Journal articles: 'Recommencement of paid employment'

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Barnes, Colin. "Disability and Paid Employment." Work, Employment and Society 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500179922117845.

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Barnes, Colin. "Disability and Paid Employment." Work, Employment and Society 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950017099000100.

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Main, Brian G. M., and Peter Elias. "Women returning to paid employment." International Review of Applied Economics 1, no. 1 (January 1987): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758530524.

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FONTES, Adriana, Valéria PERO, and Janine BERG. "Low-paid employment in Brazil." International Labour Review 151, no. 3 (September 2012): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2012.00145.x.

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Caparrós Ruiz, Antonio. "Self‐employment or paid employment as the first job." International Journal of Social Economics 37, no. 12 (October 19, 2010): 951–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068291011083026.

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O'Flynn, David. "Approaching employment." Psychiatric Bulletin 25, no. 5 (May 2001): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.5.169.

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Most people with severe mental illness (SMI) may now live in the community, but few have jobs and many are socially isolated. Unemployment rates for people with serious mental health problems range from 60% to nearly 100%, and are particularly high if people have additional disadvantages in the labour market – being a member of an ethnic minority, having poor educational and employment history or possessing a criminal record. Unemployment is a cause of poverty, physical and mental ill health and is a cost to the community. Paid employment is central to human health and offers financial, psychological and social benefits to people with mental health problems: an income not derived from benefits, social contacts, a social role other than that of psychiatric patient, psychological recovery and possibly symptom reduction. These psychosocial and health gains may follow from any work – paid employment, low paid or unpaid work, training or education. Many mental health service users want jobs and alternatives to welfare dependency and traditional day centres. The Government wants to improve health and to reduce welfare spending and social exclusion. For deinstitutionalisation to achieve social integration and employment as well as relocation there is a need for a range of actions; public psycho-education, political reform and development and research of modern alternatives to sheltered work and industrial therapy.

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Stern, David, and Yoshi-Fumi Nakata. "Paid Employment among U.S. College Students." Journal of Higher Education 62, no. 1 (January 1991): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1991.11774104.

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Otache, Innocent. "Entrepreneurship education and undergraduate students’ self- and paid-employment intentions." Education + Training 61, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-10-2017-0148.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conceptually explore the relationship between Entrepreneurship Education (EE) and undergraduate students’ self- and paid-employment intentions. Specifically, the paper aims to examine the effect of paid-employment intention on the relationship between EE and self-employment intention. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviewed extensively related literature on EE, entrepreneurial intentions and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The detailed literature review undertaken formed the basis for the development of the conceptual framework. Findings It is found that undergraduate students have two opposing employment intentions within them, namely, self- and paid-employment intentions. The two employment intentions interact and have a tendency to dominate each other, and consequently lead to different employment behaviours. The dominant employment intention determines whether a graduate will exhibit self- or paid-employment behaviour. This confirms that graduates are faced with two career paths or choices, namely, self- and paid-employment. Research limitations/implications It is not an empirical paper. Thus, the conceptual framework needs to be further empirically tested. More specifically, the proposition that undergraduate students’ paid-employment intentions moderate the impact of EE on their self-employment intentions needs to be empirically validated. Practical implications This paper provides some insightful and practical implications for the government and the policymakers in the education sector, particularly in tackling the menace of graduate unemployment and its associated problems. It provides an insight into the problem of graduate unemployment. The government and the policymakers should initiate enlightenment programmes that will reorient undergraduate students away from having the mentality of securing paid-jobs after graduation. Equally, undergraduate students should be enlightened about the difficulties in securing paid-jobs and the benefits of being a self-employed graduate. Originality/value It is the first to explore the moderating effect of undergraduate students’ paid-employment intentions on the relationship between EE and their self-employment intentions. Therefore, it makes a valuable contribution to the existing literature on EE and entrepreneurial intentions. It further strengthens the TPB by applying it to explain how undergraduate students’ paid-employment intentions could neutralise the impact of EE on their self-employment intentions.

