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Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Mattson, Jeremy. "Relationships between Density and per Capita Municipal Spending in the United States." Urban Science 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030069.

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The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between land use, particularly density, and per capita spending levels in cities across the United States. A model was developed using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances to estimate the impacts of population-weighted density and other factors on per capita municipal spending. This study focused on municipal spending for eight categories that theoretically could be influenced by land use development: fire protection, streets and highways, libraries, parks and recreation, police, sewer, solid waste management, and water. Density was found to be negatively associated with per capita municipal expenditures for the following cost categories: operational costs for fire protection, streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, solid waste management, and water; construction costs for streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, and water; and land and existing facility costs for police, sewer, and water. Results were insignificant for other cost categories, and a positive relationship was found for police operations costs. In general, results support the conclusion that increased density is associated with reduced per capita municipal spending for several cost categories.

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2

Gross, Alina, and Robert S. Bristow. "Rail trails and housing values: A longitudinal study." Turyzm/Tourism 32, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.32.2.06.

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Greenways are recognized as an essential tool to build sustainable communities. An example in the United States are the rail trails where decommissioned rail corridors are being improved to provide the benefits of non-motorized transportation systems for recreation and exercise, and the daily commute to school, work and shopping. Yet despite these benefits some still argue the presence of the rail trail as a NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard). To address this argument, we calculate the economic benefit to homeowners living in proximity to rail trails over a ten year period to observe the dramatic changes in value over time. It was hypothesized that there would be a change in housing values based on proximity to greenways. This article will begin with an overview and a literature review on research related to greenways and home values, describe the context of this particular case study in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts, United States, provide an overview of the methods employed for the calculations and analysis, and conclude with some reflections and the potential limitations that should be considered for undertaking future research on this topic.

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3

León, Maria, Corliss Outley, Miner Marchbanks, and Brandy Kelly Pryor. "A Review of Recreation Requirements in U.S. Juvenile Justice Facilities." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 5 (August 6, 2019): 763–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419864415.

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In the United States, the mission of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention includes the development and implementation of prevention and intervention programs. While many of these initiatives include recreation, there remains no standard for recreation programs. The purpose of this study was to review the written authorities for each state to identify the minimum requirements for recreation programming in juvenile justice facilities. Among other discoveries, we found that across all states, there is not a shared definition of recreation, only 70% of states have daily mandatory minimums requirements, only 44% of states require youth be given time outside, and only 56% of states include justifications for denying youth access to recreation. Implications for professionals and researchers are discussed, as well as suggestions for further inquiry and the integration of recreation into the treatment process.

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DIESER, RODNEY B. "Genealogy of the United States Therapeutic Recreation Certification Framework." Leisure Studies 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0201436042000250140.

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5

Knight, Kyle W., and Feng Hao. "Is Outdoor Recreation Associated with Greater Climate Change Concern in the United States?" Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063520.

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There has been extensive research on the association between environmental attitudes and outdoor recreation (or nature-based leisure activities) since the 1970s. There is now considerable evidence to support the claim that spending time in nature leads to greater connectedness to nature and thereby greater pro-environmental attitudes and behavior. However, there is an absence of research focused specifically on the association between outdoor recreation and concern for climate change, which is arguably the most pressing environmental problem facing the world today. We build on previous research by using the 2021 General Social Survey and structural equation modeling to analyze the association between frequency of engaging in outdoor recreation and concern for climate change among adults in the United States, with special attention to the role of enjoying being in nature. Controlling for other factors, we find that frequency of outdoor recreation has a positive, significant effect on climate change concern, but only indirectly via enjoyment of nature. Individuals who more frequently engage in outdoor recreation activities tend to report a greater sense of enjoyment of being outside in nature, and this enjoyment of nature is associated with a higher level of concern for climate change.

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6

Zawacki, William T., Allan Marsinko, and J. M. Bowker. "A Travel Cost Analysis of Nonconsumptive Wildlife-Associated Recreation in the United States." Forest Science 46, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/46.4.496.

