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Jones, Ellen L. "Norovirus in Recreational Waters in Arizona." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1475%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Mullinax, Rebecca Lynn. "Isolation of enteric viruses from the recreational waters of Oak Creek." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_156_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Craig, Duncan L., and Duncan Craig@foodstandards gov au. "Use of microcosm and in-situ studies for the estimation of exposure risk from recreational coastal waters and sediments." Flinders University. Medicine, 2005. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20051108.093750.
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The interaction of microorganisms with sediments can enhance their survival by reducing exposure to various stressors and thus marine sediments may act as reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms. In coastal waters there can be an increased risk of infection to humans due to the possible re-suspension of these microorganisms during recreational activities. This research attempts to more accurately identify environmental exposure in the first stage of a health risk assessment in recreational coastal waters. Techniques were developed to successfully separate microorganisms from sediment particles. Of the methods investigated, subjecting diluted sediment samples to a sonication bath for 10 minutes was found to be the most efficient separation technique over a range of sediment types. This method was therefore used in the subsequent studies to enumerate organisms from the surface sediment layer, as distinct from the water column. Faecal coliforms were enumerated by membrane filtration in both water and sediment from three Adelaide metropolitan recreational coastal sites, chosen to represent different physical sediment characteristics, over a 12-month period. All sites investigated met current National Health and Medical Research Council Guidelines for primary contact recreation. Faecal coliform concentrations were generally greater in sediment compared with overlying water for all samples. This was most evident in sediment consisting of greater silt/clay and organic carbon content (with up to 1000 times higher concentrations in the surface sediment layer compared with overlying water). For coastal recreational sites impacted by stormwater or river discharges, high faecal coliform concentrations were found to be associated with rainfall. A laboratory-based microcosm study utilising intact sediment cores was undertaken to determine the decay rates of faecal indicator organisms (E. coli, enterococci and somatic coliphage) and pathogens (Salmonella derby and S. typhimurium) in both overlying water and in various sediment types. For all organisms tested, temperature had an inverse relationship with survival. Greater decay was observed in the overlying water compared to the surface sediment layer. Small particle size and high organic carbon content was found to be more conducive to microbial survival. In general, decay rates of E. coli were significantly greater than enterococci and coliphage. Although no significant correlations were observed between decay rates of the pathogens and indicator organisms, decay of Salmonella spp. in overlying water more closely resembled that of E. coli than that of other indicators. Using decay rates measured in the microcosm study and available dose-response data, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) utilising Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken to estimate the risk of infection to Salmonella spp. and rotavirus following exposure to recreational coastal water subject to a range of faecal contamination levels. For modelling purposes, the assumption was made that rotavirus decay was equivalent to coliphage decay. The probability of infection from rotavirus due to exposure to contaminated recreational coastal water was greater than that for Salmonella spp. under all scenarios. This increased probability of infection is linked to the high infectivity of rotavirus compared to Salmonella spp. Results of this research highlight the limited effectiveness of using prescribed faecal coliform concentrations in the water column alone to estimate the risk of exposure to pathogenic microorganisms during recreational activity at coastal areas. It demonstrated that coastal sediments act as a reservoir for both indicator and pathogenic organisms released into the coastal environment. This suggests an increased exposure risk if these organisms are resuspended back into the water column during recreational activity. A combined risk-based monitoring program would provide a more robust and reliable estimate of health risk associated with coastal recreational areas.
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Cumbie, James Wesley Adrian John. "Process, regulation requirements, and financial analysis for transforming rural land to recreational sportfishing waters." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/CUMBIE_JAMES_20.pdf.
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Brostrom, Kathleen A. "Are Fecal Sterols a Possible Alternative Indicator of Human Waste Contamination in Hawaiian Recreational Waters?" Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22259.
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Many of Hawaii’s recreational streams and beaches contain high fecal indicator bacteria levels that are not indicative of sewage pollution. Instead, this pollution is due to environmental sources of fecal bacteria which reside and multiply in tropical soils. Current EPA fecal indicator bacteria are no longer representative of human fecal contamination in tropical waters. Fecal sterols have been used as chemical indicators of fecal pollution in many parts of the world. The primary sterol found in human feces is coprostanol. Detection and quantification of coprostanol and related sterols using GCMS analysis provides a fingerprint that can be used to characterize fecal contamination. The objective of this study was to assay for fecal sterols as an independent method to determine whether streams in Hawaii are contaminated with sewage. This method was applied to ambient streams, a stream recently contaminated by a sewage spill, and a stream suspected to be affected by a sewage line leak. The results of this study showed that some ambient streams in Hawaii contain high levels of fecal indicator bacteria, but low concentrations of coprostanol (<10 ng/L). A stream contaminated with sewage during a sewage spill event contained high concentrations of coprostanol (18,000 ng/L) in the first 24 hours after contamination, but this level dropped to ≤ 60 mg/L after 72 hours. A stream suspected to be contaminated with sewage contained significant levels of coprostanol (>1000 ng/L) when fecal indicators were also high, confirming a possible sewage line leak. This study demonstrated that coprostanol is a useful and independent measurement of sewage pollution. It is best used in conjunction with other fecal indicators and human fecal markers if confirmation of human fecal pollution is sought.
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Kwon, John Dohyung. "Occurrence of Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio Cholerae and Aeromonas Spp. in Arizona Recreational Waters." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146600.
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The goal of the project is to design a plant that is capable of converting an algae feedstock into compressed natural gas (CNG). This product is intended to be sold as a green replacement for CNG produced using traditional methods. In addition to CNG, hydrogen gas is produced; this product will be sold as a biofuel as well. The CNG produced in this process is created by gasifying algae in supercritical water and then reacting the algal matter over an Ru/C catalyst. The resulting gas is then purified and compressed to produce CNG and hydrogen. A process hazard analysis was conducted to identify and help reduce safety and environmental hazards. An economic analysis showed that the plant?s net present value is ($37.5 million); therefore, it was not recommended that the plant be built at this time. Future work includes developing a cheap Ru/zirconia catalyst to replace the expensive Ru/C catalyst currently used in the process. Designs for vessels containing supercritical fluids should also be evaluated to find ways to minimize purchase and installation cost. In addition, pilot scale testing of specific pieces of equipment is required to ensure innovations included in the design function as expected.
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Dickerson, Jerold W. Jr. "Evaluation, Development and Improvement of Genotypic, Phenotypic and Chemical Microbial Source Tracking Methods and Application to Fecal Pollution at Virginia's Public Beaches." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28723.
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The microbial source tracking (MST) methods of antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and fluorometry (to detect optical brighteners in detergents) were used in the summers of 2004 and 2005 to determine the origins of fecal pollution at beaches with a past history of, or the potential for, high enterococci counts and posted advisories. At Hilton and Anderson beaches, ARA and fluorometry in the summer of 2004 detected substantial human-origin pollution in locations producing consistently high counts of Enterococcus spp. Investigations by municipal officials led to the fluorometric detection and subsequent repair of sewage infrastructure problems at both beaches. The success of these mitigation efforts was confirmed during the summer of 2005 using ARA and fluorometry, with the results cross-validated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results at other beaches indicated that birds and/or wildlife were largely responsible for elevated enterococci levels during 2004 and 2005. The application of fluorometry proved difficult in opens waters due to high levels of dilution, but showed potential for use in storm drains.
An additional study developed and tested a new library-based MST approach based on the pattern of DNA band lengths produced by the amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region, and subsequent digestion using the restriction endonuclease MboI. Initial results from small known-source libraries yielded high average rates of correct classification (ARCC). However, an increase in the library size was accompanied by a reduction in the ARCC of the library and the method was deemed unsuccessful, and unsuitable for field application.
A final study focused on the potential for classification bias with disproportionate source category sizes using discriminant analysis (DA), logistic regression (LR), and k-nearest neighbor (K-NN) statistical classification algorithms. Findings indicated that DA was the most robust algorithm for use with source category imbalance when measuring both correct and incorrect classification rates. Conversely k-NN was identified as the most sensitive algorithm to imbalances with the greatest levels of distortion obtained from the highest k values.
Conclusions of this project include: 1) application of a validation set, as well as a minimum detectable percentage to known-source libraries aids in accurately assessing the classification power of the library and reducing the false positive identification of contributing fecal sources; 2) the validation of MST results using multiple methods is recommended for field applications; 3) fluorometry displayed potential for detecting optical brighteners as indicators of sewage leaks in storm drains; 4) the digestion of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of Enterococcus spp. using MboI does not provided suitable discriminatory power for use as an MST method; and 5) DA was the least, and k-NN the most, sensitive algorithm to imbalances in the size of source categories in a known-source library.Ph. D.