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Hatton, Chris. "Paid employment amongst adults with learning disabilities receiving social care in England: trends over time and geographical variation." Tizard Learning Disability Review 23, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-01-2018-0003.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine trends over time and geographical variation in rates of paid employment amongst working age adults with learning disabilities receiving long-term social care in England. Design/methodology/approach Data were drawn from NHS Digital adult social care statistics examining paid/self-employment for working age (18-64 years) adults with learning disabilities known to social care (2008/2009 to 2013/2014) or receiving long-term social care (2014/2015 to 2016/2017). Findings In 2016/2017, councils reported that 5.7 per cent of working age adults (7,422 people) with learning disabilities receiving long-term social care were in paid/self-employment, with higher employment rates for men than women and most people working less than 16 hours per week. Paid employment rates seem to be slightly declining over time, and there is wide variation across councils in reported paid/self-employment rates. Social implications Despite good evidence for the cost effectiveness of supported employment support, employment rates for adults with learning disabilities receiving long-term social care remain extremely low. Originality/value This paper presents in one place statistics concerning the paid employment of working age adults with learning disabilities in England.

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Schram, Jolinda L. D., Suzan J. W. Robroek, Patricia Ots, Sandra Brouwer, Alex Burdorf, Sander K. R. van Zon, and Karen M. Oude Hengel. "Influence of changing working conditions on exit from paid employment among workers with a chronic disease." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 9 (May 21, 2020): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-106383.

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ObjectivesTo investigate the relation between changes in working conditions and exit from paid employment among workers with a chronic disease.MethodsSix waves from the longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (2010–2016), enriched with tax-based employment information from Statistics Netherlands (2011–2017), were available for 4820 chronically ill workers aged 45–63 years (mean 55.3 years, SD 5.1). A change in working conditions (physical workload, psychological job demands, job autonomy, emotional job demands and social support) was defined as an increase or decrease between two consecutive waves of at least one SD. Discrete-time survival models with repeated measurements were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of a change in working conditions on exiting paid employment in the following year compared with no change and consecutive favourable working conditions.ResultsA favourable change in physical workload lowered the risk to exit paid employment (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.94). An adverse change in psychosocial working conditions, especially a decrease in social support (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.52 to 2.81), increased the likelihood to exit paid employment. In contrast, a favourable change in psychological job demands increased the risk to exit paid employment (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.24). Multiple adverse changes increased the risk to exit paid employment up to six times (RR 6.06, 95% CI 2.83 to 12.98).ConclusionsChanges in working conditions among workers with chronic diseases influence exit from paid employment. Ensuring that working conditions can be adapted to the needs of workers with a chronic disease may help to extend working life.

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de Wind, Astrid, Sietske J. Tamminga, Claudia A. G. Bony, Maren Diether, Martijn Ludwig, Miranda J. Velthuis, Saskia F. A. Duijts, and Angela G. E. M. de Boer. "Loss of Paid Employment up to 4 Years after Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis—A Nationwide Register-Based Study with a Population-Based Reference Group." Cancers 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 2868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122868.

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Cancer survivors consider work as a key aspect of cancer survivorship while previous research indicated that cancer survivors have a higher risk of unemployment. The objectives were to assess: (1) whether colorectal cancer survivors less often have paid employment at diagnosis compared to a population-based reference group, (2) whether colorectal cancer survivors with paid work have a higher risk of loss of employment up to 4 years after diagnosis compared to a population-based reference group and (3) which colorectal cancer survivors are at highest risk of loss of paid employment. In a nationwide register-based study, persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer (N = 12,007) as registered in the Netherlands Cancer Registry, were compared on loss of paid employment with a sex and age-matched population-based reference group (N = 48,028) from Statistics Netherlands. Cox regression analyses were conducted. Colorectal cancer survivors had a higher risk of loss of paid employment (HR 1.56 [1.42, 1.71]). Within the group of colorectal cancer survivors, risk of loss of paid employment was lower for older survivors (>60 vs. 45–55) (HR 0.64 [0.51, 0.81]) and higher for those with a more advanced cancer stage (IV vs. I) (HR 1.89 [1.33, 2.70]) and those receiving radiotherapy (HR 1.37 [1.15, 1.63]). Colorectal cancer survivors at high risk of loss of paid employment may benefit from work support interventions as part of cancer survivorship.

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Schuller, Tom. "Second Adolescence? The Transition from Paid Employment." Work, Employment and Society 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017087001003005.

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Aston, Jacquie, and John Lavery. "The Health of Women in Paid Employment." Women & Health 20, no. 3 (September 22, 1993): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j013v20n03_01.

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Weber, Jeannette, Annet de Lange, and Andreas Müller. "Gender differences in paid employment after retirement." Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 52, S1 (October 2, 2018): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00391-018-1453-1.