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Abstract Increased emphasis on sustainable resource management in forestry has effectuated a demand for various nontimber values. Nonconsumptive wildlife recreation is an important nontimber service produced on forest and rangeland. Travel cost models and data from the 1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation are used to estimate the demand and value for nonconsumptive wildlife-associated recreation in the United States. Resulting welfare measures are shown to be sensitive to assumptions about the cost of travel time, pecuniary costs, and functional form. Consumer surplus estimates range from 18.7 to 327.5 dollars per trip, while aggregate estimates of consumer surplus resulting from access to nonconsumptive wildlife recreation range from 5.8 to 66.4 billion dollars annually. Availability of information about nonparticipants allows comparison of truncated and untruncated demand models. Contrary to previous findings, consumer surplus estimates from truncated models are smaller than for untruncated counterparts. Trip demand is found to be adversely affected by per capita decreases in forest and rangeland. Models include interaction variables to avoid forcing hunting or fishing as potential substitutes for the large number of people who do not hunt or fish. Hunting and nonconsumptive wildlife recreation are complementary activities, while the results for fishing are mixed. FOR. SCI. 46(4):496–506.

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7

McGuire, F. A., J. T. O’Leary, and F. D. Dottavio. "Outdoor Recreation in the Third Age: Results of The United States Nationwide Recreation Survey." World Leisure & Recreation 28, no. 2 (April 1986): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10261133.1986.10558932.

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8

Dieser, Rodney. "Special issues: Global therapeutic recreation: Should the United States therapeutic recreation profession and the United States National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification (NCTRC) be replicated in other nations." World Leisure Journal 55, no. 4 (October 24, 2013): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2013.843305.

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9

Pitts, Stephanie B. Jilcott, Michael B. Edwards, Justin B. Moore, Kindal A. Shores, Katrina Drowatzky DuBose, and David McGranahan. "Obesity Is Inversely Associated With Natural Amenities and Recreation Facilities Per Capita." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 10, no. 7 (September 2013): 1032–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.7.1032.

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Background:Little is known about the associations between natural amenities, recreation facility density, and obesity, at a national level. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to examine associations between county-level natural amenities, density of recreation facilities, and obesity prevalence among United States counties.Methods:Data were obtained from a compilation of sources within the United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Food Environment Atlas. Independent variables of interest were the natural amenities scale and recreation facilities per capita. The dependent variable was county-level obesity prevalence. Potential covariates included a measure of county-level percent Black residents, percent Hispanic residents, median age, and median household income. All models were stratified by population loss, persistent poverty, and metro status. Multilevel linear regression models were used to examine the association between obesity and natural amenities and recreation facilities, with “state” as a random effects second level variable.Results:There were statistically significant negative associations between percent obesity and 1) natural amenities and 2) recreation facilities per capita.Conclusions:Future research should examine environmental and policy changes to increase recreation facilities and enhance accessible natural amenities to decrease obesity rates.

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10

Banhidi, PhD, Miklos, Fran Stavola Daly, EdD, CTRS, Eduardo De Paula Azzine, MS, Rodney B. Dieser, PhD, Shannon Hebblethwaite, PhD, David Jones, EdD, CTRS, Fumika Kimura, MS, Sharon E. McKenzie, PhD, CTRS, Charlé Meyer, PhD, and Marié E. M. Young, DPhil. "A global therapeutic recreation discussion: An overview from Rimini, Italy." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 12, no. 4 (August 24, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2013.0053.

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The 2012 World Leisure Congress (hosted by the World Leisure Organization) took place in Rimini, Italy, from September 30 to October 3. The World Leisure Organization currently has 12 global commissions on various topics (eg, children and youth, leisure education, tourism and the environment, and women and gender), which is focused on having global interactions and discussions related to the three main objectives of research, information dissemination, and advocacy.1 The purpose of this article is to summarize the World Leisure Commission on Accessibility and Inclusion academic labor related to the topic of global therapeutic recreation. To this end, the question at hand for this global commission to discuss was as follows: Is the United States National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification (NCTRC) an appropriate credentialing framework for professionals in different countries who are dedicated to working with people with disabilities/special needs in the area of accessibility, inclusion, and therapeutic recreation? The purpose of this article is to share, to the wider United States therapeutic recreation profession, responses and thoughts of members of the global therapeutic recreation commission.

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11

Dilsaver, Lary M., and Charles I. Zinser. "Outdoor Recreation: United States National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands." Geographical Review 86, no. 2 (April 1996): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215968.

