Academic literature on the topic 'Recourse to force'
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Journal articles on the topic "Recourse to force"
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Sloan, James. "UN Peacekeeping under Kofi Annan: Recourse to Force." Journal of International Peacekeeping 12, no. 1 (September 13, 2008): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-90000055.
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Gowa, Joanne. "Politics at the Water's Edge: Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad." International Organization 52, no. 2 (1998): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081898753162839.
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This article examines the effects of party politics and presidential election cycles on U.S. recourse to force abroad. I analyze a game-theoretic model to generate predictions about these effects. In the unique time-consistent equilibrium outcome of the one-shot game, policy varies across political parties. In a subgame–perfect equilibrium outcome of the repeated game, the use of force is invariant to the partisan composition of government. In neither case does policy respond to the electoral cycle.An empirical analysis supports the predictions of the repeated game. Between 1870 and 1992, U.S. recourse to force abroad responds neither to partisan politics nor to the domestic political calendar. It responds only to changes in U.S. power status and to the advent of general wars.
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Sossai, Mirko. "Regulating recourse to the use of force: Theories and practice." International Spectator 41, no. 3 (July 2006): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03932720608459431.
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Renner, Adrian. "Ungeheure Kräfte." Scientia Poetica 25, no. 1 (December 6, 2021): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scipo-2021-004.
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Abstract This article examines Friedrich Nietzsche’s recourse to Robert Mayer’s physical and physiological concept of release (Auslösung) in various fragments, notes and writings from the 1880ies. Nietzsche’s understanding of force can be articulated as a critic of a purely mechanical understanding of the thermodynamic law of the conservation of energy. Based on Mayer’s writings, Nietzsche describes the eruptive quantitative release of forces as a qualitative process shaped by the bodily perception of forces. The underlying feeling of force (Kraftgefühl) can be traced in biological, psychological, historical and aesthetic phenomena and is rendered by Nietzsche both anthropomorphically as will and as a universal physiological law that determines bodily, social and moral actions.
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Azmat, Ahson. "Tort’s Indifference: Conformity, Compliance, and Civil Recourse." Journal of Tort Law 13, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2019-0017.
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AbstractLeading accounts of tort law split cleanly into two seams. Some trace its foundations to a deontic form of morality; others to an instrumental, policy-oriented system of efficient loss allocation. An increasingly prominent alternative to both seams, Civil Recourse Theory (CRT) resists this binary by arguing that tort comprises a basic legal category, and that its directives constitute reasons for action with robust normative force. Using the familiar question whether tort’s directives are guidance rules or liability rules as a lens, or prism, this essay shows how considerations of practical reasoning undermine one of CRT’s core commitments. If tort directives exert robust normative force, we must account for its grounds—for where it comes from, and why it obtains. CRT tries to do so by co-opting H.L.A. Hart’s notion of the internal point of view, but this leveraging strategy cannot succeed: while the internal point of view sees legal directives as guides to action, tort law merely demands conformity. To be guided by a directive is to comply with it, not conform to it, so tort’s structure blocks the shortcut to normativity CRT attempts to navigate. Given the fine-grained distinctions the theory makes, and with the connection between its claims and tort’s requirements thus severed, CRT faces a dilemma: it’s either unresponsive to tort’s normative grounds, or it’s inattentive to tort’s extensional structure.
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Schimmel, Roy J., William J. Endres, and Robin Stevenson. "Application of an Internally Consistent Material Model to Determine the Effect of Tool Edge Geometry in Orthogonal Machining." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, no. 3 (July 11, 2002): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1448334.
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It is well known that the edge geometry of a cutting tool affects the forces measured in metal cutting. Two experimental methods have been suggested in the past to extract the ploughing (noncutting) component from the total measured force: (1) the extrapolation approach and (2) the dwell force technique. This study reports the behavior of zinc during orthogonal machining using tools of controlled edge radius. Application of both the extrapolation and dwell approaches showed that neither produces an analysis that yields a material response consistent with the known behavior of zinc. Further analysis shows that the edge geometry modifies the shear zone of the material and thereby modifies the forces. When analyzed this way, the measured force data yield the expected material response without requiring recourse to an additional ploughing component.
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Richards, Joanne. "Forced, coerced and voluntary recruitment into rebel and militia groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000044.
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ABSTRACTWhy do non-state armed groups forcibly recruit civilians? To address this question I develop a conceptual framework distinguishing voluntary, coerced and forced recruitment. I then compare the recruitment tactics employed by ‘Mai-Mai’ militias and the RCD-Goma rebel group in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in order to inductively develop a theory explaining why groups with different initial economic and social endowments resort to force. This comparison draws on interviews with 41 former militia members and 11 former members of RCD-Goma. The theory suggests that forced recruitment is most likely to occur when non-state armed groups experience manpower deficits and when accountability (to local communities, government sponsors and/or the international community) is low. High levels of popular support will not necessarily prevent recourse to force under these conditions, but may mean that force is less necessary because voluntary and coerced recruits come forward to fill manpower gaps.
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Swaine, Michael D. "Does China Have a Grand Strategy?" Current History 99, no. 638 (September 1, 2000): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2000.99.638.274.
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The guiding elements of China's calculative grand strategy are clearly reflected in the policies China is pursuing in four separate areas: policies toward the United States; policies toward military modernization; policies toward territorial claims and the recourse to force; and policies toward international regimes.
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Goodman, Ryan. "CONTROLLING THE RECOURSE TO WAR BY MODIFYING JUS IN BELLO." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 12 (December 2009): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135909000038.
