Relevant bibliographies by topics / Recreation areas Cost effectiveness

Academic literature on the topic 'Recreation areas Cost effectiveness'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Recreation areas Cost effectiveness"

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Abdullaeva, I. V., and A. V. Bredikhin. "Methodology of the multiscale assessment of geomorphological safety of seacoasts, on the example of the south-eastern Baltic coast." Geomorphology RAS, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0435-42812019257-67.

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The article presents a methodological approach to assessing the geomorphological safety of sea coasts based on the close interdependence between geomorphological conditions and active coastal recreational activities. One of the key stages of the proposed assessment is recreational-geomorphological zoning, which results in separation of regions, districts and local areas in relation to relief homogeneity and recreational situation. The suggested approach is based on the quantitative indicators of the environment — conditions of relief formation and the geomorphological properties of the territory. Group of criteria for the situation of relief formation includes lithological, hydrometeorological, human and social factors. Among the group of geomorphological criteria are: morphometric characteristics of the coast, the dynamics of the coast and the activity of slope processes. Resultant geomorphological safety was classified into three classes: the most suitable areas for recreation; territories subject to further refinement; and inconvenience territories that cannot be used at all. The results of the geomorphological safety assessment are designed to increase the effectiveness of recreational environmental planning. The suggested principles of geomorphological assessment can be used not only for the Baltic region, but almost for any coastal region, which may require some correction of criteria.
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Venter, S. N., A. L. Kühn, and J. Harris. "A method for the prioritization of areas experiencing microbial pollution of surface water." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0490.

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The increased threat of faecal pollution in recent years and the high priority of protecting human health by the government led to the initiation of a national microbial monitoring programme for surface water in South Africa. According to the design of the programme, monitoring sites had to be selected in order to assess the status and trends of faecal pollution. Issues of efficiency and cost-effectiveness dictated that the monitoring would focus on areas with the greatest risk. A method based on relevant land and water use information (e.g. level of water supply and sanitation, agricultural practices, surface runoff, recreation) was developed for the selection and prioritization of these areas. A measurement scale was described for all sensitive uses to ensure the objectivity of the selection process. For the prioritization purposes, weights were assigned to the different uses according to their impact. This was done by means of the simple multi-attribute rating technique (SMART). The method was found to be useful for the identification of high-risk areas but the availability and reliability of the data are some of the major constraints.
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Krisyanto, Budi, Bambang Supriyono, Endah Setyowati, and Gatot Ciptadi. "Innovation in the Management of Sustainable Environmental Study Tourism Park (TWSL) in Probolinggo." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i2.2289.

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Local diversity through site-dependent activities such as tourism and resource-based recreation, as well as resource extraction, may offer opportunities for regional development and restructuration. The small number of open spaces in urban areas is a factor in the considerably high pressure of life in the city center. Therefore, the existence of public open spaces in the city center, especially green open spaces in urban areas, is needed because of its function and role as a place for socialization and recreation as well as an alternative rest area with its fresh air in the midst of hectic activities in the city center. Public open space also serves as a place for people to relieve fatigue after a long hard work at a very low cost. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness and the efficiency of the management of the Environmental Study Tourism Park in the City of Probolinggo. The management of urban forest in the former “red are” idle land for ecological, educational and socio-economic purposes as a manifestation of public green open space in urban areas is developed into an Environmental Study Tourism Park. Based on the results of research on the performance of the government/management in providing services to the community regarding environmental education information is considered to be good enough because it is supported by certified experts in accordance with their fields and provide convenience to the community/educational institutions in terms of visiting and learning flora and fauna.
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Kurdyukov, Vladimir, Ilona Avlasenko, Lyudmila Avlasenko, and Sergey Kanurny. "Assessment of environmental performance in recreational areas with the consideration of assimilation potential." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 14003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017514003.

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Externalities are a significant feature for recreational tourism. The increase in the specificity of the resource and its significance for the territory may be an additional factor in lowering the requirements for the effective implementation of Coase’s idea to solve the problem of externalities. Tourist recreational areas can be an ideal object for implementing Coase’s idea of reducing externalities. Given the assessment of environmental quality with the consideration of assimilation potential, it is possible to describe the additional value of changing the volume of environmental pollution for the economic system in the recreational area. The increasing importance of other factors for tourist recreational activities can be factored into the proposed dependency by developing ideas of the assimilation potential of the territory. An approach is proposed for assessing the utility of environmental protection activities in a recreational tourist area which is based on the consideration of changes in the recreational capacities of natural environment and the consequences thereof for the economic system of the territory. The proposed indicator of utility with an adequate assessment of the costs of implementing a project better reflects the cost-effectiveness and results of environmental protection.
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Knyazeva, Tatiana A., Tatiana I. Nikiforova, and Andrey A. Lobanov. "The Use of Terrain Cure in the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: a Review." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 21, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2022-21-6-99-109.

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INTRODUCTION. The review is devoted to the study of one of the modern complex methods of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular diseases – terrain cure which includes elements of therapeutic physical training, climatotherapy and provides for dosed physical activity in the form of hiking in rough terrain, climbing in mountainous areas on specific, marked routes under the supervision of a doctor. It is a method of exercise therapy that improves endurance, cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous system function, metabolism, as well as the muscles of the limbs and trunk. AIM. To highlight the mechanisms of the complex action of terrain cure, combining elements of climatotherapy and metered physical activity for the most optimal use in patients with pathology of the cardiovascular system, including those with excess body weight. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The analysis of publications in the electronic databases PubMed and the Russian Scientific Citation Index by keywords: terrain cure , metered physical activity, climatotherapy, rehabilitation, cardiovascular diseases. The date of the last search is August 9, 2022. CONCLUSION. The world and domestic scientific and practical experience of the use of terrain cure testifies to its high efficiency and an increase in the adaptive and compensatory potential of the patient's body, the safety of using this method in both preventive and therapeutic and rehabilitation programs, due to the main mechanisms of its rehabilitative action. Taking into account its wide availability, cost-effectiveness and additional therapeutic effects when in contact with the terrain, it seems advisable to expand the introduction of the terrain cure and use it for preventive purposes not only in sanatorium–resort conditions, but also in the urban environment – parks and other recreation areas of citizens.
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Schmiing, Mara, Hugo Diogo, Ricardo Serrão Santos, and Pedro Afonso. "Marine conservation of multispecies and multi-use areas with various conservation objectives and targets." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 3 (October 15, 2014): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu180.