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12

Gellman, Jacob, Margaret Walls, and Matthew Wibbenmeyer. "Wildfire, smoke, and outdoor recreation in the western United States." Forest Policy and Economics 134 (January 2022): 102619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102619.

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13

Rockel, Mark L., and Mary Jo Kealy. "The Value of Nonconsumptive Wildlife Recreation in the United States." Land Economics 67, no. 4 (November 1991): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146549.

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14

Crompton, John L. "Emergence of the unfair competition issue in United States' recreation." Managing Leisure 3, no. 2 (January 1998): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136067198376076.

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15

STEINDL., J. "WAR FINANCE IN THE UNITED STATES." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 5, no. 13 (May 1, 2009): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1943.mp5013001.x.

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16

Chiu, Shirley, Robin Newberger, and Anna Paulson. "Islamic finance in the United States." Society 42, no. 6 (September 2005): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02687517.

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17

CHRISTIANS, ALLISON, SAMUEL A. DONALDSON, PHILIP F. POSTLEWAITE, and Cynthia Blum. "United States International Taxation." Journal of the American Taxation Association 32, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2010.32.2.93.

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18

Witt, Peter A., and John L. Crompton. "Positive Youth Development Practices in Recreation Settings in the United States." World Leisure Journal 45, no. 2 (January 2003): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2003.9674311.

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19

Cole, David N., and Jeffrey L. Marion. "Recreation impacts in some riparian forests of the Eastern United States." Environmental Management 12, no. 1 (January 1988): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01867381.

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20

Austin, David R., and Bryan P. McCormick. "Distance education in therapeutic recreation/recreational therapy in the United States." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 23, no. 1 (March 11, 2024): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.0281.

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Distance education (DE) today is a growing phenomenon in American colleges and universities, almost exclusively in the form of online courses. With the rapid development of DE, it has become a burgeoning force within college and university therapeutic recreation/recreational therapy (TR/RT) programs, at a time that there has been a decline in TR/RT professional preparation programs. DE is certainly a timely and important topic for the TR/RT profession. Yet, the development of DE in TR/RT has been largely neglected in the literature of TR/RT. Within this article, the evolution of DE in TR/RT is traced, and ramifications resulting from the developments of DE in TR/RT are considered.

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21

Hall, Stacey. "Impact of Facility Maintenance on Campus Recreational Sports Departments at Public Universities in the United States." Recreational Sports Journal 34, no. 2 (October 2010): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.34.2.103.

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Society, government, and the economy have a direct impact on the condition and availability of facilities at public colleges and universities across the country. This article explores the factors that have led to the current state of facilities and specific attention is given campus recreation facilities. Strategies for addressing the backlog of deferred maintenance are included. Stakeholders need to work collaboratively to ensure an institution has the recreation facilities needed for the campus.

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22

Taff, B. Derrick, William L. Rice, Ben Lawhon, and Peter Newman. "Who Started, Stopped, and Continued Participating in Outdoor Recreation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States? Results from a National Panel Study." Land 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121396.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has been proposed as a catalyst for many U.S. residents to re-engage in outdoor recreation or engage in outdoor recreation for the first time. This manuscript describes the results of a representative U.S. national panel study aimed at better understanding the socio-demographic profile (gender, ethnicity, community type, income, and age) of those participants new to outdoor recreation since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, we address how these new outdoor recreationists differ from (1) those who frequently participated in outdoor recreation prior to the pandemic and continue to participate in outdoor recreation, (2) those who did not frequently participate in outdoor recreation prior to the pandemic and remain un-engaged, and (3) those who frequently participated in outdoor recreation prior to the pandemic but stopped their frequent participation following the onset of the pandemic. Results from this U.S. national study suggest that 35.8% of respondents indicated that they did not participate regularly in outdoor recreation prior to the pandemic or during the pandemic, 30.4% indicated that they did participate regularly in outdoor recreation prior to the pandemic and continued to do so regularly during the pandemic, and 13.5% indicated that they did participate regularly in outdoor recreation prior to the pandemic, but did not continue to do so during the pandemic. More than 20% of the sample indicated that they were new outdoor recreationists. The majority of respondents in all categories, including those that were new to outdoor recreation amidst the pandemic, identified as being white, however these new outdoor recreationists were also the least ethnically diverse. The previously but no longer outdoor recreationist respondents were significantly more ethnically diverse than the other three groups, and they tended to live in more urbanized settings. Discussion of these results includes implications for outdoor recreation managers, and researchers who seek to better understand who the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced with regard to outdoor recreation participation. Implications regarding social justice, access and equity to public places that facilitate outdoor recreation, and health-related policies are discussed.

