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THANGAVEL, SARAVANA BHAVAN. "Characterization of the Role of RecQ helicases in human DNA replication." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85963.
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Cellular and biochemical studies support a role for all five human RecQ helicases in DNA
replication, however their specific functions during this process are unclear. In my
thesis, I investigated the in vivo association of the five human RecQ helicases with three
well-characterized human replication origins. I showed that only RECQ1 and RECQ4
associate with replication origins in a cell cycle-regulated fashion in unperturbed cells,
while other RecQ helicases interact with replication origins only under replication
perturbed conditions. Under endogenous conditions, RECQ4 is recruited to origins at
late G1 after ORC and MCM complex assembly, while RECQ1 and additional RECQ4 are
loaded at origins at the onset of S phase when licensed origins begin firing. Both
proteins are lost from origins after DNA replication initiation, indicating either
disassembly or tracking with the newly formed replisome. Cell proliferation, DNA
synthesis, nascent origin DNA synthesis and the frequency of origin firing are reduced
after RECQ1 depletion, and to a greater extent after RECQ4 depletion. Depletion of
RECQ1, though not RECQ4, also suppresses replication fork rates in otherwise
unperturbed cells. Loading of PCNA during S phase is affected by RECQ1 depletion while
the RECQ4 depleted cells show defect in RPA and PCNA loading during S phase of the
cell cycle. These results indicate that RECQ1 and RECQ4 are integral components of the
human replication complex, and play distinct roles in DNA replication initiation and
replication fork progression in vivo.
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Mojumdar, Aditya. "Structural and Biochemical study of human RECQ4." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11141.
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2013/2014RecQ helicases belong to a ubiquitous family of DNA unwinding enzymes that are essential to maintain genome stability by acting at the interface between DNA replication, recombination and repair. Humans have five different paralogues of RecQ helicases namely RecQ1, BLM, WRN, RecQ4 and RecQ5. This work focuses on the structural and biochemical study of human RecQ4. Germ-line mutations in the RECQ4 gene give rise to three distinct human genetic disorders (Rothmund-Thomson, RAPADILINO and Baller-Gerold syndromes). Despite the important roles of RecQ4 in various cellular processes, RecQ4 have never been fully characterized. In addition to the helicase domain, RecQ4 has a unique N-terminal part that is essential for viability and is constituted by a region homologous to the yeast Sld2 replication initiation factor, followed by a cysteine-rich region, predicted to fold as a Zn knuckle. A part of this work focuses on the structural and biochemical analysis of both the human and Xenopus RecQ4 cysteine-rich regions, and shows by NMR spectroscopy that the Xenopus fragment does indeed assumes the canonical Zn knuckle fold, whereas the human sequence remains unstructured, consistent with the mutation of one of the Zn ligands. Both the human and Xenopus Zn knuckles bind to a variety of nucleic acid substrates, with a preference for RNA. We also investigated the effect of an additional Sld2 homologous region upstream the Zn knuckle. In both the human and Xenopus system, the presence of this region strongly enhances binding to nucleic acids. These results reveal novel possible roles of RecQ4 in DNA replication and genome stability. Recently the catalytic core of RecQ4 has been predicted to include RecQ-like-C-terminal (RQC) domain at the C-terminus of the helicase domain, similar to other RecQ helicases. This domain is composed of a Zn-binding region and a winged helix (WH) domain. Another part of this thesis centers on the structural and biochemical characterization of the catalytic core of RecQ4 including the helicase and RQC domain. The results provide an insight in the Zn binding ligands present in the RQC domain that plays a role in DNA binding and unwinding activity of the protein. Also the presence of the characteristic aromatic residue at the tip of the WH β hairpin and its role in DNA binding and unwinding has been established. Finally, it provides a low resolution SAXS model of the catalytic core of RecQ4.
Elicasi RecQ appartengono a una famiglia ubiquitaria di DNA svolgimento enzimi che sono essenziali per mantenere la stabilità del genoma agendo all'interfaccia tra replicazione del DNA, ricombinazione e riparazione. Gli esseri umani hanno cinque diversi paralogues di RecQ elicasi cioè RecQ1, BLM, WRN, RecQ4 e RecQ5. Questo lavoro si concentra sullo studio strutturale e biochimica di RecQ4 umana. Mutazioni germinali nel gene RECQ4 danno luogo a tre malattie genetiche umane distinte (Rothmund-Thomson, RAPADILINO e sindromi Baller-Gerold). Nonostante i ruoli importanti di RecQ4 in diversi processi cellulari, RecQ4 non sono mai stati pienamente caratterizzato. In aggiunta al dominio elicasi, RecQ4 ha una parte unica N-terminale che è essenziale per la vitalità ed è costituito da una regione omologa al lievito Sld2 fattore di iniziazione replica, seguita da una regione ricca di cisteina, previsto per piegare come stinco Zn . Una parte di questo lavoro si concentra sull'analisi strutturale e biochimica sia della regioni ricche di cisteina Xenopus RecQ4 umana e, e spettacoli di spettroscopia NMR che il frammento Xenopus effettivamente assume la canonica Zn nocca volte, mentre la sequenza di resti umani non strutturato, coerente con la mutazione di uno dei ligandi Zn. Sia il nocche Xenopus Zn umana e si legano ad una varietà di substrati di acido nucleico, con una preferenza per l'RNA. Abbiamo anche studiato l'effetto di un ulteriore regione omologa Sld2 monte la nocca Zn. Sia il sistema Xenopus umano e, la presenza di questa regione migliora fortemente legame ad acidi nucleici. Questi risultati rivelano possibili ruoli nuovi di RecQ4 nella replicazione del DNA e la stabilità del genoma. Recentemente il nucleo catalitico di RecQ4 stato previsto per includere RecQ-like-C-terminale (RQC) dominio al C-terminale del dominio elicasi, simile ad altri elicasi RecQ. Questo dominio è costituito da una regione-Zn vincolanti e un'elica alato (WH) dominio. Un'altra parte di questa tesi incentrata sulla caratterizzazione strutturale e biochimica del nucleo catalitico della RecQ4 compreso il elicasi e il dominio RQC. I risultati forniscono una descrizione nel Zn ligandi presenti nel dominio RQC che svolge un ruolo nel legame al DNA e l'attività svolgimento della proteina legante. Inoltre è stata stabilita la presenza della caratteristica residuo aromatico sulla punta della forcella WH β e il suo ruolo nel legame al DNA e di svolgimento. Infine, esso fornisce una bassa risoluzione SAXS modello del nucleo catalitico di RecQ4.
XXVII Ciclo
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Ren, Hua. "Aspects moléculaires des hélicases de la famille de RecQ." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00448084.
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Dans les cellules, le déroulement de l'ADN double-brin est catalysé par une famille de protéines appelées hélicases. Ces protéines sont présentes chez tous les organismes des virus jusqu'à l'homme. Parmi ces hélicases, celles de la famille RecQ jouent un rôle essentiel dans le métabolisme de l'ADN en facilitant de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la réplication, la réparation, la recombinaison, la transcription et la maintenance des télomères. Chez l'homme, il existe cinq membres de la famille RecQ identifiés comme RECQ1, BLM, WRN, RECQ4 et RECQ5. Les mutations dans BLM, WRN et RECQ4 sont associées à une prédisposition au cancer. En plus du domaine hélicase très conservé et contenant sept motifs bien distincts, la plupart des hélicases de la famille RecQ possèdent également un domaine RecQ C-terminal (RecQ-Ct) et un domaine hélicase RNase D (HRDC). Au cours de ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur les mécanismes intrafonctionnels de certains membres de la famille RecQ des hélicases. Tout d'abord, nous avons utilisé deux isoformes naturels de l'hélicase RECQ5 humain comme modèle pour étudier la modulation fonctionnelle du domaine hélicase avec le doigt de zinc. Ici, nous montrons que la variante tronquée RECQ5α de l'hélicase RECQ5β issue d'un épissage alternatif et composée uniquement du domaine hélicase ne possède ni l'activité ATPase ni l'activité de déroulement de l'ADN. A l'inverse, et ce de matière étonnante, cette protéine est dotée d'une forte activité de réhybridation du brin déroulé. Les mesures quantitatives indiquent que l'amélioration de l'affinité de la protéine pour l'ADN que lui confère le doigt de zinc est à l'origine de ses activités ATPase et hélicase. Le plus important est que l'on constate que le doigt de zinc est capable d'agir comme un facteur moléculaire à même de supprimer l'activité de re-synthèse du brin déroulé par le domaine hélicase et de déclencher l'activité de déroulement d'ADN à travers une modulation de la fixation à l'ADN. Ensuite, nous avons analysé les propriétés biochimiques de deux isoformes de l'hélicase RecQ de Bacillus subtilis : SubL et SubS. Parmi elles, SubS ne dispose pas du domaine HRDC. Nos études montrent que le domaine HRDC est crucial pour Bacillus subtilis RecQ hélicases dans la résolution des intermédiaires de réplication et / ou de réparation de l'ADN tels que les jonctions de Holliday et la jonction de kappa. Les activités ATPase, hélicase et l'activité de rehybridation du brin déroulé sont plus importantes en présence du domaine HRDC. Ces résultats nous permettent de spéculer sur l'importance du domaine HRDC des activités de la famille de RecQ hélicase. Nous avons découvert que dans la famille RecQ, le 12 domaine HRDC peut augmenter les activités ATPases et hélicases. De manière intéressante, le domaine HRDC de Bacillus subtilis joue un rôle critique dans la résolution des intermédiaires de réplication ou de réparation de l'ADN et des jonctions de Holliday. Nous suggérons l'hypothèse que le domaine HRDC des hélicases RecQ participe à exposer leurs fonctions dans le processus de réparation de l'ADN. Dans la dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'existence et au rôle du doigt d'arginine dans la protéine BLM. Ces études ont été menées afin de démontrer son rôle dans l'hydrolyse d'ATP et dans la conversion en mouvement mécanique permettant à la protéine de progresser le long de l'ADN. Nos études démontrent que le résidu R982, situé à proximité du γ-phosphate de l'ATP, fonctionne comme un doigt d'arginine dans la protéine BLM. Nos conclusions indiquent en outre que ce doigt d'arginine interagit avec d'autres motifs conservés situés autour du γ-phosphate des nucléotides et qu'ils effectuent ensemble les fonctions enzymatiques au sein d'un réseau complexe.
