Books: 'Recovery outcome'

1

G, Oades Lindsay, Caputi Peter, and Wiley online library, eds. Psychological recovery: Beyond mental illness. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley, 2011.

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2

Recovery in mental health: Reshaping scientific and clinical responsibilities. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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3

Amering, Michaela. Recovery in mental health: Reshaping scientific and clinical responsibilities. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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4

L, White William, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Addiction Recovery Management: Theory, Research and Practice. Totowa, NJ: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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5

Dyer, Philip C. Reading recovery: A cost-effectiveness and educational-outcomes analysis. Arlington, Va: Educational Research Service, 1992.

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6

Dyer, Philip C. Reading recovery: A cost-effectiveness and educational-outcomes analysis. Arlington, Va: Educational Research Service, 1992.

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7

United, States Congress Senate Committee on Health Education Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services. Performance and outcome measurement in substance abuse and mental health programs: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, on examining performance and outcome measurement in substance abuse and mental health programs, focusing on the mission of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration to build resilience and facilitate recovery, July 20, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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8

Videnovic, Ruzica. The relationship of psychosocial factors to recovery and outcomes in cataract surgery. London: UEL, 1993.

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9

Clay, Marie. A study of reading recovery subgroups: Including outcomes for children who did not satisfy discontinuing criteria. [Wellington]: Ministry of Education, 1992.

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10

Caputi, Peter, Retta Andresen, and Lindsay G. Oades. Psychological Recovery: Beyond Mental Illness. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.

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11

Caputi, Peter, Retta Andresen, and Lindsay G. Oades. Psychological Recovery: Beyond Mental Illness. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.

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12

Caputi, Peter, Retta Andresen, and Lindsay G. Oades. Psychological Recovery: Beyond Mental Illness. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.

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13

Caputi, Peter, Retta Andresen, and Lindsay G. Oades. Psychological Recovery: Beyond Mental Illness. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2012.

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14

1941-, Wilson Barbara A., ed. Neuropsychological rehabilitation: Theory, models, therapy, and outcome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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15

Meinzer, Marcus, Lena Ulm, and Robert Lindenberg. Biological Markers of Aphasia Recovery after Stroke. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.4.

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Language recovery after stroke is often incomplete and residual symptoms may persist for many years. However, there is ample evidence for structural and functional reorganization of language networks after stroke that mediate recovery. This chapter reviews studies that investigated biological markers of language recovery by means of functional and structural imaging techniques. In particular, we discuss neural signatures associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced language recovery across the first year poststroke and in the chronic stage of aphasia, studies that aimed at predicting recovery and treatment outcome as well as recent developments in brain stimulation that may be suited to enhance the potential for functional recovery.

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16

Srisawat, Nattachai, and John A. Kellum. Promoting renal recovery in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0379.

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Better understanding the process of renal recovery following acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the key steps in improving AKI outcome. We are still lacking the standard definition of renal recovery. Recent progress on the pathophysiology of renal injury and recovery is encouraging. Repopulation of surviving renal tubular epithelial cells with the assistance of certain renal epithelial cell and specific growth factors, play a major role in the recovery process. Moreover, accurate prediction would help physicians distinguish patients with poor renal prognosis in whom further therapy is likely to be futile from those who are likely to have good renal prognosis. Unfortunately, current general clinical severity scores (APACHE, SOFA, etc.) and AKI-specific severity scores are not good predictors of renal recovery. This review describes the current definition, pathobiology of renal recovery, epidemiology of renal recovery, the role of clinical severity scores, and novel biomarkers in predicting renal recovery, and strategies for facilitating renal recovery.

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17

Kelly, John F., and William L. White. Addiction Recovery Management: Theory, Research and Practice. Springer, 2011.

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18

Modir, Shahla J., and George E. Muñoz. The Future of Addiction and Recovery Healing Arts. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0032.