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Williams, Nathan. "Exploring Outdoor Recreation Activities as a Facilitator for College Student Diversity Experiences." Recreational Sports Journal 46, no. 1 (April 2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15588661211047595.

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Racial intolerance and violence in the United States, and on college campuses specifically, has created a dire need for universities to bridge gaps between students of diverse backgrounds and beliefs. Campus recreation programs offer promising environments for students from diverse identities to engage with each other and learn about peers, while increasing their openness to diversity. Despite this potential, little is known about how students engage with diversity in recreation contexts. This phenomenological study uncovered the experiences of students attending diversity-focused outdoor adventure trips and examined the facets of this recreation environment that contributed to engagement with diverse peers. Campus recreation administrators can use these findings to consider parallel experiences throughout recreation programs that can bring students from diverse backgrounds together.

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Oluoch, Sydney, Pankaj Lal, Bernabas Wolde, Andres Susaeta, Josè R. Soto, Meghann Smith, and Damian C. Adams. "Public Preferences for Longleaf Pine Restoration Programs in the Southeastern United States." Forest Science 67, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab008.

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Abstract Longleaf pine (LLP) (Pinus palustris Mill.) is well known for its role in supporting healthy ecosystems in the southeastern (SE) United States (US). The decline of LLP forest ecosystems has led to a consensus among stakeholders that restoration efforts are needed. However, there is still a lack of robust understanding of the utilization of nonmarket ecosystem services of LLP forests. These challenges have presented major barriers to landowner acceptance of subsidized LLP restoration programs. Understanding the tradeoffs between forest ecosystem services is critical to restoring LLP in the SE US. This study employs the best-worst choice (BWC) method to assess public preferences toward hypothetical LLP restoration programs that consider ecosystem services such as recreation, timber production, carbon sequestration, water yield, and wildlife diversity. We surveyed a representative sample of n = 953 respondents from Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida, and results showed that residents in all four states are willing to pay for LLP restoration, with the highest average willingness to pay (WTP) for forest recreation ($20.39), followed by red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW) conservation ($13.37) and carbon sequestration ($13.32). This research provides important public preference information on ecosystem services that is critical in forming sustainable LLP restoration programs.

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Hussain, Anwar, Ian A. Munn, David W. Holland, James B. Armstrong, and Stan R. Spurlock. "Economic Impact of Wildlife-Associated Recreation Expenditures in the Southeast United States: A General Equilibrium Analysis." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44, no. 1 (February 2012): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800000171.

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The economic impact of wildlife-associated recreation in the Southeast United States was evaluated using a general equilibrium model. Exogenous demand shocks to the regional economy were based on estimates of expenditures by wildlife recreationists on hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching activities. Counterfactual simulations were carried out, making alternative assumptions about labor and capital mobility and their supply. Without wildlife-associated recreation expenditures, regional employment would have been smaller by up to 783 thousand jobs, and value added would have been $22 to $48 billion less. These findings underscore the significance of regional factor market conditions in economic impact and general equilibrium analysis.

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Chavez, Deborah J., James A. Harding, and Joanne F. Tynon. "National Recreation Trails: A Forgotten Designation." Journal of Forestry 97, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/97.10.40.

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Abstract What value does federal designation add to open space resources that are not all federally owned and managed? Over the years the federal government, under the auspices of the National Park Service and USDA Forest Service, has designated trails across the United States as National Recreation Trails. A survey of federal, nonfederal public, and private National Recreation Trail managers indicated that few knew they maintained a federally designated trail. As a result, the managers could not use the designation to help them manage the trails. The time is right to revitalize this system.

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27

Bryant, Clifton D., and Craig J. Forsyth. "THE FUN GOD: SPORTS, RECREATION, LEISURE, AND AMUSEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES." Sociological Spectrum 25, no. 2 (February 16, 2005): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170590884059.