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Kaiser, Sebastian [Verfasser], and Caroline [Gutachter] Kisker. "A RecQ helicase in disguise: Characterization of the unconventional Structure and Function of the human Genome Caretaker RecQ4 / Sebastian Kaiser ; Gutachter: Caroline Kisker." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1206879246/34.
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Guo, Rongbing. "Biochemical and structural characterization of BLM Helicase." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112168.
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Les Hélicases sont un sous-ensemble d'enzymes qui couplent l'énergie provenant de l'hydrolyse des nucléosides triphosphates (NTP) à la séparation des duplex d'acides nucléiques. Elles sont essentielles au métabolisme de l'ADN et de l'ARN (réparation, réplication, recombinaison et transcription). Les hélicases de la famille de RecQ sont essentielles et ont été très conservées lors de l'évolution. Chez l'humain, trois hélicases de type RecQ sont liées à de graves désordres autosomiques. Ils s'agissent du syndrome de Bloom (BS), du syndrome de Werner (WS) et du syndrome de Rothmund-Thomson (RTS) liés respectivement aux hélicases BLM, WRN et RecQ4. Cette thèse se focalise sur l'analyse des relations structurales et fonctionnelles de BLM. La formation d'érythèmes après exposition au soleil et le retard de croissance sont les principaux phénotypes du BS. La stérilité (ou l'infertilité), l'immunodéficience, et la prédisposition à un large spectre de cancers sont également les symptômes cliniques des patients BS. Les brèches et cassures de chromatides, les réarrangements structuraux de chromosomes, la configuration quadriradiale symétrique, tout comme les associations télomériques ou la quantité excessive de ponts d'anaphase représentent autant d'autres caractéristiques des patients BS. Mais, la haute fréquence d'échanges entre chromatides sœurs (SCE) détectable sous le microscope dans les lymphocytes du sang reste à l'heure actuelle le moyen le plus efficace de diagnostiquer la maladie. Cette thèse présente des résultats nouveaux, publiés dans trois articles scientifiques dan des journaux internationau x, sur les relations entre structure et fonctions de l'hélicase BLM qui peuvent être utiles dans l'identification de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques du syndrome de BLOOMBloom's syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive disorder, showing high frequency of sister chromatid exchange in lymphocyte of the patients. Since BS is preposition of a wide spectrum of cancer, the syndrome has been studied for understanding of the mechanism of cancer extensively. Ln the first part, we proved the existence of a zinc-binding domain in which a zinc ion is coordinated by four cysteines residues in RecQ-Ct domain of BLM. This conclusion is drawn from our biophysical and biochemical studies. We modeled the 3D structure of BLM protein based on that of E. Coli RecQ helicase, which revealed a similar structural domain in both helicases that coordinate zinc. The results from experiments with three mutants showed that their enzymatic activities were severely reduced or abrogated. The demetalization of zinc from BLM had no influence on the activities of BLM, but it would decrease the themostability of the protein. Ln conclusion, BLM contains a zinc binding domain with one zinc ion in each protein. The second part of our studies includes the work for understanding of causative molecular mechanism of missense mutations which happened in helicase domain of BLM found in BS patients. On the basis of the work inthe fist part, we further modeled the 3D structure of BLM in complex with A TPyS and DNA. With the model, we deduced the possible causative mechanism of mutants. We produced mutant proteins and purified them to homogeneity. The A TPase activity, A TP binding activity, DNA binding activity and helicase activity ofthe mutants were ail checked. Ln conclusion 1 showed that: 1. BLM642-129o possibly employ an "inchworm" model mechanism; 2. Amino acid residues from 861 to 901 are imprtant for DNA binding; 3. DNA binding ofBLM is mainly controlled by lobe2 and lobe3, lobel contribute to a transient ssDNA binding; 4. The annealing activity of RecQ helicase suggests a weak DNA binding activity
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Budhathoki, Jagat B. "Interactions of RecQ-Family Helicases with G-quadruplex Structures at the Single Molecule Level." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1467765011.
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Huber, Michael D. "Structure-function analysis and substrate specific inhibition of RecQ helicases /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9253.
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Bajpai, Sailesh. "Analysis of human RECQ1 helicase function in cells." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522223.
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Levitt, Nicola C. "Role of RecQ helicases in maintenance of genome integrity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275469.
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Lucic, Bojana. "Understanding the structural basis of the human RECQ1 helicase function." Thesis, Open University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536078.
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Popuri, Venkateswarlu. "Structural and biochemical characterization of the human recq 1 helicase." Thesis, Open University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489896.
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RecQ helicases maintain genomic stability by their exceptional ability to resolve many replication or recombination intermediates in addition to normal B-form DNA duplexes. Microorganisms such as E.coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe express only a single RecQ enzyme per species, while higher eukaryotes need more than one RecQ helicase to function.
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Mirzaei-Souderjani, Hamed. "Functional and mutational analysis of human RecQ-Like DNA helicases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4547.
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RecQ-like proteins are a family of DNA helicases that are evolutionary conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. A large amount of experimental evidence suggests these proteins have a major role in the maintenance of genome stability. In humans five RecQ like helicase have been identified (RecQL1, BLM, WRN, RecQL4, and RecQL5), three of which are associated with rare genetic disorders with sever chromosomal and developmental abnormalities, and an elevated predisposition to cancer. Among the disease associated RecQ-like helicases, BLM and WRN have been subject to extensive research, while our collective knowledge about the function of RecQL4 is still very limited. Similarly, little is known about the role of RecQL1 and RecQL5 in maintenance of genome integrity. In the past studies of Sgs1, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of RecQ, have been very informative regarding BLM function. Thus, here we sought to further investigate BLM, RecQL1, and RecQL4 by using yeast as a model. By constructing humanized yeast strains we evaluated the ability of these genes to complement defects observed in sgs1∆. In Chapter 2, our investigation led to the development of a novel chimeric system, which was able to complement some defects of the sgs1∆ strain. In Chapter 3, by taking advantage of this chimeric system, we evaluated 41 known BLM variants identified in the general human population. This study resulted in identification of six novel variants that completely impaired BLM function and three novel variants that partially impaired BLM function. In Chapter 4 we conducted multiple yeast 2-hybrid screens in search for novel protein-protein interaction for RecQL1 and RecQL4. We have identified two new putatively interacting partners for RecQL1 and three putatively interacting partners for RecQL4. In Chapter 5, functional characterization of RecQL1, BLM, RecQL4 and RecQL5 in yeast suggested genetic interaction between BLM and RecQL4 and RecQL5. Finally, in Chapter 6 a random mutagenesis screen of BLM has led to identification a mutation that impairs BLM function by disrupting the HRDC domain. This mutant suggests that the HRDC domain of BLM has an important role in proper functionality of this helicase.
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Novoa, Carolina. "RecQ-like helicase SGS1 counteracts DNA : RNA hybrid induced genome instability." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60964.
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Dividing cells are constantly under threat from both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging stresses that can lead to mutations and structural variations in DNA. One contributor to genome instability is three-stranded DNA:RNA hybrid structures called R-loops. Though R-loops are known to induce DNA damage and DNA replication stress, it is unclear whether they are recognized and processed by an established DNA repair pathway prior to inducing DNA breaks. Canonically, DNA repair proteins work downstream of R-loop-induced DNA damage to stimulate repair and suppress genome instability. Recently, the possibility that some DNA repair pathways actively destabilize R-loops, thus preventing unscheduled DNA damage has emerged. Here we identify the helicase SGS1 as a suppressor of R-loop stability. Our data reveals that SGS1 depleted cells accumulate R-loops. In addition, we define a role for transcription in genome instability of cells lacking SGS1, which is consistent with an R-loop based mechanism. Hyper-recombination in SGS1 mutants is dependent on transcript length, transcription rate, and active DNA replication. Also, rDNA instability in sgs1Δ can be suppressed by ectopic expression of RNaseH1, a protein that degrades DNA:RNA hybrids. Interestingly, R-loops are known to form at rDNA loci. We favour a model in which SGS1 contributes to the stabilization of stalled replication forks associated with transcription complexes, and unresolved DNA:RNA hybrids. Finally, we showed that knockdown of the human Sgs1 orthologue BLM in HCT116 cells also led to the accumulation of more R-loops than control HCT116 cells. In summary, our data supports the idea that some DNA repair proteins involved in replication fork stabilization might also prevent and process R-loops.Science, Faculty of
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Harrison, Ryan M. "Molecular biophysics of strong DNA bending and the RecQ DNA helicase." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f02fc167-b705-4275-a413-21d13b5d94c3.