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This chapter peers into the future of addiction treatment. It begins with an exploration of repetitive transcranial magnetic brain stimulation or rTMS as a treatment for SUD. The evidence and clinical data is reviewed. Findings include outcome data on the use of rTMS. Furthermore, important brain regions central to the development of SUD are examined: the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum appear to play a central role in the binge/intoxication stage, the extended amygdala in the withdrawal/negative affect stage, and the orbitofrontal cortex-dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula in craving. The role of genomics and gene-wide associations to deliver future personalized addiction treatments is discussed as is advanced functional neural imaging. Technology for patients and consumers, including relapse prevention apps and bidirectional biometric reading is mentioned. Breakthroughs in addiction immunology, both generalized and substance specific, are discussed as potential points of future study and interventions.

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19

Pinals, Debra A., and Joel T. Andrade. Applicability of the recovery model in corrections. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0040.

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Mental health professionals and substance use providers have worked with “recovery” concepts for many years. President Bush’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health spoke to important aspects of mental health care systems that were challenged, recognizing that “care must focus on increasing consumers’ ability to successfully cope with life’s challenges, on facilitating recovery, and on building resilience, [and] not just on managing symptoms.” Furthermore, the report went on to state that “recovery will be the common, recognized outcome of mental health services.” These words related to general mental health services, and yet correctional settings have become a place where mental health services are increasingly needed. Prisons and jails, however, are built around confinement and the general principles of sentencing that include retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Thus it might seem that there is such a fundamental distinction between a prison or jail and a place of treatment that a “recovery” orientation seems inappropriate or unrealistic. In this chapter, we address recovery, describing various ways of defining this construct. We also review potential considerations related to recovery-oriented services that may be feasible and even helpful within correctional environments, and describe some of the tensions between recovery and responsibility in the context of working with an offender population. Finally, we present recommendations for combining evidence-based treatments for incarcerated individuals with a recovery based model for inmates with mental health needs.

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20

Pinals, Debra A., and Joel T. Andrade. Applicability of the recovery model in corrections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0040_update_001.

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Mental health professionals and substance use providers have worked with “recovery” concepts for many years. President Bush’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health spoke to important aspects of mental health care systems that were challenged, recognizing that “care must focus on increasing consumers’ ability to successfully cope with life’s challenges, on facilitating recovery, and on building resilience, [and] not just on managing symptoms.” Furthermore, the report went on to state that “recovery will be the common, recognized outcome of mental health services.” These words related to general mental health services, and yet correctional settings have become a place where mental health services are increasingly needed. Prisons and jails, however, are built around confinement and the general principles of sentencing that include retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Thus it might seem that there is such a fundamental distinction between a prison or jail and a place of treatment that a “recovery” orientation seems inappropriate or unrealistic. In this chapter, we address recovery, describing various ways of defining this construct. We also review potential considerations related to recovery-oriented services that may be feasible and even helpful within correctional environments, and describe some of the tensions between recovery and responsibility in the context of working with an offender population. Finally, we present recommendations for combining evidence-based treatments for incarcerated individuals with a recovery based model for inmates with mental health needs.

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21

Carter, Bryan D., William G. Kronenberger, Eric L. Scott, and Christine E. Brady. Children's Health and Illness Recovery Program (CHIRP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190070267.001.0001.

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Adolescents with chronic illness, particularly when accompanied by debilitating, painful, and/or fatiguing symptoms, face challenges that are disruptive to their normal physical, psychological, and social development. The Children’s Health and Illness Recovery Program (CHIRP) is an evidence-based program specifically designed to address the skills needed by adolescents with chronic illnesses to become more confident and independent in coping and managing their illness and lifestyle. The flexible 12-session format of CHIRP can be administered with individual teens and their families or conducted in teen groups with a parallel parent group component. CHIRP integrates and adapts effective treatment components from behavioral family systems therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, coping strategies intervention, interpersonal psychotherapy, assertiveness training, among others, into therapeutic activities in the companion CHIRP Teen and Family Workbook. This CHIRP Clinician Guide provides detailed instructions for implementing the manualized treatment protocol in the workbook. CHIRP was developed from both a careful review of the evidence-based literature on treatments for adolescents with chronic physical illness and the authors’ more than six decades of combined experience in helping children and families improve their quality of life and independence while coping with a chronic illness. Clinical outcome data on teens who have completed CHIRP demonstrate significant improvement in independent functioning and reduction in symptoms of fatigue and chronic pain; longitudinal data suggest these improvements not only persist but that teens continue to make gains on these factors beyond the completion of treatment, allowing them to pursue meaningful life goals as they transition to young adulthood.