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Ankabi, Olufemi Emmanuel. "Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in selected recreational marine waters and beach sand in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4992.
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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium predominantly found on human skin and in nasal passages with 20 to 40 percent of the population carrying this organism. Although S. aureus is an unspectacular, non-motile coccoid bacterium, it is a perilous human pathogen associated with both nosocomial and community-acquired infections and it is increasingly becoming virulent and resistant to most antibiotics. It is responsible for several infections such as osteomyelitis, toxin-mediated diseases and bacteraemia, with severe infections arising from strains harbouring antibiotic resistance genes together with virulence genes. S. aureus has been largely confined to hospitals and long-term care facilities, but it is now emerging in the community in places such as recreational beach waters, and occurring in healthy individuals with no associated risk factors. This organism has been reported to be released by swimmers in beaches, suggesting that recreational waters are a potential source of community-acquired S. aureus infections. It is possibly the pathogen of greatest concern due to its intrinsic virulence, its capacity to cause various life-threatening infections, and its ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions. This study was aimed at characterizing S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Port Elizabeth, Port Alfred, Kenton-on-sea and East London beaches of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This was done by investigating the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibilities, antibiotic-resistant genes and virulence genes profiles of S. aureus in the selected beaches. To achieve this aim, 249 beach sand and water samples were obtained from the beaches during the period of April 2015 to April 2016. Physico-chemical parameters of beach water was investigated on site using a multi-parameter ion specific meter during sample collection. Samples were filtered and inoculated on m-Endo agar, m-FC agar and bile aesculin azide agar for total and faecal coliform as well as Enterococci respectively. For isolation of S. aureus and MRSA, samples were cultured on Mannitol salt agar and Staph 24 agar. S. aureus was identified using morphological, Gram staining and molecular (PCR) methods. The isolates were further characterized by determining their antimicrobial resistance profiles, antibiotic resistant genes (mecA, rpoB, blaZ, ermB and tetK genes) and detection of virulent genes encoding intracellular adhesion (icaA), enterotoxin (seaA) and cytolytic toxins (PVL). The majority of study sites passed the directives of physico-chemical standards levels set by WHO during the study period. A total of 143 presumptive isolates were obtained of which 30 (30 percent) were confirmed as S. aureus with 22 (73.3 percent) of these confirmed isolates from marine water and 8 (26.7 percent) from marine sand. Upon culturing on MRSA 2 agar, 15 (50 percent) of isolates showed phonotypic resistance to methicillin. Based on Antimicrobial susceptibility tests, (22/30) 73.3 percent of the isolates showed phonotypic resistance to oxacillin. Out of the 30 isolates, 16 (53.3 percent) were mecA positive and were considered methicillin-resistant S. aureus. S. aureus showed high susceptibility to gentamycin, cefoxithin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. A large proportion (36.67 percent to 96.7 percent) of the S. aureus isolates was resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline, clindamycin, rifampicin, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim and erythromycin. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were generated from 7 S. aureus isolates showing resistance to three or more antibiotics. The mecA, rpoB, blaZ, ermB and tetM genes coding for methicillin, rifampicin, βeta-lactam, erythromycin and tetracycline antibiotics resistance was detected in 5 (22.7 percent), 11 (45.8 percent), 16 (55.2 percent), 15 (71.4 percent) and 8 (72.7 percent) respectively. The PVL, icaA and seaA genes coding for virulent determinants were detected in 50, 20 and 13.3 percent of the confirmed isolates respectively. Physico-chemical and faecal indicator bacteria results obtained from this study can assist municipal authorities in developing appropriate management strategies for beaches in the study area. The findings of this study showed that the investigated beaches were contaminated with toxigenic and multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. This emphasizes the need for the implementation of better control measures to reduce the occurrence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus and of virulent S. aureus strains in recreational waters. In our study it was established that the potential of recreational waters to be reservoirs of S. aureus should not be taken for granted, and it is important that beach goers be educated about this organism as well as other related pathogens that could affect human health, especially immuno-compromised individuals. The community should be educated on antibiotic stewardship and the detrimental effects of antibiotics abuse.
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Agujaro, Livia Fernanda. "Subsidios para um plano de monitoramento de cianobacterias em reservatorios com vistas a balneabilidade. Estudo de caso : Reservatorio Salto Grande, Americana, SP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258686.
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Orientadores: Ricardo Lima Isaac, Marli de Fatima FioreTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T01:46:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agujaro_LiviaFernanda_D.pdf: 8426074 bytes, checksum: 8e36c9f4c6c51501d00f8d43de2d0d37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Florações de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas têm sido detectadas em vários reservatórios no Estado de São Paulo, muitos deles com intenso uso recreacional, como o reservatório Salto Grande (Americana, SP). Poucos estudos no Brasil enfocam aspectos de balneabilidade e saúde pública por exposição a estes organismos em corpos d'água interiores. Planos de monitoramento para a avaliação dos riscos associados são inexistentes. Diante dos potenciais problemas de saúde pública, foi desenvolvido um estudo com o objetivo de: efetuar um levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo das cianobactérias, associar os fatores ambientais condicionantes de sua ocorrência, avaliar o potencial toxicológico destas águas e utilizar abordagens moleculares inéditas para o local estudado e ainda pouco empregadas no País. As coletas foram mensais, no período de abril de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006, nas margens e sempre aos domingos. Realizaram-se a contagem e a identificação de organismos e células de cianobactérias, contagem das principais classes fitoplanctônicas, determinação de clorofila a, avaliação de microcistinas pelo método ELISA e microcistina-LR por CLAE e determinação de parâmetros fisicos e químicos. Paralelamente isolaram-se treze linhagens em culturas uniespecíficas para o aprofundamento dos estudos taxonômicos por meio do seqüenciamento do gene rDNA 16S. Linhagens de cianobactérias e amostras ambientais foram submetidas à detecção do gene mycA por PCR e foi verificada a distribuição dos genes NRPS e PKS nos isolados...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Potentially toxic cyanobacteria blooms have been detected in several water reservoirs' with intense recreational use such as in Salto Grande Reservoir, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Very few studies in this country focus on the related public health aspects. There are no monitoring plans developed by public authorities to evaluate the associated risks. A qualitative and quantitative cyanobacteria research was carried out at the recreational area of the reservoir, connected to the environmental factors which regulate its occurrence in order to evaluate the toxicological potential of these waters, using molecular approaches that have just recently been used in Brazil. The results obtained led to a Cyanobacteria Monitoring Plan for freshwater ecosystems in Sao Paulo State aiming to allow the safe recreational use of these water bodies. It was taken eleven monthly samples during the wet and dry seasons from April 2005 to February 2006 at Namorados Beach and at Iate Clube de Americana, on Sundays, when intense recreational use occurs. The following environmental variables were analyzed: water temperature, precipitation, water flow into the reservoir, Secchi depth, pH, total phosphorus and nitrogen levels, in addition to 'numbering and identifying organisms and cyanobacteria cells, main phytoplankton Classes, chlorophyll-a, besides microcystins assessment by ELISA method and microcystin-LR by HPLC-MS. Simultaneously, thirteen strains were isolated in uni-specific cultures in order to deepen the taxonomic studies through sequencing of rDNA 16S gene. To evaluate the toxigenic potential, the strains of cyanobacterias and the environmental samples were tested to detect mycA by PCR and it was investigated the distribution of NRPS and PKS genes in the isolated strains ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Doutor em Engenharia Civil
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Pinto, Karla Cristiane. "Avaliação sanitária das águas e areias de praias da Baixada Santista, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-28102010-142452/.