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Molecular biophysics is a rapidly evolving field aimed at the physics-based investigation of the biomolecular processes that enable life. In this thesis, we explore two such processes: the thermodynamics of DNA bending, and the mechanism of the RecQ DNA helicase. A computational approach using a coarse-grained model of DNA is employed for the former; an experimental approach relying heavily on single-molecule fluorescence for the latter. There is much interest in understanding the physics of DNA bending, due to both its biological role in genome regulation and its relevance to nanotechnology. Small DNA bending fluctuations are well described by existing models; however, there is less consensus on what happens at larger bending fluctuations. A coarse-grained simulation is used to fully characterize the thermodynamics and mechanics of duplex DNA bending. We then use this newfound insight to harmonize experimental results between four distinct experimental systems: a 'molecular vise', DNA cyclization, DNA minicircles and a 'strained duplex'. We find that a specific structural defect present at large bending fluctuations, a 'kink', is responsible for the deviation from existing theory at lengths below about 80 base pairs. The RecQ DNA helicase is also of much biological and clinical interest, owing to its essential role in genome integrity via replication, recombination and repair. In humans, heritable defects in the RecQ helicases manifest clinically as premature aging and a greatly elevated cancer risk, in disorders such as Werner and Bloom syndromes. Unfortunately, the mechanism by which the RecQ helicase processes DNA remains poorly understood. Although several models have been proposed to describe the mechanics of helicases based on biochemical and structural data, ensemble experiments have been unable to address some of the more nuanced questions of helicase function. We prepare novel substrates to probe the mechanism of the RecQ helicase via single-molecule fluorescence, exploring DNA binding, translocation and unwinding. Using this insight, we propose a model for RecQ helicase activity.
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Syed, Salahuddin. "Nonreplicative DNA Helicases Involved in Maintaining Genome Stability." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6408.
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Double-strand breaks and stalled forks arise when the replication machinery encounters damage from exogenous sources like DNA damaging agents or ionizing radiation, and require specific DNA helicases to resolve these structures. Sgs1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases and has a role in DNA repair and recombination. The RecQ family includes human genes BLM, WRN, RECQL4, RECQL1, and RECQL5. Mutations in BLM, WRN, and RECQL4 result in genetic disorders characterized by developmental abnormalities and a predisposition to cancer. All RecQ helicases have common features including a helicase domain, an RQC domain, and a HRDC domain. In order to elucidate the role of these domains and to identify additional regions in Sgs1 that are required for the maintenance of genome integrity, a series of systematic truncations to the C terminus of Sgs1 were created. We found that ablating the HRDC domain does not cause an increase in accumulating gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs). But deleting the RQC domain and leaving the helicase domain intact resulted in a rate similar to that of a helicase-defective mutant. Additionally, we exposed these truncation mutants to HU and MMS and demonstrated that losing up to 200 amino acids from the C terminus did not increase sensitivity to HU or MMS, whereas losing 300 amino acids or more led to sensitivity similar to that of an sgs1∆ cell. These results suggest that the RQC domain, believed to mediate protein-protein interactions and required for DNA recognition, is important for Sgs1’s role in suppressing GCRs and sensitivity to HU and MMS, whereas the HRDC domain that is important for DNA binding is not necessary. RecQL5 is a RecQ-like helicase that is distinct from the other members through its three different isoforms, RecQL5α, RecQL5β, and RecQL5ɣ. It has a helicase domain and an RQC domain, but lacks the HRDC domain that other RecQ-like helicases possess. In contrast to Blm, Wrn, and RecQL4, no human disorder has been associated with defects in RecQL5. For this reason the role of RecQL5 in the cell has remained largely unknown. To try to elucidate the pathways RecQL5 may be involved in we performed a yeast two hybrid to identify RecQL5-interacting proteins. We found that RecQL5 interacts with Hlp2, an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, and Ube2I, a SUMO-conjugating enzyme. These novel interactions shed light on a potential role of RecQL5 in the cell as a transcriptional regulator.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rrm3, is a 5’-3’ DNA helicase that is part of the Pif1 family of DNA helicases and is conserved from yeast to humans. It was initially discovered as a suppressor of recombination between tandem arrays and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats. In its absence there are increased rates of extra-chromosomal rDNA circles, and cells accumulate X-shaped intermediates at stalled forks. Rrm3 may be involved in displacing DNA-protein blocks and unwinding DNA to facilitate fork progression. We used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)- based quantitative mass spectrometry in order to determine proteins that deal with the stalled fork in the absence of Rrm3. We found that in the absence of Rrm3 and increased replication fork pausing, there is a requirement for the error-free DNA damage bypass factor Rad5 and the homologous recombination factor Rdh54 for fork recovery. We also report a novel role for Rrm3 in controlling DNA synthesis upon exposure to replication stress and that this requirement is due to interaction with Orc5, a subunit of the origin recognition complex. Interaction of Orc5 was found to be located within a 26-residue region in the unstructured N-terminal tail of Rrm3 and loss of this interaction resulted in lethality with cells devoid of the replication checkpoint mediator Mrc1, and DNA damage sensitivity with cells lacking Tof1. In this study we describe two independent roles of Rrm3, a helicase-dependent role that requires Rad5 and Rdh54 for fork recovery, and a helicase-independent role that requires Orc5 interaction to control DNA synthesis.
Our data provides novel insight into the role of DNA helicases and their role in protecting the genome. Through yeast genetics it was possible to determine the importance of the C terminus of Sgs1 and elucidate new RecQL5 interacting partners that shed light onto roles for RecQL5 distinct from other RecQ like helicases. Quantitative mass spectrometry allowed us to take on a more global view of the cell and determine how it responds to replication fork pausing in the absence of Rrm3. Using both proteomics and yeast genetics we were able to better understand how these DNA helicases contribute to maintaining genome stability.
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Chaix, Alexandre. "Genetic analysis and meiotic role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RecQ helicase SGS1." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30371.
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SGS1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3 '-5' DNA helicase, is a homologue of the Escherichia coli RecQ gene. It is essential for genomic stability of both during mitosis and meiosis. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the role of this helicase during meiotic recombination. In meiosis, SGS1 mutant cells display a decrease in sporulation efficiency and spore viability. In addition, the unusual spore viability pattern observed in SGS1 mutants cannot be explained solely by meiosis I or meiosis II missegregations. These problems could be partially explained by defects in mitotic chromosome segregation or problems with meiotic S-phase. Cytological experiments demonstrating an increase in synapsis initiation complexes and axial associations in sgs1Delta could be explained by an early function of Sgs1p in meiosis, such as the unwinding of inappropriate strand invasion events. Consistent with this, we observe increased gene conversion, increased homeologous recombination and increased interaction between sister choromatids.;Recent observations have suggested that, Sgs1p and Top3p in S. cerevisiae, and the human orthologue protein BLM, in conjunction with the Top3alpha protein, can dissolve double Holliday junctions. Physical analyses of double-strand break repair in meiosis, combined the genetic analysis of this work, indicate a late function of the Sgs1 protein in the dissolution of double Holliday junctions. We have shown an unusual class of tetrads in which non-sister spores and recombinant spores are dead. We interpret this as a consequence of the failure to untangle intertwined chromatids. This defect in SGS1 mutant strains could be explained by either the presence of pre-meiotic S-phase catenates, a defect in crossover resolution and/or a defect in the dissolution of closely spaced double Holliday junctions.
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Silva, João Paulo Lopes da. "Comparação dos Perfis Transcricionais de Genes de Reparo e Duplicação do DNA e Medidas de Comprimento Telomérico entre Grupos de Indivíduos Jovens, Idosos e Centenários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-28072015-114601/.
