Relevant bibliographies by topics / Recreational waters

Academic literature on the topic 'Recreational waters'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Recreational waters"

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Yermakov, Viacheslav. "INTEGRATED USE OF INTERNAL WATERS OF THE POLTAVA REGION AS TOURISM AND RECREATION." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 45 (2018): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.45.90-99.

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Goal. The purpose of this article is to study the organizational and locally-spatial features of the use of recreational and tourist potential of resources of inland waters of the Poltava region. Methods. The methodological basis of the study consisted of the concepts and provisions of recreational geography, tourism, social geography. The main methods of research are literary, analytical, descriptive, comparative-geographical. Results. The content of integrated use of inland water for tourist and recreational purposes is revealed on the example of the Poltava region. The main directions of this use and the territorial integration functions of water tourism are shown for creation of complex local tourist clusters. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in developing a scheme (model) for the rational use of recreational and tourist potential of inland water objects of Poltava region and the variant of the integration model of a local territorial cluster of water tourism and recreation. Practical significance. The practical significance of the studies of geospatial aspects of the organization of the tourist and recreational potential of inland waters of the Poltava region is to promote the further development of tourism and recreation on the territory of the region in the form of organizing new tourist routes, developing methodological recommendations for the rational use of the potential of water objects, the development of the relevant infrastructure, increasing its attractiveness for domestic and foreign tourists.
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Kalyn, B. M., and M. V. Stanishevska. "Assessment of the potential and use of recreational resources of Stryj district of Lviv region." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 93 (October 2, 2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9317.

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In Lviv region, the development of the recreational sphere is a strategic landmark. Natural recreational resources of Lviv region and the largest in Ukraine in number, diversity and degree of preservation of historical and cultural resources have led to significant development of the industry. However, the territory of the region is characterized by varying degrees of development of recreational resources and development of recreational potential. The level and intensity of the current use of the potential of recreational resources of Stryi district are estimated. Due to the favorable geographical location, favorable climatic resources, a significant number and diversity of historical and cultural recreational resources, Stryi district has significant potential for the development of recreation. One of the main components of therapeutic recreation is the availability of natural therapeutic recreational resources – mineral waters and therapeutic mud – in the area. Morshyn has the largest number of mineral water sources, which are characterized by high sulfate content. 21 objects of the nature reserve fund have been created on the territory of the district, which has a high value for the organization of recreational activities and allows to consider them as the most important component of natural recreational resources. The potential of recreational resources of Stryi district is determined, which is 0.46 and corresponds to the average attractive level. Separate recreation centers have been formed within the district. This is, first of all, the city of Stryi, which has a significant number of historical and cultural resources, the city of Morshyn – as a center of medical and recreational recreation. The proximity to these cities of protected areas increases their recreational potential. Threats to further recreational use of nature are a significant anthropogenic load on the environment, irrational use of natural recreational resources and low investment activity in the development of the industry. Priorities for the development of recreational activities are the identification and use of new types of recreation, unique features of individual territories, popularization of their historical and ethnographic features, increasing the share of objects of will, in particular national importance.
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Hughes, M. S., P. V. Coyle, and J. H. Connolly. "Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland." Epidemiology and Infection 108, no. 3 (June 1992): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050020.

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SUMMARYVirus surveillance of Northern Ireland recreational waters, between April 1986 and May 1989 demonstrated widespread enteroviral contamination of coastal and inland waters. In 1986, enteroviruses were detected in 4 of 46 (8·7%) water samples, collected from 6 coastal bathing waters. In 1987, 49 of 107 (45·8%) samples, from 16 coastal bathing waters, yielded enteroviruses; 33 of the enterovirus positive samples passed one or both of the coliform standards outlined by the European Economic Community (EEC) bathing water directive (76/160/EEC). Enteroviruses were also detected in 33 of 39 (84·6%) samples tested from 3 inland recreational waters.
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Standish-Lee, P., and E. Loboschefsky. "Protecting public health from the impact of body-contact recreation." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.313.

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Population growth and the increasing demand for recreational opportunities have put public and political pressure on water purveyors to make every water body available for multipurpose use. There is increasing evidence that full water-body contact recreation such as swimming, and water/jet skiing may add significantly more microorganisms such as viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium to a water body when compared with non-body contact recreational waters. Body-contact recreation also poses a risk to the consumer inadvertently ingesting contaminated water. Waterborne disease outbreaks caused by recreation are well documented with the endemic rate and the risk level to the public estimated to be very high. Since 1989, 171 outbreaks, associated with recreational water, have been documented in the USA with more than 15,000 individuals infected; these outbreaks occurred in both natural and artificial settings. Discussions on the recently published Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2) have focused on varied treatment goals related to microbiological quality and source water protection methods at the heart of this discussion. This paper highlights new studies on risk from recreation, proposed beach standards, modeling to assess the risk of infection, political issues associated with limiting recreation, and what water utilities can do to reduce risk.
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Venter, J. M. E., J. van Heerden, J. C. Vivier, W. O. K. Grabow, and M. B. Taylor. "Hepatitis A virus in surface water in South Africa: what are the risks?" Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.006b.

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The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of infection constituted by HAV to persons using surface dam and river water for domestic and recreational purposes. It estimates the potential risk using a deterministic exponential risk assessment model with mean values and conservative assumptions. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 17.5% of river and 14.9% of dam water samples tested. The number of indicator organisms in these sources exceeded drinking and recreational water quality guidelines set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), indicating possible health risks to recreational water users. Based on the available data and taking all the assumptions into consideration, the probability of infection (Pinf) to the higher socio-economic population using the river water for recreational purposes was 1.1 × 10−3 per day and 3.3 × 10−1 per annum if 100 ml was ingested per day. For recreation in the dam water the Pinf value was 1.2 × 10−4 per day and 4.2 × 10−2 per annum. For the lower socio-economic population, risk values for drinking purposes (2 L day−1) were ten-fold greater. These surface waters therefore did not conform to the US EPA guidelines of 1 infection per 10,000 consumers per year for drinking water or eight gastrointestinal illnesses per 1,000 bathers per day in environmental waters used for recreational purposes. This is the first risk assessment study addressing the risk of infection by HAV in surface water to different socio-economic populations in South Africa.
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Voronkova, Olga Yu, Svetlana N. Petrova, Elena A. Ivanova, Elena N. Klochko, Elena V. Logvina, and Angelina N. Penkova. "ASSESSMENT OF THE REGIONAL POTENTIAL OF RECREATION AND HEALTH-PROMOTING NATURAL RESOURCES." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Spl-2-AABAS (December 15, 2020): S314—S321. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(spl-2-aabas).s314.s321.