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O Brasil possui em sua área costeira grandes metrópoles onde diversas atividades humanas são desenvolvidas, podendo trazer prejuízos à qualidade das águas costeiras. O litoral de São Paulo, constituído por 16 municípios incluindo-se Cubatão, apresenta peculiaridades diferenciadas. O tipo de poluição mais encontrado na costa paulista é a poluição fecal causada por despejo de esgotos domésticos, os quais transportam organismos patogênicos cuja presença pode levar a agravos à saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo é o de avaliar a qualidade sanitária de águas e areias de praias da Baixada Santista. Assim amostras de água e areia (úmida e seca) de três praias, como Gonzaguinha (São Vicente), Boqueirão (Santos) e Pitangueiras (Guarujá) foram coletadas com freqüência mensal pelo período de um ano nas quais foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, enterococos, e ainda Staphylococcus coagulase (+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans e dermatófitos. Para a realização das análises em amostras de água utilizou-se da Técnica da Membrana Filtrante e para as amostras de areia a Técnica de Tubos Múltiplos, de acordo com Normas Técnicas CETESB e Standard Methods. Para a determinação de dermatófitos, as amostras de água foram concentradas pela Técnica de Membrana Filtrante e as amostras de areia (seca e úmida) foram analisadas pela Técnica de inoculação em superfície e, concomitantemente, pela Técnica da Isca de Cabelo. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que 95 por cento das amostras analisadas foram positivas para a presença dos indicadores de contaminação fecal, seguidos por P. aeruginosa, presente em 75 por cento das amostras. C. albicans foi o microrganismo menos freqüente (6,7 por cento) e foi detectada somente nas amostras de água. O dermatófito Microsporum sp foi detectado somente nas amostras de areia e esteve presente nas três praias. De maneira geral, o comportamento das concentrações dos microrganismos foi maior nas amostras de areia seca, independentemente dos eventos de chuva, seguidas pela areia úmida, sendo as menores concentrações observadas nas amostras de água. Concluiu-se que as concentrações dos microrganismos indicadores de poluição fecal e dos patogênicos foram elevadas nas matrizes estudadas e que é necessário dirigir esforços para a melhoria da qualidade das águas e areias, pois as condições observadas trazem preocupação à saúde dos banhistas e freqüentadores das praiasBrazilian seashore comprises many big cities and the diverse activities which are performed in these areas can bring damages to seashore water quality. São Paulo State seashore comprises 16 cities including Cubatão, where each one shows their own particularities. In the São Paulo State seashore is mostly observed fecal pollution due to launching sewage into these waters which transport pathogens with potential to cause diseases. The objective of this study is to assess the sanitary quality of recreational waters and wet and dry sand from three beaches located at Baixada Santista such as Gonzaguinha (São Vicente), Boqueirão (Santos) and Pitangueiras (Guarujá). The samples (water, wet and dry sand) were collected with monthly frequency throughout a year and the following parameters were analyzed: thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococos, Staphylococcus coagulase +, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and dermatophytes. The bacteriological and C. albicans analyzes were performed according to CETESB and Standard Methods 21st edition. Dermatophyte analysis from water samples were carried out by membrane filtering technique and by spread plate technique and hair-baiting technique for sand samples. The results revealed that 95 per cent of the water samples were positive for fecal indicators following by P. aeruginosa (75 per cent). C. albicans was detected only in water samples showing 6.7 per cent of the observed frequency. Microsporum sp specie was detected only in sand samples in all beaches studied. In general, high microorganisms concentrations was found in dry sand samples regardless raining events, following by wet sand and the lowest concentrations were found in water samples. It was possible to conclude that fecal indicators microorganisms and pathogens concentrations were high in all samples analyzed and it highlights to necessity to address efforts to improve the quality of the water and sand because this poor quality condition found poses a significant public health concern
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Rich, Kyle. "Bridging Troubled Waters: Examining Culture in the Canadian Red Cross' Swimming and Water Safety Program." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24278.
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The Canadian Red Cross (CRC) offers its Swimming and Water Safety Program throughout Canada. The program is delivered by over 35 000 active instructors to over one million participants every year. The research in this thesis is part of a collaborative, interdisciplinary project in partnership with the CRC that examined ways to improve programming for cultural and ethnic minority populations. The thesis is written in the stand alone paper format. The first paper evaluates the program’s content, through a critical whiteness lens, to identify obstacles to offering effective programming to people of diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Based on these findings, I created and piloted a cultural safety training module for program instructors. The second paper then evaluates the effectiveness of this training module to provide recommendations for the CRC to optimize its management of diversity within its organization and aquatics facilities across the country. Collectively, this thesis bridges both understandings of Eurocanadian and whiteness discourses as well as critical whiteness and organizational theories to more holistically understand processes of inclusion, exclusion, accommodation, and the management of diversity in the context of a nation-wide Canadian sport and recreation program.
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Gammie, A. J. "Relationships between Hepatitis A virus and recreational water use." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310868.
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Pinto, Karla Cristiane. "Estimativa de risco de infecção por Giardia sp e Cryptosporidium sp pela ingestão de água durante atividades de recreação de contato primário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-16112016-155737/.
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O uso das águas costeiras para fins recreacionais está associado com benefícios à saúde e bem-estar, todavia eventuais impactos negativos podem diminuir estes benefícios. Esses usos variam de acordo com o tipo de atividade desenvolvida, sendo que a recreação de contato primário requer contato direto e prolongado com a água, durante a qual pode ocorrer ingestão acidental. A Resolução CONAMA nº 274/2000 dispõe sobre os critérios de balneabilidade e reza que as condições da qualidade das águas recreacionais devem ser avaliadas através de indicadores microbiológicos de contaminação fecal, e ainda recomenda que seja realizada pesquisa de organismos patogênicos em praias sistematicamente impróprias. Dada a escassez de dados da ocorrência de patógenos em águas costeiras, no período de 2010 a 2012, a CETESB realizou o Estudo de microrganismos patogênicos nas praias do Litoral Paulista pesquisando enterovírus, adenovírus, vírus da hepatite A, Cryptosporidium sp e Giardia sp, no intuito de preencher esta lacuna e gerar dados primários. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a probabilidade de infecção por Cryptosporidium sp e Giardia sp após exposição a águas recreacionais costeiras usando como ferramenta a Avaliação Quantitativa de Risco Microbiológico (AQRM), como também o risco de doença. As concentrações de (oo)cistos nas águas das praias são oriundas dos relatórios de Qualidade das Praias Litorâneas no Estado de São Paulo da CETESB dos anos de 2011 e 2012. Nesse período foram analisadas 203 amostras coletadas de 12 praias na 1ª fase e de cinco praias na 2ª fase para a pesquisa de ocorrência de (oo)cistos. As amostras de água foram coletadas na isóbata de um metro, com frequência mensal. Giardia sp foi o microrganismo mais frequente, presente em 43 por cento das amostras e Cryptosporidium sp em 13 por cento . O cenário de exposição considerou tipos de atividade, tipos de usuários (crianças, adultos e esportistas), concentração de (oo)cistos, volume de ingestão, duração e frequência da exposição. A probabilidade de infecção foi maior em praias com mais amostras positivas para oocistos e cistos, no grupo dos esportistas e para Giardia sp. Em alguns casos os valores de risco de doença ultrapassaram o risco tolerável pela U.S. EPA (2012) de 3,6 por cento casos de gastroenterite, assim como ultrapassaram os resultados de incidência acumulada encontradas por LAMPARELLI et al. (2015). Os resultados apontaram a necessidade de melhoria nos sistemas de tratamento de efluentes no Litoral Paulista. A AQRM é uma ferramenta capaz de estimar a probabilidade de infecção no cenário das águas recreacionais e pode auxiliar no gerenciamento dos riscos.The use of coastal water for recreational purposes has been associated with benefits to health and well-being; however some negative impacts can diminish such benefits. The usages can vary according to the type of activity but the primary contact demands physical contact resulting in a high probability in accidental ingestion of water. Brazilian legislation for coastal recreational waters CONAMA 274/2000 establishes criteria for fecal indicator bacteria and furthermore recommends investigation of pathogenic organisms for beaches which classification is systematically as improper. Given the scarcity of data referring to pathogenic presence in beaches´ waters, CETESB carried out a study, in 2010 and 2012, for quantifying enterovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, Cryptosporidium sp and Giardia sp in coastal waters of São Paulo state in order to obtain data about their occurrence of these pathogens in coastal waters. The objective of this study was to estimate the annual risk of infection and disease for Giardia sp and Cryptosporidium sp by ingestion of water during primary contact recreation using QMRA approach. Concentrations of both parasites were taken from the annual report entitled Quality of coastal beaches in São Paulo state by CETESB (2011 and 2012). In these years were analyzed 203 samples of water for quantifying (oo)cysts of Giardia and Cryptosporidium from 12 beaches in the first year and five beaches in the second year of research. The samples were collected at one meter isobaths, with monthly frequency. Giardia was the most frequent parasite present in 43 per cent of samples and Cryptosporidium sp in 13 per cent . Exposure scenario was built considering types of activity, beach goers (children, adults and athletes), concentration of parasites, ingestion rate, duration and frequency of exposure. The probability of annual infection was higher in beaches in which there were more positive results for parasites for athletes and for Giardia infection. The tolerable risk for gastroenteritis by USEPA, which is 3.6 per cent , was overpassed in some cases. Though the results found in this study overpassed the cumulative incidence reported by LAMPARELLI et al. (2015). The results indicate the need for improvements in wastewater treatment systems in the coastal area of São Paulo. As QMRA is a tool capable in estimating the probability of infection it can help to highlight crucial issues in risk management.