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A instabilidade genômica tem sido implicada como um dos principais fatores relacionados ao processo de envelhecimento. Esta é consequência do acumulo de danos no DNA em células somáticas continuamente expostas a fatores endógenos e exógenos. Um grupo de proteínas que desempenha diversos papéis na manutenção e estabilidade do genoma é formado pelas RecQ helicases, atuando em vários processos do metabolismo celular, tais como replicação do DNA, recombinação, reparo do DNA e manutenção dos telômeros. Algumas evidencias relacionam a expressão aberrante destas proteínas ao envelhecimento precoce. Com o objetivo de determinar os perfis de expressão transcricional de genes da família RecQ helicase e alguns genes envolvidos na via BER (Base excision repair), como PARP1, POL e APEX1 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMCs, do inglês Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells), comparamos grupos de indivíduos jovens (n = 20), idosos (n = 17) e centenários (n = 27). Além disso, foi também foi avaliado o comprimento telomérico em amostras de DNA desses indivíduos, buscando uma comparação entre os mesmos. Foi observada uma diminuição no nível de expressão transcricional do gene BLM nos grupos idoso e centenário quando comparados ao grupo jovem (p<0,05). Também foi observado uma diminuição na expressão do gene RECQL5 no grupo idoso comparado ao grupo jovem. Para os genes da via BER, foi observada uma repressão na expressão transcricional de PARP1 no grupo idoso em relação ao grupo jovem (p<0,05). Em relação ao comprimento telomérico, nossos resultados demonstraram associação entre a diminuição do comprimento telomérico e a idade. Obtivemos diferença significativa na comparação do comprimento telomérico de idosos e centenários comparados ao grupo jovem. Porém, não foi observada diferença entre os grupos idosos e centenários. Assim, nossos resultados mostram uma associação do processo de envelhecimento com a modulação de alguns genes da família RecQ helicase e participantes da via BER, e com o encurtamento telomérico. Os resultados gerados nesse trabalho são inéditos, sendo que relevantes para melhor compreensão do processo de envelhecimento.Genomic instability plays a major role in the aging process due to the accumulation of DNA damage in somatic cells continuously exposed to endogenous and exogenous factors. A group of proteins essential in maintaining genome stability is composed by RecQ helicase, acting in several cell metabolism processes such as DNA replication, recombination, DNA repair and telomere maintenance. Some evidence related the aberrant expression of these proteins to premature aging. In order to determine the transcriptional expression profile of RecQ helicase gene family and some genes involved in the BER (Base excision repair) pathway, such as PARP1, POL and APEX1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we compared groups of young (n = 20), elderly (n = 17) and centenarians (n = 27). Furthermore, it was also evaluated telomere length in DNA samples from these individuals. It was observed a decrease in the transcriptional expression of BLM gene in elderly and centenarians compared to the young group (p <0.05). It was also observed a decrease in expression of RECQL5 gene in the elderly compared to the younger group. For the BER genes, it was observed a transcriptional repression of PARP1 in the elderly group compared to the young group (p <0.05). Regarding the telomere length, our results demonstrated an association between reduction of telomere length and age. We obtained significant difference in comparing the telomere length of the elderly and centenarians compared to the younger group. However, no difference was observed between the elderly and centenarians groups. Thus, our results show an association of aging process with the modulation of certain genes from RecQ helicase family and participants of the BER pathway and the telomere shortening. The results generated in this study are promising, and relevant to better understanding the aging process.
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Viziteu, Elena. "RECQ1 Helicase Involvement in the Resistance to Replication Stress and Chemotherapy in Multiple Myeloma Myélome Multiple." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT008.
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Le myélome multiple (MM) est une néoplasie B caractérisée par l’accumulation d’un clone plasmocytaire dans la moelle osseuse. Des études ont démontré que les modifications épigénétiques comme la méthylation de l’ADN jouent un rôle dans la régulation d’expression de différents gènes associés au cancer. Dans une étude récente, nous avons pu décrire un score génique de méthylation de l’ADN permettant de prédire la sensibilité des cellules de MM aux inhibiteurs de DNMT (DNA methyltranfexrase) (Moreaux, et al 2012). Parmi les gènes dont l’expression est inhibée par les inhibiteurs de DNMT et associés avec un pronostic péjoratif chez les patients atteints de MM, nous avons identifié RECQ1. RECQ1 est une hélicase de la famille RECQ qui s’associe aux origines de réplication durant la phase S du cycle cellulaire et joue un rôle important dans l’élongation des fourches de réplication. RECQ1 est fortement exprimé dans différents types de tumeurs solides et l’inhibition de RECQ1 conduit à la catastrophe mitotique et inhibe la croissance de tumeurs solides. Le but de notre projet a été de caractériser la fonction de RECQ1 dans la physiopathologie du MM et les mécanismes de résistance aux traitements. Afin d’étudier le rôle biologique de RECQ1 dans les plasmocytes tumoraux, nous avons utilisé des vecteurs lentiviraux pour induire de façon inductible la surexpression ou l'inhibition de RECQ1. La déplétion de RECQ1 dans les cellules de MM entraîne une inhibition de la croissance, une induction significative d’apoptose et la formation de foyers 53BP1 indiquant la présence de cassures d’ADN double brin. Une forte expression de RECQ1 étant associée à un mauvais pronostic et la déplétion de RECQ1 conduisant à une induction de cassures d’ADN double brin, nous nous sommes demandé si l’inhibition de l’expression de RECQ1 pourrait sensibiliser les cellules de MM aux agents génotoxiques utilisés dans le traitement du MM. La déplétion de RECQ1 sensibilise, de façon significative, les cellules de MM au melphalan suggérant que l’association d’un inhibiteur de DNMT pour cibler RECQ1 et du melphalan pourrait avoir un effet synergique chez les patients RECQ1++. La surexpression de RECQ1 protège les lignées cellulaires de myélome contra l'apoptose induite par melphalan et bortézomib. De plus, l'épuisement RECQ1 sensibilise les cellules de myélome de traitement est démontré que RECQ1 interagit avec des protéines impliquées dans différentes voies de réparation des dommages de l’ADN : PARP1 (NHEJ/BER), RAD51 (HR), MSH2 et MSH6 (Mismatch repair). RECQ1 interagit avec PARP1 dans la fraction chromatinienne des cellules de MM mais pas avec RAD51 ni MSH2. Cette interaction est significativement induite en présence de melphalan. Des inhibiteurs de PARP sont actuellement en développement préclinique ou en essai clinique. De façon intéressante, la déplétion de RECQ1 sensibilise significativement les cellules de MM à un inhibiteur de PARP in vitro suggérant que l’association d’un inhibiteur de DNMT pour cibler RECQ1 et d’un inhibiteur de PARP pourrait avoir un intérêt thérapeutique dans le MM. Nous avons également confirmé que des doses sous-létales d’inhibiteur de DNMT sensibilisent les cellules de MM au melphalan in vitroMultiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell cancer with poor survival, characterized by the clonal expansion of multiple myeloma cells (MMCs), primarily in the bone marrow. Using a microarray-based genome-wide screen for genes responding to DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) inhibition in MM cells, we identified RECQ1 among the genes downregulated by DNMT inhibitor. RECQ helicase are DNA unwinding enzymes involved in the maintenance of chromosome stability. RECQ1 silencing in cancer cells results in mitotic catastrophe and prevents tumor growth in murine models. RECQ1 is significantly overexpressed in primary myeloma cells compared to normal plasma cells and in myeloma cell lines compared to primary myeloma cells of patients. High RECQ1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in two independent cohorts of patients. RECQ1 knock down inhibits growth of myeloma cells and induces apoptosis. Given the known role of RECQ1 in replication and DNA repair activation, the effect of RECQ1 depletion in DNA damage response was investigated. RECQ1 depletion induced spontaneous accumulation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) evidenced by the phosphorylation of ATM and H2AX histone and detection of 53BP1 foci. Using an alkaline comet assay, a significant increase in DNA strand breaks was confirmed in RECQ1 depleted cell lines compared to control. RECQ1 depletion was associated with CHK1 and CHK2 phosphorylation in MM cells. Since RECQ1 depletion is associated with DNA damage response activation and DNA strand breaks formation, a link between RECQ1 expression and drug sensitivity was hypothesized. RECQ1 overexpression significantly protects myeloma cell lines from melphalan and bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, RECQ1 depletion sensitizes myeloma cells to treatment. Using immunoprecipitation, RECQ1 was shown to interact with PARP1 but not RAD51 or MSH2. An increased association of the two proteins was found upon DNA damages induced by melphalan. In agreement, RECQ1 depletion sensitizes myeloma cell lines to PARP inhibitor. We identified RECQ1 as a miR-203 target. Interestingly, aberrant methylation of miR-203 was reported in MM cells and treatment with 5-aza-2’-deoxycitidine led to promoter demethylation and miR-203 re-expression. Furthermore, anti-miR-203 treatment induced a significant increase of RECQ1 mRNA level in MM cells.In conclusion, RECQ1 represent a biomarker of drug resistance in MM, which is targeted by DNMT inhibitors. This suggests association of alkylating agents and/or PARP inhibitors with DNMT inhibitor may represent a therapeutic approach in RECQ1high patients associated with a poor prognosis
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Klaue, Daniel. "DNA Unwinding by Helicases Investigated on the Single Molecule Level." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-97596.