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28

Heinz, Annelise. "“Maid’s Day Off”: Leisured Domesticity in the Mid-Twentieth-Century United States." American Historical Review 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz642.

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Abstract At the height of the mid-twentieth-century domestic revival, middle-class Jewish women created forms of “leisured domesticity,” marked by temporary female-only recreational spaces in their family-centered arenas. In contrast to other forms of recreation, with mahjong second-generation Jewish women gained an entitlement to peer-oriented leisure in the site of domestic labor: the home. Based on extensive oral histories, Heinz argues that consistent cultural patterns emerged around mahjong. These commonalities created a widespread culture that reached its height in the postwar years of upward mobility, experienced in particularly pronounced ways by Jewish Americans. Although the culture of mahjong could reinforce women’s domestic roles as much as undermine them, the weekly mahjong ritual demanded a temporary reallocation of household labor. Understandings of postwar life have largely been shaped by a duality between what defined an idealized domesticity in theory (devoted mothers in family-centered middle-class homes) and the ways that women resisted or were excluded from these norms. In contrast, the practices of leisured domesticity illuminate a multidimensional reality. Mahjong-playing mothers neither overthrew nor fully acquiesced to the powerful norms of postwar American “model” domesticity. Creating a widely accepted rhythm of women’s recreation made domesticity more livable by carving out patterns of leisure within it.

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McKibben, Jason, Christopher Clemons, and Makeda Nurradin. "Hybrid Vigor: A Quantitative Analysis of Job Satisfaction of United States School Based Secondary Agricultural Education Classrooms." Journal of Agricultural Education 63, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.02238.

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The balance between work and personal life has seen a renewed focus in the years since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the years leading up to the work stoppage in 2020 a growing body of literature was being compiled that agriculture teachers, as many of the American population do, suffered from a lack of balance between personal and work life. This study sought to examine the way agriculture teachers spent their time, how they viewed their job satisfaction, and if any relationships exist between them. A national sample of agriculture teachers (N = 570) was conducted and when the results were interpreted it was found that agriculture teachers are majority female (51.9%), almost all took agriculture courses in high school (89.3%), were active in FFA in high school (81.9%), and many continued that membership into college (44.9%). Most teachers spent some time outside of school hours preparing for class, SAE supervision, and other school-based activities, but most of their time was spent on FFA activities. Teachers reported some time spent in domestic, civic/religious, and recreation time outside of work. Teachers had a heavy slant towards positive job satisfaction, (M = 1.86, SD = .788) on a one through five scale with one being extremely good and five being extremely bad. Significant correlations were found at a small level (Cohen, 2013) between time in SAE, time in recreation, and salary range with job satisfaction. Significant linear (p < 0.05) regressions were calculated with salary, time in SAE’s, time spent in recreation. Time spent in recreation provided the best fit.

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Yang, PhD, CTRS, Heewon, and Hansook Yi, PhD. "Perceived benefits of and attitudes about alcohol use among therapeutic recreation students." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2010.0011.

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A previous study1 found that therapeutic recreation (TR) students are more heavily engaged in a variety of alcohol-related activities than are other recreation major students. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to provide both educators in TR and TR professionals in practice with more information about alcohol use among TR students. First, this study examined the participants’ perceptions on the benefits of alcohol use. The study results were compared with the perceived benefits that are reported by other recreation students and general public in the United States. This study further examined beliefs and attitudes about alcohol use among TR students. As supplemental data, the participants’ attitudes were compared with those of other recreation students (ie, outdoor, community, and commercial).

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Wilkins, Emily J., and Lydia Horne. "Effects and perceptions of weather, climate, and climate change on outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in the United States: A systematic review." PLOS Climate 3, no. 4 (April 3, 2024): e0000266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000266.

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Weather, climate, and climate change all effect outdoor recreation and tourism, and will continue to cause a multitude of effects as the climate warms. We conduct a systematic literature review to better understand how weather, climate, and climate change affect outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism across the United States. We specifically explore how the effects differ by recreational activity, and how visitors and supply-side tourism operators perceive these effects and risks. The 82 papers reviewed show the complex ways in which weather, climate, and climate change may affect outdoor recreation, with common themes being an extended season to participate in warm-weather activities, a shorter season to participate in snow-dependent activities, and larger negative effects to activities that depend on somewhat consistent precipitation levels (e.g., snow-based recreation, water-based recreation, fishing). Nature-based tourists perceive a variety of climate change effects on tourism, and some recreationists have already changed their behavior as a result of climate change. Nature-based tourism suppliers are already noticing a wide variety of climate change effects, including shifts in seasonality of specific activities and visitation overall. Collectively, this review provides insights into our current understanding of climate change and outdoor recreation and opportunities for future research.

