed the investigations of the hydrous recreational of the Belgorod region. As it was established Belgorod belongs to the low-waters regions of Russia, but the domestic reservoirs are widely used in the tourist industry and develop recreation near the reservoir. Today, the development of water tourism is most promising on the rivers: Oskol, Seversky Donets, TikhayaSosna, Vorskla, Seym, Pselya and reservoirs - Starooskolsky and Belgorod.The authors of the article have analyzed the water objects of the region, with the aim of using them in the tourism industry, and the most optimal water recreational objects were identified. Nowadays, they are used for organizing and conducting various types of elementary recreational activities: bathing and rest during the warm season, rest at the reservoir in the cool period associated with contemplation, riding on boats, pleasure boats, jet skis, motor boats, water bicycles, water Skiing.The assessment of the natural recreational potential of the Oskol River in the Belgorod region has revealed the perspective possibilities of using a water resource for the development of a new tourist product. The proposed new water-health tour «Kayak rafting along the Oskol River» for a measured family and sports recreation will allow people to get acquainted with the traditions and life of the area, learn about local culture, the proposed developed and tested tourist route is unique and in its own way colorful.Tour «Kayak rafting along the Oskol River» will contribute to the development of the tourism industry in the region, tourists will be offered a romantic tourist trip related to the sun, water, communication with wild nature and environmental awareness, and travel companies will be able to improve the efficiency of their activities.
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Schijven, J. F., and A. M. de Roda Husman. "Effect of climate changes on waterborne disease in The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0114.
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Effects of climate change in The Netherlands in the 21st century on the microbiological quality of water for drinking water production and recreation were evaluated. The following was concluded: increased temperature leads to significant additional inactivation of enteric pathogens in surface waters with residence times of more than a month, but not in waters with residence times of up to ten days. Increased precipitation, runoff and storm water overflow lead to more peak concentrations of waterborne pathogens in surface water. Peak concentrations strongly determine the infection risk through drinking water consumption. Drought lowers and increased precipitation elevates groundwater tables, but an effect on the risk of groundwater contamination with waterborne pathogens is not clear. Climate effects are not noticeable near a groundwater well, where the groundwater table and flow rate are mainly determined by the pumping rate. Exposure of recreants to waterborne pathogens that can grow in the water is expected to increase due to increased recreation and increased growth opportunities of these pathogens. Due to warmer summers, pathogens, like amoeba, that have not caused problems up to date in The Netherlands, may now emerge in recreational waters.
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Mariño, F. J., E. Martinez-Manzanares, M. A. Moriñigo, and J. J. Borrego. "Applicability of the recreational water quality standard guidelines." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0550.
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The applicability of WHO/UNEP criteria and the EC bathing water directive as microbial water quality guidelines were examined by means of an epidemiological-microbiological study of two Mediterranean bathing beaches. Neither set of guidelines proved particularly successful for protecting the public from health hazards related to faecal contamination of bathing waters.
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Till, Desmond, Graham McBride, Andrew Ball, Ken Taylor, and Eric Pyle. "Large-scale freshwater microbiological study: rationale, results and risks." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.071.
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A fifteen-month fortnightly survey of microbial health risk indicators and pathogens has been carried out at 25 freshwater recreational and water supply sites distributed throughout New Zealand, for: E. coli, Clostridium perfringens spores, F-RNA bacteriophage, somatic coliphage, human enteroviruses, human adenoviruses, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Sites were selected to represent five geographical areas covering New Zealand and five categories of predominant environmental impact: birds, dairy farming, forestry/undeveloped, municipal, and sheep/pastoral farming. Six of the sites were also source waters for treated drinking-water supplies. Of the indicators, E. coli was detected in 99 % of all samples, with somatic coliphage being detected most of the time (89 %). Of the pathogens tested, Campylobacter and human adenoviruses were inferred to be the most likely to cause human waterborne illness to recreational freshwater users. Using data from all sites, an estimated 5 % of notified campylobacteriosis cases in New Zealand could be attributable to water contact recreation. The critical value for E.coli as an indicator of increased Campylobacter infection is in the range of 200–500 E. coli per 100 ml. This result has been used to derive new national water quality guidelines for recreational fresh water in New Zealand.