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McKIE, LINDA, SOPHIA BOWLBY, and SUSAN GREGORY. "Gender, Caring and Employment in Britain." Journal of Social Policy 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279401006262.

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Employment and social policies continue to be based upon a gender template that assumes women, especially mothers, are or should be natural carers. Invariably, policies that seek to promote women's entry to paid work do so by facilitating their management and conduct of caring work, thus reinforcing the gender template. In addition, contemporary debates around concepts of citizenship emphasise the obligation to paid employment but fail to tackle the gendered division of caring activities and organisation of care. Enhanced access to childcare merely recreates the gender template by promoting low paid jobs for women as paid carers who are predominantly providing care services for other women. The provision of unpaid paternity leave is unlikely to challenge the strong association between femininity, mothering and care work.In this article we explore notions of caring, home and employment. It is argued that ambivalence exists amongst policy makers, employers, and society more generally, towards the gendered nature of caring and the implications of this for women, and men who wish to care, who are in paid employment. These are old issues and the authors consider why change in social and public policies is so slow. The authors argue that a consideration of gender and equality principles, currently largely absent from welfare and employment policies, and debates on notions of citizenship, should form the basis for the development of future strategies to support parents and children.

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Mannila, Simo, Anu E. Castaneda, Marianne Laalo, and Hannamaria Kuusio. "Participation in paid employment among the Finnish Roma." International Journal of Roma Studies 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijrs.2021.6973.

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The article describes participation in paid work among Finnish Roma, based on data gathered by face-to-face interviews for the Finnish Roma Participation and Well-being Study (n = 234). We wanted to assess the relevance of some explanatory factors for the low paid work rate of the Roma, found in countries with a significant Roma minority, in the light of new material from Finland where the Roma minority is small and rather homogeneous. No earlier studies on their participation in paid work in Finland exist.The research shows the importance of education to finding paid employment, in compliance with earlier international results. Adherence to Roma culture, too, seems to cause problems to participation in paid employment. We were been able to assess discrimination at recruitment, obviously the key phase for successful or unsuccessful integration of the Roma in the Finnish labour market. Unlike in many countries, in Finland there was no significant difference in the paid employment rate of Roma men and women.

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PICKARD, LINDA, DEREK KING, NICOLA BRIMBLECOMBE, and MARTIN KNAPP. "The Effectiveness of Paid Services in Supporting Unpaid Carers’ Employment in England." Journal of Social Policy 44, no. 3 (March 30, 2015): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279415000069.

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AbstractThis paper explores the effectiveness of paid services in supporting unpaid carers’ employment in England. There is currently a new emphasis in England on ‘replacement care’, or paid services for the cared-for person, as a means of supporting working carers. The international evidence on the effectiveness of paid services as a means of supporting carers’ employment is inconclusive and does not relate specifically to England. The study reported here explores this issue using the 2009/10 Personal Social Services Survey of Adult Carers in England. The study finds a positive association between carers’ employment and receipt of paid services by the cared-for person, controlling for covariates. It therefore gives support to the hypothesis that services for the cared-for person are effective in supporting carers’ employment. Use of home care and a personal assistant are associated on their own with the employment of both men and women carers, while use of day care and meals-on-wheels are associated specifically with women's employment. Use of short-term breaks are associated with carers’ employment when combined with other services. The paper supports the emphasis in English social policy on paid services as a means of supporting working carers, but questions the use of the term ‘replacement care’ and the emphasis on ‘the market’.

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Elliott, B. Jane, and Felicia A. Huppert. "In sickness and in health: associations between physical and mental well-being, employment and parental status in a British nationwide sample of married women." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 2 (May 1991): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700020626.

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SYNOPSISMany studies have been published which have examined the relationship between paid employment and women's health. As employment outside the home is likely to have differential effects for women with different family commitments, further analysis taking account of the association between paid employment and household circumstances is necessary.Using data from a large, representative British sample, this paper examines the effects of interactions between paid employment, social class, and parental status on women's health. The results show differential effects of these variables on physical and mental health. The most important influence on women's mental health (as measured by the 30-item General Health Questionnaire) is the age of their youngest child; women with children under five are most likely to show signs of psychological disturbance. With respect to physical health, age of the youngest child has no significant effect, but there is an interaction between employment status and social class. Paid employment, particularly full-time work, is associated with good physical health for middle-class women but not for working-class women.

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Anane, Melissa, and Sally Curtis. "Is earning detrimental to learning? Experiences of medical students from traditional and low socioeconomic backgrounds." British Student Doctor Journal 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/bsdj.297.