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Doyle, Jack David. "Analyses of recreational water quality as related to sediment resuspension." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191096.
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Aquatic sediments, at a lake beach site in the Tonto National Forest, Arizona, were experimentally disrutped to quantitatively determine the impact of sediment resuspension on recreational water quality. Sediment resuspension was found to significantly degrade the quality of recreational waters. Mean sediment fecal coliform densities exceeded mean fecal coliform densities in overlying waters by 24.7 fold. When these sediments were experimentally disrupted, fecal coliform densities and turbidity levels in the water column increased by 1.4 to 2.8 and 1.1 to 5.4 fold, respectively. The impact of sediment resuspension on overlying waters was short-lived at the point of disruption. Increasing FC densities and turbidities generally peaked within 5 sec of resuspension and declined to preresuspension levels within 500 sec. The magnitude of the resuspension impact was most significantly influenced by water depth. The greatest risk to public health was found to be within the 0.3 m depth zone; that near-shoreline area most intensively used by young children for water play.
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Zhang, Yangyue. "Water quality prediction for recreational use of Kranji Reservoir, Singapore." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66848.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-57).
Singapore has been making efforts in relieving its water shortage problems and has been making great progress through its holistic water management. Via the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme, Singapore's Public Utilities Board (PUB) is now aiming to opening Kranji Reservoir for recreation. Considering the potential contamination of freshwater, particularly by fecal coliform, which threatens public health by causing water-borne diseases, a practical microbial water quality prediction program has been built up to evaluate the safety of the recreational use of Kranji Reservoir. E. coli bacteria concentrations within the reservoir were adopted as an indicator of recreational water quality. Dynamic fate-and-transport modeling of E. coli concentrations along the reservoir was carried out using the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP). The model was constructed by specifying basic hydraulic parameters. E. coli loadings were indexed to the various land uses within the Kranji Catchment and the effective E. coli bacterial decay rates were derived from theoretical equations and verified by on-site attenuation studies carried out in Singapore. Simulation results from the WASP model are consistent with samples collected and analyzed for E. coli concentration in Kranji Reservoir in January 2011. The simulation results indicate potentially high risk in using the reservoir's three tributaries for water-contact recreation. The model also shows advective flow through the reservoir to be a big contributor to the concentration changes along the reservoir. A prototype of a practical early warning system for recreational use of Kranji Reservoir has been designed based on the implementation of the model.
by Yangyue Zhang.
M.Eng.
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Flack, Paul. "Recreational water use in South Africa: Economic empowerment for local communities." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256435.
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Jeong, Hyojin. "Essays on agricultural externalities and benefit transfer of recreational fishing value." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1085591928.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 170 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 164--170). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Bochenek, Eleanor A. "Virginia's pelagic recreational fishery: Biological, socioeconomic and fishery components." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616572.
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Catch, effort, fleet size and boat owner expenditure data were collected on Virginia's recreational marlin/tuna fishery for the 1983-1985 seasons. Logbooks, dockside interviews and a telephone survey were evaluated to determine which method was the most efficient and effective for collecting and estimating catch and effort for Virginia's pelagic recreational fishery. In 1984, logbooks were used to collect catch and effort data and fishing effort was estimated using Bochenek's method. Very few fishermen returned their logbooks and as a result this data is probably less reliable than the data collected in other years. Due to the poor return of logbooks, this method should not be used to assess Virginia's marlin/tuna fishery. For the 1985 season, Figley's telephone survey (1984) was compared to the NMFS dockside interview technique for large pelagics. Both the telephone survey using Figley's technique (1984) and dockside interviews using Bochenek's method for calculating effort appear to provide similar estimates of projected total catch. However, the dockside method is very labor intensive, costly and fraught with problems in estimating fishing effort. Therefore, the telephone survey technique using Figley's method for estimating effort appears to be a better method for analyzing this fishery. If telephone interviewing will not work in an area and dockside sampling methods must be relied upon to study the pelagic fishery, Bochenek's method appears to produce a better estimate of fishing effort. Using Figley's (1984) mark-recapture technique, Virginia's pelagic recreational fleet was estimated at 455 and 774 vessels in 1983 and 1985, respectively. Boat owner expenditures for this fleet were estimated at &3,863,045 in 1983, \&4,057,020 in 1984 and &5,538,191 in 1985. Bluefin tuna were caught at SST ranging from 58-83 F but seem to prefer SST of 70 to 75 F. Yellowfin tuna were caught at SST ranging from 68-86 F with the majority landed at SST of 76-80 F. White marlin appear to prefer SST of 74 to 81 F.
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Penn, Jerrod M. "VALUATION OF RECREATIONAL BEACH QUALITY AND WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN OAHU." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/19.
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Hawaii’s pristine ocean and tropical environment is a keystone of Hawaii tourism and the state economy. Water pollution from stormwater and development threatens the beach quality to both residents and tourists. In order to understand the lost nonmarket value, we assess changes in quality of beach characteristics including water and sand quality, swimming safety conditions, and congestion using a Discrete Choice Experiment of recreational beach users. Further, we study willingness to pay (WTP) for water management strategies in Hawaii using another discrete choice experiment, including structural and nonstructural Best Management Practices, testing, monitoring, and educational efforts.
Using a mixed logit model, beach quality results suggest similar preferences among resident and tourists. Both groups consistently have higher WTP to avoid poor quality levels versus obtaining excellent levels. Additionally, water quality is the single most important attribute. For the policy discrete choice experiment, both parties exhibit similar ranking of WTP to initiate water quality management strategies, with improved testing methods followed by education having the highest WTP. Lastly, we use Benefit-Cost analysis to find that all significant management strategies may be viable, since WTP is greater than the predicted cost of implementation based on expert opinion of Hawaiian policy leaders.
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Converse, Reagan R. Noble Rachel T. "Bridging the gap between molecular and traditional assessments of recreational water quality." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2775.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 10, 2010). "...in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Marine Sciences." Discipline: Marine Sciences; Department/School: Marine Sciences.
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Angeles, Justin Victor V. (Justin Victor Velayo). "Water quality modelling for recreational use in the Kallang River Basin, Singapore." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90006.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 42-45).
Singapore's Active, Beautiful, and Clean Waters Programme (ABC) aims to provide functional use of its water bodies to the public. The Kallang River Basin, being part of the ABC Programme, will be used for recreational purposes such as dragon boating and other water sports. In order to provide safe recreational use for the public, the water quality of the Kallang River Basin needed to be determined and modeled. The water quality indicator chosen to be analyzed was Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. A heuristic study was performed in order to determine the water quality and as well determine if water quality modeling was feasible for the Kallang River Basin. The study employed the United States Environmental Protection Agency WASP (Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program) model. Through WASP model simulations, it was found that certain parts of the Kallang River Basin were not suitable for recreational purposes and others parts were deemed suitable. E. coli concentrations predicted by the model were within the range of actual field data but diurnal variations were not captured by the model for lack of data with which to specify diurnally varying inputs. The WASP model created by this study suggests that water quality modeling for the Kallang River Basin is feasible but there are modifications that need to be made to accurately capture diurnal variations experienced by the Kallang River Basin. Future investigation into the diurnal variations would contribute to creating a more complete and accurate model for the Kallang River Basin.
by Justin Victor V. Angeles.
M. Eng.
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Wilson, Reese Nathaniel. "Clarification of Recreational Pool Water using Biological Additives Produced by BiOWiSH(TM)." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1477.
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Effects of commercially available bacterial products were investigated on two common recreational pool contaminants: sunscreen and cyanuric acid (CYA). Microbial products developed by BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. were tested for enhancing mechanical filtration and water clarification in bench-scale bioreactors, with conditions mimicking those of recreational pool water. Bacterial consortia included proprietary mixes of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas, and other genera of bacteria. BiOWiSH products are either fermented on a solid substrate consisting of rice bran and soy meal, or they are mixed with a soluble diluent. Twenty-nine BiOWiSH products were tested throughout forty experiments.