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Recreational and health tourism is essential for the development of a system of global resort-tourist relations. Every year, the flow of tourists traveling with recreational and therapeutic purposes to the Russian regions is increasing. Currently, the industry of recreational and health tourism is constantly developing in Russia and it offers a variety of developed services and comfort in the field of health tourism. The modern development stage of tourism and recreation in Russia is characterized by in-depth transformations in all spheres of public life. A market for recreational and recreational services is being formed in the country, and a new state doctrine for the development of tourism activities is being developed. International tourist flows are increasing, and the geography of tourist routes is expanding. The presence of recreational natural resources as a whole determines the territorial landmarks of tourism and recreation. In addition to the resource potential, there are many significant factors such as socioeconomic factors, the type, and level of economic development, the volume and structure of recreational needs that influence the development dynamics of health tourism. Recreational resources usually include both natural and cultural-historical objects, complexes, and their elements, each of which has its specifics. The regions of Russia have unique recreational and health-improving potential, for example, the Marcial waters of Karelia, the radon waters of Pyatigorsk and Belokurikha, the narzans of Kislovodsk, the therapeutic mud of Lake Karachi, the hydrogen sulfide of Matsesta. Such diversity is not found in any other country in the world. This article is devoted to the development of recreational or health tourism, approaches to the assessment of the natural and recreational potential of the territory; identification of factors affecting the natural and recreational potential of the region; formulation of the advantages and disadvantages of the management and development of the regional natural and recreational complex; assessment of the impact of the management of natural and recreational resources on the development of the region and analysis of the recreational natural potential of the Altai Territory of the Russian Federation.
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Troicka, O., K. Belokon, Y. Manidina, and V. Ryzkov. "ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATERS OF THE RIVER DNIEPER FROM THE RECREATIONAL ZONES OF THE LEFT BANK OF ZAPORIZHZHIA." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 37 (April 23, 2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.37.2020.24.

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The problem of environmental safety is relevant for all water recreational facilities in Ukraine. The quality of the natural environment, and, accordingly, the scale of the recreational use of water bodies largely depends on the impact on natural complexes of various unfavorable anthropogenic factors. These include, first of all, the release of untreated and insufficiently treated wastewater, pollution of water bodies by wastewater from unsettled territories of industrial and agricultural use, air pollution by pollutants, etc. These anthropogenic influences limit the recreational possibilities of aquatorial natural complexes and are dangerous for the health of vacationers.In addition to physical and chemical pollution, biological pollution of surface waters has become widespread, in particular microbial, the test indicator of which is E. coli, saprophytic bacteria and enterococci. When ingested, they can cause acute intestinal infections, fever, nausea, etc.It was determined in the work that the average annual number of saprophytic bacteria, for five years of research, varied from 25.5 to 35.5 thousand cells/cm3, which within the ecological classification corresponds to the IV class and 6 categories of water quality , according to the degree of pollution «dirty»).The results of the assessment of bacterial contamination of the surface waters of the river. The Dnieper from the recreational zones of the Left Bank of Zaporizhzhia over a five-year period indicate an unstable ecological state of the studied waters according to such bacterial indicators as the PEC index and the number of saprophytic bacteria. This makes it necessary to carry out environmental protection measures in order to increase the level of environmental safety in the zones of water recreation.
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Steyn, M., P. Jagals, and B. Genthe. "Assessment of microbial infection risks posed by ingestion of water during domestic water use and full-contact recreation in a mid-southern African region." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0071.

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A customised Water-related Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (WRQMRA) process was used to determine risk of infection to water ingested by users in the south-eastern Free State, South Africa. The WRQMRA consisted of an observed-adverse-effect-level approach (OAELA) and a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The OAELA was based on the occurrence of E. coli in the study waters to determine the possible risk of infection and the QMRA probable risk of infection by salmonellae. The WRQMRA was applied to recreational surface resource waters as well as waters from an unprotected spring and waters from the treated municipal supply that were stored in containers for domestic purposes. E. coli numbers were measured against expected infection levels expressed in water quality guidelines, while Salmonella counts were calculated to give the probable infection risk (Pi). Ingestion was based on intake volumes compiled for the various water uses. E. coli occurred in numbers <106 in the surface waters, while the untreated spring and treated supply water contained E. coli of <102 and <101 respectively. Salmonella occurred in numbers of <103 in recreational waters, and <10-1 in water used for domestic purposes. A single exposure to the mean (as well as 95th percentile) risk was calculated using a β-Poisson dose-response model at ingestion volumes of 100 mL (for full-contact recreation) and 1,318 mL (for domestic water use). Both the OAELA and the QMRA approaches indicated a risk of infection to recreational and domestic water users, even for a single exposure event, with the OAELA either over- or under-estimating the risk of infection for singular exposure events. This indicated that this method, used on its own, could not reliably predict a realistic risk of infection. It is recommended that the full WRQMRA process be used, and further developed to address several uncertainties that became evident during this study.
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Giampaoli, Saverio, and Vincenzo Romano Spica. "Health and safety in recreational waters." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.13.126391.

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Matavulj, Milan, Nebojsa Vulikic, Igor Gojkovic, and Maja Karaman. "Conditionally pathogenic fungi in recreational waters." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 109 (2005): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0519149m.