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22

Kim, Hopper, ed. Recovery from schizophrenia: An international perspective : a report from the WHO collaborative project, the International Study of Schizophrenia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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23

(Editor), Kim Hopper, Glynn Harrison (Editor), Aleksandar Janca (Editor), and Norman Sartorius (Editor), eds. Recovery from Schizophrenia: An International Perspective: A Report from the WHO Collaborative Project, the International Study of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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24

Recovery from schizophrenia: An international perspective--a report from the WHO Collaborative Project, the International Study of Schizophrenia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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25

(Editor), Ruth O. Ralph, and Patrick W. Corrigan (Editor), eds. Recovery in Mental Illness: Broadening Our Understanding of Wellness. American Psychological Association (APA), 2004.

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26

Prasad, Konasale M. Course, Prognosis, and Outcomes of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0004.

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Course and outcome in schizophrenia and related disorders historically depend on diagnostic conceptualizations, with significant variability even across individuals with the exact same diagnosis. In this chapter, we will review the heterogeneity of course and outcome, providing some context in terms of factors that affect prognosis. Generally speaking, current outcomes are better than previously thought, with three-quarters of individuals having a good prognosis. Although these illnesses cannot be cured, we know that recovery is possible. The best predictors of outcome in schizophrenia are cognitive and negative symptoms (not positive symptoms), along with premorbid functioning, duration of untreated psychosis, and treatment adherence over time. Finally, we will touch on functional outcomes such as risk of violence and suicide, as well as issues around treatment discontinuation.

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27

Hughey, Raymond W. Outcome evaluation of inmate recovery program: Follow-up evaluations of a jail-based substance abuse treatment program over a five year period. 1996.

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28

Mythen, Monty, and Michael P. W. Grocott. Peri-operative optimization of the high risk surgical patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0361.

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Flow-based cardiovascular variables, such as cardiac output and oxygen delivery predict peri-operative outcome better than alternative, predominantly pressure-based measures. Targeting flow-based goals, using fluid boluses with or without additional blood or vasoactive agents in patients undergoing major surgery has been shown to improve outcome in some studies. However, the literature is limited due to a large number of small single-centre studies, and heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes evaluated. Early studies used pulmonary artery catheters to monitor blood flow, but newer studies have used less invasive techniques, such as oesophageal Doppler monitoring or pulse contour analysis. Meta-analysis of the current evidence base suggests that this approach is unlikely to cause harm and may not reduce mortality, but reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. Goal-directed therapy is considered an important element of enhanced recovery packages that have been shown to improve outcome after several types of major elective surgery.

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29

Amirfeyz, Rouin, Simon Kelley, Martin Gargan, and Gordon Bannister. Whiplash-associated disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012041.

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♦ Whiplash costs UK economy approximately £3.64 billion per year♦ Most occur after rear end vehicle collision♦ Patients present with neck pain and stiffness, occipital headache, thoracolumbar back pain and upper limb pain and parasthesia♦ Over 66% make a full recovery but 2% will be permanently disabled♦ The outcome can be predicted in 70% after three months.

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30

Baker, Richard. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0083.

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Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is an important cause of acute kidney injury which has a diverse aetiology but is most frequently caused by either an infection or drug reaction. Clinical features are usually non-specific or absent, although early accounts emphasized fever, rash, and eosinophilia. ATIN should be considered in all cases of acute kidney injury, especially when there is no obvious precipitant. If deemed clinically safe an early renal biopsy is recommended for diagnosis. Renal outcome will usually be good but in a significant minority, particularly the elderly, the outcome may be poor. There is evidence from a number of series that early treatment with corticosteroids leads to a more rapid and complete recovery of renal function.