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Kaczmarczyk, Michał, Barbara Tomaszewska, and Agnieszka Operacz. "Sustainable Utilization of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources to Electricity Generation through a Cascade System." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102495.
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The article presents an assessment of the potential for using low temperature geothermal water from the C-PIG-1 well (Małopolskie Voivodship, southern Poland) for electricity generation, as the first stage in a geothermal cascade system. The C-PIG-1 well is characterised by a temperature of geothermal water of 82 °C and a maximum flow rate of 51.22 kg/s. Geothermal water is currently only utilised for recreation purposes in swimming pools. In such locations, with the potential to use renewable energy for energetic purposes, the possibility of comprehensive management of the geothermal waters extracted should be considered both in the first stage of the cascade and after recreational use. Thermodynamic calculations were conducted assuming the use of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) or Kalina Cycle. Two variants were analysed—the use of the maximum flow rate of geothermal waters and partial use with an assumption of a priority for recreational/heating purposes. The analysis and calculations indicate that the gross capacity in the most optimistic variant will not exceed 250 kW for the ORC and 440 kW for the Kalina Cycle. As far as the gross electricity generation is concerned, for ORC this will not exceed 1.9 GWh/year and for the Kalina Cycle it will not exceed 3.5 GWh/year.
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Jones, F., and A. F. Godfree. "Recreational and Amenity Use of Surface Waters: The Public Health Implications." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0091.
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Rivers, lakes and coastal waters in the United Kingdom are increasingly being used for water sports and recreation. These waters may receive treated and untreated sewage, storm water, trade effluent and agricultural waste. The potential for harmful health effects exists. Relatively little medical or scientific information is available which allows sound health guidance to be given in this respect. Current advice regarding the suitability of UK waters for contact pursuits remains conditioned by the results of a national retrospective epidemiological and bacteriological survey carried out some thirty years ago. Moreover this study was concerned only with the use of sewage-contaminated coastal waters for bathing. The practical difficulties experienced in giving advice has led to the development of a scheme designed to assess health effects in a consistent manner. This scheme is illustrated by reference to a case study which clearly demonstrates its value as a management tool.
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Lavrik, Evgeny P., Galina M. Trukhina, Anna G. Kravchenko, Sergey A. Vysotin, Alina T. Vysotina, and Natalya A. Dmitrieva. "Sanitary and epidemiological features of recreational water use of the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar region." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-9-910-916.
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Introduction. The state of the recreational system of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory is of particular interest and great importance for the development of the medical and health complex in Russia. Currently, the Krasnodar Territory has a state task to develop beach tourism on the sea coast, one of the priority sectors of the Russian economy. Considering the territorial features of the Municipal Formation Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, the priority direction in the work of the Tuapse branch of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory is water protection measures aimed at ensuring the safety of public health. The study of the causal relationships of health and the environment based on the materials of social and hygienic monitoring and analysis of information data on indicators of human health and the environment determines the tactics of developing regional short-term and long-term preventive measures and programs to improve the environment and optimize the health of the population. Purpose of the study. studying the sanitary and epidemiological state of the recreation zones (beaches) of the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar region. Materials and methods. the work is based on the materials of annual reports on sanitary and epidemiological well being in the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, the analysis of expert opinions and laboratory studies carried out by employees of the Tuapse branch of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory, the analysis of infectious morbidity, and the analysis of legislative and other regulatory requirements for the establishment and control of the state of recreation zones was also carried out Results and discussion. difficulties with the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over recreation areas are associated with: the imperfection of modern legislation on recreation zones, lack of publicly available information on the state of recreation areas and programs (plans) of sanitary and recreational activities, need for significant material resources to bring the existing and replace outdated sewage water treatment systems that pollute the water area of recreational areas in compliance with the regulatory requirements. Conclusions. The paper presents the features of the recreational water use of the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, describes the problems of the improvement of the recreational zones of the region. An analysis of laboratory studies of the recreational waters of the Black Sea over the past ten years and an analysis of the incidence of intestinal and enteroviral infections in the population of the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory were carried out, seasonal fluctuations in the incidence rate were identified (an increase during July-August). The increase in the morbidity rate in the summer is due to the influx of vacationers. The expediency of developing a draft system for assessing the sanitary and epidemiological reliability (disadvantage) of the recreation zone for ranking objects and creating an electronic database of objects is considered. This set of measures will effectively provide a risk-oriented model of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over recreation areas.