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The improvement of health and life conditions depends on various environmental factors. The exposition to organic and inorganic pollutants, as well as to the broad spectar of microorganisms is one of these factors. Medically important fungi have been increasing their number recently especially in urban and in recreational zones. Some of them, first of all molds and yeasts, are involved by different means in causing more or less serious diseases of man and animals. Frequency of alergic symptoms and human mycotic lesions increased significantly during last decades. Such phenomena have provoked more scientific attention recently. According to the available literature data, micro-fungi, causing mycoses and "environmental" fungi too could be considered as an important factor of health risk, being neglected and underestimated so far, especially in analyses of safe use of recreational waters and surrounding areas, among them swimming pools, river and sea beaches. On the basis of such statement there arises conclusion that water and ground of recreational zones could serve as vectors in transmission pathways of potentially or conditionally pathogenic fungi, being dangerous especially for immunocompromised individuals, which suggests inclusion of qualitative and quantitative composition of fungal community into a continual monitoring of hygienic status of recreational zones.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Recreational waters"

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Jones, Ellen L. "Norovirus in Recreational Waters in Arizona." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1475%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Mullinax, Rebecca Lynn. "Isolation of enteric viruses from the recreational waters of Oak Creek." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_156_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Craig, Duncan L., and Duncan Craig@foodstandards gov au. "Use of microcosm and in-situ studies for the estimation of exposure risk from recreational coastal waters and sediments." Flinders University. Medicine, 2005. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20051108.093750.

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The interaction of microorganisms with sediments can enhance their survival by reducing exposure to various stressors and thus marine sediments may act as reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms. In coastal waters there can be an increased risk of infection to humans due to the possible re-suspension of these microorganisms during recreational activities. This research attempts to more accurately identify environmental exposure in the first stage of a health risk assessment in recreational coastal waters. Techniques were developed to successfully separate microorganisms from sediment particles. Of the methods investigated, subjecting diluted sediment samples to a sonication bath for 10 minutes was found to be the most efficient separation technique over a range of sediment types. This method was therefore used in the subsequent studies to enumerate organisms from the surface sediment layer, as distinct from the water column. Faecal coliforms were enumerated by membrane filtration in both water and sediment from three Adelaide metropolitan recreational coastal sites, chosen to represent different physical sediment characteristics, over a 12-month period. All sites investigated met current National Health and Medical Research Council Guidelines for primary contact recreation. Faecal coliform concentrations were generally greater in sediment compared with overlying water for all samples. This was most evident in sediment consisting of greater silt/clay and organic carbon content (with up to 1000 times higher concentrations in the surface sediment layer compared with overlying water). For coastal recreational sites impacted by stormwater or river discharges, high faecal coliform concentrations were found to be associated with rainfall. A laboratory-based microcosm study utilising intact sediment cores was undertaken to determine the decay rates of faecal indicator organisms (E. coli, enterococci and somatic coliphage) and pathogens (Salmonella derby and S. typhimurium) in both overlying water and in various sediment types. For all organisms tested, temperature had an inverse relationship with survival. Greater decay was observed in the overlying water compared to the surface sediment layer. Small particle size and high organic carbon content was found to be more conducive to microbial survival. In general, decay rates of E. coli were significantly greater than enterococci and coliphage. Although no significant correlations were observed between decay rates of the pathogens and indicator organisms, decay of Salmonella spp. in overlying water more closely resembled that of E. coli than that of other indicators. Using decay rates measured in the microcosm study and available dose-response data, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) utilising Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken to estimate the risk of infection to Salmonella spp. and rotavirus following exposure to recreational coastal water subject to a range of faecal contamination levels. For modelling purposes, the assumption was made that rotavirus decay was equivalent to coliphage decay. The probability of infection from rotavirus due to exposure to contaminated recreational coastal water was greater than that for Salmonella spp. under all scenarios. This increased probability of infection is linked to the high infectivity of rotavirus compared to Salmonella spp. Results of this research highlight the limited effectiveness of using prescribed faecal coliform concentrations in the water column alone to estimate the risk of exposure to pathogenic microorganisms during recreational activity at coastal areas. It demonstrated that coastal sediments act as a reservoir for both indicator and pathogenic organisms released into the coastal environment. This suggests an increased exposure risk if these organisms are resuspended back into the water column during recreational activity. A combined risk-based monitoring program would provide a more robust and reliable estimate of health risk associated with coastal recreational areas.
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Cumbie, James Wesley Adrian John. "Process, regulation requirements, and financial analysis for transforming rural land to recreational sportfishing waters." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/CUMBIE_JAMES_20.pdf.

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Brostrom, Kathleen A. "Are Fecal Sterols a Possible Alternative Indicator of Human Waste Contamination in Hawaiian Recreational Waters?" Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22259.

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Many of Hawaii’s recreational streams and beaches contain high fecal indicator bacteria levels that are not indicative of sewage pollution. Instead, this pollution is due to environmental sources of fecal bacteria which reside and multiply in tropical soils. Current EPA fecal indicator bacteria are no longer representative of human fecal contamination in tropical waters. Fecal sterols have been used as chemical indicators of fecal pollution in many parts of the world. The primary sterol found in human feces is coprostanol. Detection and quantification of coprostanol and related sterols using GCMS analysis provides a fingerprint that can be used to characterize fecal contamination. The objective of this study was to assay for fecal sterols as an independent method to determine whether streams in Hawaii are contaminated with sewage. This method was applied to ambient streams, a stream recently contaminated by a sewage spill, and a stream suspected to be affected by a sewage line leak. The results of this study showed that some ambient streams in Hawaii contain high levels of fecal indicator bacteria, but low concentrations of coprostanol (<10 ng/L). A stream contaminated with sewage during a sewage spill event contained high concentrations of coprostanol (18,000 ng/L) in the first 24 hours after contamination, but this level dropped to ≤ 60 mg/L after 72 hours. A stream suspected to be contaminated with sewage contained significant levels of coprostanol (>1000 ng/L) when fecal indicators were also high, confirming a possible sewage line leak. This study demonstrated that coprostanol is a useful and independent measurement of sewage pollution. It is best used in conjunction with other fecal indicators and human fecal markers if confirmation of human fecal pollution is sought.
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Kwon, John Dohyung. "Occurrence of Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio Cholerae and Aeromonas Spp. in Arizona Recreational Waters." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146600.