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31

Welsh, Sarah S., Geneviève Dupont-Thibodeau, and Matthew P. Kirschen. Neuroprognostication after severe brain injury in children: Science fiction or plausible reality? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0010.

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Neuroprognostication is a complex process that spans the resuscitative, acute, and subacute phases of brain injury and recovery. Improvements over time have transitioned the task of outcome prediction after severe brain injury from estimating survival to providing a qualitative prognosis of functional neurologic recovery. This chapter follows the case of an 8-year-old boy who remained comatose following a cardiac arrest due to drowning. We describe and analyze novel applications of current technologies that could be used in the future to improve the accuracy, reliability, and confidence in the neuroprognostication process for physicians and families that are at the heart of ethical decision-making in medicine.

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32

Herridge, Margaret. Introduction: Life after the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 introduces a section about recovery from critical illness, and discusses the magnitude and burden of critical illness (including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and post-ARDS residual pulmonary disease, and compromised health-related quality of life (HRQoL)), its mortality, detailed morbidity (ICU-based risk factors for long-term disability), and costs. It also examines the central role of the family caregiver as outcome and risk modifier.

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33

Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Intensive care and the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0012.

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Age is not an independent predictor for poor outcome from intensive care. This chapter reviews admission criteria for the elderly and the assessment of likely outcome including the differences between traumatic or surgical admissions against medical ones. Pre-existing comorbidities all limit functional recovery, and only about 60% of elderly patients get back to their preadmission level of activity, although this may not detract from their perceived quality of life. Potential bias in the use of quality-of-life measures by clinical staff is discussed. Information on the identification of futility and the move to either palliation or withdrawal of support is discussed. Complications are common in the intensive-care patient population, and the reasons that they may be irreversible in the elderly are reviewed. The limitation of care, the use of advanced directives, and the assessment of legal capacity are reviewed.

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34

Pike, Kathleen M., Loren M. Gianini, Katharine L. Loeb, and Daniel Le Grange. Treatments for Eating Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0020.

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Substantial progress in advancing evidence-based treatments for eating disorders has been made. Many well-designed studies provide cumulative support for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and pharmacotherapy are considered appropriate alternative treatments for bulimia nervosa. While CBT, IPT and pharmacotherapy often produce significant reductions in binge eating and compensatory behaviors, these treatment options need to be improved to help more individuals achieve full and lasting recovery. In the treatment of binge eating disorder, CBT and IPT have been shown to be the most efficacious in reducing symptoms and improving psychological outcomes. Weight loss is often an additional goal of those entering treatment for binge eating disorder; however, existing treatments have generally been unsuccessful in producing significant maintainable weight loss. Initial studies suggest that CBT may be associated with improved outcome both in the acute and maintenance phases of treatment for anorexia nervosa.

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35

Harper, Lorraine, and David Jayne. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0160.

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The goals of treatment in renal vasculitis are to stop vasculitic activity and recover renal function. Subsequent strategies are required to prevent vasculitis returning and to address longer-term co-morbidities caused by tissue damage, drug toxicity, and increased cardiovascular and malignancy risk.Cyclophosphamide and high-dose glucocorticoids remain the standard induction therapy with alternative immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine, to prevent relapse. Plasma exchange improves renal recovery in severe presentations. Refractory disease resulting from a failure of induction or remission maintenance therapy requires alternative agents and rituximab has been particularly effective. Replacement of cyclophosphamide by rituximab for remission induction is supported by recent evidence. Methotrexate is effective in non-renal vasculitis but difficult to use in patients with renal impairment. Mycophenolate mofetil seems to be effective but there is less long-term evidence.Drug toxicity contributes to co-morbidity and mortality and has led to newer regimens with reduced cyclophosphamide exposure. Glucocorticoid toxicity remains a major problem with controversy over the rapidity with which glucocorticoids can be reduced or withdrawn.Disease relapse occurs in about 50% of patients. Early detection is less likely to lead to an adverse affect on outcomes. Rates of cardiovascular disease and malignancy are higher than in control populations but strategies to reduce their risk, apart from cyclophosphamide-sparing regimens, have not been developed. Thromboembolic events occur in 10% and may be linked to the recently identified autoantibodies to plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator.Renal impairment at diagnosis is a strong predictor of patient survival and renal outcome. Other predictors include patient age, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody subtype, disease extent and response to therapy. Chronic kidney disease can stabilize for many years but the risks of end-stage renal disease are increased by acute kidney injury at presentation or renal relapse. Renal transplantation is successful with similar outcomes to other causes of end-stage renal disease.