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Background: Medical schools are striving to produce a representative workforce through admissions processes that actively encourage applications from students with backgrounds of social and financial disadvantage. Such medical students frequently have reduced financial support and need to undertake paid employment while studying. However, there is limited evidence to show how a lack of financial support and undertaking paid employment impacts those studying for medical degrees, who are not from affluent backgrounds. Method: A mixed methods approach was used for this single site, exploratory study. A questionnaire on paid employment was distributed to undergraduate medical students. Those respondents in employment were invited to attend an interview to further explore their experiences. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Questionnaire responses from 199 medical students were received and 11 semi-structured interviews conducted. Most students undertook paid employment during medical school and stated it had some benefits. However, the negative impact of paid employment was greater for LSE students: those who met the medical school’s widening participation criteria. LSE students reported work was a necessity rather than a choice. They also had additional stress of financial responsibility for others, including parents or partners. Discussion: Compared to traditional medical students, LSE students report increased negative experiences from undertaking paid employment, with greater financial responsibility for themselves and others during their studies. Medical schools have a responsibility to adapt and provide appropriate support for all students. It is vital to understand and acknowledge the additional challenges students from LSE backgrounds face.

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Nwaka, Ikechukwu Darlington, Fatma Guven-Lisaniler, and Gulcay Tuna. "Gender wage differences in Nigerian self and paid employment: Do marriage and children matter?" Economic and Labour Relations Review 27, no. 4 (November 15, 2016): 490–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304616677655.

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This article investigates gender differences in Nigeria, in the impact of marriage and children on location in the self or waged employment sector, and on income from work. Findings show that the pay structure varies across employment sectors – waged and self-employed – and that the determinants of employment sector vary by gender and family roles. Differences in human capital investment and geopolitical zones also need to be considered. The estimates in the study reveal that there is a marriage premium for both males and females in the waged labour market, but partially support Becker’s (1991) gender-based household specialisation model in terms of the relative incidence of self-employment. There is a wage penalty for married women with children in the paid-employment labour market, but motherhood is also negatively associated with income levels for self-employed women. We also find a fatherhood penalty for paid-employed men. Nevertheless, overall, the gender difference is higher in relatively less regulated self-employment compared to the more regulated paid employment labour market. Findings therefore offer some policy inputs but also suggest the need for further research into the causes of the gender pay gap in self- and paid employment, and thus into the overall wage gap in Nigeria that inhibits women’s labour market participation and welfare.

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Schram, Jolinda L. D., Merel Schuring, Karen M. Oude Hengel, and Alex Burdorf. "Health-related educational inequalities in paid employment across 26 European countries in 2005–2014: repeated cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e024823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024823.

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ObjectiveThe study investigates the trends in health-related inequalities in paid employment among men and women in different educational groups in 26 countries in 5 European regions.DesignIndividual-level analysis of repeated cross-sectional annual data (2005–2014) from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.Setting26 European countries in 5 European regions.Participants1 844 915 individuals aged 30–59 years were selected with information on work status, chronic illness, educational background, age and gender.Outcome measuresAbsolute differences were expressed by absolute differences in proportion in paid employment between participants with and without a chronic illness, using linear regression. Relative differences were expressed by prevalence ratios in paid employment, using a Cox proportional hazard model. Linear regression was used to examine the trends of inequalities.ResultsParticipants with a chronic illness had consistently lower labour force participation than those without illnesses. Educational inequalities were substantial with absolute differences larger within lower educated (men 21%–35%, women 10%–31%) than within higher educated (men 5%–13%, women 6%–16%). Relative differences showed that low-educated men with a chronic illness were 1.4–1.9 times (women 1.3–1.8 times) more likely to be out of paid employment than low-educated persons without a chronic illness, whereas this was 1.1–1.2 among high-educated men and women. In the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern regions, these health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were more pronounced than in the Continental and Southern region. For most regions, absolute health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were generally constant, whereas relative inequalities increased, especially among low-educated persons.ConclusionsMen and women with a chronic illness have considerable less access to the labour market than their healthy colleagues, especially among lower educated persons. This exclusion from paid employment will increase health inequalities.

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Oude Hengel, Karen, Suzan J. W. Robroek, Iris Eekhout, Allard J. van der Beek, and Alex Burdorf. "Educational inequalities in the impact of chronic diseases on exit from paid employment among older workers: a 7-year prospective study in the Netherlands." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 10 (August 13, 2019): 718–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105788.