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Benson, Reed D. "Public on Paper: The Failure of Law to Protect Public Water Uses in the Western United States." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (October 21, 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2011.2600.

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Water conflicts in the western United States increasingly arise from competition between traditional economic uses (especially irrigation, municipal supply and hydropower) and public uses (especially environmental protection and water-based recreation). Western United States water law, based on the prior appropriation doctrine, has always promoted maximizing ‘beneficial use’ of the resource and has effectively protected water allocations for traditional purposes. Public water uses also enjoy some legal protection, but it exists mostly on paper; in practice, neither statutory public interest provisions nor the non-statutory public trust doctrine has been widely effective. This paper identifies the relevant legal principles and briefly explains how they have failed to protect public water uses in the western United States.

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Cumming, Douglas, Grant Fleming, and Armin Schwienbacher. "Corporate Relocation in Venture Capital Finance." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33, no. 5 (September 2009): 1121–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00337.x.

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This paper introduces an analysis of international relocation decisions of venture capital (VC)–backed companies. Relocations to the United States are motivated by economic conditions as well as an improvement in the laws of the country in which the entrepreneurial firm is based. Relocations to the United States yield much greater returns to Asia–Pacific VCs than investing in companies already based in the United States at the time of VC investment. Further, more experienced Asia–Pacific VCs have greater success with their investee relocations to the United States, and these relocations yield higher returns relative to staying in their country of origin.

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Delener, Nejdet. "Current trends in the global tourism industry: evidence from the United States." Revista de Administração Pública 44, no. 5 (October 2010): 1125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-76122010000500006.

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Tourism is one of the largest U.S. industries, serving millions of international and domestic tourists yearly. Tourists visit the U.S. to see natural wonders, cities, historic landmarks, and entertainment venues. Americans seek similar attractions as well as recreation and vacation areas. Tourism competes in the global market, so it is important to understand current trends in the U.S. travel industry. Therefore, this article offers insight into important trends and suggests strategies for policy makers involved in the travel and tourism industry.

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35

Cuenca-Esteban, Javier. "United States, 1790-1819." Revue de l'OFCE 140, no. 4 (2015): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.140.0385.

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36

Duffield, John W., Chris J. Neher, David A. Patterson, and Aaron M. Deskins. "Effects of wildfire on national park visitation and the regional economy: a natural experiment in the Northern Rockies." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 8 (2013): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12170.

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Federal wildland fire management policy in the United States directs the use of value-based methods to guide priorities. However, the economic literature on the effect of wildland fire on nonmarket uses, such as recreation, is limited. This paper introduces a new approach to measuring the effect of wildfire on recreational use by utilising newly available long-term datasets on the location and size of wildland fire in the United States and observed behaviour over time as revealed through comprehensive National Park Service (NPS) visitor data. We estimate travel cost economic demand models that can be aggregated at the site-landscape level for Yellowstone National Park (YNP). The marginal recreation benefit per acre of fire avoided in, or proximate to, the park is US$43.82 per acre (US$108.29 per hectare) and the net present value loss for the 1986–2011 period is estimated to be US$206 million. We also estimate marginal regional economic impacts at US$36.69 per acre (US$90.66 per hectare) and US$159 million based on foregone non-resident spending in the 17-county Great Yellowstone Area (GYA). These methods are applicable where time-series recreation data exist, such as for other parks and ecosystems represented in the 397-unit NPS system.

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M. B. B. Biskupski. "The United States and the Recreation of the Interwar Polish Economy, 1919–20." Slavonic and East European Review 94, no. 1 (2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.1.0093.

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Mangun, William R., and John B. Loomis. "AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FUNDING ALTERNATIVES FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION IN THE UNITED STATES." Review of Policy Research 7, no. 2 (December 1987): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1987.tb00057.x.