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Šarmírová, Soňa, Viera Nagyová, Darina Štípalová, Iveta Drastichová, Danka Šimonyiová, Zuzana Sirotná, Renáta Kissová, et al. "Should Enteroviruses Be Monitored in Natural Recreational Waters?" Central European Journal of Public Health 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4368.
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Lauber, Christian L., Lou Glatzer, and Robert L. Sinsabaugh. "Prevalence of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Recreational Waters." Journal of Great Lakes Research 29, no. 2 (January 2003): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(03)70435-3.
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Turgeon, Patricia. "Monitoring Recreational Waters: How to Integrate Environmental Determinants." Journal of Environmental Protection 03, no. 08 (2012): 798–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2012.328095.
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Maiello, A., A. Guidetti, D. Poncetta, O. Ossola, L. Guidetti, G. Buttinelli, and L. Fiore. "Enteroviruses in the recreational waters of Lake Orta." Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 4, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1770.1999.00083.x.
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Sifuentes, Laura Y., Brittany L. Choate, Charles P. Gerba, and Kelly R. Bright. "The occurrence ofNaegleria fowleriin recreational waters in Arizona." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 49, no. 11 (June 26, 2014): 1322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2014.910342.
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Bofill-Mas, Sílvia, Byron Calgua, Pilar Clemente-Casares, Giuseppina La Rosa, Marcello Iaconelli, Michele Muscillo, Saskia Rutjes, et al. "Quantification of Human Adenoviruses in European Recreational Waters." Food and Environmental Virology 2, no. 2 (June 2010): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-010-9035-4.
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Sobsey, M. D., R. Perdue, M. Overton, and J. Fisher. "Factors influencing faecal contamination in coastal marinas." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0195.
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Recreational pleasure and fishing boats are potential sources of human faecal contamination because the sanitary wastes from boat occupants may be discharged into the surrounding water. The impacts of such faecal contamination from boats is potentially high in marinas where boats are often kept and occupied for varying periods of time. The nature and extent of such faecal contamination from boats in marinas of different design and use is still inadequately understood. In this study the levels of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria were measured in the waters of a confined and an open water marina over a 6 d period encompassing a holiday weekend. Levels of FC rose with increasing occupancy by boats and boaters during the study period and then declined again. FC levels were higher in waters of a confined or basin marina than in waters of an open or unconfined marina. In both confined and open water marinas, FC levels were highest in water samples collected near boats but they also became elevated on occasion in water samples taken a distance of 305 m from boats. Concentrations of FC in marina waters exceeded the standards and guidelines for shell-fishing and primary contact recreation waters. Therefore, greater consideration of human health risks from enteric microbes in marina waters and shellfish is recommended.
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Dias, Ryan P., Marella H. Schammel, Keith P. Reber, and John D. Sivey. "Applications of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as a derivatizing agent for quantifying free chlorine, free bromine, bromamines, and bromide in aqueous systems." Analytical Methods 11, no. 43 (2019): 5521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay01443h.
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Free chlorine and free bromine (e.g., HOCl and HOBr) are employed as disinfectants in a variety of aqueous systems, including drinking water, wastewater, ballast water, recreational waters, and cleaning products.
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Fujioka, R. S. "Monitoring coastal marine waters for spore-forming bacteria of faecal and soil origin to determine point from non-point source pollution." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0419.