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36

Mayor, Diana, and Michael Tymianski. Neuroprotection for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0010.

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Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the leading cause of acquired neurological disability worldwide. AIS most commonly occurs when a cerebral artery is occluded, leading to irreversible brain injury and neurologic disability. Acute supportive physiological interventions and close monitoring on a stroke unit are beneficial to optimize overall recovery and functional outcome. Phamacological treatment options are limited though as the only FDA-approved therapy for AIS is the thrombolytic agent intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Alteplase, rtPA), which improves functional outcome in therapeutic time windows ranging up to 3–4.5 hours. Several clinical trials assessing the efficacy of endovascular therapy have shown a benefit in carefully selected patients with a documented large vessel occlusion (LVO), and subsequently are becoming part of the standard practice in this AIS subset. Clinical trials using various imaging paradigms to enhance patient selection for thrombolytic therapy, endovascular therapy and neuroprotection therapies are all progressing.

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37

Shrivastava, Amresh, and Avinash De Sousa. Schizophrenia Treatment Outcomes: An Evidence-Based Approach to Recovery. Springer, 2020.

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38

Gannon, Jessica M., and Shaun M. Eack. Psychosocial Treatment for Psychotic Disorders: Systems of Care and Empirically Supported Psychosocial Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0007.

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In this chapter, we discuss psychosocial interventions, including psychotherapies and other services useful for helping individuals with psychotic disorders. We explain the basics components of the systems of care through which these services are frequently offered, focusing on outpatient treatments. Psychosocial rehabilitation is highlighted, as it helps patients move towards recovery, which is an important model for psychosocial care. A number of evidence-based psychotherapies are explored, notably cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, and cognitive remediation. Many of these treatments can be given individually or in groups, and although underutilized, can improve outcome when combined with somatic therapies. Other services have been shown to be useful in recovery, such as case management, assertive community treatment, and housing, and these are explored in this chapter as well. Finally, we review the role of hospitalization and involuntary treatment in the care of patients with psychotic disorders.

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39

Toner, Andrew, Mark Hamilton, and Maurizio Cecconi. Post-surgery, post-anaesthesia complications. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0047.

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Postoperative complications are common in high-risk surgical populations and are associated with poor short-term and long-term outcomes. Morbidity can be identified using prospective assessment of pathological criteria, or deviations from the ideal postoperative course requiring clinical intervention. While infections are the most prevalent complication type, morbidity affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain carry the worst prognosis. Specific pathophysiological processes drive morbidity in each organ system. In addition, dysfunction of the cardiovascular and immune systems can lead to multiorgan impairment, and have been the focus of many clinical trials. Perioperative strategies backed by the strongest evidence base include smoking cessation, surgical safety checklists, perioperative warming, pre-emptive antibiotics, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, enhanced recovery protocols, and early critical care rescue when complications arise. Isolated attempts to optimize cardiovascular function or attenuate inflammatory responses have not been consistently successful in improving outcomes. As the proportion of surgical patients meeting high-risk criteria rises, reducing the incidence of postoperative complications has become a priority in many developed healthcare systems. To meet this need, improved implementation of proven strategies should be combined with routine and rigorous surgical outcome reporting. In addition, advances in pathophysiological understanding may lead to novel interventions offering multisystem protection in the surgical period.