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Chen, Wanxin, and Xiao Chen*. "Developmental Trajectory of the American Yacht Clubs." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 16, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.301205.

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The yacht industry is one of the leading industries used to guide residents’ increase in consumption. This study analyzes the evolving spatial pattern of yacht clubs in the United States from 1900-2017, aiming to explore the developmental trajectory of yacht clubs in the United States. This study finds that: 1) Yacht clubs in the United States clustered aggregately and unevenly. The concentration of yacht clubs ranges from the northeastern part of the United States to the western and southern regions. 2) The driving factors influencing the development of yacht clubs in the United States changed along with time. The state ship and boat building industry was the main driving factors in phase I (before 1900). The state steel industry was the main driver in phase II (1900-1950). In phase III (1950-2000), state tourism GDP became the main driver, and in phase IV (2000-2017), state GDP and state ocean tourism and recreation GDP became the main factors. This study enriches the literature in the area of yacht tourism in terms of understanding the temporal-spatial pattern of yacht clubs.

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Lower-Hoppe, Leeann M., Megan L. Parietti, and W. Andrew Czekanski. "Current Priorities in Campus Recreation: A Multi-Institutional Study of Strategic Plans." Recreational Sports Journal 43, no. 1 (April 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558866119838639.

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Strategic planning is a proactive process of analyzing an organization to identify the organization’s values, mission, vision, goals, and objectives. Within campus recreation, research has focused on the processes of strategic planning, without examining the distinct organizational strategies of individual departments. The purpose of the study was to examine the content and structure of strategic plans within campus recreation and identify major priorities across institutions as a means to inform campus recreation practice. To achieve this aim, document analyses were conducted on campus recreation strategic plans of five large universities (public and private) across the United States for content and structure. The data were categorized by prominent strategic planning components outlined in Haines’s campus recreation assessment model, from which codes and themes emerged. A standard of excellence, service, and outcomes were identified as major priorities across institutions and strategic planning components. The results demonstrated an ineffective structure of goals and objectives, highlighting areas for improvement. Through empirical investigation, industry standards can be established to enhance quality programming in campus recreation.

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GARTEN, HELEN A. "UNITED STATES BANK FAILURE POLICY." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 1, no. 3 (January 1993): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb024771.

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Grigsby, William G. "Housing Finance and Subsidies in the United States." Urban Studies 27, no. 6 (December 1990): 831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420989020080871.

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Metzler, Jeffrey. "Inequitable Equilibrium: School Finance in the United States." Indiana Law Review 36, no. 3 (January 3, 2003): 561–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/3596.

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Boehlert, Brent, Ellen Fitzgerald, James E. Neumann, Kenneth M. Strzepek, and Jeremy Martinich. "Effects of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation on Drought Impacts in the United States." Weather, Climate, and Society 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-14-00020.1.

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Abstract The authors present a method for analyzing the economic benefits to the United States resulting from changes in drought frequency and severity due to global greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. The method begins by constructing reduced-form models of the effect of drought on agriculture and reservoir recreation in the contiguous United States. These relationships are then applied to drought projections based on two climate stabilization scenarios and two twenty-first-century time periods. Drought indices are sector specific and include both the standardized precipitation index and the Palmer drought severity index. It is found that the modeled regional effects of drought on each sector are negative, almost always statistically significant, and often large in magnitude. These results confirm that drought has been an important driver of historical reductions in economic activity in these sectors. Comparing a reference climate scenario to two GHG mitigation scenarios in 2050 and 2100, the authors find that, for the agricultural sector, mitigation reduces both drought incidence and damages through its effects on temperature and precipitation, despite regional differences in the sign and magnitude of effects under certain model scenarios. The current annual damages of drought across all sectors have been estimated at $6–$8 billion (U.S. dollars), but this analysis shows that average annual benefits of GHG mitigation to the U.S. agricultural sector alone reach $980 million by 2050 and upward of $2.2 billion by 2100. Benefits to reservoir recreation depend on reservoir location and data availability. Economic benefits of GHG mitigation are highest in the southwestern United States, where drought frequency is projected to increase most dramatically in the absence of GHG mitigation policies.

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Alber, Nader, and Mohamed Dabour. "The Dynamic Relationship between FinTech and Social Distancing under COVID-19 Pandemic: Digital Payments Evidence." International Journal of Economics and Finance 12, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n11p109.