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Abstract Marine spatial management is an important step in regulating the sustainable use of marine resources and preserving habitats and species. The systematic conservation planning software “Marxan” was used to analyse the effect of different conservation objectives and targets on the design of a network of marine protected areas around two islands of the Azores archipelago, Northeast Atlantic. The analyses integrated spatial patterns of the abundance and reproductive potential of multispecies, the vulnerability of fish to fishing, habitat type, algae biotopes, and socio-economic costs and benefits (including fishing effort and recreational activities). Three scenarios focused on fisheries-related objectives (“fisheries scenarios”, FSs) and three on multiple-use and biodiversity conservation objectives (“biodiversity scenarios”, BSs), respectively. Three different protection targets were compared for each set, the existing, minimum, and maximum levels of protection, whereas conservation features were weighted according to their biologically/ecologically functioning. Results provided contrasting solutions for site selection and identified potential gaps in the existing design. The influence of the conservation objective on site selection was most evident when minimum target levels were applied. Otherwise, solutions for FSs and BSs were very similar and mostly shaped by the protection level. More important, BSs that considered opportunity cost and benefits achieved conservation targets more cost-efficiently. The presented systematic approach ensures that targets for habitats with high fish abundance, fecundity, and vulnerability are achieved efficiently. It should be of high applicability for adaptive management processes to improve the effectiveness of existing spatial management practices, in particular when fishing and leisure activities coexist, and suggest that decision-makers should account for multiple users’ costs and benefits when designing and implementing marine reserve networks.
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Ramos, Victor, Gianmaria Giannini, Tomás Calheiros-Cabral, Paulo Rosa-Santos, and Francisco Taveira-Pinto. "An Integrated Approach to Assessing the Wave Potential for the Energy Supply of Ports: A Case Study." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121989.

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In recent years, seaports have faced increasing pressure to transition towards a low-carbon and more sustainable energy model. In this context, the exploitation of the local wave energy resource may appear as a promising alternative. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present a methodology to select the best WEC-site combination to supply the energy demands of ports. To illustrate this methodology, the Port of Leixões (Portugal) is used as a case study. For the selection of wave energy sites in port areas, the methodology proposes a detailed spatial characterisation of both the wave resource and marine uses. For the area of study, having considered the main marine uses (sediment disposal, biodiversity, aquaculture, recreational and navigation), two exploitable wave energy sites (Areas I and II) with average annual energy resources of 24 and 17 kWm−1, respectively, were found. Next, the methodology proposes a techno-economic optimisation of WECs, based on the local wave conditions of Areas I and II, to minimise their associated Levelised Cost of Energy (LCoE). The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the methodology, with the novel oCECO device, appearing as the most feasible option (with an LCoE of EUR 387.6/MWh) to exploit the wave potential in the surrounding areas of the port.
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Murphy, Hannah M., and Gregory P. Jenkins. "Observational methods used in marine spatial monitoring of fishes and associated habitats: a review." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 2 (2010): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09068.

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Management areas are used in marine spatial planning to conserve biodiversity of marine ecosystems and to protect fish from fishing pressure. To evaluate the effectiveness of these protected areas, observational techniques are used to determine densities, sizes, biomass, habitat types and distribution of fish species in and around management areas. Two types of observational techniques are used in spatial monitoring: (1) fishery-independent techniques, which include underwater visual census (UVC), underwater video, remote sensing, acoustics, and experimental catch and effort data; and (2) fishery-dependent techniques, which include catch, effort and catch per unit effort data from commercial and recreational fisheries. This review summarises the applications, advantages, disadvantages and biases of each of these observational categories and highlights emerging technologies. The main finding from this review was that a combination of observational techniques, rather than a single method, was the most effective approach to marine spatial monitoring. For example, a combination of hydroacoustics for habitat mapping and UVC or video for fish surveys was one of the most cost-effective and efficient means of obtaining fish-habitat linkages and fish assemblage data. There are also emerging technologies that could increase the precision and efficiency of monitoring surveys. There is a need for continued development of non-intrusive technology for marine monitoring studies.
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Тихонова, Т. В., and В. А. Щенявский. "КОРЕКТУВАННЯ ІНДИКАТОРІВ РЕСУРСНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ НА ПРИКЛАДІ ОСОБЛИВО ОХОРОНЮВАНИХ ПРИРОДНИХ ОБ'ЄКТІВ." TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2019.2.10.

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One of the integral methods for assessing resource efficiency is the adjustment of net savings, which includes indicators reflecting consumption of fixed capital, depreciation, education costs, environmental protection costs and the value of specially protected natural areas (PAs), depletion of natural capital and damage to public health from habitat pollution. The purpose of the research is to assess the contribution of protected areas based on the value of their ecosystem services, taking into account the consideration of regional destinations of tourist and recreational services. The object of the research is the most significant specially protected natural objects of the Komi Republic. Methodological basis. To determine the economic value of regulating and cultural services, the methods of market indirect assessment, compensatory costs and travel expenses were used. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the tourist destination on recreational PAs resources was based on a combination of the target approach, including indicators of the contribution of the destination to the GRP, the growth of tourist flow, value added and an assessment of the volume of network interaction of tourism subjects. The hypothesis was the assumption of reducing the contribution of the value of protected areas to the region's GRP over a long study period, which means low efficiency in the use of natural capital. The statement of basic materials. Received the contribution of protected areas to gross savings, GRP for the period 2000-2018. An approach to assessing the tourist and recreational services of protected areas has been implemented, taking into account the implementation of a regional / local destination, integrated logistics, tourism resources and products aimed at reducing transaction costs, increasing production capacity, volume and quality of investment, reducing losses in the value chain and distribution, improving the quality of the tourist product, reducing the cost of improving and developing new products. The quality of the functioning of the food chain of destination has been determined. The originality of the research lies in the comprehensive consideration of protected areas as a resource for the regional economy. Conclusion of the research. The analysis carried out and the calculations carried out will make it possible in the future to determine the reserves and ways to achieve eco-efficiency in the use of the natural capital of the territories of special protection and development of tourism in PAs.
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Khrenova-Shymkina, R. "PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AS OBJECTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH." Series: Economic scienceue/view/124 2, no. 155 (April 3, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-2-155-48-57.

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The article deals with the nature and content of project activity as an object of scientific research. It is determined that the project management toolkit provides opportunities for ensuring the efficiency of public administration and the need for its decentralization, facilitating business development by improving the provision of public services, while reducing their cost and complexity. The essence of the concept of project management has been investigated and the relationship of projects with the activities of public authorities, the government, which can be traced through the implementation of programs at the state level or measures to fulfill the commitments undertaken by local authorities, has been identified. Attention is drawn to the fact that the project activity of public authorities has a number of features, among which the key are its regulation (time constraint), compliance with community requests, focus on territorial unit development and openness. The author also suggested a scheme of project activity and considered all components of this process. Particular attention is paid to the factors that improve the effectiveness of project implementation: the knowledge component - human capital, process monitoring, sources of funding and communications. The article also presents the author's classification of the project activity of public authorities, depending on the goals, the main types of project activity were separated: social orientation (solving problems of overcoming poverty, preserving the health of the population, observing human rights, ensuring the well-being and safety of children, etc.); infrastructural character (development of public transport network, improvement of public services, improvement of logistics on roads, location and number of pre-school educational institutions, etc.); environmental orientation (environmental protection, conservation of reserves, construction of treatment plants and introduction of the best treatment technologies, development of secondary production, etc.); investment nature (development of recreation and tourism areas, the spread of digital technologies in public services (SMART technologies), implementation of joint projects with business companies within the framework of corporate social responsibility programs and public-private partnerships, etc.). Keywords: project activity, public authorities, human capital, communications, monitoring.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Recreation areas Cost effectiveness"

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Christy, Kim S. "Benefit/Cost Variables and Comparative Recreation Use Patterns of Wilderness and Non-Wilderness Areas." DigitalCommons@USU, 1988. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3548.