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40

Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 44-Year-Old Female with Buttock Pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0019.

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Sciatic neuropathy presents with buttock pain worsened by sitting on the affected side and associated with ankle and knee extension weakness. Electrodiagnostic evaluation will help to distinguish it from peroneal or tibial mononeuropathies, lumbosacral plexopathy, or lumbosacral radiculopathy. It can be difficult to distinguish from a peroneal mononeuropathy due to the preferential involvement of the peroneal division of the sciatic nerve. EMG study of the short head of the biceps femoris allows for distinction between these entities. Long-term outcome and prognosis studies are sparse although Preservation of distal lower-extremity strength may be a significant predictor earlier and/or better clinical recovery.

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41

Urman, Richard D., Olle Ljungqvist, and Nader K. Francis. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: A Complete Guide to Optimizing Outcomes. Springer, 2020.

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42

Abramowitz, Sharone. Mindfulness as a Component of Addiction Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0021.

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This compact chapter addresses patient selection and general principles of mindfulness-based interventions, specifically mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). It describes mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement (MORE) as a combination of mindfulness intervention and cognitive behavioral therapy, suggesting its effectiveness in reducing the perception of pain in more than half of the participants who complete training. While focusing principally on the patient, the chapter argues for the utility of mindfulness-based interventions in preserving the serenity and enhancing the effectiveness of the therapist. It also notes that while the therapeutic outcome may be modest, there is generally little cost and very little risk to initiation of mindfulness meditation and similar interventions. A text box is given with additional resources.

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43

Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0062_update_001.

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A common rule of thumb in primary membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is that one-third of patients improve spontaneously, one-third progress, and one-third continue to have substantial proteinuria. The rate of spontaneous recovery may be near the truth, but MGN is usually an indolent condition and few studies have run long enough to give accurate outcomes for the remainder. However MGN is an important cause of end-stage renal failure. Treatment regimens that include cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil can improve the outcome of patients at greatest risk of deterioration, but their toxicity has limited their use in randomized studies to the highest risk patients. Steroids alone, and ciclosporin, do not improve long-term outcomes in these studies. Whether anti-B-cell antibodies offer additional benefits requires randomized studies. After confirming the diagnosis of primary MGN it is recommended to maximize supportive therapy and monitor for at least 6 months to give a clear picture of the long-term risk. For patients at lowest risk, supportive management and monitoring alone is recommended. Patients at medium risk (nephrotic range proteinuria but normal and stable glomerular filtration rate), or high risk (very heavy proteinuria, greater than 8 g/day or deterioration of glomerular filtration rate) may justify specific treatment directed at the immune response. For the medium-risk group it is not certain that it is required; for some in the high-risk group it may come too late. Overall outcomes in the high-risk group remain quite poor even with aggressive treatment.

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44

Khatib, Reem. Anesthesia and Recovery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0008.

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As a consequence of the obesity epidemic that has developed in the United States over the past few decades, many morbidly obese patients are presenting to the operating room for a variety of procedures, including bariatric surgery. Anesthesiologists must therefore be familiar with the physiologic changes that occur as a consequence of this disease process. Changes in cardiac and respiratory physiology require special consideration as they impact anesthetic management during the perioperative period. Strategies to optimize intraoperative management of the morbidly obese patient presenting for bariatric surgery including successful airway management, fluid management, and prevention of atelectasis are discussed. Finally, common postoperative issues are examined including renal dysfunction, respiratory insufficiency, and ICU outcomes. With planning and communication the challenges these patients present can be managed effectively by the bariatric team

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45

Walker, Suellen M. Evidence and outcomes in acute pain management. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0005.