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AbstractAccording to a bedrock principle of international law, the rules regulating the recourse to war and the rules regulating conduct during war must be kept conceptually and legally distinct. The purported independence of the two domains – the ‘separation principle’ – remains unstable despite its historic pedigree. This essay explores recent developments that threaten to erode the separation. The author analyzes, in particular, doctrinal innovations that result in the regulation of the recourse to war through alterations of jus in bello. International and national institutions have incentivized states to pursue particular paths to war by tailoring the rules that regulate conduct in armed conflict. Some warpaths are accordingly rewarded, and others are penalized. The article then explores potential consequences, first, on state behavior involving the use of force and, second, on state behavior involving the conduct of warfare. One significant conclusion is that these recent developments channel state behavior and justifications for using force toward security-based and strategic rationales. These efforts – whether intended or not – risk suppressing ‘desirable wars’ and inspiring ‘undesirable wars.’ These recent developments also undercut humanitarian protections by undermining the mechanisms for compliance with legal norms on the battlefield.
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Marshall, J. C., and A. Groom. "FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSES—HOW DEPENDABLE ARE THEY?" APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99054.
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Force Majeure clauses are becoming increasingly important to the energy industry. With the privatisation of downstream energy participants and removal of statutory immunities from liability, downstream participants are more likely to seek recourse from upstream parties where there is a failure in supply. Whether this will result in energy producers, wholesalers and retailers being held liable will generally depend on the wording of the force majeure clause contained in the relevant supply contract.This paper considers various issues that have arisen in the construction of force majeure clauses and makes suggestions as to how a party entering into a contract containing a force majeure clause can enhance the protection afforded by such a clause.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Recourse to force"
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Amireh, Makram. "The legality of recourse to defensive force in Islamic and international law : with reference to the case in Palestine." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3354/.
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This thesis is a study of the legality of using force in a defensive way from the perspective of Islamic and International law regarding the Palestinian use of force in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. This thesis is a doctrinal and applicable study of the jus ad bellum principle of the defensive use of force in Islamic and international law, applying it to the case of Palestine. That is to say, the first part of the thesis is an analysis of the defensive use of force in Islamic and international law from a doctrinal perspective; the second part is a discussion of how to apply these norms to the case of the Palestinian use of force. The objective of the research is to understand the doctrinal concept of the principle of the defensive use of force and the legal stance of the Palestinian defensive use of force in Islamic and international law. The study of both angles of law is significant because they both function together and are relied on at the present time by Palestinian fighters who are concerned with the legality of their resistance. The study concludes that the legal concept of the defensive use of force from the perspective of Islamic and international law is applied to Palestinians living inside Palestine today.
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Dos, Santos Matthes da Costa Maíra. "Les raisons de la guerre : Le jus ad bellum entre le pacifisme libéral et la guerre juste." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP7248.
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Dans quelles circonstances le recours à la force est-il légitime ? Le droit international relatif à l'usage de la force admet trois possibilités : 1/les États membres peuvent se prévaloir d'une légitime défense contre une agression armée ; 2/les États membres peuvent recourir à la force si le Conseil de sécurité émet une résolution l'autorisant; 3/ les États membres peuvent recourir à la force à l'intérieur d'un autre État avec son libre consentement. Tous les autres recours à la force militaire, ou les menaces de recours à la force, sont illégaux. Cette thèse montrera, dans un premier moment, comment cette construction juridique prend racine dans la pensée libérale occidentale, qui remonte au XVIIIème siècle et conçoit la guerre comme une force corrosive, aux antipodes des véritables intérêts de l'humanité. Conceptuellement, la pensée libérale sur l'usage de la force s'oppose à la pensée de la guerre juste qui prend ses racines dans une conception chrétienne de l'ordre mondial. Sa version classique accepte en effet trois causes justifiant la guerre : la défense de droits contre une attaque injuste, la restauration de droits en cas de tort subi, la vindicte de la justice violée. Nous avons donc pour objectif de montrer, dans un second moment, les bases philosophiques de ce second paradigme qui justifie la guerre. Nous soutenons l'idée qu'il existe deux paradigmes principaux visant à justifier la guerre et dont les origines et les enjeux diffèrent largement - le pacifisme libéral et la guerre juste. Le premier est régi selon une logique de présomption contre la guerre. Il juge la guerre immorale et essaie de trouver une solution politique à son problème. Dans la perspective de la guerre juste, la guerre peut à l'inverse être une activité morale à condition de ne pas se laisser subsumer par des logiques de puissance. Une logique de permissivité sous condition est donc mise en avant. La manière dont la moralité et le politique sont articulés s'avère donc très différente selon chacune de ces traditions, ce qui engendre certaines conséquences pour l'évaluation morale de la guerre. À la fin, deux conclusions seront développées. Premièrement, du point de vue logique, la synthèse entre pacifisme libéral et guerre juste ne s'avère pas possible. Deuxièmement, la multitude de compromis possibles entre ces deux paradigmes génère la possibilité de conciliations, mais ces dernières sont précairesUnder what circumstances is the recourse to force legitimate? International law regarding the use of force allows three possibilities: 1/ Member States may claim self-defense against an armed attack; 2/ Member States may use force if the Security Council issues a resolution authorizing it; 3/ Member States may use force inside another State with its free consent. All other uses of military force, or threats to use force, are illegal. This thesis will first show how this legal construction takes root in Western liberal thought. It dates back to the 18th century and considers war a corrosive force, the direct opposite of humanity's true interests. Conceptually, liberal thought on the use of force is opposed to the idea of a just war, which has its roots in the Christian concept of world order. Its classic version, in effect, accepts three justifications for war: the defense of rights against an unjust attack; the restoration of rights in the event of harm suffered; and vindication when justice has been violated. It is therefore our second objective to show the philosophical bases of this second paradigm justifying war. We argue that two main paradigms exist affecting the justification of war that differ widely in their origins and issues - liberal pacifism and just war theory. The first is governed according to a logic of presumption against war. It judges war as immoral and tries to find a political solution to the problem. Just war theory, on the contrary, judges that war can be a moral activity under the condition of not being subsumed by power politics. Therefore, it puts forward a logic of conditional permissiveness. The ways in which morality and politics are articulated are thus very different according to each of these traditions, which has consequences for the moral evaluation of war. At the end, two conclusions will be developed. First, from a logical point of view, the synthesis between liberal pacifism and just war is not possible. Second, the multitude of possible compromises between these two paradigms generates only the possibility of precarious conciliations
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Khiar, Yazid. "L'autorisation implicite en matière de recours à la force." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1038.