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Each organism has to maintain the integrity of its genetic code, which is stored in its DNA. This is achieved by strongly controlled and regulated cellular processes such as DNA replication, -repair and -recombination. An essential element of these processes is the unwinding of the duplex strands of the DNA helix. This biochemical reaction is catalyzed by helicases that use the energy of nucleoside triphophate (NTP) hydrolysis. Although all helicases comprise highly conserved domains in their amino acid sequence, they exhibit large variations regarding for example their structure, their function and their target nucleic acid structures. The main objective of this thesis is to obtain insight into the DNA unwinding mechanisms of three helicases from two different organisms. These helicase vary in their structures and are involved in different pathways of DNA metabolism. In particular the replicative, hexameric helicase Large Tumor-Antigen (T-Antigen) from Simian virus 40 and the DNA repair helicases RecQ2 and RecQ3 from Arabidopsis thaliana are studied. To observe DNA unwinding by these helicases in real-time on the single molecule level, a biophysical technique, called magnetic tweezers, was applied. This technique allows to stretch single DNA molecules attached to magnetic particles. Simultaneously one can measure the DNA end-to-end distance. Special DNA hairpin templates allowed to characterize different parameters of the DNA unwinding reaction such as the unwinding velocity, the length of unwound DNA (processivity) or the influence of forces. From this mechanistic models about the functions of the helicases could be obtained. T-Antigen is found to be one of the slowest and most processive helicases known so far. In contrast to prokaryotic helicases, the unwinding velocity of T-Antigen shows a weak dependence on the applied force. Since current physical models for the unwinding velocity fail to describe the data an alternative model is developed. The investigated RecQ helicases are found to unwind and close short stretches of DNA in a repetitive fashion. This activity is shown for the first time under external forces. The experiments revealed that the repetitive DNA unwinding is based on the ability of both enzymes to switch from one single DNA strand to the other. Although RecQ2 and RecQ3 perform repetitive DNA unwinding, both enzymes differ largely in the measured DNA unwinding properties. Most importantly, while RecQ2 is a classical helicase that unwinds DNA, RecQ3 mostly rewinds DNA duplexes. These different properties may reflect different specific tasks of the helicases during DNA repair processes. To obtain high spatial resolution in DNA unwinding experiments, the experimental methods were optimized. An improved and more stable magnetic tweezers setup with sub-nanometer resolution was built. Additionally, different methods to prepare various DNA templates for helicase experiments were developed. Furthermore, the torsional stability of magnetic particles within an external field was investigated. The results led to selection rules for DNA-microsphere constructs that allow high resolution measurementsJeder Organismus ist bestrebt, die genetischen Informationen intakt zu halten, die in seiner DNA gespeichert sind. Dies wird durch präzise gesteuerte zelluläre Prozesse wie DNA-Replikation, -Reparatur und -Rekombination verwirklicht. Ein wesentlicher Schritt ist dabei das Entwinden von DNA-Doppelsträngen zu Einzelsträngen. Diese chemische Reaktion wird von Helikasen durch die Hydrolyse von Nukleosidtriphosphaten katalysiert. Obwohl bei allen Helikasen bestimmte Aminosäuresequenzen hoch konserviert sind, können sie sich in Eigenschaften wie Struktur, Funktion oder DNA Substratspezifität stark unterscheiden. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Entwindungsmechanismen von drei verschieden Helikasen aus zwei unterschiedlichen Organismen zu untersuchen, die sich in ihrer Struktur sowie ihrer Funktion unterscheiden. Es handelt sich dabei um die replikative, hexamerische Helikase Large Tumor-Antigen (T-Antigen) vom Simian-Virus 40 und die DNA-Reparatur-Helikasen RecQ2 und RecQ3 der Pflanze Arabidopsis thaliana. Um DNA-Entwindung in Echtzeit zu untersuchen, wird eine biophysikalische Einzelmolekültechnik, die \"Magnetische Pinzette\", verwendet. Mit dieser Technik kann man ein DNA-Molekül, das an ein magnetisches Partikel gebunden ist, strecken und gleichzeitig dessen Gesamtlänge messen. Mit speziellen DNA-Konstrukten kann man so bestimmte Eigenschaften der Helikasen bei der DNA-Entwindung, wie z.B. Geschwindigkeit, Länge der entwundenen DNA (Prozessivität) oder den Einfluß von Kraft, ermitteln. Es wird gezeigt, dass T-Antigen eine der langsamsten und prozessivsten Helikasen ist. Im Gegensatz zu prokaryotischen Helikasen ist die Entwindungsgeschwindigkeit von T-Antigen kaum kraftabhängig. Aktuelle Modelle sagen dieses Verhalten nicht vorraus, weshalb ein alternatives Modell entwickelt wird. Die untersuchten RecQ-Helikasen zeigen ein Entwindungsverhalten bei dem permanent kurze Abschnitte von DNA entwunden und wieder zusammengeführt werden. Dieses Verhalten wird hier zum ersten Mal unter dem Einfluß externer Kräfte gemessen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die permanente Entwindung auf die Fähigkeit beider Helikasen, von einem einzelen DNA-Strang auf den anderen zu wechseln, zurückzuführen ist. Obwohl RecQ2 und RecQ3 beide das Verhalten des permanenten Entwindens aufzeigen, unterscheiden sie sich stark in anderen Eigenschaften. Der gravierendste Unterschied ist, dass RecQ2 wie eine klassische Helikase die DNA entwindet, während RecQ3 eher bestrebt ist, die DNA-Einzelstränge wieder zusammenzuführen. Die unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften könnten die verschieden Aufgaben beider Helikasen während DNA-Reparaturprozessen widerspiegeln. Weiterhin werden die experimentellen Methoden optimiert, um möglichst hohe Auflösungen der Daten zu erreichen. Dazu zählen der Aufbau einer verbesserten und stabileren \"Magnetischen Pinzette\" mit sub-nanometer Auflösung und die Entwicklung neuer Methoden, um DNA Konstrukte herzustellen. Außerdem wird die Torsions\\-steifigkeit von magnetischen Partikeln in externen magnetischen Feldern untersucht. Dabei finden sich Auswahlkriterien für DNA-gebundene magnetische Partikel, durch die eine hohe Auflösung erreicht wird
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Liew, Li Phing. "Characterization of the TLH1-4+ telomere-linked recq DNA helicase genes in schizosaccharomyces pombe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510984.
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Marple, Teresa C. "Brca2 and Blm have opposing functions in response to DNA damaging agents and in the maintenance of mouse major satellite repeat DNA : a dissertation /." San Antonio : UTHSC, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1216730631&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=70986&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Langland, Gregory Todd. "Interaction Between the BLM Helicase and the DNA Mismatch Repair Protein, MLH1." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1052316756.
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Zheng, Lu. "The role of human RECQ5 helicase in the maintenance of genomic stability revealed by protein-protein interaction study /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000281175.
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Campos-Doerfler, Lillian. "The Role of Sgs1 and Exo1 in the Maintenance of Genome Stability." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7006.
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Genome instability is a hallmark of human cancers. Patients with Bloom’s syndrome, a rare chromosome breakage syndrome caused by inactivation of the RecQ helicase BLM, result in phenotypes associated with accelerated aging and develop cancer at a very young age. Patients with Bloom’s syndrome exhibit hyper-recombination, but the role of BLM and increased genomic instability is not fully characterized. Sgs1, the only member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is known to act both in early and late stages of homology-dependent repair of DNA damage. Exo1, a 5′–3′ exonuclease, first discovered to play a role in mismatch repair has been shown to participate in parallel to Sgs1 in processing the ends of DNA double-strand breaks, an early step of homology-mediated repair. Here we have characterized the genetic interaction of SGS1 and EXO1 with other repair factors in homology-mediated repair as well as DNA damage checkpoints, and characterize the role of post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions in regulating their function in response to DNA damage. In S. cerevisiae cells lacking Sgs1, spontaneous translocations arise by homologous recombination in small regions of homology between three non-allelic, but related sequences in the genes CAN1, LYP1, and ALP1. We have found that these translocation events are inhibited if cells lack Mec1/ATR kinase while Tel1/ATM acts as a suppressor, and that they are dependent on Rad59, a protein known to function as one of two sub-pathways of Rad52 homology-directed repair.
Through a candidate screen of other DNA metabolic factors, we identified Exo1 as a strong suppressor of chromosomal rearrangements in the sgs1∆ mutant. The Exo1 enzymatic domain is located in the N-terminus while the C-terminus harbors mismatch repair protein binding sites as well as phosphorylation sites known to modulate its enzymatic function at uncapped telomeres. We have determined that the C-terminus is dispensable for Exo1’s roles in resistance to DNA-damaging agents and suppressing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Exo1 has been identified as a component of the error-free DNA damage tolerance pathway of template switching. Exo1 promotes template switching by extending the single strand gap behind stalled replication forks. Here, we show that the dysregulation of the phosphorylation of the C-terminus of Exo1 is detrimental in cells under replication stress whereas loss of Exo1 suppresses under the same conditions, suggesting that Exo1 function is tightly regulated by both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and is important in properly modulating the DNA damage response at stalled forks.
It has previously been shown that the strand exchange factor Rad51 binds to the C-terminus of Sgs1 although the significance of this physical interaction has yet to be determined. To elucidate the function of the physical interaction of Sgs1 and Rad51, we have generated a separation of function allele of SGS1 with a single amino acid change (sgs1-FD) that ablates the physical interaction with Rad51. Alone, the loss of the interaction of Sgs1 and Rad51 in our sgs1-FD mutant did not cause any of the defects in response to DNA damaging agents or genome rearrangements that are observed in the sgs1 deletion mutant. However, when we assessed the sgs1-FD mutant in combination with the loss of Sae2, Mre11, Exo1, Srs2, Rrm3, and Pol32 we observed genetic interactions that distinguish the sgs1-FD mutant from the sgs1∆mutant. Negative and positive genetic interactions with SAE2, MRE11, EXO1, SRS2, RRM3, and POL32 suggest the role of the physical interaction of Sgs1 and Rad51 is in promoting homology-mediated repair possibly by competing with single-strand binding protein RPA for single-stranded DNA to promote Rad51 filament formation.