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The goal of the project is to design a plant that is capable of converting an algae feedstock into compressed natural gas (CNG). This product is intended to be sold as a green replacement for CNG produced using traditional methods. In addition to CNG, hydrogen gas is produced; this product will be sold as a biofuel as well. The CNG produced in this process is created by gasifying algae in supercritical water and then reacting the algal matter over an Ru/C catalyst. The resulting gas is then purified and compressed to produce CNG and hydrogen. A process hazard analysis was conducted to identify and help reduce safety and environmental hazards. An economic analysis showed that the plant?s net present value is ($37.5 million); therefore, it was not recommended that the plant be built at this time. Future work includes developing a cheap Ru/zirconia catalyst to replace the expensive Ru/C catalyst currently used in the process. Designs for vessels containing supercritical fluids should also be evaluated to find ways to minimize purchase and installation cost. In addition, pilot scale testing of specific pieces of equipment is required to ensure innovations included in the design function as expected.
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Dickerson, Jerold W. Jr. "Evaluation, Development and Improvement of Genotypic, Phenotypic and Chemical Microbial Source Tracking Methods and Application to Fecal Pollution at Virginia's Public Beaches." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28723.

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The microbial source tracking (MST) methods of antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and fluorometry (to detect optical brighteners in detergents) were used in the summers of 2004 and 2005 to determine the origins of fecal pollution at beaches with a past history of, or the potential for, high enterococci counts and posted advisories. At Hilton and Anderson beaches, ARA and fluorometry in the summer of 2004 detected substantial human-origin pollution in locations producing consistently high counts of Enterococcus spp. Investigations by municipal officials led to the fluorometric detection and subsequent repair of sewage infrastructure problems at both beaches. The success of these mitigation efforts was confirmed during the summer of 2005 using ARA and fluorometry, with the results cross-validated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results at other beaches indicated that birds and/or wildlife were largely responsible for elevated enterococci levels during 2004 and 2005. The application of fluorometry proved difficult in opens waters due to high levels of dilution, but showed potential for use in storm drains. An additional study developed and tested a new library-based MST approach based on the pattern of DNA band lengths produced by the amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region, and subsequent digestion using the restriction endonuclease MboI. Initial results from small known-source libraries yielded high average rates of correct classification (ARCC). However, an increase in the library size was accompanied by a reduction in the ARCC of the library and the method was deemed unsuccessful, and unsuitable for field application. A final study focused on the potential for classification bias with disproportionate source category sizes using discriminant analysis (DA), logistic regression (LR), and k-nearest neighbor (K-NN) statistical classification algorithms. Findings indicated that DA was the most robust algorithm for use with source category imbalance when measuring both correct and incorrect classification rates. Conversely k-NN was identified as the most sensitive algorithm to imbalances with the greatest levels of distortion obtained from the highest k values. Conclusions of this project include: 1) application of a validation set, as well as a minimum detectable percentage to known-source libraries aids in accurately assessing the classification power of the library and reducing the false positive identification of contributing fecal sources; 2) the validation of MST results using multiple methods is recommended for field applications; 3) fluorometry displayed potential for detecting optical brighteners as indicators of sewage leaks in storm drains; 4) the digestion of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of Enterococcus spp. using MboI does not provided suitable discriminatory power for use as an MST method; and 5) DA was the least, and k-NN the most, sensitive algorithm to imbalances in the size of source categories in a known-source library.
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Ankabi, Olufemi Emmanuel. "Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in selected recreational marine waters and beach sand in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4992.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium predominantly found on human skin and in nasal passages with 20 to 40 percent of the population carrying this organism. Although S. aureus is an unspectacular, non-motile coccoid bacterium, it is a perilous human pathogen associated with both nosocomial and community-acquired infections and it is increasingly becoming virulent and resistant to most antibiotics. It is responsible for several infections such as osteomyelitis, toxin-mediated diseases and bacteraemia, with severe infections arising from strains harbouring antibiotic resistance genes together with virulence genes. S. aureus has been largely confined to hospitals and long-term care facilities, but it is now emerging in the community in places such as recreational beach waters, and occurring in healthy individuals with no associated risk factors. This organism has been reported to be released by swimmers in beaches, suggesting that recreational waters are a potential source of community-acquired S. aureus infections. It is possibly the pathogen of greatest concern due to its intrinsic virulence, its capacity to cause various life-threatening infections, and its ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions. This study was aimed at characterizing S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Port Elizabeth, Port Alfred, Kenton-on-sea and East London beaches of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This was done by investigating the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibilities, antibiotic-resistant genes and virulence genes profiles of S. aureus in the selected beaches. To achieve this aim, 249 beach sand and water samples were obtained from the beaches during the period of April 2015 to April 2016. Physico-chemical parameters of beach water was investigated on site using a multi-parameter ion specific meter during sample collection. Samples were filtered and inoculated on m-Endo agar, m-FC agar and bile aesculin azide agar for total and faecal coliform as well as Enterococci respectively. For isolation of S. aureus and MRSA, samples were cultured on Mannitol salt agar and Staph 24 agar. S. aureus was identified using morphological, Gram staining and molecular (PCR) methods. The isolates were further characterized by determining their antimicrobial resistance profiles, antibiotic resistant genes (mecA, rpoB, blaZ, ermB and tetK genes) and detection of virulent genes encoding intracellular adhesion (icaA), enterotoxin (seaA) and cytolytic toxins (PVL). The majority of study sites passed the directives of physico-chemical standards levels set by WHO during the study period. A total of 143 presumptive isolates were obtained of which 30 (30 percent) were confirmed as S. aureus with 22 (73.3 percent) of these confirmed isolates from marine water and 8 (26.7 percent) from marine sand. Upon culturing on MRSA 2 agar, 15 (50 percent) of isolates showed phonotypic resistance to methicillin. Based on Antimicrobial susceptibility tests, (22/30) 73.3 percent of the isolates showed phonotypic resistance to oxacillin. Out of the 30 isolates, 16 (53.3 percent) were mecA positive and were considered methicillin-resistant S. aureus. S. aureus showed high susceptibility to gentamycin, cefoxithin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. A large proportion (36.67 percent to 96.7 percent) of the S. aureus isolates was resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline, clindamycin, rifampicin, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim and erythromycin. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were generated from 7 S. aureus isolates showing resistance to three or more antibiotics. The mecA, rpoB, blaZ, ermB and tetM genes coding for methicillin, rifampicin, βeta-lactam, erythromycin and tetracycline antibiotics resistance was detected in 5 (22.7 percent), 11 (45.8 percent), 16 (55.2 percent), 15 (71.4 percent) and 8 (72.7 percent) respectively. The PVL, icaA and seaA genes coding for virulent determinants were detected in 50, 20 and 13.3 percent of the confirmed isolates respectively. Physico-chemical and faecal indicator bacteria results obtained from this study can assist municipal authorities in developing appropriate management strategies for beaches in the study area. The findings of this study showed that the investigated beaches were contaminated with toxigenic and multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. This emphasizes the need for the implementation of better control measures to reduce the occurrence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus and of virulent S. aureus strains in recreational waters. In our study it was established that the potential of recreational waters to be reservoirs of S. aureus should not be taken for granted, and it is important that beach goers be educated about this organism as well as other related pathogens that could affect human health, especially immuno-compromised individuals. The community should be educated on antibiotic stewardship and the detrimental effects of antibiotics abuse.
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Agujaro, Livia Fernanda. "Subsidios para um plano de monitoramento de cianobacterias em reservatorios com vistas a balneabilidade. Estudo de caso : Reservatorio Salto Grande, Americana, SP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258686.