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Iraq, 2003 : une coalition menée par les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni engagea une action militaire juridiquement fondée sur une autorisation de recourir à la force implicitement contenue dans la résolution 1441 (2002) du Conseil de sécurité. Ce fondement fut également mis en avant au Kosovo (1999) ou encore au Liberia (1992).Ces trois cas illustrent l'application d'une pratique qualifiée d'autorisation implicite en matière de recours à la force. Alors que l'autorisation de recourir à la force doit résulter d'une mention explicite du Conseil de sécurité, l'autorisation implicite repose sur une interprétation entre les lignes des résolutions du Conseil afin d'y mettre en évidence une telle autorisation. Les États qui y recourent n'ont guère manqué de préciser qu'un précédent ne saurait se révéler de cette pratique en marge de la légalité internationale. Malgré son caractère controversé, ce moyen juridique tend cependant à devenir le support privilégié des États en l'absence d'une autorisation explicite.D'où, un paradoxe de l'autorisation implicite dont il nous reviendra d'en évaluer la légalité en examinant les modalités de son élaboration et de son application. Les difficultés à trancher la question de sa validité en droit international nous amèneront notamment à dépasser ce standard de légalité pour lui substituer celui de conformité, plus souple, dans un cadre juridique original : la légalité d'exception. Nous verrons enfin que l'approche téléologique de l'autorisation implicite souffre de lacunes substantielles au point de réaffirmer la double exigence du mandat clair ainsi que du contrôle des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité autorisant le recours à la forceIraq 2003: a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom undertook military action based on a legal authorization to use force implicitly contained in Security Council Resolution 1441 (2002). This argument was also highlighted in Kosovo (1999), and Liberia (1992).These three cases illustrate the application of a practice known as the implied authorization for use of force. While the authorization for use of military force must result from explicit Security Council Resolution, the implied authorization is based on an interprÉtation between the lines of Security Council Resolutions in order to highlight such an authorization. The States that had recourse to it made it abundantly clear that a precedent cannot result of this practice on the sidelines of international legality. However, despite its controversial nature, it tends to become the privileged support of the State in the absence of an explicit authorization.Hence a paradox of the implied authorization which we will assess the legality, by examining the modalities of its elaboration and its application. The difficulties by resolving the question of its validity under international law will lead us to overcome this particular standard of legality by substituting it for that of conformity, more flexible, in an original legal framework: the legality of exception. We shall finally see that the teleological approach of the implied authorization suffers substantial gaps so that we will reaffirm the dual requirement of the clear mandate and the control within the Security Council Resolutions authorizing use of force
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AMORIN, JOSE. "Le recours a la force a des fins humanitaires." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EVRY0011.
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La these se propose d'analyser la possibilite de recourir a la force a des fins humanitaires au regard des principes du droit international. Elle vise a etablir une etroite relation entre l'assistance humanitaire et la force armee et examine comment l'action humanitaire peut etre mise en oeuvre par les forces des nations unies. Elle passe ainsi en revue les actions humanitaires menees en irak, en ex- yougoslavie, en somalie et au rwanda notamment. Au cours de ces conflits, la force a ete mise a contribution pour servir les interets des populations. Toute personne en situation de detresse doit pouvoir beneficier d'une protection. Une assistance humanitaire peut etre dispensee par les nations unies dans le cadre des operations de maintien de la paix ou des operations coercitives. Il appartient a la communaute internationale de prendre les mesures adequates pour venir en aide a ces populations. Sur la base des dispositions coercitives du chapitre vii de la charte ou d'une interpretation extensive de ces dispositions, le conseil de securite peut organiser des operations humanitaires. Il peut egalement renforcer son action et donner aux forces engagees sur le terrain, les forces des nations unies ou les forces multinationales, la possibilite de recourir a tous les moyens necessaires pour faciliter l'acheminement de l'aide humanitaire et assurer la protection des populations a l'interieur des espaces humanitaires proteges. L'utilisation de la force a des fins humanitaires montre une reelle determination de la communaute internationale a vouloir mettre fin aux souffrances infligees aux populations en situation de detresse. L'action coercitive humanitaire menee en ex-yougoslavie, en somalie et au rwanda essentiellement a ete un moyen plus ou moins efficace pour l'onu de garantir l'acheminement de l'aide humanitaire et la protection des droits fondamentaux des personnes humaines. Le traitement des crises humanitaires suppose donc parfois de recourir a des moyens militaires efficacesThe thesis analyses the possibility to use force for humanitarian assistance in consideration of the principles of the international law. It tries to establish a relation between the humanitarian assistance and the use of force and to explain how the humanitarian action can be implemented by the united nations forces. It concerns mainly the humanitarian interventions organized in iraq, ex- yugoslavia, somalia and rwanda. During these conflicts, the force is put into pratice to serve the interests of the populations. All the persons in difficulty have a right to be protected. A humanitarian assistance can be given by the united nations in the context of the peace-keeping operation or the peace enforcement operation. The international community takes the necessary measures to assist the populations. The security council has the possibility to organize humanitarian operations on the basis of a strict or large interpretation of the norms of the chapter vii of the charter. The security council can strengthen his action and give to the united nations forces or the multinationales forces the possibility to use all the necessary means to provide the humanitarian assistance and to protect the populations within the protected humanitarian spaces. The use of force for humanitarian assistance prove a real determination of the international community to eradicate the sufferings imposed to the vulnerable populations. The military humanitarian action in ex-yugoslavia, somalia and rwanda is more or less a efficient mean for the united nations to implement the humanitarian assistance and to protect the fundamental human rights. Sometimes, the united nations have to take military means to resolve the humanitarian crises
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Thielen, Ophélie. "Le recours à la force dans le cadre des opérations de maintien de la paix contemporaine." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010319.