Experiments were carried out to determine both the efficacy of BiOWiSH products for turbidity reduction and the mechanism by which BiOWiSH removes sunscreen from solution. In trials without mechanical filtration, the only product which showed a reduction in turbidity relative to the control, albeit inconsistently, was the solid substrate version of BiOWiSH Aqua FOGTM (Thai FOG). Experiments on BiOWiSH coupled with mechanical filtration showed a 79% average reduction of turbidity in the first 24 hrs. BiOWiSH products containing solid substrate, both active and abiotic, showed an average turbidity reduction of 90% in the first 24 hrs. In the same timeframe, soluble BiOWiSH products showed a 79% average reduction in turbidity. Thus, the solid v substrate provided an additional 11% reduction in turbidity over soluble products and un-amended mechanical filtration. Through experimentation and scanning electron microscopy, it was concluded that the primary mechanism of clarification by the solid substrate is adsorption of sunscreen to the substrate surface.
Further experiments were performed in anaerobic and aerobic environments to determine whether BiOWiSH products can remove cyanuric acid from solution through adsorption or biodegradation. Two measurement methods, turbidimetric and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were used to independently quantify CYA. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed which utilizes a phosphate buffer and methanol for the separation of cyanuric acid from nitrate and other chemical species. The solid BiOWiSH Aqua FOG product (prod. in Thailand) interfered with the turbidimetric analysis, showing false decreases in CYA. Using HPLC, there was no measureable biodegradation or adsorption of CYA by BiOWiSH products in these bench-scale tests. Significant systematic error in the HPLC analysis prevented conclusive findings; therefore, the ability of BiOWiSH products to reduce CYA from solution remains inconclusive.
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Polak, Bobby J. "Influence of human recreational activities and vegetative characteristics on waterbird abundance /." View online, 2008. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/bioltad/7.
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Kinell, Gerda. "What is water worth? : recreational benefits and increased demand following a quality improvement." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9225.
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This study focuses on valuation of natural resources and particularly valuation of the quality of a natural resource. The aim is to value an improvement of water quality, measured as sight depth, in the bay Himmerfjärden in the Stockholm archipelago. It is desirable to attain a value of a one metre sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden and to analyse how a sight depth improvement affects the demand for travelling to Himmerfjärden. A condtional logit model is applied to obtain these values from survey data. The benefits of a one metre sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden, will yield 162 260-1 599 420 SEK per year, adjusted to the price level of 2007. The estimated value depends on how travel time is treated and whether a commute variable is included or not. Furthermore will a one per cent sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden increase the demand for travelling to Himmerfjärden with approximately 0.13-0.18 trips on a given choice occasion. These results indicate that there are values attained to the quality of a natural resource.
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Motamarri, Srinivas. "Development of a Neural Based Biomarker Forecasting Tool to Classify Recreational Water Quality." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1291307369.
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Donohoe, Emily Margaret. "Preliminary Assessment of Recreational Water Quality of Three Preferred Day-Tour Destinations on the Island of Dominica." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1256001902.
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Kidd, Kathryn Rebecca Booker. "Forest Disturbances: Occurrences and Impacts of Recreational, Hydrogeomorphic, and Climatic Disturbances." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51765.
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Disturbances impact abiotic and biotic components within forested ecosystems. This dissertation identifies the impacts of recreational crossing disturbances on water quality, uses dendrochronological techniques to estimate sediment deposition and identify impacts hydrology and climate on radial growth in riparian forested wetlands, and quantifies influences of biotic and abiotic factors on the occurrence of frost-induced cambial damage.
In southwestern Virginia, modeled soil erosion rates for multiple-use (hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding) recreational trail approaches to stream crossings were found to be 13 times greater than rates for undisturbed forests. Downstream changes in macroinvertebrate-based indices indicated water quality was negatively affected downstream from culvert and ford crossings. These findings illustrate recreational stream crossings have the potential to deliver sediment into adjacent streams, particularly where best management practices are not being rigorously implemented, and as a result can negatively impact water quality below stream crossings.
Impacts of hydrologic regime were apparent on sediment deposition and on green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) radial growth along the Tensaw River in southwest Alabama. Annual dendrogeomorphic sediment accretion rates were significantly greater for a recent time period (25 years) when compared to longer term rates (131 years) along a natural levee and backswamp. Radial growth in green ash along the natural levee and backswamp was found to be significantly correlated with days flooded and average daily stage level during April while water tupelo further in the backswamp appeared resistant to hydrologic and climatic fluctuations. Results illustrate the importance of riparian wetlands in trapping sediment from adjacent waterways and highlight the role hydrologic regime plays in bottomland succession and productivity.
Across northern lower Michigan, late spring frost-induced cambial damage in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) occurred more frequently in younger trees and in trees with smaller diameters. Biotic and abiotic factors were found to influence the occurrence of earlywood frost rings. Frequent occurrences of frost-rings can be used to identify frost-prone environments and geographical boundaries for plant species. This dissertation bridged gaps in knowledge of recreational, hydrogeomorphic, and climatic disturbances in forested ecosystems which can be used to develop management strategies.Ph. D.
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Mace, Brian E. "Emissions testing of two recreational marine engines with water contact in the exhaust stream." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1283.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 58 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50).
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Wild, Elizabeth Anne. "Development of a classification system for the recreational environmental quality of beaches." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369081.
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Gustafsson, Johan. "Modelling recreational angling demand in Sweden based on region-specific inclusive values." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137153.
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This thesis endeavours to model a trip demand function for recreationalangling in Sweden, including the individual expected per-trip utility of regionalattributes. The analysis is conducted with the use of a Random Utility Model (RUM)for the estimation of ‘site-specific’ utility, and a negative binomial logit model fortrip demand. The site quality variable is stated as expected catch-rates (CR) definedin terms of three different specifications: sample mean CR, individually perfectlyforesighted CR, and an econometrically predicted individual CR. Results indicatethat the econometrically estimated individual catch-rate specification performs wellas an explanatory variable both when modelling discrete site choice and trip demand,while the sample mean and perfectly foresighted CR specifications provide withunintuitive and insignificant parameter values. The inclusive value of the regionchosen by the angler, estimated with the RUM, was subsequently found to be asignificant predicting variable for the number of recreational angling trips conductedby Swedish anglers.
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Marcek, Benjamin Jon. "Post-Release Mortality of School-Size Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the U.S Recreational Troll Fishery." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617936.
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Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus (ABFT) support commercial and recreational fisheries throughout the North Atlantic Ocean. Due to heavy fishing pressure over the course of several decades, the eastern and western stocks of ABFT were overfished and the current biomass of the western stock is estimated to be approximately 19% of the biomass necessary for maximum sustainable yield. Despite a variety of management measures, including the implementation of minimum sizes and reductions of the total allowable catch (TAC) and country-specific quotas, little change was observed in the status of the western stock. The U.S. commercial and recreational ABFT fisheries are managed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which distributes the U.S. quota among domestic fisheries by gear type. The U.S. recreational fishery, which has historically targeted small or “school-size” (69-119cm) ABFT, is managed by open seasons, a minimum size, and bag limits (the number of ABFT allowed to be landed per vessel per day). Over the past 20 years, bag limits have been severely reduced due to decreased annual quotas, increasing the number of ABFT released each year, mostly within the school-size category. It is important, for the management of ABFT, to account for all sources of fishing mortality and the large number of releases in the recreational fishery each year could be a significant source of mortality. However, there is very little information available to assess post-release mortality of school-size ABFT in the U.S. recreational fishery. In this study, twenty pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed to estimate the post-release mortality of school-size ABFT captured under normal fishing conditions in the recreational fishery. PSATs recorded pressure (depth), temperature, and light data and were deployed on school-size ABFT caught using trolling methods. These tags were programmed to record data approximately every five minutes for a 31-day deployment. Nineteen tags (95%) reported to the satellites of the ARGOS system and approximately 85% (range: 34-100%) of all archived data were transmitted from each tag. Depth and temperature profiles were used to infer the survival of all 19 individuals whose tags reported (mortality=0% 95% CI=0%, 10%). Data from these tags were also used to investigate the short-term habitat utilization of school-size ABFT. During June to October, these fish spent the majority of their time in the upper 40m of the water column and at temperatures between 18 and 24oC.Individuals were more likely to make vertical excursions to depths exceeding 30m during the day than at night.