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ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the relative and absolute risks of early exit from paid employment among older workers with a chronic disease, and to assess whether these risks differ across educational groups.MethodsData on chronic diseases and demographics from 9160 Dutch workers aged 45–64 years were enriched with monthly information on employment status from Statistics Netherlands. Subdistribution hazard ratios (SHR) and 7-year probabilities among workers with a chronic disease of exit from paid employment through disability benefits, unemployment benefits, early retirement benefits or economic inactivity were estimated using competing risks regression analyses based on Fine and Gray’s models.ResultsWorkers with one chronic disease had a higher risk to exit paid employment through disability benefits (SHR 4.48 (95%CI 3.22 to 6.25)) compared with workers without chronic disease, and this risk further increased for multiple chronic diseases (SHR 8.91 (95%CI 6.33 to 12.55)). As occurrence of chronic diseases was highest among low educated workers, the 7-year probabilities to exit paid employment through disability benefits were highest among this group. Cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, psychological and respiratory diseases were associated with disability benefits (SHRs ranging from 2.11 (95%CI 1.45 to 3.07) to 3.26 (95%CI 2.08 to 5.12)), whereas psychological diseases were also related to unemployment (SHR 1.78 (95%CI 1.33 to 2.38)).ConclusionsOlder workers with a chronic disease have a higher risk to exit paid employment through disability benefits. As multimorbidity has an additive effect, addressing multimorbidity as a risk factor for sustainable employment is needed.

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Arber, Sara, and Jay Ginn. "Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care." Work, Employment and Society 9, no. 3 (September 1995): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709593002.

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This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men, and varies with the closeness of the kin relationship between carer and care-recipient. Women caring for a handicapped child are least likely to be in full-time work. Care for a spouse depresses both men's and women's employment. The effect of caring for a co-resident parent is least for married men and greatest for married women. The assumption that women's increased labour force participation will reduce their availability as informal carers for elderly parents is largely unfounded. This care is mainly for elderly parents living in another household, and is associated with reduced hours of employment but not lower overall rates of employment. The norm of combining paid work and informal caring results in very high total hours of informal and paid work.

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Hadzic, Renata, Christopher A. Magee, and Laura Robinson. "Parental employment and child behaviors." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 4 (June 26, 2013): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413477274.

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This study examined whether hours of parental employment were associated with child behaviors via parenting practices. The sample included 2,271 Australian children aged 4–5 years at baseline. Two-wave panel mediation models tested whether parenting practices that were warm, hostile, or characterized by inductive reasoning linked parent’s hours of paid employment with their child’s behavior at age 6–7 years. There were significant indirect effects linking mother employment to child behavior. No paid employment and full-time work hours were associated with more behavioral problems in children through less-warm parenting practices; few hours or long hours were associated with improved behavioral outcomes through less-hostile parenting practices. These findings may have implications for developing policies to enable parents to balance work and family demands.

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Seneduangdeth, Dexanourath, Kiengkay Ounmany, Saithong Phommavong, Kabmanivanh Phouxay, and Keophouthon Hathalong. "LABOR EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN COFFEE PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i1.1362.

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General debate on the issue of labor employment is related to employment opportunity, pattern of labor employment, the contribution to labor employment, and the impact of labor employment on livelihoods. This paper examines labor employment opportunities through different ethnic perspectives, especially labor employment opportunities in coffee production, a non-traditional agricultural export (NTAE) product, as a case. The objectives of this study are to investigate the pattern of labor employment and to examine the impacts of the employment on the labor livelihoods. Qualitative method was applied to collect empirical data in four villages and five coffee planter-exporter companies in Pakxong District, Champasak Province, and Lao Ngam District, Salavanh Province, Lao PDR. Stakeholder consultation was held in relation to promotion of NTAE. Data analysis for this paper includes thematic analysis and narrative method. Findings show that there are many patterns of labor employment in coffee production: daily paid employment, monthly paid employment, and contracting employment. Wage laborers are from different ethnic groups who live in the same village, villages from outside, nearby villages, districts in the same province, and other provinces. Generally, the employment provides laborer with benefits. The laborers receive wage income and other additional benefits from employment in coffee production. The laborers benefit the most from a monthly salary and contracted employment compared to daily paid employment. The monthly paid employment secures employment status, provides additional benefits including welfare schemes such as medical care, accommodation, food provision, and telecommunication fees. The laborers, however, prefer to work as daily labor which provides incentive and is flexible for both the laborers and employers. In addition, migrant laborers experienced some negative impacts on their livelihood while working in a coffee garden such as working long hours, changing living style, and conflict with colleague workers and employers. The study suggests that related public and private agencies have to work closely with the farmers to regulate their workers’ employment conditions to be in line with the national labor code of conduct.