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De la pratique contemporaine du Conseil de sécurité et du Secrétariat général des Nations Unies est né un genre nouveau d'opérations de maintien de la paix, médian entre les opérations de maintien et d'imposition de la paix telles que classiquement entendues, caractérisé par une autorisation, au niveau tactique, d'user de la force et de la contrainte armées pour l'exécution du mandat. Cette évolution empirique fait actuellement l'objet d'une réflexion au sein des instances onusiennes, visant à tenter de conceptualiser, en partenariat avec les États décideurs et contributeurs, ce qu'implique opérationnellement l'autorisation d'user de la force, en termes notamment d'interprétation et de mise en œuvre des mandats et des règles d'engagement, de planification des opérations et d'entraînement et d'équipements des contingents. Cette réflexion semble pour autant rester axée sur les questions de faisabilité politique et opérationnelle, sans que soient analysés les aspects juridiques de l'autorisation de l'usage de la force par les Casques bleus. Cette pratique soulève de multiples questions - s’agissant du statut des forces de maintien de la paix au regard du droit international humanitaire, des règles encadrant la conduite des opérations militaires, de la non-indemnisation par les Nations Unies des dommages résultant des opérations de combat ou encore des particularités du statut pénal des membres des forces de maintien de la paix – questions renouvelées dans leur contenu et, pourtant, encore largement occultées, que cette étude se propose de contribuer à clarifier
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Sayegh, Sélim el. "La crise du golfe, etude d'un cas de recours a la force." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA111002.
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Le concept de "crise" defini, la these analyse le recours a la force, selon une etude de cas, celle de la crise du golfe, apres l'invasion du koweit le 2 aout 1990. L'analyse montre d'abord comment le droit est sollicite par les parties : par l'irak, invoquant des droits historiques, une agression economique, une demande d'aide d'une gouvernement ami; et par des etats, agissant au conseil de securite et dans le systeme des alliances, leurs interets strategiques, politiques et economiques dans la region etant leses. Ensuite est examinee l'escalade juridique dans la crise; apres avoir condamne l'irak, le conseil decrete un blocus naval, puis aerien. L'irak riposte par sa "diplomatie des otages". La coalition internationale, en reaction a l'agression de bagdad, sous l'egide americaine, deploie ses troupes en arabie saoudite. L'irak, ignorant les sanctions, le conseil autorise les etats a recourir a la force. Suit une pause politique, avant l'eclatement de la guerre du golfe. La these soutenue demontre comment la crise se developpe dans le jus ad bellum, tandis que l'irak et le koweit sont deja dans le jus in bello; et l'action des etats et de l'onu est etudiee selon le droit international et la charteOnce the concept of crisis defined, the thesis analyses the use of force, in the framework of a case study after the invasion of kuwait on the 2 nd of august 1990. The analysis has demonstrated at first how international law has been sollicited by parties : iraq, by calling upon historical rights, and so called economic agression and a call for help from a friendly government; other states acting for the security council and within system of "alliances", thier economic, strategic, political interests being endangered. Afterwards, the juridical escalation in the crisis has been examined : after having condamned the agression, secutity council has decreed a naval and aerial blockade. Iraq has riposted by the "diplomacy of hostages". In reaction, the international coalition dispatched troops ot saudi arabia. Because iraq has ignored sanctions, security council has authorized the states to resort to force against iraq. A political pause will follow before the break up of the gulf war. The defended thesis demonstrates how the crisis has developed in the jus ad bellum while iraq and kuwait already are in jus in bello, and the action of states and uno is studied along international law and un charter
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Kreipe, Nils. "Les "autorisations" données par le Conseil de sécurité à des mesures militaires." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100183.
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Il est admis que le Conseil de sécurité peut " autoriser " le recours à la force armée, et que la contrainte militaire sur la base d'une " autorisation " est licite. Une explication satisfaisante de l'" autorisation " fait pourtant défaut. En effet, l'" autorisation " n'est pas une permission d'un recours à la force, dispensant les États du respect de l'interdiction du recours à la force (article 2 (4) de la Charte). L'" autorisation " doit en revanche être considérée comme une manière de faire entreprendre les mesures de coercition prévues par la Charte. Les États " autorisés " agissent pour le compte du Conseil de sécurité : ils exercent les compétences militaires dont la Charte lui confère le monopole. En ce sens, l'" autorisation " rappelle le concept du mandat du droit public. De récents exemples, les affaires du Kosovo et de l'Iraq, montrent qu'il est concevable que le Conseil puisse accorder un tel mandat implicitement. Il peut également " ratifier " des mesures a posterioriIt is generally acknowledged that the Security Council can "authorize" the recourse to armed force, and that such "authorization" provides sufficient legal basis for military measures. However, no satisfactory explanation of the "authorization" has yet been developed. Actually, the "authorization" is not to be regarded as a "permission" of recourse to armed force, exempting the States of the respect of the prohibition of the military coercion (article 2 (4) of the Charter). Rather, it reminds the concept of agency, the "authorization" providing a mandate that enables States to undertake military enforcement measures on behalf of the Council. "Authorized" States thus exercise the Security Council's powers of military coercion. The cases of Kosovo and Iraq show that it is conceivable that the Security Council can grant such a mandate implicitly, and that he can also "ratify" military measures ex post
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Delorge, Jeanne-Marie. "L'évolution du jus ad bellum : du droit de recourir à la force armée." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D009.