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Orientadores: Ricardo Lima Isaac, Marli de Fatima Fiore
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T01:46:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agujaro_LiviaFernanda_D.pdf: 8426074 bytes, checksum: 8e36c9f4c6c51501d00f8d43de2d0d37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Florações de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas têm sido detectadas em vários reservatórios no Estado de São Paulo, muitos deles com intenso uso recreacional, como o reservatório Salto Grande (Americana, SP). Poucos estudos no Brasil enfocam aspectos de balneabilidade e saúde pública por exposição a estes organismos em corpos d'água interiores. Planos de monitoramento para a avaliação dos riscos associados são inexistentes. Diante dos potenciais problemas de saúde pública, foi desenvolvido um estudo com o objetivo de: efetuar um levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo das cianobactérias, associar os fatores ambientais condicionantes de sua ocorrência, avaliar o potencial toxicológico destas águas e utilizar abordagens moleculares inéditas para o local estudado e ainda pouco empregadas no País. As coletas foram mensais, no período de abril de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006, nas margens e sempre aos domingos. Realizaram-se a contagem e a identificação de organismos e células de cianobactérias, contagem das principais classes fitoplanctônicas, determinação de clorofila a, avaliação de microcistinas pelo método ELISA e microcistina-LR por CLAE e determinação de parâmetros fisicos e químicos. Paralelamente isolaram-se treze linhagens em culturas uniespecíficas para o aprofundamento dos estudos taxonômicos por meio do seqüenciamento do gene rDNA 16S. Linhagens de cianobactérias e amostras ambientais foram submetidas à detecção do gene mycA por PCR e foi verificada a distribuição dos genes NRPS e PKS nos isolados...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Potentially toxic cyanobacteria blooms have been detected in several water reservoirs' with intense recreational use such as in Salto Grande Reservoir, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Very few studies in this country focus on the related public health aspects. There are no monitoring plans developed by public authorities to evaluate the associated risks. A qualitative and quantitative cyanobacteria research was carried out at the recreational area of the reservoir, connected to the environmental factors which regulate its occurrence in order to evaluate the toxicological potential of these waters, using molecular approaches that have just recently been used in Brazil. The results obtained led to a Cyanobacteria Monitoring Plan for freshwater ecosystems in Sao Paulo State aiming to allow the safe recreational use of these water bodies. It was taken eleven monthly samples during the wet and dry seasons from April 2005 to February 2006 at Namorados Beach and at Iate Clube de Americana, on Sundays, when intense recreational use occurs. The following environmental variables were analyzed: water temperature, precipitation, water flow into the reservoir, Secchi depth, pH, total phosphorus and nitrogen levels, in addition to 'numbering and identifying organisms and cyanobacteria cells, main phytoplankton Classes, chlorophyll-a, besides microcystins assessment by ELISA method and microcystin-LR by HPLC-MS. Simultaneously, thirteen strains were isolated in uni-specific cultures in order to deepen the taxonomic studies through sequencing of rDNA 16S gene. To evaluate the toxigenic potential, the strains of cyanobacterias and the environmental samples were tested to detect mycA by PCR and it was investigated the distribution of NRPS and PKS genes in the isolated strains ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Doutor em Engenharia Civil
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Pinto, Karla Cristiane. "Avaliação sanitária das águas e areias de praias da Baixada Santista, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-28102010-142452/.