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Bernhardt, Irwin. "Comparative Advantage in Self-Employment and Paid Work." Canadian Journal of Economics 27, no. 2 (May 1994): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135747.

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이찬영. "Behaviors of Youth Paid-Workers in Downgrading Employment." Journal of Vocational Education & Training 11, no. 3 (December 2008): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36907/krivet.2008.11.3.49.

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BUDDELMEYER, HIELKE, WANG-SHENG LEE, and MARK WOODEN. "Low-Paid Employment and Unemployment Dynamics in Australia." Economic Record 86, no. 272 (March 2010): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2009.00595.x.

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McIntosh, James, Michael Bloor, and Michele Robertson. "Drug treatment and the achievement of paid employment." Addiction Research & Theory 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16066350701699197.

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lázaro, Nieves, María Luisa Moltó, and Rosario Sanchez. "Paid employment and unpaid caring work in Spain." Applied Economics 36, no. 9 (May 20, 2004): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000233203.

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Bryson, Alex, and Michael White. "Migrants and Low-Paid Employment in British Workplaces." Work, Employment and Society 33, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019832509.

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Using nationally representative workplace data for Britain, we identify where migrants work and examine the partial correlation between workplace wages and whether migrants are employed at a workplace. Three-in-ten workplaces with five or more employees employ migrant workers, with the probability rising substantially with workplace size. We find the bottom quartile of the log earnings distribution is 4–5% lower in workplaces employing migrants, ceteris paribus. However, the effect is confined to workplaces set up before the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the late 1990s, consistent with the proposition that minimum wage regulation limits employers’ propensity to pay low wages in the presence of migrant workers.

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Hopper, J. D., P. Cornwell, P. Hopkins, and M. McLennan. "661 Determinants of Paid Employment after Lung Transplant." Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 30, no. 4 (April 2011): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.675.

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Baldwin, Mark. "Helping People with Learning Difficulties into Paid Employment." Journal of Policy Practice 5, no. 2-3 (July 19, 2006): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j508v05n02_07.

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Mbratana, Taoufiki, and Andrée Fotie Kenne. "Investigating gender wage gap in employment." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 5 (May 14, 2018): 848–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0131.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gender wage disparity in paid employment and self-employment. To achieve this objective, the Cameroon Household Consumption Survey of 2007 is used. The main question considered in this paper is why women paid employment and self-employment wages are relatively low. In a whole, what are the underlying factors that generate and explain wage gap between men and women householders in employment? Design/methodology/approach First, the paper uses the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition to explain wage gap. Thereafter, the Quantile Regression Decomposition using Machado and Mata approach is applied in order to see the gap at different levels of the wage distribution. Findings The main finding indicates that in both methods, the wage gap is due to an unexplained component in self-employment and explained component in paid employment, particularly with strong effects at the extreme of wage distribution. Research limitations/implications The topic of this paper helps to explain and analyse the functioning of the Cameroonian labour market. Practical implications The findings can be applied to narrow the gender wage gap by eliminating discrimination and approving the principle of equal opportunity, support policies that reduce obstacles preventing women from starting and developing their businesses to encourage more women to become entrepreneurs and achieve harmonisation between work and family life. Originality/value Using available data survey, this paper is the first to identify and decompose the causes of paid employment and self-employment gender wage gap in Cameroon.

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Dennerstein, Lorraine. "Mental Health, Work, and Gender." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 3 (July 1995): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qjra-8nmb-kr1r-qh4q.

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Women have significantly higher prevalence rates than men for many mental disorders, particularly affective disorders. Married women are more at risk for mental ill-health than single women or married men. The detrimental effects of marriage on mental health appear to relate to the contexts of role performances and the reduction in opportunities in paid employment. This review examines the influence of women's paid and unpaid domestic work and roles on mental health. Many studies show positive effects of paid employment on mental health, and multiple roles have been found to have beneficial rather than adverse effects on mental health. However, husbands' negative attitudes to women's paid employment, with resultant marital conflict, and husbands' lack of participation in child care may erode these potential beneficial effects.

