Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Recommencement of paid employment'
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Greasley-Adams, Corinne S. G. "Work Activities of older people : beyond paid employment." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/6504.
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In recent years much has been made of active and productive ageing policies, with the attempt to promote a more positive image of ageing. Despite this, negative representations of ageing and conceptualisations of older people as a ‘burden’ persist. This thesis presents an argument that these negative images are intertwined with common understandings of work, the frequent equating of this to paid employment within the field of social gerontology, and the reliance upon cessation of work in determining the beginning of old age. With reference to the wider literature in the sociology of work, an argument is presented that determines why it is essential to challenge those taken-for-granted assumptions about older people and work. Reflecting upon the findings from an exploratory and qualitative research project, which focuses upon the perspective of the older people themselves, attention is given to the detail of what should be encapsulated into new understandings of work. Within the thesis it is argued that there are many activities undertaken by the older person, which should be thought of as work, including (but not limited to) paid employment, volunteering, care, attendance at social clubs, undertaking sport and physical activity. Some of these activities might more intuitively be thought of as acts of leisure. However, it is evidenced within this thesis that there are fuzzy and blurred boundaries between leisure and work - older people leisure at work and work at leisure. The recognition of these blurring boundaries is one aspect that must be incorporated into re-conceptualisations of work. The thesis demonstrates how the work of older people transcends different socio-economic spheres and there are multiple interrelations existing between different activities. Whilst this last point resonates with the approach of some authors in the sociology of work, they have never been incorporated within the field of social gerontology. Through this analysis, and promoting a new way through which the activities of older people might be incorporated within the rubric of work, it is hoped that ageism might be challenged in a similar vein to the way in which feminist researchers once challenged sexism in relation to work and housework. This thesis reflects upon how we need to identify and conceptualise the third age in light of the findings. It highlights how the working lives of older people are shaped through a process of negotiation between social expectations within current political and economic contexts, influences from key historical events and social changes, and the desire for freedom, autonomy and choice. Age period cohort is crucial in determining the world of work, and more generally how ageing might be experienced. Through its unique approach, and the lessons learnt within this thesis, a theoretical framework is provided to assist in future comprehensive studies of both work and ageing. Overall, this thesis makes significant contributions to understandings of work and ageing following the consideration of two schools of thought (i.e. sociology of work and social gerontology), which previously have been infrequent companions.
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Richards, A. Lesley. "Part-time paid work and academic achievement : a sixth form case study." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271994.
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Bretschneider, Pamela. "Stigma and social identity of people who are not in paid employment." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17309.
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The unifying theme of the chapters presented in this thesis is how people who are not in paid work respond to the stigma of unemployment or the possibility of being regarded as (similar to the) unemployed. Although unemployment is a topic of continuing interdisciplinary interest, most of the extant psychological research has tended to focus on investigating those unemployed people who are officially registered as such. While such an approach is helpful, less research attention has been paid to the fact that there are many groups who are not in paid employment, such as stay-at-home mothers or students. There may be circumstances under which those people may be perceived as very similar to the unemployed. As a consequence, they may perceive a stigma of unemployment. In this thesis we develop this idea by conceptualising people who are not in paid employment in terms of their social identities. The primary goals of this thesis are twofold: first, to demonstrate that the stigma of unemployment not only impacts on the behaviour of registered unemployed people, but also on other people who are not in paid employment. Second, to demonstrate that people not in paid work respond to perceptions of stigma and the possibility of being seen as unemployed by using psychological strategies that are based on their group memberships. Therefore, this thesis investigates how social identification processes interact with perceptions of stigma to influence possible coping behaviour and well-being. In Chapter 1 we begin by reviewing the extant literature on unemployment and stigma. In Chapter 2 we introduce the social identity approach and illustrate how it can be applied to research on groups of people who are not in paid employment in a way that advances both fields. In Chapter 3 we develop the rationale of this thesis and outline a concept to investigate behaviour and responses of different kinds of people not in paid work. In Chapter 4 we present a survey study of unemployed people that supports the notion that they do perceive stigma impacting on their well-being. We present two experiments with university students in Chapter 5 aimed to investigate a threat of possible future unemployment. The findings demonstrate that future job prospects may impact on social identification with other students and well-being. In Chapter 6 we present two studies with stay-at-home mothers that provide evidence that stay-at-home mothers also perceive the stigma of unemployment, but cope with it in different ways than registered unemployed people and students. An experiment with stay-at-home mothers sought to investigate how an imposed unemployed identity affects their coping strategies and well-being. Both studies found support that an alternative identity of being a mother can be a powerful coping resource that is able to protect against negative effects of perceived stigma on well-being. Finally, in Chapter 7, we review and integrate our findings, discuss limitations, and consider theoretical and practical implications. In addition, we suggest new avenues for theoretical and practical work in the research fields of unemployment, stigma, and social identity. We conclude that, overall, the findings we present in this thesis point to the powerful role that stigmatisation and social identification processes can play in determining responses of people who are not in paid work.