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This paper examines formal wilderness designation and is presented in two parts. The first section offers a general classification and comprehensive review of the benefit and cost variables associated with wilderness designation and management. The second section investigates recreation use, which society has historically perceived to be the highest valued element in the network of wilderness benefits. Variables associated with the benefits of wilderness designation are presented under three major categories: 1) naturalness preservation, 2) solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation, and 3) special features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historic value. Costs attributed to wilderness designation are presented under two major categories: 1) administration/general management costs and 2) opportunity costs. The second section of this thesis establishes growth rate comparisons of wilderness and non-wilderness recreation use on United States Forest Service lands in Utah, the Intermountain Region, and the overall national Forest Service system from 1967 to 1986. The High Uintas Wilderness area was also analyzed for its use over the same twenty-year period. Data used to measure recreational use at these levels was obtained from United States Forest Service Recreation Information Management records and are measured in recreational visitor days. Growth rate comparisons are measured with respect to recreation use in general terms as well as on a per acre basis at all levels examined. Because of general trend discrepancies in recreation use over the twenty-year study period, growth rate estimates of recreation use at all levels are also measured with respect to two separate time periods--1967 to 1976 and 1977 to 1986. This analysis shows that non-wilderness/ primitive recreation use per acre increased during the last decade at all levels examined, whereas wilderness/primitive .recreation use per acre showed marked declines during the same period. Growth rate estimates established on a per acre basis provide a general indication of the marginal value of wilderness and non-wilderness recreation use. This thesis shows that, with respect to recreation use, marginal utility has diminished in designated wilderness since 1977. In contrast, this research also infers that the marginal value for non-wilderness recreation use has increased. These findings suggest that, from a recreation perspective, adding wilderness areas to the National Wilderness Predervation System is unwarranted.
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Bazyler, Caleb, and Kevin Breuel. "Comparing the Cost Effectiveness of a Celiac Disease Panel to a Testing Cascade." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3774.

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Recent reductions in healthcare funding in the United States has pressured clinical laboratories to provide the same quality of diagnostic testing with fewer resources. Testing cascades have been developed to assist in the diagnosis of various illnesses, which use fewer tests and subsequently reduce costs. However, the cost effectiveness of a celiac disease (CD) testing cascade compared to a panel is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if a CD testing cascade was equivalent to a panel in identifying patients deemed likely for CD, and to compare their cost effectiveness in a sample of symptomatic patients from Northeast Tennessee. A retrospective analysis using a CD testing cascade was performed on 933 outpatient samples referred to our laboratory from 2012 to 2017 with a request for a celiac disease serology panel. The seroprevalence of CD for the panel and the cascade were the same in this population (1.82%, 95% binomial confidence interval: 1.06% to 2.90%). The total cost of the CD cascade was 268% less than the cost of the panel resulting in a savings of $44,705, which translates to a savings of $47.92/patient. Based on these findings, we recommend utilization of the cascade to identify patients with likely CD. In the future, creative use of novel testing strategies can have significant contributions to healthcare reform and afford patients more cost-effective clinical diagnostic testing.
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Wynn, Gerard. "The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity management : comparing rural land uses in extensively farmed areas of Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU153372.

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The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity management is compared between different farm types and between farms and non-farms in the context of the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme in Scotland. In addition, attitudes to conservation are compared and the uptake to the scheme analysed. Cost-effectiveness ratios are based on measures of biodiversity and cost management (of heather, herb-rich grassland and wetland). Biodiversity was measured at the plot and surrounding level. Cost was measured as public exchequer and private cost. Cost-effectiveness differentials are found between farm types and non-farms. Non-farms are more cost-effective managers of both heather and herb-rich grassland compared to Specialist Beef (LFA) farms. Among farms alone, no single farm type emerges as consistently more cost-effective across all habitats. With respect to biodiversity findings at the plot-level, non-farms have the highest heather biodiversity score, Mixed farms the highest wetland score and Specialist Beef (LFA) farms the highest herb-rich grassland score. With respect to public exchequer capital costs, Specialist Sheep (LFA) farms had the lowest cost for all habitants. With regard to private conservation outlays, non-farms are the least cost managers of herb-rich grassland. Few opportunity costs in habitat management are found at all, among farms or non-farms. Non-farmers are found to express a greater interest in conservation compared to farmers. A positive to conservation among farmers and non-farmers was found to be positively correlated with habitat quality in the case of heather management. In the uptake analysis, a positive conservation attitude was found to accelerate entry to the ESA scheme. Other generic factors were found to be important in explaining the entry decision. Non-entrants were less aware of and less informed about the scheme than entrants. The probability of entry was increased where the scheme prescription fitted the farm situation and the costs of compliance were low. The duration analysis suggested two factors accelerating scheme entry, besides an interest in conservation: more adequate information and more extensive systems.
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Hodun, Margaret Galbiati. "Cost effectiveness of civilian-run outpatient clinics in the Naval Hospital Oakland and Silas B. Hayes Army Community Hospital catchment areas." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26952.

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Ciganovic, Renato, and Mikael Tates. "A model for Assessing Cost Effectiveness of Facility Layouts : A case study." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-701.

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The purpose of this master thesis is to develop a model for assessing cost effectiveness of facility layouts. A critical literature review of the available relevant models as well as theories was performed in accordance to this purpose. After this a model was developed in order to cover lacks in existing theories. The aim of the model is to evaluate different facility layouts, from both economical and working environmental aspects. The model as a whole is about evaluating, creating and selecting the most preferable facility layout. In this thesis a case study has been performed for testing the developed model. The case company for this testing was the Mail Terminal in Alvesta, which is a part of Posten Sweden AB. The mail terminal receives, sorts and distributes the mail further. The result of this thesis is that, by following the model the authors were able to evaluate all the layouts and also to create the most preferable one. This thesis provides a general model in a structured way, primary aimed to be used for manufacturing companies. Further researches could be to test the model on service producing companies and to define to what extent the model can be generalised.


Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att utveckla en modell för att utvärdera kostnadseffektiviteten av anläggningslayouter. En kritisk litteraturundersökning av tillgängliga relevanta modeller samt teorier genomfördes i enlighet med syftet. Därefter utvecklades en modell för att täcka brister i existerande teorier. Syftet med modellen är att utvärdera olika layouter, från både ett ekonomiskt- och arbetsmiljös- perspektiv. Modellen i sin helhet handlar om att utvärdera, skapa och välja den mest fördelaktiga layouten. En fallstudie har genomförts i denna uppsats för att testa den skapade modellen. Fallföretaget för att testa modellen var Postterminalen i Alvesta, som är en del av Posten Sverige AB. Postterminal tar emot, sorterar och distribuerar posten vidare. Resultatet av denna uppsats är att genom att använda modellen lyckades författarna utvärdera alla layouter och även skapa den mest fördelaktiga layouten. Denna uppsats bidrar med en strukturerad generell model, som främst riktar sig till producerande företag. Fortsatt forskning skulle kunna vara att testa modellen på service baserade företag och att definiera till vilken omfattning man kan generalisera modellen.

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Cook, Philip S. "User fee for wilderness recreation: a comparison of user characteristics and travel cost demand functions for Linville Gorge wilderness area and Grandfather Mountain backcountry, North Carolina." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104313.

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Silva, Muñoz Rodrigo Adrian [Verfasser], Jan [Akademischer Betreuer] Barkmann, Tobias [Gutachter] Plieninger, and Mateluna Pablo [Gutachter] Villalobos. "Cost-effective priority areas for the conservation of the Maulino coastal forest and Cost-effectiveness gains by considering climate change effects in reserve network planning of Nothofagus alessandrii (Ruil) / Rodrigo Adrian Silva Muñoz ; Gutachter: Tobias Plieninger, Pablo Villalobos Mateluna ; Betreuer: Jan Barkmann." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199608327/34.

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Knutsson, Niklas. "Dynamiken hos ett EU-system för handel med gröna elcertifikat." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1445.

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In electricity markets evolving towards liberalisation and internationalisation, green certificates are seen as an important tool to promote production of renewable energy. In a green certificate market producers sell certificates received per unit of electricity generated from renewable energy. Trade in renewability is thereby decoupled from the the physical electricity trade. Tradable green certificates in combination with renewables obligation are implemented or planned in several EU member states. Integration at EU leveland the creation of a common certificate market seem like a possible next step. Using a simple model, the effects of an EU system for tradable green certificates, compared to national implementation, are tested for the period 2000–2010. The simulations show a clear increase of cost effectiveness and large changes in the geographical balance of renewable energy when reaching the EU 22 per cent target. Less competitive technologies, such as solar power, are not deployed at all. The situation is however similar without international trade. Rather than implementing a certificate market with all EU member states, but with different support schemes, a smaller market, only with countries that combine the certificate market with renewables obligation, is recommended.

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Harnod, Dorji, and 哈多吉. "Cost-effectiveness Analysis for PAD Program in Public Areas of Taipei City." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99571622196122212267.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
預防醫學研究所
91
Abstract Background: Installation of automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) on ambulances has been shown to provide “early defibrillation” and improve the following survival of cardiac arrest. AEDs used by non-medical persons “public access defibrillation” (PAD) is advocated by American Heart Association since 2000. However, the optimal placement and the cost-effectiveness of PAD program have not been shown in Taiwan. Objective: Our goal is examining the costs and effectiveness for PAD program in several public areas in Taipei city. Methods: The locations of cardiac arrests were abstracted from data collected by EMS program in Taipei city from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2000. Three different places (city hall, railway station, airport) are shown to be the possible places for PAD program. Estimates the costs and outcomes were obtained from medical literature, AED companies, two medical centers, and fire department. Main outcome measures: Costs of PAD programs and life saved after cardiac arrest. Results: Adding PAD program in city hall would cost 1,230,000 NTD to 1,960,000 NTD per life saved if the initial VF rate is around 30%. But if we treat the medical costs as the “sunk cost” and ignore them, the PAD program in city hall would cost 2,090,000 NTD per life saved. Conclusion: The cost-effectiveness of PAD program may critically depends on the cardiac arrest incidence, VF rate and the defibrillation time. If in case the VF rate around 30%, the PAD program is relative cost-effective. But if the VF rate below 30%, the PAD program is not cost-effective in the places that ambulance can arrive within 5 minutes. However, we need more data to prove that PAD is cost effective in Taipei city.
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Stoeckl, Natalie Elaine. "Pricing and functional form in the travel cost model : a monte carlo and empirical investigation." Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148152.

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Books on the topic "Recreation areas Cost effectiveness"

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Ltd, Land Capability Consultants. Cost effective management of reclaimed derelict sites. London: H. M. S. O., 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. Bureau of Reclamation: Water marketing activities and costs at the Central Valley Project : report to the Honorable John T. Doolittle, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Bureau of Reclamation: An assessment of the environmental impact statement on the operations of the Glen Canyon Dam : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Bureau of Reclamation: Information on operations and maintenance activities and costs at multipurpose water projects : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water and Power, Committee on Resources, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.

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Ali, Ifzal. A review of the economic analysis of power projects in Asia and identification of areas of improvement. [Manila, Philippines]: Project Economic Evaluation Division, Economics and Development Resource Center, Asian Development Bank, 1989.

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Puttaswamaiah, K. Cost-benefit analysis of irrigation and drought proofing. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1989.

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Resources, United States Congress House Committee on Natural. Jemez National Recreation Area: Report (to accompany H.R. 38) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Jemez National Recreation Area: Report (to accompany H.R. 38) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Wallin, Theodore O. Financing and sustaining mobility programs in rural areas: A manual. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Wallin, Theodore O. Financing and sustaining mobility programs in rural areas: A manual. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Recreation areas Cost effectiveness"

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Pillai, Nisanth M., Asish Mohan, M. Devika, Georg Gutjahr, and Prema Nedungadi. "Cost-Effectiveness of Using Tablets for Digital Literacy Training in Tribal Areas of Rajasthan." In Advances in Data and Information Sciences, 363–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5689-7_32.

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Ajayan, Sreesankar, Gouri H, Radhika Menon, Georg Gutjahr, and Prema Nedungadi. "Cost-Effectiveness of a Substance-Abuse Prevention Program in Tribal Areas of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 593–600. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4016-2_56.

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Ngigi, Stephen N. "Towards Optimizing the Performance and Cost-Effectiveness of Farm Pond Technology for Small-Scale Irrigation in Semi-arid Farming Systems." In Rainwater-Smart Agriculture in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, 59–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66239-8_4.

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Chatterjee, Anindita, Kushal Ghosh, and Biswajoy Chatterjee. "A Study on Content Selection and Cost-Effectiveness of Cognitive E-Learning in Distance Education of Rural Areas." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 783–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7403-6_69.

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Hilty, Donald M., Peter M. Yellowlees, Kathleen Myers, Michelle B. Parish, and Terry Rabinowitz. "The Effectiveness of e-Mental Health: Evidence Base, How to Choose the Model Based on Ease/Cost/Strength, and Future Areas of Research." In e-Mental Health, 95–127. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20852-7_6.