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Otache, Innocent, Dorcas Omanyo Oluwade, and Ele-Ojo Jeremiah Idoko. "Entrepreneurship education and undergraduate students' self-employment intentions: do paid employment intentions matter?" Education + Training 62, no. 7/8 (August 10, 2020): 741–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2020-0032.

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PurposeUndergraduate students have two opposing employment intentions, viz. self-employment intentions and paid-employment intentions (SEIs and PEIs). While a plethora of studies have explored the links between entrepreneurship education (EE) and SEIs, it has been noted that previous studies have ignored the effects of PEIs on the relationship between EE and SEIs. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to empirically explore the effects of PEIs on the relationship between EE and SEIs.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted a descriptive research design and a self-reported questionnaire was administered to collect data from a randomly selected sample of 95 accounting students from two polytechnics in Nigeria. To test the hypotheses formulated, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was performed using SmartPLS.FindingsThe results of Model 1 showed that EE had a significantly positive link with SEIs. On the other hand, the analysis of Model 2 revealed an inverse relationship between PEIs and SEIs. Furthermore, it was observed that the impact of EE on SEIs did not only reduce significantly when PEIs was added to Model 1 but also the relationship between EE and SEIs that was erstwhile statistically significant became nonsignificant.Practical implicationsThe findings have implications for EE curriculum developers, governments and career guidance counsellors.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to provide empirical evidence of the effects of PEIs on the relationship between EE and SEIs. The findings provide important insights into the fundamental issue, which underlies the problem of graduate unemployment.

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Perera, G., G. Di Gessa, L. M. Corna, K. Glaser, and R. Stewart. "Paid employment and common mental disorders in 50–64-year olds: analysis of three cross-sectional nationally representative survey samples in 1993, 2000 and 2007." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 28, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000403.

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Aims.Associations between employment status and mental health are well recognised, but evidence is sparse on the relationship between paid employment and mental health in the years running up to statutory retirement ages using robust mental health measures. In addition, there has been no investigation into the stability over time in this relationship: an important consideration if survey findings are used to inform future policy. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between employment status and common mental disorder (CMD) in 50–64-year old residents in England and its stability over time, taking advantage of three national mental health surveys carried out over a 14-year period.Methods.Data were analysed from the British National Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity of 1993, 2000 and 2007. Paid employment status was the primary exposure of interest and CMD the primary outcome – both ascertained identically in all three surveys (CMD from the revised Clinical Interview Schedule). Multivariable logistic regression models were used.Results.The prevalence of CMD was higher in people not in paid employment across all survey years; however, this association was only present for non-employment related to poor health as an outcome and was not apparent in those citing other reasons for non-employment. Odds ratios for the association between non-employment due to ill health and CMD were 3.05 in 1993, 3.56 in 2000, and 2.80 in 2007, after adjustment for age, gender, marital status, education, social class, housing tenure, financial difficulties, smoking status, recent physical health consultation and activities of daily living impairment.Conclusions.The prevalence of CMD was higher in people not in paid employment for health reasons, but was not associated with non-employment for other reasons. Associations had been relatively stable in strength from 1993 to 2007 in those three cross-sectional nationally representative samples.

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Repetti, Rena L., Karen A. Matthews, and Ingrid Waldron. "Employment and women's health: Effects of paid employment on women's mental and physical health." American Psychologist 44, no. 11 (1989): 1394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.44.11.1394.

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Domin, Daria, Allison B. Taylor, Kelly A. Haines, Clare K. Papay, and Meg Grigal. "“It's Not Just About a Paycheck”: Perspectives on Employment Preparation of Students With Intellectual Disability in Federally Funded Higher Education Programs." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 58, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 328–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-58.4.328.

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Abstract Students with intellectual disability (ID) are increasingly attending postsecondary education institutions and acquiring work experiences while completing their studies. One of the main motivations for students with ID to seek higher education is to broaden and increase their chance for finding fulfilling, paid employment in their communities. Findings from a qualitative study on staff perspectives regarding career development and employment supports and services provided to students attending Transition and Postsecondary Education Programs for Students With Intellectual Disability (TPSID) model demonstration programs in the United States are presented. Results reflect consensus across program staff regarding the goals and expectations for employment of TPSID students. Programs vary considerably in their institutional context, their partnership with other entities, and the structure of employment services, as well as the emphasis placed on paid versus unpaid employment. Some of the key strategies shared by staff regarding successful student employment practices involved outreach and engagement, visibility on campus, improving access to career services, and cultivating partnerships. As higher education continues to expand its offerings to students with ID, postsecondary education programs need to continue to emphasize and honor the importance of paid employment, and continue to seek the best methods to achieve this outcome for students with ID.