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Smith, Ruth Annette. "Hospitality Students' Perceptions Regarding the Role of Paid Employment in Academic Performance." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3209.
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Between January and December 2014, 68% of full-time hospitality management students at a southeastern university in the United States worked for pay more than 15 hours each week. Fifty percent of these students had a GPA of 2.5 or below, reflecting poor academic performance as benchmarked by the institution. The purpose of this study was to achieve an understanding of how full-time undergraduate hospitality students perceived the role of paid employment in their academic performance. The study was grounded by Astin's student involvement theory that requires an investment of psychosocial and physical energy by students for a successful college experience. Using a qualitative case study design, semi-structured interviews with 12 student participants were conducted. After pattern coding and thematic analysis, the data revealed that students perceived that they had to work for pay but did not manage their employment, college studies, and other demands on their time effectively. The findings indicated the need to integrate employment into the students' academic plan of study for academic credit. These results led to the development of a 3-day professional development project designed to help students manage full-time college and employment. The project also provided strategies for faculty members to integrate hospitality work participation into the students' academic experiences for credit. This study has implications for positive social change because an effective balance of college and employment combined with the integration of work and academic experiences may improve students' overall academic performance, leading to increased graduation rates and improved post-graduation employment opportunities for hospitality management students.
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Fa'anunu, Sinama Tupou. "Experiences of Tongan Women Migrants at Paid Work in New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2299.
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The employment experiences of Tongan women migrants have received little attention in the literature. This study therefore, sought to shed light on the dynamics of their social and economic experiences at paid work in New Zealand. It was guided by the theories of population geographies, feminist geography and postcolonialism. The inter-relationships of these theories provided insights into the influence of migration on these women's identities, ethnicity and gender relations and also how these influence these women's experiences at paid work in New Zealand. The data were drawn from two major sources: i) the New Zealand 2006 population census and ii) in-depth interviews held in Tonga and New Zealand, with greater focus on the interviews. This study revealed that the Tongan women's decisions for migrating to New Zealand were influenced by social rather than economic incentives. Migration has challenged these women's traditional roles and reconstructed their gender relations. Many are breadwinners yet Tongan born men in New Zealand still predominantly engage in the labour force and have higher personal income. Their experiences at paid work also differ from the New Zealand born Tongan women in New Zealand. These differences reflect the availability of their social networks and their familiarity with the socio-economic systems in New Zealand. They experienced successes and failures at paid work on their way to improving their lives in New Zealand.
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Paterson, Laura. "Women and paid work in industrial Britain, c.1945 - c.1971." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/48643036-dd66-412d-bda5-a368778f4b0a.
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This thesis is a study of working-class women and their paid employment between the temporal limits c.1945 and c.1971. Centralising women’s experiences, three distinct methodologies – statistical analysis, archival research, and oral history – discretely delivered, explore changing patterns of women’s employment. Four case studies of northern industrial towns and cities – Glasgow, Dundee, Newcastle, and Preston – are used to test the notion of regional distinctiveness and its survival into the twentieth-century. Statistical analysis of women’s labour market participation demonstrates convergence of regional differences. Women’s participation in paid work was augmented across the country, and married women became an increasing part of the labour force. In industrial towns which historically employed large numbers of married women, such as Preston and Dundee, women’s experiences converged with those of cities, such as Newcastle and Glasgow, with strong heavy industry traditions. Economic restructuring entailed women’s concentration in service and clerical occupations, compared to manufacturing, such as textiles and ‘light’ engineering. Until 1970 at least, mothers increasingly returned to employment part-time, contrasting with previous generations of female breadwinners who worked full-time. The provision of childcare sits at the site of a series of arguments about mother’s employment, maternal deprivation, and social problems. National policy lines were rarely drawn around encouraging women into work. An archival method, exploring local authority nurseries and nursery schools, and private nurseries illustrates meagre provision. Women’s continued use of childminders and informal care evidences a demand for provision which was not adequately met by the state. Oral history interviews found few women used local authority childcare, partly because of stringent admittance criteria and the stigma attached. The fundamental argument of this thesis focuses on working-class women and situates their experiences, sense of self, and personal struggles against family and societal expectations at the core of the profound changes in women’s working lives, in contrast to government policy and market economies. Oral history is the final methodology. Original oral history research testifies to work as part of the changing nature of the female self. However, it is emphasised that despite momentous transformation in women’s lives, gendered expectations were a limiting force on women’s ability to break free from a confining domesticity and unsatisfying work.