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Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution du droit de recourir à la force armée. A travers les temps, le recours à la force, qui est une modalité particulière de la guerre, a été limité. Mais l’interdiction d’employer la force souveraine dans les relations internationales est une conquête très récente de l’Humanité qui permet aujourd’hui aux Etats de vivre dans un monde en paix. Pour qu’elle demeure, la paix suppose que la guerre devienne un fait illicite en droit international et qu’il existe un cadre institutionnel au sein duquel la sécurité collective peut s’exercer. Le recours à la force subsiste : soit centralisé dans les mains d’un organe restreint soit dans le cadre de la légitime défense. Bien que tous les Etats aient accepté ce système, certains d’entre eux, les plus puissants, tentent de s’affranchir des règles tout en essayant de justifier et de légitimer leurs actions au regard du droit internationalThis work relates to the evolution of the right to resort to force. With through times, the recourse to armed force, which is a particular form of war, was limited. But prohibition to employ the sovereign right to recourse to force in international relations is a very recent conquest of the Humanity which allows the States to live in a world of peace today. So that is remains, peace supposes that the war becomes an illicit act in international law and that there is an institutional framework in which the collective security can exists. The recourse to the force remains: either centralized in the hands of a restricted body or within the framework of the self-defence. Although all the States accepted this system, some of them, most powerful, try to escape from the rules while trying to justify and legitimate their actions in comparison with the international law
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Benzaquen, Bélinda. "Primauté et recours." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30015.
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Primauté absolue du droit de l’UE ou suprématie des dispositions constitutionnelles ? Consacrée à l’analyse des conflits nés ou à naître entre normes constitutionnelle et celles du droit de l’UE, cette étude doctorale s’est focalisée sur l’analyse du lien entre les termes primauté et recours pour relever que dans ce genre de litiges contentieux un syllogisme juridique inédit est appliqué. Il s’agit de celui qui préserve cumulativement le critère hiérarchique caractérisant les ordres juridiques internes des États membres, à son sommet le principe de suprématie des dispositions constitutionnelles sur toutes les autres et l’application effective de la primauté matérielle du droit de l’Union ; les évolutions récentes du droit interne de l’UE convergent toutes dans ce sens : dans le cadre d’un litige contentieux, la primauté n’est plus une problématique de légalité constitutionnelle, le conflit est contourné. En la matière, les débats sur l’autorité et la force du droit international classique sur le droit constitutionnel ne se pose plus. Il a été séparé entre la force et l’effet des traités du droit international de l’Union. Pourtant sur le plan des principes, même au sein d’un État fédéral, le contenu définitionnel et surtout le maniement du texte constitutionnel n’ont pas été revisités ; la Constitution est le fondement sans être le contenu de validité de la primauté du droit de l’Union, le texte suprême opère en tant que technique de renvoi, il cadre deux types de champs en fonction du critère de l’objet du litige contentieux. Suprématie et primauté sont deux principes de nature juridique différente qui ne s’affrontent pas. La prévalence de la primauté matérielle du droit de l’Union n’affecte nullement la suprématie au sommet de la hiérarchie pyramidale des normes de chacun des États adhérentsAbsolute primacy of Community law or supremacy of constitutional provisions ? Devoted to the analysis of the conflicts born or to be born between EU law and constitutional standards, this doctoral study focused on analysis of the link between the terms of primacy or preemption rule and jurisdictional actions to raise that in this kind of litigation disputes a unreported legal syllogism is applied. It's one that cumulatively preserves the hierarchical criterion characterizing the domestic legal systems of the Member States, at its peak the principle of supremacy of the Constitution over all others and the effective application of the material primacy of Union law ; recent developments in internal law of the Union converge in this sense : in a dispute litigation, primacy is no longer a problem of constitutional legality, the conflict is circumvent. Concerning this matter, the debate on the authority and the force of traditional international law on constitutional law no longer arises. It has been separated between the force and the effect of the treaties of international law of the Union. Yet in terms of principles, even within a federal State, the definitional content and especially the handling of the constitutional text have not been revisited ; the Constitution is the legal basis without being the content validity of the primacy of Union law, the supreme text operates as a reference technique, it fits two types of fields based on the criterion of the contentious issue. Supremacy and rule are two different legal nature principles which do not compete. The prevalence of the material primacy of Union law sets no supremacy at the top of the pyramidal hierarchy of standards of each of the acceding States
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Kim, Taek Su. "Le recours à la force par un agent de la force publique : étude de droit français et coréen-du-sud comparés." Nancy 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN20004.
Full textBooks on the topic "Recourse to force"
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Recourse to force: State action against threats and armed attacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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Calogeropoulos-Stratis, Aristidis S. Le recours à la force dans la société internationale. Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1986.
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1966-, Lindemann Thomas, and Martin Michel L, eds. Les militaires et le recours à la force armée: Faucons, colombes? Paris: Harmattan, 2006.
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Sayegh, Sélim. La crise du Golfe: De l'interdiction à l'autorisation du recours à la force. Paris: Libr. générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1993.
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Thielen, Ophélie. Le recours à la force dans les opérations de maintien de la paix contemporaines. Paris: L.G.D.J., 2013.
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Corthay, Eric. La lutte contre le terrorisme international: De la licéité du recours à la force armée. Bâle: Helbing Lichtenhahn, 2012.
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Le droit contre la guerre: L'interdiction du recours à la force en droit international contemporain. Paris: Pedone, 2008.