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O Brasil possui em sua área costeira grandes metrópoles onde diversas atividades humanas são desenvolvidas, podendo trazer prejuízos à qualidade das águas costeiras. O litoral de São Paulo, constituído por 16 municípios incluindo-se Cubatão, apresenta peculiaridades diferenciadas. O tipo de poluição mais encontrado na costa paulista é a poluição fecal causada por despejo de esgotos domésticos, os quais transportam organismos patogênicos cuja presença pode levar a agravos à saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo é o de avaliar a qualidade sanitária de águas e areias de praias da Baixada Santista. Assim amostras de água e areia (úmida e seca) de três praias, como Gonzaguinha (São Vicente), Boqueirão (Santos) e Pitangueiras (Guarujá) foram coletadas com freqüência mensal pelo período de um ano nas quais foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, enterococos, e ainda Staphylococcus coagulase (+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans e dermatófitos. Para a realização das análises em amostras de água utilizou-se da Técnica da Membrana Filtrante e para as amostras de areia a Técnica de Tubos Múltiplos, de acordo com Normas Técnicas CETESB e Standard Methods. Para a determinação de dermatófitos, as amostras de água foram concentradas pela Técnica de Membrana Filtrante e as amostras de areia (seca e úmida) foram analisadas pela Técnica de inoculação em superfície e, concomitantemente, pela Técnica da Isca de Cabelo. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que 95 por cento das amostras analisadas foram positivas para a presença dos indicadores de contaminação fecal, seguidos por P. aeruginosa, presente em 75 por cento das amostras. C. albicans foi o microrganismo menos freqüente (6,7 por cento) e foi detectada somente nas amostras de água. O dermatófito Microsporum sp foi detectado somente nas amostras de areia e esteve presente nas três praias. De maneira geral, o comportamento das concentrações dos microrganismos foi maior nas amostras de areia seca, independentemente dos eventos de chuva, seguidas pela areia úmida, sendo as menores concentrações observadas nas amostras de água. Concluiu-se que as concentrações dos microrganismos indicadores de poluição fecal e dos patogênicos foram elevadas nas matrizes estudadas e que é necessário dirigir esforços para a melhoria da qualidade das águas e areias, pois as condições observadas trazem preocupação à saúde dos banhistas e freqüentadores das praias
Brazilian seashore comprises many big cities and the diverse activities which are performed in these areas can bring damages to seashore water quality. São Paulo State seashore comprises 16 cities including Cubatão, where each one shows their own particularities. In the São Paulo State seashore is mostly observed fecal pollution due to launching sewage into these waters which transport pathogens with potential to cause diseases. The objective of this study is to assess the sanitary quality of recreational waters and wet and dry sand from three beaches located at Baixada Santista such as Gonzaguinha (São Vicente), Boqueirão (Santos) and Pitangueiras (Guarujá). The samples (water, wet and dry sand) were collected with monthly frequency throughout a year and the following parameters were analyzed: thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococos, Staphylococcus coagulase +, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and dermatophytes. The bacteriological and C. albicans analyzes were performed according to CETESB and Standard Methods 21st edition. Dermatophyte analysis from water samples were carried out by membrane filtering technique and by spread plate technique and hair-baiting technique for sand samples. The results revealed that 95 per cent of the water samples were positive for fecal indicators following by P. aeruginosa (75 per cent). C. albicans was detected only in water samples showing 6.7 per cent of the observed frequency. Microsporum sp specie was detected only in sand samples in all beaches studied. In general, high microorganisms concentrations was found in dry sand samples regardless raining events, following by wet sand and the lowest concentrations were found in water samples. It was possible to conclude that fecal indicators microorganisms and pathogens concentrations were high in all samples analyzed and it highlights to necessity to address efforts to improve the quality of the water and sand because this poor quality condition found poses a significant public health concern
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Books on the topic "Recreational waters"

1

Raab, Raymond L. Recreational valuation of Minnesota waters. Dubith: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Minnesota, 1988.

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Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), ed. The Boundary Waters Canoe Area wilderness: Examining change in use, users, and management challenges. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2012.

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Symposium on the Great Lakes--Living with North America's Inland Waters (1988 Milwaukee, Wis.). Proceedings of the Symposium on the Great Lakes--Living with North America's Inland Waters. Bethesda, Md. (5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 220, Bethesda 20814-2192): AWRA, 1988.

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Clint, Brown, ed. Oregon's quiet waters: A guide to lakes for canoeists and other paddlers. Corvallis, Or: Jackson Creek Press, 1987.

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Osborne, Stephen D. Laws governing recreational access to waters of the Columbia basin: A survey and analysis. [Portland, Or.]: Northwest Water Law & Policy Project, 2002.

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The Boundary Waters Canoe Area: Wilderness values and motorized recreation. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990.

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Maine. Dept. of Conservation. Strategic plan for providing public access to Maine waters for boating and fishing. [Augusta, Me.]: The Departments, 1995.

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Melnick, Joseph L. Improved methods for hepatitis A virus and rotavirus concentration and detection in recreational, raw potable, and finished waters. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, 1988.

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Field, Katharine G. Microbial source tracking: Its utility and limitations toward the protection of recreational waters in the Great Lakes Basin. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon Sea Grant, 2006.

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Myers, Donna N. Effects of hydrologic, biological, and environmental processes on sources and concentrations of fecal bacteria in the Cuyahoga River, with implications for management of recreational waters in Summit and Cuyahoga counties, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Recreational waters"

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El-Shaarawi, A. H., and S. R. Esterby. "Sampling Recreational Waters." In Statistical Framework for Recreational Water Quality Criteria and Monitoring, 69–89. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470518328.ch5.

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Cooke, Steven J., Robert Arlinghaus, Brett M. Johnson, and Ian G. Cowx. "Recreational fisheries in inland waters." In Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, 449–65. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118394380.ch36.

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Westrick, Judy A. "Cyanobacterial toxin removal in drinking water treatment processes and recreational waters." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 275–90. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_13.

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Jiang, Sunny C. "Vibrio cholerae in recreational beach waters and tributaries of Southern California." In The Ecology and Etiology of Newly Emerging Marine Diseases, 157–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3284-0_14.

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Wiedenmann, Albrecht. "A Plausible Model to Explain Concentration - Response Relationships in Randomized Controlled Trials Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Exposure to Recreational Waters." In Statistical Framework for Recreational Water Quality Criteria and Monitoring, 153–77. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470518328.ch9.

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Boehm, Alexandria B., and Jeffrey A. Soller. "Recreational Water Risk recreational water risk : Pathogens recreational water risk pathogens and Fecal Indicators recreational water risk fecal indicators." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 8758–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_42.

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Riestra, Francisco, Agustín Silva, and Christian Valenzuela. "Environmental and Recreational Uses." In World Water Resources, 317–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56901-3_17.

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Boehm, Alexandria B., Richard L. Whitman, Meredith B. Nevers, Deyi Hou, and Stephen B. Weisberg. "Nowcasting Recreational Water Quality." In Statistical Framework for Recreational Water Quality Criteria and Monitoring, 179–210. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470518328.ch10.