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Mihalić Arbanas, Snježana, Sanja Bernat Gazibara, Martin Krkač, Marko Sinčić, Hrvoje Lukačić, Petra Jagodnik, and Željko Arbanas. "Landslide Detection and Spatial Prediction: Application of Data and Information from Landslide Maps." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022, 195–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18471-0_16.

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AbstractThe need for landslide maps of wider areas has increased with the understanding that proper planning will considerably decrease the construction and maintenance cost of structures. The main objective of the paper is to present types of data and information on landslides that can be derived from landslide inventory and landslide susceptibility maps and their use for spatial and urban planning. Recent examples of landslide zonation maps from Croatia are given to show the possibility of the derivation of data about landslides by using LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) DTM (Digital Terrain Model) for the compilation of historical landslide inventory. The application of data about landslide phenomena is compared with the application of information from landslide susceptibility zonation maps. It is concluded that a multi-level and hierarchical approach is necessary to reach the cost-effectiveness of nationwide production of landside maps for land-use planning.
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Belcore, Elena, Vincenzo Di Pietra, Nives Grasso, Marco Piras, Francesco Tondolo, Pierclaudio Savino, Daniel Rodriguez Polania, and Anna Osello. "Towards a FOSS Automatic Classification of Defects for Bridges Structural Health Monitoring." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 298–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94426-1_22.

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AbstractBridges are among the most important structures of any road network. During their service life, they are subject to deterioration which may reduce their safety and functionality. The detection of bridge damage is necessary for proper maintenance activities. To date, assessing the health status of the bridge and all its elements is carried out by identifying a series of data obtained from visual inspections, which allows the mapping of the deterioration situation of the work and its conservation status. There are, however, situations where visual inspection may be difficult or impossible, especially in critical areas of bridges, such as the ceiling and corners. In this contribution, the authors acquire images using a prototype drone with a low-cost camera mounted upward over the body of the drone. The proposed solution was tested on a bridge in the city of Turin (Italy). The captured data was processed via photogrammetric process using the open-source Micmac solution. Subsequently, a procedure was developed with FOSS tools for the segmentation of the orthophoto of the intrados of the bridge and the automatic classification of some defects found on the analyzed structure. The paper describes the adopted approach showing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
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Salustri, Andrea, and Federica Viganò. "The contribution of the non-profit sector in narrowing spatial inequalities." In Providing public goods and commons, 21–36. Liège: CIRIEC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.css1chap1.

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In this chapter we illustrate how the public sector might fail in narrowing spatial inequalities, and how both underdeveloped markets and urgent territorial needs create in peripheral areas robust individual incentives to turn into non-profit activities or even household production. In all those situations, a well-developed non-profit sector can offer marginalized or excluded social groups a legal and ethical opportunity to obtain a decent income by offering rewards (monetary or nonmonetary) in exchange for volunteering, allowing households to afford the cost of living. Laying on the results of the analysis, we discuss four cases of successful cooperation among SSE institutions by one side, and the private and the public sector on the other. In all those cases, the private and the public sector decided to facilitate the development of the non-profit sector by contracting out part of the production process to reduce costs and achieve a higher level of effectiveness. The result was successful because the non-profit sector did not incur in the opportunistic behaviors that might affect profit-oriented activities. Therefore, we suggest how local inter-institutional cooperation among the SSE, the private and the public sector should become the norm rather than the exception, in order to achieve at the same time a higher level of equitable and sustainable development and well-being.
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Barrows, Clayton, and Michael Robinson. "Recreation." In Club Management. Goodfellow Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/9781911635062-3985.

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One of the things that makes a club into a club is that it brings together people with a common interest. Sometimes the common interest is food and beverage, but often it is a recreational activity, of which the most prominent is golf. But there are many other recreational activities that take place at clubs and this chapter will discuss many (though not all) of them. Club activities are many and varied. It is important for students to understand the individual activities, and particularly: (1) who participates; (2) how they are managed; (3) how they interact with other activities/areas of the club; (4) whether they are cost centres or profit centres; and (5) trends and changes affecting these activities and their popularity.
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Jones, Barbara K. "The Ecotourist Question." In Wild Capital, 38–67. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401049.003.0003.

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The ecosystem services model as a valuation tool for cultural capital relies on human well-being as the metric for assigning nature a value that makes sense in a world full of competing choices. If the entire added value of a forest that includes wildlife habitat, recreation, and carbon sequestration is calculated, its continued existence as an intact forest ecosystem can more effectively compete against alternative uses that could either destroy the forest or diminish its services to us. Without a measurable value determined through marginal cost-benefit analysis and the consumer’s willingness to pay, however, the forest ecosystem would be assigned a dollar value of zero, making development the easy default choice. Since outdoor recreation in nature contributes to our well-being, it becomes one of the tools we can use to assign nature value. Responsible travel as ecotourists involves taking visitors into natural areas to educate them about a region’s natural and cultural heritage, as well as to sustain the well-being of local people. Ecotourism can change our relationship with the natural world, as well as teach us how to be better tourists.
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Conference papers on the topic "Recreation areas Cost effectiveness"

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Burdylo, Ron S., and Audrey L. L. Van Aelst. "Enhanced Pipeline Integrity at Lower Cost: A Pipeline Integrity Prioritization Model." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-207.

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Strategic, focussed application of pipeline integrity monitoring and mitigation techniques will significantly improve pipeline integrity program effectiveness while reducing overall maintenance costs. These achievements have been demonstrated through the development of Maintenance Prioritization Models (MPM) that pinpoint areas along the pipeline with the highest susceptibility to failure and identify the most cost effective mitigation strategy. A MPM identifies areas along the pipeline that exhibit a higher relative susceptibility to failure and consequence in the event of a pipeline rupture. Used as part of the owner’s pipeline integrity management program, it assists with optimization, planning and focusing of integrity related preventative maintenance activities. Areas that require short-term mitigation are identified and maintenance budgeting and planning can be prioritized while long-term planning needs are forecast. It enables integrity engineers to manage resources more efficiently by focusing on areas of highest need, thereby extending the useful life of the pipeline section that will, in turn, extend its revenue generation capabilities.
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ISKANDAR, RAPHAELA, FABIANA BARBOSA RESENDE, and MARIA CAROLINA BRANDSTETTER. "Análise de custo e desempenho térmico para um projeto de habitação de interesse social." In XI SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE GESTÃO E ECONOMIA DA CONSTRUÇÃO. Antac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/sibragec.v11i00.22.