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Entre multilatéralisme et unilatéralisme: L'autorisation par le Conseil de sécurité de recourir à la force. Leiden: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 2009.
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Bureau de l'ombudsman de la Défense nationale et des Forces canadiennes. Allons de l'avant: Plan directeur du Bureau de l'ombudsman. Ottawa, Ont: Ombudsman, Défense nationale et Forces canadiennes, 1999.
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International law and the use of force. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Recourse to force"
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Ruys, Tom. "When Law Meets Power: The Limits of Public International Law and the Recourse to Military Force." In Facing the Limits of the Law, 1–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79856-9_15.
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"The United Nations' capacity for adapting to radical changes of circumstance." In Recourse to Force, 1–19. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.001.
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"Use of force by the United Nations." In Recourse to Force, 20–44. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.002.
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"The original parameters of self-defense." In Recourse to Force, 45–52. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.003.
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"Self-defence against state-sponsored terrorists and infiltrators." In Recourse to Force, 53–68. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.004.
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"Self-defense against ideological subversion." In Recourse to Force, 69–75. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.005.
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"Self-defense against attacks on citizens abroad." In Recourse to Force, 76–96. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.006.
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"Anticipatory self-defense." In Recourse to Force, 97–108. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.007.
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"Countermeasures and self-help." In Recourse to Force, 109–34. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.008.
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"The “purely humanitarian” intervention." In Recourse to Force, 135–73. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494369.009.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Recourse to force"
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Schimmel, Roy J., William J. Endres, and Robin Stevenson. "Application of an Internally Consistent Material Model to Determine the Effect of Tool Edge Geometry in Orthogonal Machining." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0689.
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Abstract It is well known that the edge geometry of a cutting tool affects the forces measured in metal cutting. Two experimental methods have been suggested in the past to extract the ploughing (non-cutting) component from the (total) measured force; 1) the extrapolation approach and 2) the dwell force technique. This study reports the behavior of zinc during orthogonal machining, using tools of controlled edge radius. It was determined that application of neither the extrapolation nor dwell approaches yielded a material response that is consistent with the known behavior of zinc. Further analysis shows that the edge geometry modifies the shear zone of the material and thereby modifies the forces. When analyzed this way, the measured force data yield the expected material response without requiring recourse to an additional ploughing component.
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Bhagtani, Dhruv, and Nilanjan Saha. "Extended Kalman Filtering for Estimating Drag and Inertia Coefficients for Slender Offshore Structures." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96630.
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Abstract System identification is used in location detection, target tracking, prediction in oil markets and so on. In this paper, the Kalman Filter (extended) technique is explored in monitoring the health of a jacket structure, in a stochastic excited wave environment. Hydrodynamic coefficients drag (CD) and inertia (CM), usually experimentally obtained, are important parameters to assess the force on a structure using the Morison’s equation. Usually these coefficients appearing in the force equation are un-known for majority of the slender offshore structures and are a priori obtained using some set of prototype experiments as these parameters depend on lot of factors (Keulegan-Carpenter number, roughness, dimensions and so on). Therefore, the recourse to parameter identification techniques based on Kalman filtering can be an alternative. In this paper, the problem is analysed using Airy wave theory where a cylinder is assumed to be fixed at the seabed. Numerical analysis is done to create experimental conditions to observe the dynamic response of the system. These numerical results are then plagued with white noise to represent the observations from experiments. These measurements are subsequently used in identification of the drag and inertia coefficients for the cylinder. This is presently attempted using the Extended Kalman Filter technique. With the use of this model the Extended Kalman Filter is shown to be able to identify time varying drag and inertia coefficients of the cylinder problem. For the present case, measurement sensors are placed for the measured force, along with the motions: velocity and acceleration. The above method can easily be implemented in jacket structures or similar offshore structures for attention due to increase in forces owing to marine growth.
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Gouldstone, Andrew, Lubos Prchlik, Anand Kulkarni, and Sanjay Sampath. "Elastoplastic Characterization of Thermal Spray Coatings using Instrumented Indentation." In ITSC2004, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p0199.
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Abstract Instrumented indentation is well-suited as a technique for probing mechanical behaviour of coatings; it requires minimal specimen preparation, can be performed multiple times on a single specimen, and can measure behaviour over various length scales, by recourse to appropriate indenter tip selection. However, the complex nature of the deformation fields under the tip, coupled with complex (e.g. anisotropy, nonlinearity) coating properties necessitates robust means of interpretation in order to extract stress-strain behaviour. Here we present a simple method, based on empirical work by Tabor, for converting coating indentation force-depth data to stress-strain curves. Using this method, results of indentation can thus be used to quantify mechanical behaviour of coatings deposited by different processes, and subjected to post-processing treatments, providing a powerful supplement to microstructural characterization. In addition, we show how anisotropic elasticity of coatings, measured via indentation, can qualitatively identify the existence of different microstructual features. Finally, we explore subsurface strain mapping as a technique to quantitatively compare elastoplastic behaviour of coatings to bulk, isotropic materials.
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Lorincz, Anca-Lelia, and Adriana Iuliana Stancu. "ADMISSIBILITY OF THE CONTESTATION REGARDING THE DURATION OF THE CRIMINAL TRIAL IN CASES WITH UNKNOWN AUTHORS." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s02.007.