Together, these studies characterize additional roles for domains of Sgs1 and Exo1 that are not entirely understood as well as their roles in combination with DNA damage checkpoints, and repair pathways that are necessary for maintaining genome stability.
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Veith, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Studies on the regulation of genome maintenance factors by non-covalent interaction with poly(ADP-ribose) with a focus on RECQL helicases / Sebastian Veith." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1154684679/34.
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Sangrithi, Mahesh Nataraj. "Insights into the functions of a novel vertebrate RecQ helicase in chromosomal DNA replication and in the response to stalled replication forks." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616261.
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Willis, Nicholas Adrian. "Checkpoint Regulation of Replication Forks in Response to DNA Damage: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2009. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/427.
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Faithful duplication and segregation of undamaged DNA is critical to the survival of all organisms and prevention of oncogenesis in multicellular organisms. To ensure inheritance of intact DNA, cells rely on checkpoints. Checkpoints alter cellular processes in the presence of DNA damage preventing cell cycle transitions until replication is completed or DNA damage is repaired.
Several checkpoints are specific to S-phase. The S-M replication checkpoint prevents mitosis in the presence of unreplicated DNA. Rather than outright halting replication, the S-phase DNA damage checkpoint slows replication in response to DNA damage. This checkpoint utilizes two general mechanisms to slow replication. First, this checkpoint prevents origin firing thus limiting the number of replication forks traversing the genome in the presence of damaged DNA. Second, this checkpoint slows the progression of the replication forks. Inhibition of origin firing in response to DNA damage is well established, however when this thesis work began, slowing of replication fork progression was controversial.
Fission yeast slow replication in response to DNA damage utilizing an evolutionarily conserved kinase cascade. Slowing requires the checkpoint kinases Rad3 (hATR) and Cds1 (hChk2) as well as additional checkpoint components, the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 complex and the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) recombinational repair complex. The exact role MRN serves to slow replication is obscure due to its many roles in DNA metabolism and checkpoint response to damage. However, fission yeast MRN mutants display defects in recombination in yeast and, upon beginning this project, were described in vertebrates to display S-phase DNA damage checkpoint defects independent of origin firing.
Due to these observations, I initially hypothesized that recombination was required for replication slowing. However, two observations forced a paradigm shift in how I thought replication slowing to occur and how replication fork metabolism was altered in response to DNA damage. We found rhp51Δ mutants (mutant for the central mitotic recombinase similar to Rad51 and RecA) to slow well. We observed that the RecQ helicase Rqh1, implicated in negatively regulating recombination, was required for slowing. Therefore, deregulated recombination appeared to actually be responsible for slowing failures exhibited by the rqh1Δ recombination regulator mutant. Thereafter, I began a search for additional regulators required for slowing and developed the epistasis grouping described in Chapters II and V.
We found a wide variety of mutants which either completely or partially failed to slow replication in response to DNA damage. The three members of the MRN complex, nbs1Δ, rad32Δ and rad50Δ displayed a partial defect in slowing, as did the helicase rqh1Δ and Rhp51-mediator sfr1Δ mutants. We found the mus81Δ and eme1Δ endonuclease complex and the smc6-xhypomorph to completely fail to slow.
We were able to identify at least three epistasis groups due to genetic interaction between these mutants and recombinase mutants. Interestingly, not all mutants’ phenotypes were suppressed by abrogation of recombination. As introduced in Chapters II, III and IV checkpoint kinase cds1Δ, mus81Δ endonuclease, and smc6-x mutant slowing defects were not suppressed by abrogation of recombination, while the sfr1Δ, rqh1Δ, rad2Δ and nbs1Δ mutant slowing defects were.
Additionally, data shows replication slowing in fission yeast is primarily due to proteins acting locally at sites of DNA damage. We show that replication slowing is lesion density-dependent, prevention of origin firing representing a global response to insult contributes little to slowing, and constitutive checkpoint activation is not sufficient to induce DNA damage-independent slowing.
Collectively, our data strongly suggest that slowing of replication in response to DNA damage in fission yeast is due to the slowing of replication forks traversing damaged template. We show slowing must be primarily a local response to checkpoint activation and all mutants found to fail to slow are implicated in replication fork metabolism, and recombination is responsible for some mutant slowing defects.
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Lees, Hayley Diane. "Molecular mechanisms of premature ageing in a worm model of human Werner syndrome." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:080df619-828b-4248-b03f-c4aeb31f1672.
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Investigating the biological basis of ageing is both fascinating and medically relevant, as we strive to understand both how organisms age, and how our knowledge might be put to good use in an increasingly long-lived human population. Despite the complexity of ageing biology, it is very striking that longevity, in a wide variety of organisms, can be modified by manipulating single genes. In this thesis, I investigate phenotypes associated with mutations in C. elegans homologues of human WRN, the gene mutated in the progeroid Werner syndrome (WS). Mutant phenotypes in the worm recapitulate aspects of the pathophysiology observed in WS patients, including premature ageing, genomic instability, and sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. wrn-1 overexpression, on the other hand, appears to enhance longevity, suggesting that wrn-1 acts as a bona fide anti-gerontogene. The combination of wrn-1 mutations with mutation in the worm p53 homologue, cep-1, unexpectedly triggers a novel and very striking enhanced lifespan and healthspan phenotype, termed synthetic super-viability (SSV). The SSV phenotype is modulated by various environmental inputs such as temperature stress. The data presented here can be incorporated into a model in which stress sensing (involving p53) is the crucial determinant of longevity outcomes. Several theories of ageing incorporate the idea that 'that which does not kill us, makes us stronger' - encapsulated in a biological sense in the idea of hormesis, a physiological shift in response to stress. Here, this hypothesis is expanded to include the notion that intrinsic responses to stress may themselves act to limit lifespan - too much of a good thing can be bad.
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Dutertre, Stéphanie. "Analyse de l'expression et des modifications post-traductionnelles de l'hélicase BLM au cours du cycle cellulaire." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA11T022.
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Le syndrome de Bloom (BS) est une maladie génétique rare associant une prédisposition au développement de tous types de cancers et une instabilité génétique généralisée. La protéine BLM dont les altérations sont à l'origine de ce syndrome, appartient à la famille des hélicases de type RecQ, hélicases extrêmement conservées de la bactérie à l'homme et impliquées dans le contrôle de la recombinaison. Cette protéine possède une activité 3'-5' ADN-hélicase ; cependant son rôle physiologique est encore mal connu, et son identification a constitué le principal objectif de mes travaux de recherche. Ainsi, nous avons montré que la protéine BLM s'accumulait en phasenS du cycle cellulaire, que son expression persistait en G2/M puis s'effondrait en phase Gl. Nous avons également montré que l'hélicase BLM présentait des modifications post-traductionnelles en mitose, correspondant à des phosphorylations modifiant sa localisation cellulaire mais n'altérant pas son activité hélicase ou son interaction avec la topoisomérase IIIα. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré qu'en réponse à des radiations ionisantes, la protéine BLM s'accumule et est phosphorylée par une voie dépendante de la kinase ATM. Nous avons également montré que dans des cellules en mitose, en réponse à des radiations ionisantes, la protéine BLM est déphosphorylée. Cette déphosphorylation est associée à un changement de localisation de la protéine BLM vers un compartiment cellulaire 'insoluble' et à l'inactivation de la kinase Cdc2. Ces résultats suggèrent que la protéine BLM est impliquée dans la réponse cellulaire aux radiations ionisantes et que cette protéine pourrait être stockée pendant la mitose sous une forme active dans un compartiment soluble de la cellule mitotique pour permettre son recrutement en présence de lésions de l'ADN. L'ensemble de ces résultats soulève la question de l'existence d'un mécanisme général de réparation de l'ADN au moment de la mitose en réponse à des stress génotoxiquesBloom's syndrome is a rare genetic disorder associated to a predisposition to the development of all kinds of cancer and to a generalized genetic instability BLM protein is defective in this disorder and belongs to the recQ helicase family. Helicases of this family are extremely conserved throughout evolution and are involved in the control of recombination. The BLM protein displays a 3'-5' DNA helicase activity; however its physiological role is still unclear. The goal of my research work was the elucidation of that role. We showed that BLM protein accumulates in S phase; of the cell cycle that its expression persists during G2/M and sharply declines in G1. We also showed that BLM helicase is subject to post-translational modifications during mitosis, namely phosphorylations modifying its cellular localization. We showed that BLM phosphorylation in mitosis-arrested cells does not modify neither its helicase activity nor its interaction with topoisomerase IIIα. Besides, we showed that, in response to ionizing radiation, BLM protein accumulates and is phosphorylated through an ATM-dependent pathway. We also showed that ionizing radiation treatment of mitosis arrested cells, results in BLM dephosphorylation and in inactivation of the Cdc2 kinase. This dephosphorylation is associated to a change in BLM localization towards an insoluble cellular compartment. These results suggest that BLM protein is involved in the cellular response to ionizing radiation and that it can be stored during mitosis under an active form in a soluble compartment of the mitotic cells allowing its recruitment in response to DNA damage. All these results suggest the existence of a general mechanism of DNA repair during mitosis in response to genotoxic stress
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Li, Kai. "Regulation of WRN Function by Acetylation and SIRT1-Mediated Deacetylation in Response to DNA Damage: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2010. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/511.