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Creed, Peter A., and Michael A. Machin. "Access to the Latent Benefits of Employment for Unemployed and Underemployed Individuals." Psychological Reports 90, no. 3_suppl (June 2002): 1208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3c.1208.

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A sample of job seekers ( N = 161) were assessed on measures of well-being and the latent benefits of employment. The unemployed reported less access to the latent benefits than the underemployed. In a finer grained analysis, there was a monotonic increase from least to most access to the latent benefits from those with no paid work in the past three months, some paid work in the past three months, some current paid work, to those with considerable current paid work. Despite this, no differences in well-being were found.

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Creed, Peter A., and Michael A. Machin. "Access to the Latent Benefits of Employment for Unemployed and Underemployed Individuals." Psychological Reports 90, no. 3_part_2 (June 2002): 1208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003329410209000325.2.

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A sample of job seekers ( N = 161) were assessed on measures of well-being and the latent benefits of employment. The unemployed reported less access to the latent benefits than the underemployed. In a finer grained analysis, there was a monotonic increase from least to most access to the latent benefits from those with no paid work in the past three months, some paid work in the past three months, some current paid work, to those with considerable current paid work. Despite this, no differences in well-being were found.

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Phimister, Euan, Ioannis Theodossiou, and Richard Upward. "Is it Easier to Escape from Low Pay in Urban Areas? Evidence from the United Kingdom." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no. 4 (April 2006): 693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37297.

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In this paper we compare periods of low-paid employment between urban and rural areas in the United Kingdom. Using the British household panel survey, we estimate the probability that a period of low-paid employment will end, followed by a number of possible outcomes, namely a higher-paid job, self-employment, unemployment, and leaving the labour force. The results show that there are statistically significant differences in the dynamics of low pay across urban and rural labour markets, particularly in terms of exits to higher pay and out of the labour force. After controlling for different personal and job characteristics across markets, urban low-pay durations are somewhat shorter on average, with a higher probability of movement to a higher-paid job. The results suggest that any urban–rural differences in the typical low-pay experience are concentrated among certain types of individuals, such as young workers and women without qualifications.

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Bryant, Brenda. "Does mothering school-age children mix with paid employment?" California Agriculture 48, no. 7 (December 1994): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v048n07p23.

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Hogan, Anthony, Kate O'Loughlin, Adrian Davis, and Hal Kendig. "Hearing loss and paid employment: Australian population survey findings." International Journal of Audiology 48, no. 3 (January 2009): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020802449008.

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Luecking, Richard G., and Ellen S. Fabian. "Paid Internships and Employment Success for Youth in Transition." Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 23, no. 2 (October 2000): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088572880002300207.

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Manthei, Robert J., and Alison Gilmore. "The effect of paid employment on university students' lives." Education + Training 47, no. 3 (April 2005): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400910510592248.

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Keane, V. Kelly. "Sexual Harassment in Paid Employment in the Europeau Union." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 4, no. 1 (2004): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221158904x00080.

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Cicutto, Lisa, Carolina Braidy, Sharon Moloney, Michael Hutcheon, D. Linn Holness, and Gregory P. Downey. "Factors affecting attainment of paid employment after lung transplantation." Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 23, no. 4 (April 2004): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-2498(03)00226-2.

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Piggott, Linda, and Chris Grover. "Retrenching Incapacity Benefit: Employment Support Allowance and Paid Work." Social Policy and Society 8, no. 2 (April 2009): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746408004697.

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In October 2008 in the UK Incapacity Benefit (IB) (the main income replacement benefit for sick and disabled claimants) was replaced by the Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) for new claimants. Drawing upon recent work on the retrenchment of welfare benefits and services this paper examines the context for the changes, the marketisation of the job placement services for ESA claimants and the extension of conditionality to sick and disabled benefit claimants. The paper argues that the introduction of ESA is a good example of the retrenchment of benefits for the majority of sick and disabled people. The paper concludes that ESA can be interpreted as creating a group of disadvantaged people through which the private sector can profit.

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Zuzelo, Patti Rager. "A Holistic Perspective of Nursesʼ Retirement From Paid Employment." Holistic Nursing Practice 32, no. 4 (2018): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hnp.0000000000000278.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Recommencement of paid employment'

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