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Inadequate control of post-operative pain can be associated with acute morbidity and have adverse effects on recovery and emotional well-being. The aims of acute pain medicine are reducing pain intensity, control of side effects, hastening rehabilitation, and improving acute and long-term outcomes. League tables compare the efficacy of analgesics, based on the number-needed-to-treat (NNT) to achieve 50% pain reduction. Systematic reviews of different interventions for acute pain are conducted and regularly updated in the Cochrane Library. The second edition of Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine provides a useful summary of the current evidence.

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46

Tsampra, Maria. Crisis and Austerity in Action: Greece. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.39.

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The chapter addresses uneven prosperity in Europe, based on the geographically divergent outcome of the 2008 global financial and eurozone crisis. Austerity-induced recession has led to dramatic output and employment decline in Greece, raising questions about the causes of territorial economic vulnerability, or resilience. Metropolitan Athens, the hub of Greece’s economy, has suffered even more severe employment losses and unemployment, massive business closures, increasing poverty, and homelessness. The factors defining the vulnerability of the national and regional economy to the downturn are traced in inherited and evolving industrial, entrepreneurial, and employment structures. However, the causes and nature of the crisis, as well as the policy addressing it, determine its place-specific impact as much; and raise critical issues concerning the recovery of economies severely affected by such shocks.

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Herridge, Margaret S., and Jill I. Cameron. Models of Rehabilitative Care after Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0050.

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Critical illness is transformative. Patients and caregivers are traumatized and acquire new mood disorders and disability. These are costly and consequential. Knowledge of current rehabilitation theory may help to inform emerging models of care for our critically ill patients and families. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model is presented as a candidate construct for patients and families after critical illness. It highlights the complexity and interdependence of factors that determine outcome and incorporates multiple facets of the individual experience. ICF may facilitate the development of a novel framework of aetiologically neutral clinical phenotypes with distinct recovery trajectories after critical illness. This informs tailored interventions for distinct patient and family groupings, independent of initial diagnostic groups, and acknowledges the similar themes of ICUAW, cognitive dysfunction, and mood disorders following complex critical illness.

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Lee, Christoph I. Quantitative CT Score in Predicting Outcome of Hyperacute Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0005.

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This chapter, found in the headache section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of quantitative computed tomography (CT) scores in predicting outcomes of hyperacute stroke. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that the ASPECTS CT score may provide an objective, simple method for helping predict which acute stroke patients are unlikely to recover despite immediate thrombolytic therapy. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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Lameire, Norbert. Renal outcomes of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0238_update_001.

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This chapter summarizes the accumulating evidence that incomplete or even apparent complete recovery of renal function after acute kidney injury (AKI) may be an important contributor to a growing number of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases, largely in excess of the global growth in CKD prevalence. Evidence based on epidemiologic studies supports the notion that even after adjustment for several important covariates AKI is independently associated with an increased risk for both CKD and ESRD. Several risk factors for the subsequent development of CKD among survivors of AKI have been identified. Besides well-known risk factors for CKD in general, such as hypertension, older age, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and proteinuria, AKIN staging and duration also predict longitudinal CKD development. These characteristics may identify a category of at-risk AKI patients at the time of hospital discharge that will need long follow-up times for appropriate screening and surveillance measures for CKD.

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Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Preoperative assessment and preparation of elderly patients undergoing major surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0004.

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The benefits to the elderly of current surgical advances are as good as or better than to younger patients. Preassessment serves to individualize operative decisions to optimize the patient’s condition and improve the outcome. These processes require experienced surgical and anaesthetic input. General patient factors are detailed, including communication skills, behavioural adaptation, functional reserve, cognitive function, and frailty. Systematic comorbidities, such as cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, renal and nutritional status are discussed. The risk/benefit of the proposed procedure, which is often assessed using risk-stratification systems, is reviewed. Time to full recovery and the duration of convalescence are identified as lacking appropriate data at present. Finally, the emerging data on active, multidisciplinary ‘prehabilitation’ before surgery to improve and optimize the general fitness, chronic disease states, and medication of elderly patients in the weeks before elective surgery are examined.

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Books on the topic 'Recovery outcome'

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