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Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with premature aging and cancer predisposition. WS cells show increased genomic instability and are hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents. WS is caused by mutations of the WRN gene. WRN protein is a member of RecQ DNA helicase family. In addition to a conserved 3’–5’ helicase activity, the WRN protein contains unique 3’–5’ exonuclease activity. WRN recognizes specific DNA structures as substrates that are intermediates of DNA metabolism. WRN physically and functionally interacts with many other proteins that function in telomere maintenance, DNA replication, and DNA repair. The function of WRN is regulated by post–translational modifications that include phosphorylation, acetylation, and sumoylation.
SIRT1 is a NAD-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) that deacetylates histones and a numbers of cellular proteins. SIRT1 regulates the functions of many proteins, which are important for apoptosis, cell proliferation, cellular metabolism, and DNA repair. SIRT1 is also regulated by other proteins or molecules from different levels to activate or inhibit its deacetylase activity.
In this study, we found that SIRT1 interacts with and deacetylates WRN. We further identified the major acetylation sites at six lysine residues of the WRN protein and made a WRN acetylation mutant for functional analysis. We found that WRN acetylation increases its protein stability. Deacetylation of WRN by SIRT1 reverses this effect. CREB-binding protein (CBP) dramatically increased the half-life of wild-type WRN, while this increase was abrogated with the WRN acetylation mutant. We further found that WRN stability is regulated by the ubiquitination pathway, and that WRN acetylation by CBP dramatically reduces its ubiquitination level.
We also found that acetylation of WRN decreases its helicase and exonuclease activities, and that SIRT1 reverses this effect. Acetylation of WRN alters its nuclear distribution. Down-regulation of SIRT1 increases WRN acetylation level and prevents WRN protein translocating back to nucleolus after DNA damage. Importantly, we found that WRN protein is strongly acetylated and stabilized in response to mitomycin C (MMC) treatment. H1299 cells that were stably expressing WRN acetylation mutant display significantly higher sensitivity to MMC than the cells expressing wild-type WRN. Taken together, these data demonstrated that acetylation pathway plays an important role in regulating WRN function in response to DNA damage. A model has been proposed based on our discoveries.
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Ναθαναηλίδου, Πατρούλα. "Μελέτη του ορθολόγου της ελικάσης RecQ4, Hrq1, στον σχιζοσακχαρομύκητα." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8394.
Full textAbstract:
Η διατήρηση της γονιδιωματικής ακεραιότητας είναι απαραίτητη για την επιβίωση των κυττάρων και κατ’ επέκταση των οργανισμών. Δύο είναι οι κύριοι παράγοντες που συμβάλλουν στην διαφύλαξη της σταθερότητας του γονιδιώματος: η ορθή διεξαγωγή της αντιγραφής, που είναι σημαντική για την, χωρίς λάθη, μεταβίβαση του γενετικού υλικού από γενιά σε γενιά και η ανάπτυξη μηχανισμών επιδιόρθωσής του σε περίπτωση παρουσίας βλαβών. Ανάμεσα στα μόρια που συμμετέχουν στις δύο παραπάνω κυτταρικές διεργασίες, συγκαταλέγεται και ένα από τα πέντε μέλη της εξελικτικά συντηρημένης οικογένειας των RecQ ελικασών, η RecQ4 ελικάση. Η RecQ4 είναι συνδεδεμένη με την εμφάνιση του συνδρόμου προγηρίας Rothmund-Thomson και ξεχωρίζει από τα άλλα μέλη της οικογένειας στο ότι, πέραν του ρόλου της στην επιδιόρθωση του γενετικού υλικού, είναι απαραίτητη για την έναρξη της αντιγραφής του DNA. Η μελέτη του συγκεκριμένου μορίου στον άνθρωπο παρουσιάζει δυσκολίες λόγω της περιπλοκότητας του συστήματος. Στον Σχιζοσακχαρομύκητα, η ομόλογη πρωτεΐνη της RecQ4, Hrq1, αναγνωρίστηκε πρόσφατα και τα δεδομένα που έχουμε για την δράση της είναι περιορισμένα. Η μελέτη της Hrq1 στο απλούστερο σύστημα του Σχιζοσακχαρομύκητα θα διαλευκάνει τον άγνωστο, μέχρι στιγμής, ρόλο της στον οργανισμό αυτό ενώ παράλληλα θα βοηθήσει στην κατανόηση του ακριβή ρόλου του ανθρώπινου ομολόγου της. Στο πρώτο μέρος της παρούσας εργασίας μελετήθηκε ο ρόλος της Hrq1 ελικάσης στη διαδικασία της αντιγραφής, μέσω παρατήρησης φαινοτυπικών αλλαγών που παρουσιάζουν τα κύτταρα που φέρουν απαλοιφή της ελικάσης σε σχέση με κύτταρα αγρίου τύπου. Επίσης, διερευνήθηκαν αλληλεπιδράσεις της Hrq1 με μόρια που σχετίζονται με την διαδικασία της αντιγραφής στον Σχιζοσακχαρομύκητα, χρησιμοποιώντας τη μέθοδο της συνανοσοκατακρήμνησης. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, μελετήθηκε η δράση της ελικάσης στη διαδικασία της επιδιόρθωσης και πιο συγκεκριμένα στην επιδιόρθωση βλαβών που προκαλούνται από το αντικαρκινικό φάρμακο cisplatin, χρησιμοποιώντας και πάλι φαινοτυπική ανάλυση. Τέλος, ελέγχθηκαν πρωτεϊνικές αλληλεπιδράσεις της Hrq1, που μπορεί να σχετίζονται με τη ρύθμιση της έκφρασής της in vivo.The maintenance of genome integrity is essential for cell survival and therefore for survival of the organism. There are two major factors contributing to the preservation of genome stability: acurate DNA replication, which is important for the intact transfer of the genome to the next generation and DNA repair mechanisms, which act in the presence of DNA damage.There are many different molecules involved in the aforementioned cellular processes, including a helicase called, RecQ4. This enzyme belongs to the evolutionarily conserved family of RecQ helicases and is one of the five members of the family, in humans. RecQ4 is linked to Rothmund-Thomson premature aging syndrome and it is unique amongst RecQ helicases in being required for the normal initiation of DNA replication. Studying RecQ4 in humans has difficulties, because of the complexity of the system. In fission yeast, the RecQ4 homologue, called Hrq1, has been recently recognized as a member of the family and there is limited evidence, concerning its function. The study of Hrq1 in a model system, like fission yeast, will not only elucidate its role in this organism, but will also assist in understanding the role of its human orthologue. In the first part of this study we determined the role of Hrq1 helicase in DNA replication, by observing phenotypic changes in cells bearing the helicase deletion, compared to wild-type cells. We, also, investigated protein-protein interactions between Hrq1 and molecules related to the process of DNA replication in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, using co-immunoprecipitation. In the second part, the role of Hrq1 in DNA damage repair was investigated. Specifically, we examined how Hrq1 affects the cellular response to cisplatin, using phenotypic analysis. Finally, we looked into protein-protein interactions of Hrq1, that are related to the regulation of its expression in vivo.
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Kaiser, Sebastian. "A RecQ helicase in disguise: Characterization of the unconventional Structure and Function of the human Genome Caretaker RecQ4." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-160414.