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Unhoch, M. J., and R. D. Vore. "Recreational water treatment biocides." In Directory of Microbicides for the Protection of Materials, 141–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2818-0_9.

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Goeres, Darla M., Philippe Hartemann, and John V. Dadswell. "Treated Recreational Water Venues." In Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's, 478–84. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118425831.ch19e.

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Conference papers on the topic "Recreational waters"

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Baurès, E., F. Pitois, A. V. Jung, and O. Thomas. "Oracle: objectivizing cyanobacteria-associated risks in recreational waters." In WATER AND SOCIETY 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws130121.

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Dwight, Ryan H., Linda M. Fernandez, Dean B. Baker, Jan C. Semenza, and Betty H. Olson. "Economic Burden from Illnesses Associated with Recreational Coastal Waters." In California and the World Ocean 2002. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40761(175)66.

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Shrestha, Parmeshwar L., Douglas Hamilton, Neil Jordan, Macan Doroudian, Sandra Hong, and Deborah Proctor. "Impact of Sewage Line Spills on Pathogen Levels in Recreational Waters." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)127.

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Degtyaryova, I. N., V. N. Orobinskaya, and S. B. Uzdenova. "Recreational Tourism Development Management in the Region of Caucasus Mineral Waters." In Proceedings of the First International Volga Region Conference on Economics, Humanities and Sports (FICEHS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200114.027.

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Gumenyuk, Anna, Anna Gumenyuk, Inna Nikonorova, and Inna Nikonorova. "LANDSCAPE STUDY OF CHEBOKSARY AND KUYBYSHEV RESERVOIRS COASTS FOR RECREATIONAL USING." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4317002e4e.

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The plot of study is Cheboksary and its suburbans and located on the joint of two landscape zones: a forest zone and a forest-steppe zone. The border between the zones goes along the Volga River, which establishes favourable environment for recreation. There has been observed slope type of areas on the right bank of the Volga River of the Cheboksary and Kuybyshev Reservoir. It has 3º and more incline, with washed-off soil and broadleaved woodland (relict mountainous oak woods), subjected to considerable land-clearing. In the immediate bank zone of the Volga River, where abrasive-soil-slipping and abrasive-talus processes mostly develop, the main types of natural areas have been marked out: 1) Abrasive landslide cliffs at the original slopes of Volga Valley of 60º steepness, more than 15 m high, with permanent watering as a result of underground waters leakage; 2) Abrasive cliffs of terraces above flood-plains of 2 m high; 3) Abrasive cliffs of original slope of the valley of the river Volga of 2 m high, with distinctive abrasive niches in the lower part of the slope or temporary concentration of caving demolishing material. Left coast is lowland plain, the part of taiga landscape zone. Low terraces above flood plain of Volga are formed by sand with loam layers, with sod-podzol sandy and sandy loam soil in combination with marshy soil, with fir-pine forest, with from lichen bogs to sphagnum bog; in lowlands, on old felling plots, on abandoned peat mines deciduous forests with mostly birches and aspens prevail.
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Gumenyuk, Anna, Anna Gumenyuk, Inna Nikonorova, and Inna Nikonorova. "LANDSCAPE STUDY OF CHEBOKSARY AND KUYBYSHEV RESERVOIRS COASTS FOR RECREATIONAL USING." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93ab223f57.36658580.

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The plot of study is Cheboksary and its suburbans and located on the joint of two landscape zones: a forest zone and a forest-steppe zone. The border between the zones goes along the Volga River, which establishes favourable environment for recreation. There has been observed slope type of areas on the right bank of the Volga River of the Cheboksary and Kuybyshev Reservoir. It has 3º and more incline, with washed-off soil and broadleaved woodland (relict mountainous oak woods), subjected to considerable land-clearing. In the immediate bank zone of the Volga River, where abrasive-soil-slipping and abrasive-talus processes mostly develop, the main types of natural areas have been marked out: 1) Abrasive landslide cliffs at the original slopes of Volga Valley of 60º steepness, more than 15 m high, with permanent watering as a result of underground waters leakage; 2) Abrasive cliffs of terraces above flood-plains of 2 m high; 3) Abrasive cliffs of original slope of the valley of the river Volga of 2 m high, with distinctive abrasive niches in the lower part of the slope or temporary concentration of caving demolishing material. Left coast is lowland plain, the part of taiga landscape zone. Low terraces above flood plain of Volga are formed by sand with loam layers, with sod-podzol sandy and sandy loam soil in combination with marshy soil, with fir-pine forest, with from lichen bogs to sphagnum bog; in lowlands, on old felling plots, on abandoned peat mines deciduous forests with mostly birches and aspens prevail.
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CIMEN, CAGRI, and ANIL OLGAC. "METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR DESIGNING FLOOD CHANNELS AS RECREATIONAL WATERWAYS." In WATER POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp180281.

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Krylenko, Marina, and Marina Krylenko. "PERSPECTIVES OF THE PRACTICAL USE OF THE KIZILTASHSKY LIMAN GROUP." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431572fb6b.

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The Kiziltashsky limans are the largest water bodies of land-to-sea interface zone of the Krasnodar region Black Sea coast separated from the Black Sea by Anapa bay-bar. Their territory is included in the Perspective list of the Ramsar Convention as a unique wetland of international importance. Currently, the main type of recreational use of the liman water area is active rest. A diversity of natural conditions, a small degree of economic transformation of the landscape in combination with good transport access makes it possible to combine the active recreation forms with health-improving rest at the Anapa resort. In the presented paper the different proposals for economic use of the Kiziltashsky limans are analysed in terms of influence to geoecosystem.
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Krylenko, Marina, and Marina Krylenko. "PERSPECTIVES OF THE PRACTICAL USE OF THE KIZILTASHSKY LIMAN GROUP." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b949177f3f2.59066561.