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Parker, Sue. "Recreational water quality in an area of urban development : a case study of West Lakes /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envp243.pdf.
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Schlenker, Lela Sylvia. "Physiological Stress and Post-Release Mortality of White Marlin (Kajikia albida) Caught in the U.S Recreational Fishery." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617944.
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White Marlin (Kajikia albida) is a highly migratory species that occurs throughout temperate and tropical regions of the Atlantic Ocean and is the basis of a large sport fishery along the United States Atlantic coast. The single, Atlantic-wide stock is considered to be overfished, with less than one-third the spawning biomass estimated to be necessary for maximum sustainable yield. Billfish management measures adopted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and implemented in the U.S. by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), as well as increasing angler awareness of conservation, have resulted in the vast majority of White Marlin being released after capture. In 2003 it was estimated that more than 99% of the 4,000-8,000 White Marlin captured each year in the U.S. recreational fishery are released alive. Recent research aimed at estimating the rate of post-release mortality suggests that it may vary with hook type, hook location, angling time, air exposure, relative temperature change, and the size of the fish. Stress resulting from an angling event may also have sublethal physiological effects that negatively impact growth rates, reproductive output or investments, ability to evade predators, and disease resistance. I examined post-release mortality and post-angling physiological stress by collecting physiological data from blood samples and deploying pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) on recreationally angled White Marlin. Over two field seasons blood samples were collected from 68 recreationally caught White Marlin of which 22 were tagged with PSATs distributed over three stratified angling-time categories: short (0-10 min, n=8), medium (10-20 min, n=7), and long (>20 min, n=7). Plasma glucose, sodium, and cortisol increased significantly with fight time, plasma potassium decreased significantly with fight time, and plasma lactate and chloride increased significantly with fight time and water temperature. Habitat utilization following release was not affected by physiological status, angling time, lower jaw fork length (LJFL), or sea surface temperature. These results demonstrate that increased angling times and warmer water result in greater physiological stress in White Marlin. A 21% post-release mortality rate was inferred from PSAT data, and if non-reporting and early releasing tags are additionally assumed to be mortalities, post-release mortality could be as high as 32%. Post-release mortality was not related to fight time, LJFL, or sea surface temperature and was marked by elevated plasma potassium concentrations regardless of which mortality scenario was assumed. My estimates of post-release mortality rates in this study were more than an order of magnitude higher than had been previously assessed for White Marlin caught on circle hooks. This disparity in estimates may indicate that either blood sampling, removing fish from the water, or some combination of the two greatly increased post-release mortality. In order to maintain low rates of post-release mortality anglers should not remove White Marlin from the water and should resuscitate fish regardless of angling time.
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Horodysky, Andrij Z. "Survival and Habitat Preferences of White Marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) Released from the Western North Atlantic Recreational Fishery." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617823.
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Limire, Bruno. "Cold water immersion after exercise-induced hyperthermia." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27703.
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Cold water immersion (CWI) is the most effective known cooling treatment against exercise-induced hyperthermia. However, sex differences related to body composition (i.e. body fat, muscle mass, surface area, etc.) may affect core cooling rates in hyperthermic males and females.
Purpose. To determine sex related differences in core cooling rates during CWI after exercise-induced hyperthermia.
Methods. Ten male (M) and nine female (F) participants matched for body surface area to mass ratio took part in this study. Participants exercised at 65% V˙O2max at an ambient temperature of 40°C until rectal temperature (Tre) increased to 39.5°C. Following exercise, subjects were immersed in a 2°C circulated water bath until Tre decreased to 37.5°C.
Results. Females had a significantly greater core cooling rate compared to males. This was paralleled by a lower skin temperature and a shorter time to reach the exit criterion.
Conclusion. We conclude that previously hyperthermic females have a 1.7 times greater Tre cooling rate compared to males. We attribute this difference to a smaller lean body mass (expressed by the body-surface-area-to-lean-body-mass ratio) in females compared to males.
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Edwards, Christopher J. "Recreational Angler Perspectives of Nonnative Fish Species and Mercury Advisories." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1035.
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The central Everglades serve as a Wildlife Management Area and as a Water Conservation Area for the Miami-Fort Lauderdale metropolitan area. It is also home to over 22 nonnative freshwater fish species and carries restrictive fish consumption guidelines for Mercury. In my study, boat anglers and canal bank anglers were personally interviewed in the field, to research their awareness and perspectives of these potential environmental and health threats. The study found 78% of anglers were aware of the presence of nonnative fish species, but favored native fish species, and that 69% were aware of mercury advisories, but did not eat fewer fish because of them. Demographic characteristics were found to predict awareness, which differed significantly between angler types. Public awareness campaigns of nonnative fish impacts should target high school educated, canal bank anglers while mercury advisories should be directed at canal bank anglers, who typically keep and consume their catch more than boat anglers, to those who live more than 30 miles from the area, and all anglers under the age of 48.
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Meisner, Craig Michael. "The impact of forestry practices on water-based recreation in northern Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq22639.pdf.
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Brophy, Trista. "Environmental and Community Health in South San Diego County: A Behavior Analysis of Recreational Ocean Users Along Imperial Beach, California." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6186.
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Garbage & sewage runoff into the Pacific Ocean at the shoreline along the U.S./Mexico Border region poses serious health and environmental threats. The purpose of this study was to analyze the current beach users’ behavioral factors that may be linked to illness prevalence from Coronado Island to the U.S./Mexico border at Imperial Beach in San Diego County. It is a continuation of a study completed by Wildcoast and Imperial Beach Clinic in 2011. The study tried to answer the following two major questions: How have the number of illnesses reported by users along South San Diego County beaches changed in the last 5 years? What relationships exist between reported illness and beach user behavior, if any? To accomplish this, a 2-page self-reporting survey was administered asking about demographics, beach recreation habits, illness and exposure information, and allowed for comments. Surveys were distributed to beach users along Imperial Beach northward to Coronado Island during May, June, and July of 2014. Quantitative as well as qualitative data were collected. The results show that the majority of respondents did not report suffering from an illness, however, for those who did report an illness, frequency of water entry, seasonality of water entry, entry during beach closures, and primary means of water contact were significantly correlated to illness prevalence.
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Trindade, Maria Theresa. "Detection of pathogenic bacteria and fecal enterococci in recreational water with an evanescent wave fiber optic biosensor." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001443.
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Spain, William S. "A Multi-Phase, Mixed-Method Regional Analysis of Lake and Reservoir Based Recreational Opportunities in Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1390.
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Planning and managing outdoor recreational resources at larger spatial scales, conceptualized as a regional approach to recreation planning and management, is studied. Considering and understanding the role of spatial scale has been beneficial to the field of ecology; however, the importance of spatial scale has rarely been considered in the recreation resource management literature. A regional approach to planning and management is differentiated from a site-specific approach as managers and planners must consider the implications of management actions or policies at a larger spatial scale than a single park, recreation area, lake, or reservoir. For this study, the provision of boating opportunities at Utah lakes and reservoirs is considered.
Multiple data collection techniques, both quantitative and qualitative, were applied in this study. Additionally, two distinct groups of respondents participated: (1) park managers and their staff; and (2) boaters (individuals who own boats registered in Utah). Data were collected at three different spatial scales: (1) lake or reservoir level (site); regional level; and (3) state level. Multiple analytical approaches were used to ascertain both groups' perspectives towards a variety of topics important to recreation management including content analysis and cluster analysis, as well as considering experience use history.
The results suggest implementing a regional approach is more complicated and inclusive than providing a wide range of recreational opportunities. The organizational capacity of the managing agencies, along with their ability to cooperate with other governmental and private organizations, is also important. Also, considering larger spatial scales increases an agency's options to address various challenges such as conflict, displacement, recreation succession, and homogenization and sub-optimization. As such, when prescriptive decisions about where various recreational opportunities ought to be provided, management problems and issues and agency capacity should also be considered. This dissertation also provides a model for conducting regional analyses.
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Aranda, Diana Ixchel. "Historical Analysis of Recreational Beach Enterococci Levels; Using Logistic Regression as an Advisory Tool." NSUWorks, 2013. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/182.