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The Housing Program of Social Interest aims to provide the access to adequate housing for low-income population segments in urban and rural areas. To be considered financially viable, this popular construction type shouldt have basic attributes, in finishing as well as in recreation areas. According these parameters, it is common among builders to look for economic buildings, forgetting the analysis of building performance, the main objective of ABNT NBR 15575. According to the procedures and requirements of this standard, a case study was carried out aims analyzing the thermal performance of main vertical sealing and ceiling materials used in a standard Minha Casa, Minha vida project, comparing them with the cost, in order to find the low-cost model for this type of building without impairing performance. Twelve design combinations were simulated in the Design Builder software to evaluate the thermal performance according to the Brazilian performance standard and their costs were estimated for each alternative. The results compare the models pointing to the best cost benefit ratio, being the system with soil-cement walls and without ceiling the best option.
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Kim, Jihun, Karim Hamza, Mohamed El-Morsi, Ashraf O. Nassef, Sayed Metwalli, and Kazuhiro Saitou. "Design Optimization of Batteryless Photovoltaic-Powered Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination in Remote Areas." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37750.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the main technologies for water desalination, which can be used in locations with water resources that have high salinity content (such as saline ground water or seawater) to produce fresh water. Energy requirement for RO is less than other desalination processes, but is in the form of electric power, which can be scarce as fresh water in in remote areas not connected to the grid. Fortunately, many areas with fresh water shortage due to lack of rainfall have abundant sunshine. The combination of solar power and RO desalination is attractive, but remote areas usually requires small modular units, which favors photovoltaic (PV) solar energy harvesting. It is important to consider the net cost-effectiveness of the system when designing the PV-RO desalination plant. Adding battery storage to a PV-RO system has the advantage of steadier operation, but is an additional cost whose real benefit is only realized with a larger PV array that can harvest more energy during daytime. This paper compares the net unit cost of fresh water for realistic scenarios of PV-RO systems with and without battery storage. A multi-level optimization approach previously developed by the authors for time-variant power PV-RO systems is adopted; a “sub-loop” optimization determines the operating pressure and flow rate given a fixed system configuration and instantaneous power input, while an “outer loop” optimizes the configuration of the desalination plant. The sub-loop optimization is done via an enumeration approach, while the outer loop is optimized via a mixed real-coded genetic algorithm (GA). A demonstration study shows a batteryless system being approx. 30% more expensive per unit fresh water production than a fully optimized battery-backed system. However, most of the cost of a batteryless system is in initial investment, which with 7% less annual operating cost, can present a plausible design choice for remote areas.
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Gribkovskaia, Victoria, Trond Johnsen, Haakon Lindstad, and Eirik Uthaug. "Evaluation of Upstream Logistics System Concepts for Offshore Operations in Remote Areas." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54941.

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As oil and gas (O&G) activities are moving north in the Arctic region new challenges for the offshore logistics have arisen. These challenges impose more stringent requirements for the logistics system setup, especially on the design and operation of vessels. We propose a methodology for quick evaluation of the feasibility and cost of the logistics system in the early stages of offshore supply planning. This methodology allows for testing the effects of using alternative ship designs and the overall supply fleet composition on system’s cost and performance while satisfying prospective campaign requirements. Safety standards and requirements for emergency preparedness and environmental performance are taken into account while cost effectiveness of the logistics system as a whole is the main quantifiable measure. The presented methodology is also very relevant for evaluation and planning of the logistics supply system for O&G activities in other areas around the world that are considered remote either due to physical distance or other characteristics that impact the complexity and cost of operations. The proposed methodology is tested on a real-life case for offshore supply planning of a drilling campaign in a remote area for one of the major international O&G operators.
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Macia, Mario L., Sandeep A. Kibey, Haydar Arslan, Francois Bardi, Steve J. Ford, Wan C. Kan, Mike F. Cook, and Brian Newbury. "Approaches to Qualify Strain-Based Design Pipelines." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31662.

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The importance of using strain-based design pipelines is growing due to the increasing number of projects in challenging environments such as permafrost, offshore ice hazards, active seismic areas, and in high temperature/high pressure operations. To ensure pipeline integrity in environmentally sensitive areas and overall cost effectiveness, a strain-based design approach needs to consider all key interrelated design aspects including strain demand, design methods, material selection, strain capacity validation, and impact on construction and operation. To that end, significant research and development efforts have been made by the industry to facilitate the qualification of strain-based designed pipelines. This paper describes methods developed for the qualification of strain-based design pipelines, and demonstrates how recently developed strain capacity prediction tools, calibrated by full scale testing, can facilitate concept selection, material qualification and integrity verification of such pipelines.
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Ping, Xianyao, Gangfeng Tan, Jialiang Liu, Zilin Lu, Yuxin Pang, Yahui Wu, Renjie Zhou, Chenyu Wang, and Lei Zuo. "Economic Driving Strategy for Commercial Vehicles in Mountainous Areas." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68378.

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Steep and long slope is an obvious characteristic of mountainous highways. Unreasonable acceleration or deceleration of the vehicles on the slopes will increase the fuel consumption. Improving the performance of the engine or the transmission system has limited energy saving potential, and most fuel-efficient driving assistant systems don’t consider the road conditions. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce an economic driving strategy to optimize vehicle speed profile for commercial vehicles traveling in mountainous areas with consideration of future road conditions. Economic driving strategy based on the energy conservation principle can adapt to various vehicles due to its less dependence on the engine fuel consumption characteristics. The engine brake performance measurement based on the vehicle longitudinal dynamics is achieved by analyzing the vehicle state information during transportation, which reduces the test times in the laboratory or the proving ground. Economic driving strategy will plan optimal speed profiles for commercial vehicles with consideration of future road conditions before the vehicles reach the slopes. Economic driving strategy guides the drivers to adjust vehicle speed reasonably, distribute effectively braking distance of the engine brake and the friction brakes on the slopes. The engine output energy and the brake energy loss can be reduced for improving the vehicle energy utilization rate when the drivers follow economic driving guidance. Semi-physical simulations were carried out to validate the effectiveness of economic driving strategy. The simulation results showed that economic driving strategy could increases the fuel economy by 3.4% to 5.5% averagely compared with the drives without economic guidance. The transportation cost and the abrasions of the friction brakes will be effectively reduced when economic driving strategy is applied to advanced driving assistance systems.
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Watkins, Kenneth S., Shelby J. Morris, C. P. Wong, Lianhua Fan, Yang Yang Sun, Daniel D. Masakowski, and Wendy Alvis. "An Electrical Condition Monitoring Approach for Wire and Cable." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49559.

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An electrical cable condition monitoring (CCM) method utilizing conductive polymer age sensors provides a distributed, in-situ approach that reduces access considerations and eliminates destructive testing, increasing safety by monitoring areas otherwise impractical or impossible. It reduces the cost of Generation IV cable condition monitoring by eliminating sample-retrieval and significantly reducing testing costs associated with conventional mechanical and chemical condition monitoring. Future applications include simple, lowcost condition monitoring of virtually any polymer used in industry, transportation, construction and recreation. The proposed CCM method utilizes inert conductive particles compounded with candidate insulation materials to provide an age “sensor” distributed in the wire or cable insulation or jacket. A simple electrical measurement, the resistivity of the sensor, correlates age-related degradation of mechanical properties such as elongation at break (EAB) and provides a means to determine remaining life of the insulation material. This paper summarizes the results of research being conducted under a DOE Small Business Innovative Research grant in concert with the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Georgia Tech and Rockbestos-Surprenant Cable Corp.
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Šneler, Filip, Gordana Brcković, and Trina Mjeda. "Evaluating Environmentally Sustainable Production Practices in Rural Areas." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.299.