Full textAbstract:
From the simplest single-cellular organism to the most complex multicellular life forms, genetic information in form of DNA represents the universal basis for all biological processes and thus for life itself. Maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the genome is therefore of paramount importance for every single cell. DNA itself, as an active and complex macromolecular structure, is both substrate and product of many of these biochemical processes. A cornerstone of DNA maintenance is thus established by the tight regulation of the multitude of reactions in DNA metabolism, repressing adverse side reactions and ensuring the integrity of DNA in sequence and function. The family of RecQ helicases has emerged as a vital class of enzymes that facilitate genomic integrity by operating in a versatile spectrum of nucleic acid metabolism processes, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, transcription and telomere stability. RecQ helicases are ubiquitously expressed and conserved in all kingdoms of life. Human cells express five different RecQ enzymes, RecQ1, BLM, WRN, RecQ4 and RecQ5, which all exhibit individual as well as overlapping functions in the maintenance of genomic integrity. Dysfunction of three human RecQ helicases, BLM, WRN and RecQ4, causes different heritable cancer susceptibility syndromes, supporting the theory that genomic instability is a molecular driving force for cancer development. However, based on their inherent DNA protective nature, RecQ helicases represent a double-edged sword in the maintenance of genomic integrity. While their activity in normal cells is essential to prevent cancerogenesis and cellular aging, cancer cells may exploit this DNA protective function by the overexpression of many RecQ helicases, aiding to overcome the disadvantageous results of unchecked DNA replication and simultaneously gaining resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, detailed knowledge how RecQ helicases warrant genomic integrity is required to understand their implication in cancerogenesis and aging, thus setting the stage to develop new strategies towards the treatment of cancer. The current study presents and discusses the first high-resolution X-ray structure of the human RecQ4 helicase. The structure encompasses the conserved RecQ4 helicase core, including a large fraction of its unique C- terminus. Our structural analysis of the RecQ4 model highlights distinctive differences and unexpected similarities to other, structurally conserved, RecQ helicases and permits to draw conclusions about the functional implications of the unique domains within the RecQ4 C-terminus. The biochemical characterization of various RecQ4 variants provides functional insights into the RecQ4 helicase mechanism, suggesting that RecQ4 might utilize an alternative DNA strand separation technique, compared to other human RecQ family members. Finally, the RecQ4 model permits for the first time the analysis of multiple documented RecQ4 patient mutations at the atomic level and thus provides the possibility for an advanced interpretation of particular structure-function relationships in RecQ4 pathogenesisVom simpelsten einzelligen Organismus bis hin zu hoch komplexen Lebensformen, genetische Information in Form von DNA repräsentiert die universelle Grundlage aller biologischer Prozesse, und damit die des Lebens selbst. Die Aufrechterhaltung der intakten Struktur und Funktion des Genoms ist daher von höchster Priorität für jede einzelne Zelle. Die DNA selbst, als aktives und komplexes Makromolekül, ist sowohl Substrat als auch Produkt einer Vielzahl dieser biochemischen Prozesse. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt für die Aufrechterhaltung genomischer Integrität besteht daher in der gezielten Regulation aller Prozesse des DNA Metabolismus, um die Konservierung der DNA in Sequenz und Funktion zu gewährleisten und unerwünschte Nebenreaktionen zu verhindern. Die Familie der RecQ Helikasen hat sich als eine essentielle Gruppe von Enzymen etabliert, die diese genomische Integrität gewährleisten, indem sie eine Vielzahl von DNA basierten Prozessen kontrollieren. Dies umfasst die Replikation, Reparatur, Rekombination und Transkription von DNA, sowie Prozesse, die der Stabilisierung der Telomere dienen. RecQ Helikasen werden von allen Zellen exprimiert und können in allen Domänen des Lebens – Bakterien, Archaeen und Eukaryoten nachgewiesen werden. Humane Zellen enthalten fünf verschiedene RecQ Helikasen, RecQ1, BLM, WRN, RecQ4 und RecQ5, welche sowohl individuelle als auch überlappende Funktionen in der Aufrechterhaltung genomischer Integrität innehaben. Eine Beeinträchtigung der Funktion der humanen RecQ Helikasen BLM, WRN und RecQ4 führt zu Krankheiten die durch eine erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Entstehung von Krebs gekennzeichnet sind. Dies unterstützt die Theorie, dass die genomische Instabilität eine molekulare Grundlage für die Entstehung von Krebs darstellt. Allerdings repräsentiert die den RecQ Helikasen innewohnende Funktion der Aufrechterhaltung genomischer Integrität ein zweischneidiges Schwert. Während ihre Aktivitäten auf der einen Seite für normale Zellen essentiell sind, um Krankheiten und zelluläre Alterungserscheinungen zu verhindern, wird ihre DNA protektive Funktion von Krebszellen genutzt, indem sie verschiedenste RecQ Helikasen überexprimieren und damit den nachteiligen Effekten der unkontrollierten DNA Replikation entgegenwirken. Zudem erlangen Tumorzellen durch die erhöhte Präsenz der RecQ Helikasen Resistenz gegenüber einer Vielzahl von Chemotherapeutika. Es ist daher von größter Bedeutung zu verstehen, wie genau die einzelnen RecQ Helikasen in der Entstehung von Krebs und dem Alterungsprozess involviert sind, um neue Ansätze in der Krebstherapie zu entwickeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert und diskutiert die erste detaillierte Röntgen-Kristallographische Struktur der humanen RecQ4 Helikase. Die vorgestellte Struktur umfasst den konservierten Kern der RecQ4 Helikase, einschließlich eines großen Teils ihres einzigartigen C-terminus. Eine Analyse des RecQ4 Modells weist sowohl eindeutige Unterschiede als auch unerwartete Gemeinsamkeiten im Vergleich mit anderen, untereinander strukturell und funktional ähnlichen, humanen RecQ Helikasen auf und erlaubt zudem Rückschlüsse auf die Funktion der einzigartigen C-terminalen RecQ4 Domäne. Die biochemische Charakterisierung verschiedener RecQ4 Varianten liefert funktionelle Einblicke in den Mechanismus der DNA Doppelstrangtrennung durch RecQ4 und deutet darauf hin, dass sich dieser in weiten Teilen vom Mechanismus der anderen humanen RecQ Helikasen unterscheidet. Letztlich repräsentiert das hier vorgestellte Modell der RecQ4 Helikase die Grundlage für die Analyse verschiedenster dokumentierter RecQ4 Patientenmutationen und erlaubt damit eine erste Abschätzung von Struktur-und-Funktions-Beziehungen bezüglich der bekannten RecQ4- assoziierten Krankheitsbilder
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Capp, Christopher Lee. "The Biochemical Characterization of Drosophila melanogaster RecQ4 Helicase." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3814.
Full textAbstract:
RecQ4, a member of the conserved RecQ family of helicases, is involved in replication and associated with several clinical syndromes. Although biologically important, the biochemistry of RecQ4 has remained elusive. We have expressed and purified Drosophila melanogaster RecQ4 from a baculovirus expression system. Biochemical characterization of the helicase, ATP hydrolysis, annealing, and binding activities of the enzyme has been performed, using native and non-native gel electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography, among other techniques. These reveal that RecQ4 is a 3' to 5' helicase that is stimulated by the presence of single-stranded DNA 3' of the duplex DNA region to be unwound. The enzyme is also capable of annealing complementary DNA strands, though this is inhibited by AMPPNP, a non-hydrolyzable analog of ATP. RecQ4 also forms a stable complex with single-stranded DNA in the presence of AMPPNP. We argue that the helicase activity of RecQ4 is important to the process of DNA replication. This leads to the conclusion that two helicases, RecQ4 and the Mcm2-7 complex, are involved in replication. The manner of their simultaneous involvement is not intuitive, and so models by which the two enzymes may cooperate are discussed.
Dissertation
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Shereda, Robert D. "Biochemical complexes of RecQ deoxyribonucleic acid helicases." 2008. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Killoran, Michael Paul. "Specialization of multiple HRDC domains in bacterial RecQ helicases." 2008. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Zittel, Morgan C. "Molecular mechanisms underlying the deoxyribonucleic acid helicase activity of Escherichia coli recQ." 2007. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Lu, Chia-Yin, and 盧佳吟. "Characterization of the roles of post-translational modifications of RecQ helicase, Sgs1p, in Saccharomyces cereveciae." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99530661793694536368.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
微生物學研究所
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Mutations in genes encoding WRN and BLM RecQ DNA helicases lead to genome instability, premature aging and cancer predisposition syndromes. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sgs1 RecQ helicase safeguards genome integrity through its function in DNA recombination. RecQ homologues, WRN and BLM were all previously shown to be undergoing several post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as sumoylation, phosphorylation and acetylation. In this report, we identify the conditions under which Sgs1 sumoylation is induced, and clarify the role of this modification in different types of recombinational repair. We found that the Lysine 621 residue is critical for sumoylation in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate that Sgs1 is specifically sumoylated under the stress of double strand breaks (DSBs). Sumoylation of Sgs1 promotes telomere-telomere recombination. In contrast, sumoylation of Sgs1 is dispensable for other functions of Sgs1, including damage recovery, homologous recombination, regulation of top3 slow growth and rDNA recombination. Our observations indicate that sumoylation on Sgs1 modulates the outcome in telomere recombination. Moreover, we also observed that Sgs1 is phosphorylated in a Cdk1- and cell cycle-dependent manner. We showed that Sgs1 is hyperphosphorylated during S phase and is usually under-phosphorylated in G1 stage. The Cdk1-crippling backgrounds led to diminishment of Sgs1 hyperphosphorylation during S phase. By in vitro kinase assay, I also demonstrated that Sgs1 is directly phosphorylated by Cdk1 in vitro. Here I provided solid evidence that Sgs1 is sumoylated and phosphorylated, and will apply my data to further understood the detail mechanism how these modifications regulate Sgs1 functions.
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Fryzelková, Jana. "Úloha helikázy RECQ5 při stabilizaci a opravě replikačních vidlic po jejich kolizi s transkripčním komplexem." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355971.
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The progression of replication forks can be slowed down or paused by various external and internal factors during DNA replication. This phenomenon is referred to as replication stress and substantially contributes to genomic instability that is a hallmark of cancer. Transcription complex belongs to the internal replication-interfering factors and represents a barrier for progression of the replication complex. The replication forks are slowed down or paused while passing through the transcriptionally active regions of the genome that can lead to subsequent collapse of stalled forks and formation of DNA double-strand breaks, especially under conditions of increased replication stress. DNA helicase RECQ5 is significantly involved in maintenance of genomic stability during replication stress, but the mechanisms of its action are not clear. In this diploma theses, we have shown that RECQ5 helicase, in collaboration with BRCA1 protein, participates in the resolution of collisions between replication and transcription complexes. BRCA1 protein is a key factor in the homologous recombination process, which is essential for the restart of stalled replication forks. Furthermore, we have shown that RECQ5 helicase is involved in ubiquitination of PCNA protein at stalled replication forks. Key words DNA...