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The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have established recreational water quality standards limiting the concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci) to ensure that these waters are safe for swimming. In the application of these hygienic water quality standards, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these faecal indicator bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we previously reported that these faecal indicator bacteria are able to grow in the soil environment of humid tropical island environments such as Hawaii and Guam and are transported at high concentrations into streams and storm drains by rain. Thus, streams and storm drains in Hawaii contain consistently high concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria which routinely exceed the EPA and WHO recreational water quality standards. Since, streams and storm drains eventually flow out to coastal marine waters, we hypothesize that all the coastal beaches which receive run-off from streams and storm drains will contain elevated concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the coastal waters at four beaches known to receive water from stream or storm drains for salinity, turbidity, and used the two faecal indicator bacteria (E. coli, enterococci) to establish recreational water quality standards. To determine if these coastal waters are contaminated with non-point source pollution (streams) or with point source pollution (sewage effluent), these same water samples were also assayed for spore-forming bacteria of faecal origin (Cl. perfringens) and of soil origin (Bacillus species). Using this monitoring strategy it was possible to determine when coastal marine waters were contaminated with non-point source pollution and when coastal waters were contaminated with point source pollution. The results of this study are most likely applicable to all countries in the warm and humid region of the world.
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King, Dawn N., Kristen P. Brenner, and Mark R. Rodgers. "A critical evaluation of a flow cytometer used for detecting enterococci in recreational waters." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.012b.
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The current U. S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved method for enterococci (Method 1600) in recreational water is a membrane filter (MF) method that takes 24 hours to obtain results. If the recreational water is not in compliance with the standard, the risk of exposure to enteric pathogens may occur before the water is identified as hazardous. Because flow cytometry combined with specific fluorescent antibodies has the potential to be used as a rapid detection method for microorganisms, this technology was evaluated as a rapid, same-day method to detect enterococci in bathing beach waters. The flow cytometer chosen for this study was a laser microbial detection system designed to detect labeled antibodies. A comparison of MF counts with flow cytometry counts of enterococci in phosphate buffer and sterile-filtered recreational water showed good agreement between the two methods. However, when flow cytometry was used, the counts were several orders of magnitude higher than the MF counts with no correlation to Enterococcus spike concentrations. The unspiked sample controls frequently had higher counts than the samples spiked with enterococci. Particles within the spiked water samples were probably counted as target cells by the flow cytometer because of autofluorescence or non-specific adsorption of antibody and carryover to subsequent samples. For these reasons, this technology may not be suitable for enterococci detection in recreational waters. Improvements in research and instrument design that will eliminate high background and carryover may make this a viable technology in the future.
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Charoenca, Naowarut, and Roger S. Fujioka. "Assessment of Staphylococcus Bacteria in Hawaii's Marine Recreational Waters." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0361.
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Several media to specifically recover staphylococcus from marine recreational waters in Hawaii were evaluated. The membrane filtration method using Vogel-Johnson and Tellurite Glycine Agar media supplemented with 0.005% sodium azide were shown to quantitatively recover total staphylococcus and S. aureus from marine recreational waters. Beaches in Hawaii were determined to contain high or low concentrations of staphylococci based on Favero's proposed standard of 100 staphylococci/100 ml as the maximum allowable concentration. Statistical analysis of the data showed that levels of total staphylococci were significantly correlated with that of S. aureus and with swimmer density. Staphylococci were recovered from beach waters throughout the day, including evening hours, indicating the stability of these bacteria in marine waters. Moreover, the antibiotic sensitivity patterns and phage types of S. aureus isolates from marine waters and from clinical human skin cultures were similar. These results support the hypothesis that recreational waters can serve as vehicles for the transmission of staphylococcal skin infections.
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Lorenz, Stefan, and Martin T. Pusch. "Estimating the recreational carrying capacity of a lowland river section." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 9 (November 1, 2012): 2033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.418.
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Recreational boating represents a major human use of inland waters in many regions. However, boating tourism may affect the ecological integrity of surface waters in multiple ways. In particular, surface waves produced by boating may disturb freshwater invertebrates, such as interrupting the filtration activity of benthic mussels. As mussels may significantly contribute to self-purification, disturbance may have crucial impacts on water quality, and thus on water tourism. In this paper we calculate the carrying capacity of a river section for sustainable boating tourism based on the preservation of water quality. This approach is complemented by spatial and social approaches for carrying capacity estimates. The ecological carrying capacity significantly decreases with lower water levels during summer. Hence, the analysis of variables that influence the river's carrying capacity allows the formation of recommendations for management measures that integrate social, touristic and ecological aspects.
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Cabelli, V. J. "Swimming-Associated Illness and Recreational Water Quality Criteria." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0022.