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In the regulation of the current Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure (Law no. 135/2010, entered into force on February 1, 2014), the contestation regarding the duration of the criminal trial was conceived as a procedural remedy in the case of the lack of celerity of the judicial bodies. The lack of promptness of the criminal investigation bodies can lead to the violation of the fundamental right to resolve the case within a reasonable term, as a component of the right to a fair trial, enshrined in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (art. 6 par. 1). Starting from a recent decision of the supreme court in Romania (Decision of the High Court of Cassation and Justice no. 7/2022) pronounced in the resolution of a recourse in the interest of the law, the present work addresses the issue of the admissibility of the contestation regarding the duration of the criminal trial in the case of facts whose authors have not been identified. In this study, the following research methods are used: documentation, interpretation and scientific analysis (including the comparative analysis of some jurisprudential solutions). The study aims to contribute to the unified interpretation and application of the provisions relating to the special procedure of contestation regarding the duration of the criminal trial, as currently regulated in the Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure. The paper emphasizes the need to exercise the active role of the criminal investigation bodies in the administration of evidence, including in cases with unknown authors. The conclusion is that, considering the hierarchy of normative acts, the application of methodological norms (with lower legal force than the law) regarding the administrative organization of criminal investigation activities in cases with unidentified perpetrators cannot have the effect of diminishing the role of the contestation regarding the duration of the criminal trial, as a remedy in speeding up the procedure, when the judge of rights and freedoms finds that the reasonable duration of these activities has been exceeded.
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Khulief, Y. A. "Dynamic Analysis of Mechanisms Using Constrained Lagrangian Bond Graphs." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0362.
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Abstract A method for dynamic analysis of mechanisms using the Lagrangian equations of motion for an interconnected system of rigid bodies is presented. The method stems from a recent extension to the bond graph modeling technique. Intrinsically, this approach allows the formulation of the final form of equations for holonomic systems without recourse to the Lagrangian function. Consequently, the burdens of deriving the expressions for kinetic and potential energies, and performing the necessary differentiations have been eliminated. This method calls only for constructing the Jacobian matrix of constraints, and then employing a bond graph that accounts for the generalized constraint reaction forces.
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Benmalek, Wissam, Manuel Collet, Emmanuel Foltete, Morvan Ouisse, and Mathieu Corus. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Gap Supported Tube Subjected to Fluid-Elastic Coupling Forces for Hybrid Characterization Tests." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3033.
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Steam Generator (SG) tubes are subjected to fluid-elastic coupling forces and impacts against support plates & anti-vibration bars. Understanding their vibrations is crucial not only at the design stage, but also to optimize the SG maintenance policy and to lengthen the SG service life. The aim of our research is to provide a better understanding of the conjugate stabilizing effects of impacts and coupling with fluid-elastic forces. Since fluid-elastic forces are difficult to simulate and expensive to reproduce experimentally, the fluid coupling forces of our numerical model are represented using velocity dependent damping and stiffness matrices, both for the fluid and the tube. Their effect is experimentally reproduced having recourse to active vibration control in the frame of specifically designed “hybrid” experimental tests. In this paper, we present a method for modeling tube vibrations in order to estimate the conjugate effects of the coupling between the fluid elastic forces and impacts. This strategy lowers the costs and avoids the difficulties associated to the case of fluid in the experiments. Our numerical model will be implemented in the active control loop in the next step of the study.
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Bouazara, M., M. Saihi, and M. J. Richard. "Load Dynamic Analysis of Upper and Lower Arm Automotive Suspension." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63212.
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To reduce weight, in last decade the transport industry had recourse to the use of more lightweight material. Currently, several static elements of the vehicles are made of aluminum. However, the dynamic elements such as suspension parts cause difficulties due to high solicitations from vibration and road roughness. To better assess this damage in depth, the modeling of a full suspension system is more than necessary. In this work, a full quarter vehicle model while considering the motion of suspension along three axes is developed. This system is composed of an upper arm, lower arm, the spring, the damper, the wheel and the fastening elements. By using this full analytical model, all parameters such as, velocities, accelerations and forces can be determined.
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Kurbanova, Muyassar. "The impact of the demographic transition on poverty reduction in Central Asia." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.8.
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Central Asian countries are experiencing a demographic transition due to the shrinking fertility and mortality rates and are at the stage of getting benefits from the demographic tailwinds with an increased working-age population share. This potential may convert the transition into economic growth and poverty reduction. Although all countries' economies grow, poverty reduction stagnated. The main question is whether this stagnation is due to an increase in the working-age population and whether the region can utilize this benefit to reduce poverty through accumulating human recourses. This paper analyzes the main channels that impact demographic change with the human capital in the socio-economic situation and the poverty rate of Central Asian countries by using cross-section data from the period 2000 to 2019 using the fixed effects method. The results suggest that the share of working-age population, human capital, GDP per capita, and female labor force participation rate will reduce poverty in the region.
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Gaižauskienė, Laura, and Živilė Tunčikienė. "Mutuality, empowerment and fit in creative knowledge work performance." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.057.
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Purpose – the purpose of the article is to reveal the role of the three dimensions – mutuality, empowerment and fit – in organizational performance and productivity with the main emphasis on creative knowledge work. The scientific problem could be expressed in the goal to identify the relationships between these elements and elicite research gaps to be filled. Research methodology – the methodology of the article used consists of scientific literature review, analyses and synthezes, structural equation modelling. Findings – in the part of the literature review the theoretical models are presented as the base and grounding for the creation of an empirical model. Research limitations – the main limitation of this research is the exclusion of risks and hazards in the workplaces as the focus is on the main positive factors which influence the performance. Avoiding negative dimensions limits prevention of emerging forces which usually require recourses. By investigating risk elements may give a more accurate view to the whole picture in organizations. Practical implications – the practical implication of the research results may identify the areas in SHRM policies which could require new or improved practices. Originality/Value – there are very limited number of researches which combine human resource and knowledge management, so the main novelty of this study is to answer one questions specific to one discipline by using findings of the other field
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Basso Fossali, Pierluigi. "Diataxe. De l’activité configuratrice à la saisie des transitions." In Actes du congrès de l’Association Française de Sémiotique. Limoges: Université de Limoges, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25965/as.8544.