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This paper investigats the opportunities of growth under restrictions of social distancing for FinTech. This has been conducted on 10 countries (United States, United Kingdom, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Japan, South Korea, Italy, India and Nigeria) during the period from March to June 2020. Results indicate that social distancing may affect digital payments. This has been supported for retail and recreation (X1), grocery and pharmacy (X2), transit stations (X4) and workplaces (X5), whithout any evidence about significant effects for parks (X3) and residentials (X6).    

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Mateer, Timothy J., Theresa N. Melton, Zachary D. Miller, Ben Lawhon, Jennifer P. Agans, Danielle F. Lawson, Kathryn J. Brasier, and B. Derrick Taff. "The Potential Pro-Environmental Behavior Spillover Effects of Specialization in Environmentally Responsible Outdoor Recreation." Land 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2023): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12111970.

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Outdoor recreationists represent a key population to educate for pro-environmental behavior (PEB). Given that previous research has found a mixed relationship between outdoor recreation and PEB, this research merges several concepts to better understand the social psychological nuances of this relationship. Specifically, this study explores how specialization regarding environmentally responsible outdoor recreation is related to other PEBs through a behavioral spillover framework. A correlational structural equation model was utilized to test this framework within a merged population of individuals from the Leave No Trace organization and general United States citizens. The results suggested that traditional behavioral spillover dynamics held for private PEBs but not public PEBs. However, recreation specialization was significantly related to both PEB types. These results suggest that the current behavioral spillover theory may only explain the relationship between some PEBs. Furthermore, environmentally responsible outdoor recreation specialization may be a promising pathway toward a spillover into encouraging private and public PEBs.

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Gulamhusein, PhD, Shemine A., Stewart Alford, MHSc, PhD, and Taylor Hooker, PhD Student. "Early-career experiences of TR practitioners in Australia, the United States, and Canada." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2020.0216.

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The objective of this article is to draw attention to the negotiations and navigations of early-career practitioners within the discipline of therapeutic recreation (TR). Three of us, from Australia, Canada, and the United States, who are actively engaged in practice and scholarship, come together to discuss the challenges we each face to highlight the importance of local and global collaborations, and to critically account for the complexities of entering the TR field. Ultimately, this article aims to explore why a practitioner would commit to the profession of TR, and obtain and maintain a TR certification.

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Gulamhusein, PhD, Shemine A., Stewart Alford, MHSc, PhD, and Taylor Hooker, PhD Student. "Early-career experiences of TR practitioners in Australia, the United States, and Canada." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 20, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2021.0236.

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The objective of this article is to draw attention to the negotiations and navigations of early-career practitioners within the discipline of therapeutic recreation (TR). Three of us, from Australia, Canada, and the United States, who are actively engaged in practice and scholarship, come together to discuss the challenges we each face to highlight the importance of local and global collaborations, and to critically account for the complexities of entering the TR field. Ultimately, this article aims to explore why a practitioner would commit to the profession of TR, and obtain and maintain a TR certification.

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Henderson, Karla, Heidi Grappendorf, Candice Bruton, and Stacy Tomas. "The status of women in the parks and recreation profession in the United States." World Leisure Journal 55, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2012.759142.

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Obedzinski, Robert A., Charles G. Shaw, and Daniel G. Neary. "Declining Woody Vegetation in Riparian Ecosystems of the Western United States." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.4.169.

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Abstract Riparian ecosystems serve critical ecological functions in western landscapes. The woody plant components in many of these keystone systems are in serious decline. Among the causes are invasion by exotic species, stress-induced mortality, increases in insect and disease attack, drought, beaver, fire, climatic changes, and various anthropogenic activities. The latter include agricultural development, groundwater depletion, dam construction, water diversion, gravel mining, timber harvesting, recreation, urbanization, and grazing. This article examines the factors implicated in the decline and discusses the importance of interactions among these factors in causing decline. It also clarifies issues that need to be addressed in order to restore and maintain sustainable riparian ecosystems in the western United States, including the function of vegetation, silvics of the woody plant species involved, hydrologic condition, riparian zone structure, and landscape features, geomorphology, and management objectives. West. J. Appl. For. 16(4):169-181.

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