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There is a measurable risk of acute gastroenteritis associated with swimming in marine waters contaminated with human fecal wastes to levels that would be aesthetically acceptable. The enterococcus level in the bathing water is the best single measure of its quality relative to the risk of swimming-associated, pollution-related infectious disease. Three mathematically expressable indicator-illness relationships (criteria) are available from which recreational water quality guidelines can be extrapolated from the criteria once a decision has been made as to the acceptable risk of illness. The recently revised USEPA recreational water quality criteria and guidelines reflect this regulatory approach. A model is presented for the regulation of water quality which defines decision-making and actions by federal and local agencies as well as resource users. This model requires the ability to predict illness rates from monitoring data. Three equations, each corresponding to one of the criteria, are available for doing so. Concept and supporting epidemiological data indicate that the criteria do not apply to situations in which the sources of contamination are the fecal wastes from small numbers of individuals (e.g. boat wastes, the bathers themselves) or from lower animals (e.g. stormwater run-off). Differential die-off of viral pathogens and the bacterial indicator during wastewater chlorination and protracted residence in marine waters may also confound the use of the criteria in specific situations.
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Fleisher, Jay M. "Implications of coliform variability in the assessment of the sanitary quality of recreational waters." Journal of Hygiene 94, no. 2 (April 1985): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400061398.
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SUMMARYThe most widely used indicator of the sanitary quality of recreational waters is the coliform group of bacteria. Present techniques of coliform enumeration are imprecise, and this fact is too often overlooked in routine water quality surveys as well as in research efforts seeking quantitative relationships between coliform density and the health effects of recreational waters. To illustrate this point, three years of data gathered by the New York City Department of Health as part of their routine beach water sampling programme were re-analysed, taking the limited precision of each coliform estimate into account. Re-analysis showed 56·6% of the data were not significantly different (P > 0·05) from the standard being used. This large percentage of the data was of little value in determining the acceptability of the waters being sampled relative to the standard being used and thus represented a substantial waste of time and expense. Of the remaining data, half indicated acceptable water quality and half indicated unacceptable water quality relative to the standard. These three years of data, therefore, gave little information on the acceptability of the water quality at this location with respect to the standard being used. The data further suggest significant differences in coliform density within sample dates. It is recommended that in future water quality surveys, or in studies of the health effects of recreational waters as related to coliform density, emphasis should shift from maximizing the number of sample dates to maximizing the number of replicate determinations made per sample date.
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., Deirdre Sunderland, Leena Tamang, Timothy M. Shields, Frances E. Lucy, and Patrick N. Breysse. "Quantitative Evaluation of the Impact of Bather Density on Levels of Human-Virulent Microsporidian Spores in Recreational Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 13 (May 4, 2007): 4095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00365-07.
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ABSTRACT Microsporidial gastroenteritis, a serious disease of immunocompromised people, can have a waterborne etiology. During summer months, samples of recreational bathing waters were tested weekly for human-virulent microsporidian spores and water quality parameters in association with high and low bather numbers during weekends and weekdays, respectively. Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores were detected in 59% of weekend (n = 27) and 30% of weekday (n = 33) samples, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores were concomitant in a single weekend sample; the overall prevalence was 43%. The numbers of bathers, water turbidity levels, prevalences of spore-positive samples, and concentrations of spores were significantly higher for weekend than for weekday samples; P values were <0.001, <0.04, <0.03, and <0.04, respectively. Water turbidity and the concentration of waterborne spores were significantly correlated with bather density, with P values of <0.001 and <0.01, respectively. As all water samples were collected on days deemed acceptable for bathing by fecal bacterial standards, this study reinforces the scientific doubt about the reliability of bacterial indicators in predicting human waterborne pathogens. The study provides evidence that bathing in public waters can result in exposure to potentially viable microsporidian spores and that body contact recreation in potable water can play a role in the epidemiology of microsporidiosis. The study indicates that resuspension of bottom sediments by bathers resulted in elevated turbidity values and implies that the microbial load from both sediments and bathers can act as nonpoint sources for the contamination of recreational waters with Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores. Both these mechanisms can be considered for implementation in predictive models for contamination with microsporidian spores.