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Enterococci levels are measured to assess water safety in recreational beaches through a state surveillance program. This surveillance informs the public of beach safety, yet the sampling methodology is limited to only making an advisory posting one sample at a time. This methodology poses a challenge for managers such as: 24 hour advisory waiting period, untested days and extreme variability of enterococci levels in the environment. Therefore, there is a need to integrate adaptive management methodologies that can assist managers to proactively assess beach water safety. This study explored the utility of a historical analysis and logistic regression modeling as a method and as an advisory tool. The analysis utilized 10 years of enterococci surveillance data (7,422 samples) from 15 sub-tropical beaches in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It was determined that Miami beaches have historical low enterococci exceedance counts (3% of total data), that there are some beaches that are more propense to higher exceedance counts than others and that the wet season overall did not readily appear to affect exceedances counts. The logistic regression model utilized an exceedance/ non-exceedance dichotomy and spatial, temporal and annual variables. The model indicated that the overall range of probability of having an exceedance for the sampled beaches under each variable was less than 10%. The ability to use this model and get probability results showed that logistic regression is an accurate statistical tool that provides the historical probabilities of an exceedance on a beach and can complement a random sampling methodology. Furthermore it’s a simple and inexpensive methodology that provides the ability to categorize and recognize patterns estimating the surveillance-managed sample sites probabilities that provides foresight as to where to focus resources in order to reduce risk and facilitating beach management. Through the use of a historical analysis and a logistic regression model, it is possible to address dynamic recreational beach environments with a large-scale view and in a historically comprehensive manner, instead of only making management choices sample by sample.
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Engelbrecht, Tamlyn. "The impact of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) sightings and attacks on recreational water use patterns in False Bay." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7624.
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White sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) are apex predators that play an important role in the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. However, despite both their ecological importance and threatened conservation status this species is still subject to lethal control to reduce the risks of predation for recreational water users. The Shark Spotter program, pioneered in False Bay, South Africa, proposes a non-lethal alternative to reducing predation risk. This program aims to balance the needs of people with white shark conservation by actively reducing conflict between recreational water users and sharks. In this study I establish the extent of spatial overlap between white sharks and water users at two popular recreational beaches in False Bay (Fish Hoek and Muizenberg), and investigate how shark sightings (accompanied by warning flags and/or a siren) as well as attacks influence water use patterns amongst bathers, surfers and paddlers. In the period from 2006 to 2012, the total number of shark sightings recorded was 531 at Muizenberg and 322 at Fish Hoek, with a notable increase in sightings at both beaches in recent years. Shark sightings were rare in winter increasing into the spring and summer months when recreational use of the inshore was highest. Daily shark sightings peaked at midday to late afternoon at both beaches, coinciding with peak numbers of water users. The response of water users to warnings of shark presence by the Shark Spotters was only found to be significant in cases where the siren was sounded by the shark spotters, and in the absence of a siren warning flags had little impact on average numbers of water users. The occurrence of a fatal shark attack was found to a) increase response of water users to auditory warnings (when the siren is sounded) but not visual warnings (warning flags unaccompanied by a siren); and b) reduce the average number of water users present at both beaches for at least three months following the fatal incident. Annual averages of water users at Muizenberg beach also reflected this pattern, with a general reduction in water use in years with attacks compared to those without. These findings indicate that the Shark Spotter program is effective in mitigating conflict between water users and white sharks through auditory warnings and subsequent beach clearing in the event of a shark sighting; however the lack of response by water users in the absence of a siren and after long periods without an attack remains a challenge to the effectiveness of the program. The large spatial overlap between white sharks and water users, as well as the increasing number of shark sightings at both beaches, emphasises the need for continuous revision and improvement of mitigation strategies to prevent conflict between white sharks and water users in False Bay.
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Wright, Mary Elizabeth. "Evaluation of Enterococci, an Indicator Microbe, and the Sources that Impact the Water Quality at a Subtropical Non-Point Source Recreational Beach." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/136.
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Beach advisories are issued at recreational beaches when the water quality exceeds regulatory limits for the indicator organism, enterococci. Elevated levels of enterococci have been observed at Hobie Cat Beach, the study marine beach site, located on Virginia Key, Florida. The study site represents a classic non-point source sub/tropical marine recreational beach area with high human and animal use, representative of many beaches worldwide in sub/tropical areas. The dissertation consisted of two separate but related studies: the first to identify environmental and geographic factors, and the second to evaluate the impact of known animal sources of enterococci. The first efforts were made to identify the geographic location of the source of enterococci to the beach waters and to assess the environmental factors that impact the variation in concentrations observed at the site. These environmental factors and conditions include: proximity to shoreline, tidal changes, impacts of runoff, and sunlight intensity. Enterococci were enumerated by traditional membrane filtration or the chromogenic substrate method. Overall, results showed that the source of enterococci to the study beach was geographically located within the inter-tidal zone. These results suggest that the wash-in of sediments and accompanying pore waters (where the pore water is the water filling the spaces between grains of sediment) from the inter-tidal zone play a major role in controlling enterococci levels within the water column. Wash-in occurs through both tidal fluctuations and runoff. The second effort evaluated non-point sources, including animals, which are known to contribute to elevated levels of enterococci in recreational marine beach waters. Specifically, feces from dogs, birds, and shrimp mounds were collected from the beach; additional bird fecal samples were collected from both a local zoo and bird rehabilitation center. Fecal samples were weighed gravimetrically, and enumerated for enterococci using traditional membrane filtration method. The total numbers of animals which frequented the site were obtained through camera image analysis and in-field visual counting surveys. The highest enterococci concentrations were observed in dog feces (avg. 7.4 x 10^6 CFU/g dry feces), then birds (avg. 3.3 x 10^5 CFU/g dry feces) and the lowest measured levels of enterococci were observed in shrimp fecal mounds (2.0 CFU/g dry feces on average). A comparison of the microbial load (CFU per fecal event) showed that 1 dog fecal event was equivalent to 6,940 bird fecal events or 3.2 x 10^8 shrimp fecal events. Given the abundance of animals observed on the beach, these study results suggest that dogs are the largest contributing source of enterococci to the beach site (6.3 x 10^11 CFU per day during weekends and 2.9 x 10^11 CFU per day during weekdays), with humans (4.6 x 10^9 CFU per day during weekends and 4.8 x 10^8 CFU per day during weekdays) and birds (2.7 x 10^8 CFU per day) serving as secondary contributors. Shrimp served as an insignificant source (1.9 x 10^4 CFU per day). When maximum daily contributions were considered, dogs contributed the highest proportion of enterococci (99.2%) compared to humans (0.72%), birds (0.04%), and shrimp (<0.04%). Beach management efforts at the study site should thus focus on requiring dog owners to properly dispose of dog feces deposited at the beach.
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Johnson, Craig Michael. "The effect of artificial reef configuration on wave breaking intensity relating to recreational surfing conditions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2141.
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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.Multi purpose reefs are a relatively new concept that incorporate functionalities of beach stabilization, breakwater/seawall protection, biological enhancement and recreational amenity. Economic benefits increase their attractiveness. There is, however, some degree of uncertainty in design guidelines as to the predictability of each of these aspects. With regards to recreational amenity enhancement, one such uncertainty exists in the ability to predict the reef configuration required to give a certain degree of surfability of a reef, and more specifically, to predict the shape of a plunging wave. An extensive survey of the relevant literature has been conducted to provide a background on multi purpose reefs and the uncertainties in predicting the success of multi purpose reefs in achieving their design objectives. A study of wave breaking has been done, along with an analysis of existing breaker height and breaker depth formulae. The effects of bottom friction, refraction, shoaling, winds currents and varying water level on wave breaking has been addressed. Surfability aspects were reviewed including a definition of breaking intensity which is defined by the wave profile in terms of vortex shape parameters, and other surfability parameters that influence the surfability of a reef. Background on numerical modelling methods has been given, along with a description and some trial runs of a new and promising method, Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics. Numerical models were run using the open source SPHysics package in order to assess the applicability of the package in measuring vortex shape parameters. The SPHysics package is, however, still in a stage of development, and is not yet suitable for reef studies with very long domains and with high numbers of particles (required for sufficient resolution in the plunging vortex). A theoretical examination was done on the relevant literature in order to gain an insight into the dynamics affecting the development of the plunging vortex shape. A case study of a natural surf reef was carried out in order to give qualitative estimation of the wave dynamics and reef structure required to give good quality surfing waves and high breaking intensity. The West- Cowell surfing reef factor was used as a tool in predicting wave focusing effects of a naturally occurring reef. Extensive two dimensional physical model laboratory studies were conducted in order to quantify the effects of the reef configuration and wave parameters on breaking intensity. Design guidelines were developed in order to assist in the prediction of breaking intensity for reefs constructed with surfing amenity enhancement as one of their design objectives. The results show that large underwater topographic features can significantly affect the shape and size of incoming waves. Refraction, focusing and shoaling can transform ordinary waves into waves deemed suitable for surfing. The West-Cowell surfing reef factor gives reasonable results outside its applicable range. The 2D physical model laboratory tests show significant variations in vortex shape parameters due to interactions between broken and unbroken waves in a wave train and also to the reflections developed in the flume. Results show that the predicted trends agree with the observations. The results also show that the junction between the seaward reef slope and the horizontal crest may have an effect on the wave shape in the form of a secondary crest between the primary crests. Design guidelines based on the results are presented, and show that breaker height formulae for smooth planar slopes show good agreement with the values of breaker heights measured in the physical model tests, and that existing breaker depth formulae show average agreement. The design guidelines could assist with more effective design of artificial reefs for surfing purposes.