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Forests and forestry are the ecological and economic infrastruc­ture of every state. The EU strategy for the forest-based sector is particularly related to rural development, since, in such areas, forests are mostly spread, thus representing an opportunity for more balanced development, or in oth­er words - survival of rural areas. Croatia is no exemption. The goal of forest management in the Republic of Croatia is the sustainable and harmonious use of all forest functions and the permanent improvement of their condition, by promoting environmentally sustainable production practices in such a way that the local or rural environment has financial benefits. Looking at forests as perfect factories, ranging from the production of wood pulp as raw materials, oxygen and food, water purifiers, carbon tanks and all the way to the intan­gible and generally useful functions of forests, it is necessary to observe their all-encompassing importance. We are facing global climate change, which significantly influences the restoration and erection of new forest stands, that is one of the most important procedures for sustainable forest management in Croatia. Current techniques and knowledge that are being applied contribute to discouraging results, therefore it is crucial to introduce and promote new environmentally friendly practices, aiming to increase the productive function of forest land and forest as an ecosystem. In accordance with the sustaina­ble development of forest land, research was conducted in the lowland part of Sisak-Moslavina County in Croatia. The aim of the research is to study the cost-effectiveness and compare the adaptation of new methods and practices of reforestation, with the end result of the forested area as a production unit, and that was conducted working on two land sections. On the surface of the first section, which was previously chemically prepared, a classic renovation was performed by sowing acorns employing a spreader. The acorn was collect­ed by the local population. Processing of the second section included planting seedlings, while the section was previously mechanically prepared by grinding biomass and an integral method of soil preparation in rows with a spacing of 3 m. The internal planting distance between the plants was 0.80 - 1.0 m, and work was carried out with the help of external contractors, the local popula­tion. The use of new environmentally sustainable technologies has resulted in 29% higher financial costs of forestation. However, using new practices com­pared to the classical ones, the financial viability in terms of economic profit of the rural area was determined. The application of new silvicultural practices is initially more expensive, but results in a shorter period of time to achieve tar­geted results, while the increase in costs refers to the involvement of the local community that participated in the works.
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Chao, Lawrence P., and Kosuke Ishii. "Design Process Error-Proofing: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of the Design Process." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dfm-48146.

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This paper presents a new application of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) on product development processes. Our research develops error-proofing methods for product development processes to prevent serious design errors that compromise project features, time, or cost. Design process FMEA categorizes design errors in six areas: knowledge, analysis, communication, execution, change, and organization errors. The paper explains the method, illustrates it with an example, and discusses its effectiveness. The paper concludes with the proposed work to address the existing lack of a systematic approach to design process error-proofing.
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"Seven Pillars in Cost Effectiveness for Sustaining the Life of Mature Fields: an Example from Mahakam Block." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-f-7.

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Maintaining mature fields provides major challenges in which production and resources are decreasing, while the operations complexity is increasing. This condition leads to increasing project risk, rising cost, and eventually decreasing company’s profit. New development projects may become sensitive to cost. Low oil price environment has made the situation even more challenging. This paper will discuss the strategy being implemented in Mahakam to overcome the challenges as a mature asset. Having produced for more than 40 years, Mahakam fits perfectly in the category of mature, thus fundamental changes are needed for ensuring its sustainability. One of the main focus areas is cost effectiveness. Cost structure was investigated in order to identify the main cost drivers. Then, multiple workshops were held to discuss any possible solutions to improve the cost effectiveness. For capturing ideas from bigger audience, an online platform was created where employees can submit ideas. Lastly, a communication media is regularly distributed to maintain employee’s engagement to the program. Seven pillars in cost effectiveness have been identified for Mahakam to respond to the current situation; Budget accuracy, technical standardization and innovation, change of working philosophy, operations optimization, supply chain optimization and renegotiation, cooperation with other companies, and organizational right-sizing. Several initiatives under those pillars have been successfully implemented resulting in 20% reduction of operational cost in 2019 and will be sustained for the years to come without compromising safety. As the challenge facing mature fields is typically similar, the aforementioned approach will likely not only be applicable in Mahakam but also in other mature fields. Some adaptations might be needed to adjust with the specific characteristic of each individual field. Cost effectiveness will generate capability to continue future investment for sustaining the life of mature fields which is one of the key elements for securing energy supply in Indonesia.
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Reports on the topic "Recreation areas Cost effectiveness"

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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.

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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho, and Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.

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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo, and Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.

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Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.
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Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North, and Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.

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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat
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Douglas, Gordon, and David Moore. Analyzing the Use and Impacts of Oakland Slow Streets and Potential Scalability Beyond Covid-19. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2152.

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This report presents the results of a mixed-methods study of the 2020-2022 Oakland Slow Streets program. An official response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the program used signs and temporary barricades to limit thru-traffic on 21 miles of city streets to create more and safer space for walking, cycling, and outdoor recreation. Researchers collected data throughout the summer of 2021 on seven designated slow streets plus one cross street and one control street for each – a total of 21 street segments representing conditions in seven different neighborhoods across Oakland. Data collection comprised in-person passerby counts, observations and photographs of local conditions, and logged traffic speed data. Findings vary widely across study sites. In certain cases, observed slow streets saw less car traffic or more bicycle/pedestrian use than one or both of their comparison streets, and in at least one case the slow street was clearly embraced by the local community and used as planners intended; in others the slow street was no different than neighboring streets. The study draws on these findings to identify local conditions that seem likely to make slow treet treatments more or less successful. However, acknowledging that all neighborhoods deserve safer streets and greater outdoor recreational opportunities, the authors argue that better community outreach must be implemented to ensure areas not predisposed to make full use of slow streets can have the opportunity to do so. The study also makes suggestions regarding the potential for rapid, low-cost bike and pedestrian street safety improvements going forward.
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Douglas, Gordon, and David Moore. Analyzing the Use and Impacts of Oakland Slow Streets and Potential Scalability Beyond Covid-19. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2152.