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Roslev, P., A. S. Bukh, L. Iversen, H. Sønderbo, and N. Iversen. "Application of mussels as biosamplers for characterization of faecal pollution in coastal recreational waters." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.910.
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Sources of faecal pollution in coastal recreational waters may be identified by analysing different host associated microorganisms or molecular markers. However, the microbial targets are often present at low numbers in moderately impacted waters, and often exhibit significant temporal and spatial variability in waters with fluctuating faecal loads. This patchy occurrence can limit successful detection of relevant targets in microbial source tracking studies. In this study, we explored the possibility for using the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) as a biosampler for accumulation of faecal bacteria relevant for microbial source tracking. Non-contaminated blue mussels were transferred to three coastal recreational waters affected by faecal pollution of unknown origin. Molecular markers associated with animal and human waste were targeted by PCR and compared in seawater and mussel samples. The results demonstrated that transplanted mussels in simple enclosures accumulated and retained elevated levels of molecular markers associated with different types of faecal pollution. The targets included a novel putative human associated E. coli subgroup B2 VIII clone, and animal and human associated markers in enterococci (esp, M19, M66, M90, and M91). Human (sewage) associated markers including esp and M66 were sometimes not detectable in seawater samples despite known wastewater contamination, whereas the markers were detectable in mussels. We suggest that transplanted mussels should be considered as potential biosamplers in studies focusing on identifying source of faecal pollution in low or moderately impacted recreational waters. Bioaccumulation of molecular markers in mussels for several days may represent the water quality better than traditional grab samples from the water column.
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Girardi, V., M. Demoliner, J. S. Gularte, and F. R. Spilki. "‘Don’t put your head under water’: enteric viruses in Brazilian recreational waters." New Microbes and New Infections 29 (May 2019): 100519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100519.
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Barnes, D., P. A. FitzGerald, and H. B. Swan. "Catalysed Formation of Chlorinated Organic Materials in Waters." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0028.
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Chlorinated organics and in particular trihalomethanes are generally considered to be toxic if ingested. Several factors such as precursors, pH, temperature and chlorine dose are known to affect the final concentration of these products. There is evidence of significant levels of trihalomethanes in intensively used recreational waters when chlorinated. Ingestion of 50 mL of water is postulated for swimmers. Copper, which is frequently used as an algaeide catalyses trihalomethane formation. At a copper concentration of 1 mg/L, in the presence of 1:1 ratios of humic acid: chlorine, 74% as much chloroform was produced in 24 hours at 2 mg/L of humic acid and 3.7 times as much at 10 mg/L than in the absence of copper. In addition, water used for recreational purposes will have increased precursor concentrations. These factors in the formation of chlorinated organic materials could restrict the intensive use of some water bodies, especially where some or all of the water is destined for potable use.
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Gitter, Anna, Kristina Mena, Kevin Wagner, Diane Boellstorff, Kyna Borel, Lucas Gregory, Terry Gentry, and Raghupathy Karthikeyan. "Human Health Risks Associated with Recreational Waters: Preliminary Approach of Integrating Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment with Microbial Source Tracking." Water 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020327.
Full textAbstract:
Gastrointestinal (GI) illness risks associated with exposure to waters impacted by human and nonhuman fecal sources were estimated using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Microbial source tracking (MST) results had identified Escherichia coli (E. coli) contributors to the waterbody as human and unidentified (10%), cattle and domestic animals (25%), and wildlife (65%) in a rural watershed. The illness risks associated with ingestion during recreation were calculated by assigning reference pathogens for each contributing source and using pathogen dose–response relationships. The risk of GI illness was calculated for a specific sampling site with a geometric mean of E. coli of 163 colony forming units (cfu) 100 mL−1, and the recreational standard of E. coli, 126 cfu 100 mL−1. While the most frequent sources of fecal indicator bacteria at the sampling site were nonhuman, the risk of illness from norovirus, the reference pathogen representing human waste, contributed the greatest risk to human health. This study serves as a preliminary review regarding the potential for incorporating results from library-dependent MST to inform a QMRA for recreational waters. The simulations indicated that identifying the sources contributing to the bacterial impairment is critical to estimate the human health risk associated with recreation in a waterbody.