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The Kiziltashsky limans are the largest water bodies of land-to-sea interface zone of the Krasnodar region Black Sea coast separated from the Black Sea by Anapa bay-bar. Their territory is included in the Perspective list of the Ramsar Convention as a unique wetland of international importance. Currently, the main type of recreational use of the liman water area is active rest. A diversity of natural conditions, a small degree of economic transformation of the landscape in combination with good transport access makes it possible to combine the active recreation forms with health-improving rest at the Anapa resort. In the presented paper the different proposals for economic use of the Kiziltashsky limans are analysed in terms of influence to geoecosystem.
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Rowan, Nicole, Susan Morea, and Jacob Bornstein. "Environmental and Recreational Water Needs: A Colorado Case Study." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)154.

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Reports on the topic "Recreational waters"

1

Hoy, Michael D. Herons and Egrets. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7208742.ws.

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Herons and egrets commonly cause damage at aquaculture facilities and recreational fishing waters where fish are held at high densities. Fish-eating birds also can have an impact on intensively managed sport fisheries. Damage occurs when herons and egrets feed on fish purchased and released for recreational sport fishing activities. Values of these fish can be quite high given the intensity of management activities and the direct relationship of fishery quality to property value. Herons and egrets are freshwater or coastal birds of the family Ardeidae. Herons and egrets discussed in this section are all piscivorous. They are opportunistic feeders, however, and will consume small amphibians, insects, and reptiles. Due to these food preferences, herons and egrets are attracted to shallow lakes and human-made impoundments. Native bird species are covered under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and given federal protection. Depredation permits can be obtained through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In addition, individual states may require their own permits for legal take of these bird species.
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Saillant, Eric, Jason Lemus, and James Franks. Culture of Lobotes surinamensis (Tripletail). Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/ose.001.

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The Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis, is a pelagic fish found in tropical and sub-tropical waters of all oceans. Tripletails are often associated with floating debris and make frequent incursions in bays and estuaries where they are targeted by recreational fishermen. In Mississippi waters the species is typically present during the late spring and summer season that also correspond to the period of sexual maturation and spawning (Brown-Peterson and Franks 2001). Tripletail is appreciated as a gamefish but is also prized for its flesh of superior quality. The fast growth rate of juveniles in captivity documented by Franks et al. (2001) and the excellent quality of Tripletail flesh both contribute to the potential of this species for marine aquaculture. In addition, the production of cultured juveniles would be precious to develop a better understanding of the biology, early life history and habitat use of Tripletail larvae and juveniles, a topic largely undocumented to date, through experimental releases and controlled studies. The culture of tripletail thus supports the Tidelands Trust Fund Program through improved conservation of natural resources, potential enhancement of fisheries productivity and potential development of a new economic activity on the Gulf coast producing tripletail via aquaculture. The Objective of this project was to initiate development of methods and techniques needed to spawn captive held tripletail broodfish and raise their offspring to evaluate their growth and development in captivity. In this report we will present the results of studies aiming to develop methods and protocols for captive spawning of tripletail and the first data obtained on the early development of tripletail larvae. A major issue that was encountered with tripletail broodstock development during the project lied in the difficulties associated with identifying the sex of adults caught in the wild and candidates for being incorporated in mating sets for spawning. This issue was addressed during the course of the project by examining the potential of a non-lethal method of hormonal sexing. The results of these preliminary investigations are presented in the third part of this report. All protocols used in the project were determined with the guidance of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Southern Mississippi (USM IACUC protocol number 10100108).
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Kakoyannis, Christina, and George H. Stankey. Assessing and evaluating recreational uses of water resources: implications for an integrated management framework. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-536.

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Lonsdale, Whitney R., Wyatt F. Cross, Charles E. Dalby, Sara E. Meloy, and Ann C. Schwend. Evaluating Irrigation Efficiency: Toward a Sustainable Water Future for Montana. The Montana University System Water Center, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/mwc202011.

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Water is our most valuable natural resource, and is used to support the demands of industry, agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and municipalities. Water also sustains Montana’s booming recreation and tourism economy and maintains the diverse freshwater ecosystems that provide natural goods and services and promote human well-being. As our population continues to grow, and the collective demand for water increases, it is imperative that we carefully assess how our water is used, as well as how changes in water distribution, management, and governance are likely to influence its availability in the future. This is especially important in the context of a changing climate.
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Lowney, Martin S., Scott F. Beckerman, Scott C. Barras, and Thomas W. Seamans. Gulls. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7208740.ws.

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Abundant gull populations in North America have led to a variety of conflicts with people. Gulls cause damage at aquaculture facilities and other properties, and often collide with aircraft. Their use of structures on and near water results in excessive amounts of bird droppings on boats and docks. Their presence near outdoor dining establishments, swimming beaches, and recreational sites can lead to negative interactions with people. Large amounts of gull fecal material pollutes water and beaches resulting in drinking water contamination and swim bans. A combination of dispersal techniques, exclusion and limited lethal control may reduce damage to an acceptable level. Gulls are classified as a migratory bird species and are protected by federal and, in most cases, state laws. In the United States, gulls may be taken only with a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Occasionally, an additional permit is required from the state wildlife management agency.
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Maynard, D. L. Ground-water extraction at Fire Lake Recreation Center, Eagle River, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1315.

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Dugan, Alexa, Al Steele, David Hollinger, Richard Birdsey, and Jeremy Lichstein. Assessment of Forest Sector Carbon Stocks and Mitigation Potential for the State Forests of Pennsylvania. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6893743.ch.

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Forests and their products provide many benefits including clean water, recreation, wildlife habitat, wood products, energy, as well as carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. This project assesses past and future carbon sequestration and mitigation potential across the forest sector of Pennsylvania with a focus on State Forest lands. This research resulted from a collaboration between the U.S. Forest Service and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (PA DCNR).
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Henderson, Jim E., and Brian A. Roach. Water Reallocation in the Willamette Basin - the Recreation Factor. RECNOTES: Volume R-99-2. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada373111.

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Gladney, E. S., R. W. Ferenbaugh, M. G. Bell, C. Burns, J. D. Morgan, E. J. Nickell, and T. Graham. Chemical analysis of selected pothole water sources in Southwestern National Parks, Monuments, and Recreation Areas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10182459.

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Marion, D. A. Predicted high-water elevations for selected flood events at the Albert Pike Recreation Area, Ouachita National Forest. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-164.

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