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This report presents the results of a mixed-methods study of the 2020-2022 Oakland Slow Streets program. An official response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the program used signs and temporary barricades to limit thru-traffic on 21 miles of city streets to create more and safer space for walking, cycling, and outdoor recreation. Researchers collected data throughout the summer of 2021 on seven designated slow streets plus one cross street and one control street for each – a total of 21 street segments representing conditions in seven different neighborhoods across Oakland. Data collection comprised in-person passerby counts, observations and photographs of local conditions, and logged traffic speed data. Findings vary widely across study sites. In certain cases, observed slow streets saw less car traffic or more bicycle/pedestrian use than one or both of their comparison streets, and in at least one case the slow street was clearly embraced by the local community and used as planners intended; in others the slow street was no different than neighboring streets. The study draws on these findings to identify local conditions that seem likely to make slow treet treatments more or less successful. However, acknowledging that all neighborhoods deserve safer streets and greater outdoor recreational opportunities, the authors argue that better community outreach must be implemented to ensure areas not predisposed to make full use of slow streets can have the opportunity to do so. The study also makes suggestions regarding the potential for rapid, low-cost bike and pedestrian street safety improvements going forward.
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Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, and Raja Manish. Road Ditch Line Mapping with Mobile LiDAR. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317354.

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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system. Point cloud from all the MLMS units were in agreement in the vertical direction within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces, such as paved roads, and ±7 cm range for surfaces with vegetation. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle and was the most flexible MLMS. The report concludes that due to flexibility and cost effectiveness of the portable backpack system, it is the preferred platform for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data, and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulder, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively.
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Popov, Oleksandr O., Anna V. Iatsyshyn, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, Valeriia O. Kovach, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Viktor O. Gurieiev, Yulii G. Kutsan, et al. Immersive technology for training and professional development of nuclear power plants personnel. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4631.

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Training and professional development of nuclear power plant personnel are essential components of the atomic energy industry’s successful performance. The rapid growth of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies allowed to expand their scope and caused the need for various studies and experiments in terms of their application and effectiveness. Therefore, this publication studies the peculiarities of the application of VR and AR technologies for the training and professional development of personnel of nuclear power plants. The research and experiments on various aspects of VR and AR applications for specialists’ training in multiple fields have recently started. The analysis of international experience regarding the technologies application has shown that powerful companies and large companies have long used VR and AR in the industries they function. The paper analyzes the examples and trends of the application of VR technologies for nuclear power plants. It is determined that VR and AR’s economic efficiency for atomic power plants is achieved by eliminating design errors before starting the construction phase; reducing the cost and time expenditures for staff travel and staff training; increasing industrial safety, and increasing management efficiency. VR and AR technologies for nuclear power plants are successfully used in the following areas: modeling various atomic energy processes; construction of nuclear power plants; staff training and development; operation, repair, and maintenance of nuclear power plant equipment; presentation of activities and equipment. Peculiarities of application of VR and AR technologies for training of future specialists and advanced training of nuclear power plant personnel are analyzed. Staff training and professional development using VR and AR technologies take place in close to real-world conditions that are safe for participants and equipment. Applying VR and AR at nuclear power plants can increase efficiency: to work out the order of actions in the emergency mode; to optimize the temporary cost of urgent repairs; to test of dismantling/installation of elements of the equipment; to identify weaknesses in the work of individual pieces of equipment and the working complex as a whole. The trends in the application of VR and AR technologies for the popularization of professions in nuclear energy among children and youth are outlined. Due to VR and AR technologies, the issues of “nuclear energy safety” have gained new importance both for the personnel of nuclear power plants and for the training of future specialists in the energy sector. Using VR and AR to acquaint children and young people with atomic energy in a playful way, it becomes possible to inform about the peculiarities of the nuclear industry’s functioning and increase industry professions’ prestige.
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Modlo, Yevhenii O., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Stanislav L. Bondarevskyi, Stanislav T. Tolmachev, Oksana M. Markova, and Pavlo P. Nechypurenko. Methods of using mobile Internet devices in the formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3677.

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An analysis of the experience of professional training bachelors of electromechanics in Ukraine and abroad made it possible to determine that one of the leading trends in its modernization is the synergistic integration of various engineering branches (mechanical, electrical, electronic engineering and automation) in mechatronics for the purpose of design, manufacture, operation and maintenance electromechanical equipment. Teaching mechatronics provides for the meaningful integration of various disciplines of professional and practical training bachelors of electromechanics based on the concept of modeling and technological integration of various organizational forms and teaching methods based on the concept of mobility. Within this approach, the leading learning tools of bachelors of electromechanics are mobile Internet devices (MID) – a multimedia mobile devices that provide wireless access to information and communication Internet services for collecting, organizing, storing, processing, transmitting, presenting all kinds of messages and data. The authors reveals the main possibilities of using MID in learning to ensure equal access to education, personalized learning, instant feedback and evaluating learning outcomes, mobile learning, productive use of time spent in classrooms, creating mobile learning communities, support situated learning, development of continuous seamless learning, ensuring the gap between formal and informal learning, minimize educational disruption in conflict and disaster areas, assist learners with disabilities, improve the quality of the communication and the management of institution, and maximize the cost-efficiency. Bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects is a personal and vocational ability, which includes a system of knowledge, skills, experience in learning and research activities on modeling mechatronic systems and a positive value attitude towards it; bachelor of electromechanics should be ready and able to use methods and software/hardware modeling tools for processes analyzes, systems synthesis, evaluating their reliability and effectiveness for solving practical problems in professional field. The competency structure of the bachelor of electromechanics in the modeling of technical objects is reflected in three groups of competencies: general scientific, general professional and specialized professional. The implementation of the technique of using MID in learning bachelors of electromechanics in modeling of technical objects is the appropriate methodic of using, the component of which is partial methods for using MID in the formation of the general scientific component of the bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects, are disclosed by example academic disciplines “Higher mathematics”, “Computers and programming”, “Engineering mechanics”, “Electrical machines”. The leading tools of formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects are augmented reality mobile tools (to visualize the objects’ structure and modeling results), mobile computer mathematical systems (universal tools used at all stages of modeling learning), cloud based spreadsheets (as modeling tools) and text editors (to make the program description of model), mobile computer-aided design systems (to create and view the physical properties of models of technical objects) and mobile communication tools (to organize a joint activity in modeling).
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West Bank and Gaza: Stress the importance and cost-effectiveness of postpartum care. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2001.1004.

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To assess maternal health care in the West Bank and Gaza, the Health, Development, Information, and Policy Institute conducted a study from May to August 2000. This study served as a baseline for the Pilot Health Project (PHP), which seeks to improve antenatal and postpartum services in three areas of the West Bank and Gaza. Seven local and international agencies are implementing PHP in collaboration with the Palestinian Ministry of Health and with funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development. Data sources for the baseline study consisted of service statistics, interviews with health-care providers, and exit interviews with antenatal, postpartum, and family planning clients at the 27 study clinics. As this summary notes, Palestinian women have access to antenatal and postpartum care as well as family planning services, although few seek postpartum services; both clients and health-care providers have limited knowledge about reproductive health (RH); and RH services could be improved by the provision of standardized protocols for RH care in primary health-care clinics and pre- and in-service training for providers.
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