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Ng, Sing-keung, and 伍升強. "Evaluation of recreational values of coastal areas for secondary: contact activities in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255966.
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Syed, Mofazzal. "Data driven modelling for environmental water management." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54592/.
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Management of water quality is generally based on physically-based equations or hypotheses describing the behaviour of water bodies. In recent years models built on the basis of the availability of larger amounts of collected data are gaining popularity. This modelling approach can be called data driven modelling. Observational data represent specific knowledge, whereas a hypothesis represents a generalization of this knowledge that implies and characterizes all such observational data. Traditionally deterministic numerical models have been used for predicting flow and water quality processes in inland and coastal basins. These models generally take a long time to run and cannot be used as on-line decision support tools, thereby enabling imminent threats to public health risk and flooding etc. to be predicted. In contrast, Data driven models are data intensive and there are some limitations in this approach. The extrapolation capability of data driven methods are a matter of conjecture. Furthermore, the extensive data required for building a data driven model can be time and resource consuming or for the case predicting the impact of a future development then the data is unlikely to exist. The main objective of the study was to develop an integrated approach for rapid prediction of bathing water quality in estuarine and coastal waters. Faecal Coliforms (FC) were used as a water quality indicator and two of the most popular data mining techniques, namely, Genetic Programming (GP) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to predict the FC levels in a pilot basin. In order to provide enough data for training and testing the neural networks, a calibrated hydrodynamic and water quality model was used to generate input data for the neural networks. A novel non-linear data analysis technique, called the Gamma Test, was used to determine the data noise level and the number of data points required for developing smooth neural network models. Details are given of the data driven models, numerical models and the Gamma Test. Details are also given of a series experiments being undertaken to test data driven model performance for a different number of input parameters and time lags. The response time of the receiving water quality to the input boundary conditions obtained from the hydrodynamic model has been shown to be a useful knowledge for developing accurate and efficient neural networks. It is known that a natural phenomenon like bacterial decay is affected by a whole host of parameters which can not be captured accurately using solely the deterministic models. Therefore, the data-driven approach has been investigated using field survey data collected in Cardiff Bay to investigate the relationship between bacterial decay and other parameters. Both of the GP and ANN models gave similar, if not better, predictions of the field data in comparison with the deterministic model, with the added benefit of almost instant prediction of the bacterial levels for this recreational water body. The models have also been investigated using idealised and controlled laboratory data for the velocity distributions along compound channel reaches with idealised rods have located on the floodplain to replicate large vegetation (such as mangrove trees).
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Marion, Jason W. "Protecting Public Health at Inland Ohio Beaches: Development of Recreational Water Quality Indicators Predictive of Microbial and Microcystin Exposure." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313588302.
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Radburn, M. W. "Patterns of provision for water-based recreation : A comparative study of water planning in England and Wales and the Netherlands." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234442.
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Cusack, Janet. "The rise of aquatic recreation and sport : yachting and rowing in England and South Devon, 1640-1914." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307274.
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Mcknight, James. "Water and Health in the Nandamojo Watershed of Costa Rica: Community Perceptions towards Water, Sanitation, and the Environment." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5273.
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Understanding the relationships between human health, water, sanitation, and environmental health is a requirement to understanding the challenges that face researchers when it comes to addressing global health relating to water and sanitation. Access to improved water and sanitation is not only a precondition to health, but to all aspects of daily living. Target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) addresses worldwide disparities in access to improved water and sanitation by calling for the reduction in "half of the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015". Over 90% of the population of Costa Rica has access to improved water and sanitation, thus exceeding the water and sanitation targets for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Despite having access to water and sanitation, little is known whether communities are only interested in access or if quality and quantity of water and sanitation systems are as equally as important. Target 7.c of the MDGs does not include water quality in the definition of safe water. Furthermore, the use of the words "safe" and "improved" in the target are often interchanged and can be misleading, especially when considering the impact of water quality on population health. In Costa Rica, households in the Nandamojo watershed have access to improved water and sanitation; it is unclear whether the drinking water is potable with respect to Costa Rican and the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality standards. The impact of leaking septic systems on human and environmental health is also unknown.
Illnesses associated with recreational water are an increasing public health problem, causing a great burden of disease in bathers every year. The global health impact of infectious diseases associated with recreational water exposure has been estimated at around three million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per year, resulting in an estimated economic loss of around twelve billion dollars per year. Fecal and chemical contamination of recreational water is a concern, especially in areas of non-point source pollution. Health-based water monitoring is often conducted in recreational waters as a tool for assessing risk. In Costa Rica, recreational water sampling is conducted at coastal beach areas only, neglecting other surface waters used by residents and tourists. Community perspectives regarding recreational water use and the associated risks are limited. Understanding these perspectives will enable public health professionals to better target community needs, such as education and to address the concerns of participating communities.
This dissertation was divided into three chapters. The first chapter explored community perceptions on improved water and sanitation, the second chapter assessed community water systems and the risk of acute diarrheal disease, and the third chapter captured community perceptions on recreational water use and the risk of waterborne illness. Methodologies for water sampling and analyses were used to assess water quality, while household interviews and focus groups were conducted to capture qualitative data.
Results from the first chapter showed participants had positive perceptions towards their improved water and sanitation systems. Household interviews revealed almost half of the
respondents had concerns with water quality, while less than 25% did not think their septic tanks leaked or overflowed during rain events. Focus group discussions revealed common themes. Participants identified water quality, health, pipes, water scarcity, odors, insects, and overflow/infiltration of water and sanitation to be important issues. Participants revealed convenience, improved health and safety and the lack of odors to be themes directly related to customer satisfaction of improved water and sanitation.
Results from the second study revealed 57% of household samples had total coliform bacteria above the Costa Rican standard for safe drinking water exceeding the single standard limit of zero, while 61% failed the World Health Organization standard for fecal coliforms exceeding the single standard limit of zero. AGII was identified in 41 of the 378 household residents (11%). The odds ratio for AGII among household residents with a water sample positive for total coliforms was 1.88 (0.81-3.17). Fecal coliforms were statistically significant for those with AGII (OR = 3.19, 1.43-7.12). Regression modeling analyses revealed individuals with AGII and household drinking water positive for fecal coliforms to be statistically significant (OR = 3.01, 1.33 - 6.84), while other covariates (total coliforms, gender, treated water, and families) also had odds ratios greater than one, but were not significant.
Results from the third chapter indicated most respondents felt recreational water sources, such as streams and rivers were contaminated with human, animal, and chemical wastes. Focus group participants also stated they did not use inland waters for recreational purposes for these reasons. However, many did admit using marine water for recreational bathing and felt these areas were not contaminated. These beliefs did coincide with the water quality results from freshwater sources, but not marine sources. Fecal coliform contamination was widespread throughout the watershed in freshwater sources. Marine water samples failed the World Health Organization (WHO) and Costa Rican recreational water standards for fecal coliform and enterococci in 36% and 6% of the samples, respectively.
The overall results of this dissertation suggest that the definitions of improved water and sanitation have to include, at a minimum, water quality, water quantity, proper construction and containment of storage tanks, and oversight and maintenance of these systems. Given the challenges facing communities in the Nandamojo watershed regarding water and sanitation, it is essential for scientists, researchers, policy makers, water committees, health providers, and community members to design and implement strategies in water resource management and proper waste management. Communities and water committees would also be best served if they worked with government agencies to conduct concurrent testing of both recreational water and drinking water, especially since both them target many of the same parameters.