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Notre contribution vise à problématiser les pratiques sémiotiques lorsque l’activité configuratrice, paradigme d’une visée perceptive ou d’une énonciation, doit céder la place à une saisie et à une valorisation des transitions. Ces dernières semblent échapper à la fois à une organisation paratactique d’éléments catégorisés à l’avance (effets de coordination, juxtaposition, accumulation, etc.) et à une structuration hypotactique à même d’imposer un ordre intégrateur. Entre ces deux logiques syntaxiques s’introduirait une solution dans laquelle la signification n’a pas la structuration méréologique typique des langages « digitaux » (caractérisés par des unités discrètes), mais possède plutôt une sorte de diataxe, laquelle exemplifierait des écarts sans avoir recours à des proportionnalités ou à des enchâssements préalables. Au contraire d’une prise analytique soutenue par les organisations syntaxiques traditionnelles et la « rection » qu’elles assurent, la diataxe semble promouvoir une synthèse « enharmonique » qui se maintient entre constitution et aspersion, favorisant ainsi la prise en compte de la transition en tant que telle ; une transition entre des valeurs qui ne semblent pas devoir rivaliser pour se partager les valences en jeu. En effet, la transition n’est plus conçue comme une phase d’absence de forme, prélude d’une comparaison qui sera tôt ou tard possible entre un principe organisationnel en amont et un principe en aval ; la transition exemplifie une coalescence formelle qui s’impose aux formes qu’elle héberge et fluidifie, sans se réduire à la notion de continuum. L’article aborde la transition selon trois stratégies différentes : l’observation de la transition, la tentative de la médier, la transition directement incarnée. La dernière stratégie nous amènera à introduire brièvement une étude de cas concernant un tableau anonyme. Il s’agit sans doute de l’œuvre d’un peintre qui a travaillé en reflétant sa propre condition de « transitaire » dans l’évolution incertaine (entre mythe et dénonciation sociale) d’un sujet assez délicat tel quel le suicide.
Reports on the topic "Recourse to force"
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Gruber, Verena, Ingrid Peignier, and Charlotte Dubuc. Pratiques et tactiques de vente des concessionnaires automobiles au Québec. CIRANO, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/bryk4403.
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Le présent rapport s’inscrit dans la continuité d’une vaste étude débutée en 2020 qui a pour objectif de mieux comprendre la préférence croissante de la population canadienne pour les véhicules énergivores ainsi que les facteurs (politiques, économiques, sociaux, etc.) qui contribuent à l’augmentation des ventes de ce type de véhicules. Le CIRANO a déjà contribué à travers plusieurs rapports publiés depuis 2020 et plus récemment par le biais d’une analyse des motivations d’achat de camions légers au Québec (Gruber, Peignier et Pentcheva, 2023). Le présent rapport complète les connaissances sur les consommateur(-trice)s en se concentrant plutôt sur l’environnement des concessionnaires automobiles et sur la manière dont il peut influencer le choix des consommateur(-trice)s. La littérature scientifique en marketing, et plus spécifiquement celle centrée sur le comportement des consommateur(-trice)s, montre que toute décision est prise dans un environnement qui exerce automatiquement une influence sur le choix d’un produit particulier. Les consommateur(-trice)s sont influencé(e)s par l’ordre dans lequel les produits sont présentés, par les images qui les accompagnent et par la manière dont les informations sur ces produits sont encadrées (Ungemach et coll., 2018). La décision d’acheter ou de ne pas acheter un véhicule donné est encore principalement prise chez les concessionnaires automobiles. Il est donc très important d’étudier la manière dont cet environnement particulier façonne les décisions des consommateur(-trice)s. À cette fin, nous avons eu recours à des observations sous la forme d’une enquête mystère, afin d’étudier l’environnement des concessionnaires automobiles (Wilson, 2011). Plus précisément, ce rapport présente l’approche méthodologique et les résultats des visites mystères effectuées chez trente concessionnaires automobiles ruraux, suburbains et urbains du Québec. Toutes les visites ont eu lieu entre septembre et décembre 2022. Les testeur(-euse)s ont été formés pour observer et noter le discours et les pratiques des vendeur(-euse)s. Les résultats montrent que les personnes chargées de la vente chez les concessionnaires automobiles ne poussent pas systématiquement la clientèle potentielle vers les gros véhicules. Elles façonnent plutôt, subtilement, sa perception en lui présentant un plus grand nombre d’arguments en faveur des gros véhicules. En outre, elles semblent moins bien connaître les arguments en défaveur des véhicules de plus grande taille. Par exemple, aucune d’entre elles n’a été capable de parler des différences d’émissions entre les différents types de véhicules sans avoir cherché au préalable cette information. De plus, les gros véhicules sont plus susceptibles d’être exposés à l’extérieur ou à l’intérieur du concessionnaire, ce qui constitue un point d’ancrage mental pour la clientèle potentielle qui entre dans un concessionnaire avec différentes options en tête. Conformément aux conclusions de Brazeau et Denoncourt (2021), ces images montrent souvent de gros véhicules dans la nature, ce qui les rend encore plus attrayants pour une hypothétique clientèle, même si celle-ci ne les utiliserait pas (ou ne pourrait pas les utiliser) dans un tel environnement. L’impact environnemental des différents types de véhicules et les implications en ce qui concerne la sécurité pour les autres usager(-ère)s de la route sont pratiquement absents du discours. Enfin, plusieurs de nos testeur(-euse)s ont noté que l’équipe des ventes est parfois incapable de justifier la raison pour laquelle la taille des véhicules continue d’augmenter sans que la clientèle en retire un avantage clair. Les résultats montrent qu’il est important de mieux former les équipes de ventes pour qu’elles puissent parler des implications en matière de sécurité et de l’impact sur l’environnement des différents véhicules.