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Rafferty, Anthony. "Combining paid-work and lone motherhood : a longitudinal study of employment retention and advancement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439849.
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Parry, Glenys. "Paid employment, social stress and mental health in working class women with young children." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709891.
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Walker, Helen. "Women and men of a certain age : the gender dimension of ageism in paid employment." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2007. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5890/.
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Once a Cinderella subject, the employment of people aged 50 and above (often referred to in the literature as 'older workers') has become an issue of major prominence in recent years. This is no more evident than in the passage of the Age Regulations (October 2006) and with it, New Labour's pledge to encourage age diversity in the workplace. Older people are thus being encouraged to re-enter the labour market through schemes such as the New Deal 50 plus and Pathways to Work or to take up volunteering under the rubric of 'active citizenship'. There is now a variety of ways in which people approaching later life would, on the face of it, be able to access work, education and training opportunities. However, past research and current data suggest that there are a number of barriers to the take up of such opportunities. For instance, research has shown that older workers receive lower performance ratings than their younger counterparts (Saks and Waldman, 1998). The suggestion here is that negative stereotypes regarding an individual's chronological age may override employers' appraisal of their older workers. Ageism has been cited as the main barrier to employability and occupational progression for the majority of older workers. Past research in this field has highlighted the discriminatory power of economic myths and stereotypes concerning the work ability of older age groups (for example Taylor and Walker, 1998). The picture to emerge is that older workers are perceived by employers to be less productive, harder to train, and more expensive and difficult to manage than younger workers. It is therefore hoped that policy intervention will have the long term effect of supporting older age groups who have consistently been undervalued and often discarded by employers for simply being 'too old'. Laudable aims, but are employers ready to listen? Moreover are older people (and society at large) ready to refuse to conform to, or accept, negative images of their age group? This research considers the nature and salience of ageism in the UK labour market. It also asks whether ageism alone is enough to explain the extent of the discrimination experienced by older women and men. It looks at these issues through the eyes of older people themselves and the organisations that impact upon their lives in an effort to understand the barriers they face in the realm of work and employment. Qualitative and quantitative evidence is presented from older individuals and employers across the UK. Analysis of the data supports the existence of ageism in the workplace. It also reveals a gender dimension to the ageism experienced, which works to the detriment of older women and, in a qualitatively different way, older men as well. Yet self-reported examples of ageism were often more implicit than explicit, based around wider cultural stereotypes about people of a certain age. These findings are, of course, in accordance with much related past theory and research. Yet in contrast to previous work, consideration is also given to the part played by individual difference and to broader societal and psychological influences (i.e. life satisfaction). Such an approach indicates that older peoples' experiences of employment are more complex than previously assumed. For example, individuals' experiences of gender and age discrimination are not static, nor isolated from wider personal, historical and social contexts in which they had grown up and grown older. It is therefore argued that the study of ageism should be broadened out and linked to a variety of factors that concern how we as individuals and a society view old age.
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Smith, Andrew J., and J. McBride. "'Working to live, not living to work': low-paid multiple employment and work-life articulation." Sage, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17915.
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YesThis paper critically examines how low-paid workers, who need to work in more than one legitimate job to make ends meet, attempt to reconcile work and life. The concept of work-life articulation is utilised to investigate the experiences, strategies and practicalities of combining multiple employment with domestic and care duties. Based on detailed qualitative research, the findings reveal workers with 2, 3, 4, 5 and even 7 different jobs due to low-pay, limited working hours and employment instability. The study highlights the increasing variability of working hours, together with the dual fragmentation of working time and employment. It identifies unique dimensions of work extensification, as these workers have an amalgamation of jobs dispersed across fragmented, expansive and complex temporalities and spatialities. This research makes explicit the interconnected economic and temporal challenges of low-pay, insufficient hours and precarious employment, which creates significant challenges of juggling multiple jobs with familial responsibilities.
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Prihatiningtyastuti, Endah. "Exploring Women’s Transition into and Participation in Formal Paid Employment: Case Studies in Regional Indonesia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/89689.
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This study examines women’s access to decent work in a regional Indonesian context. This study employ structuration theory and a feminist policy analysis framework. Case study analysis was undertaken that included interviews with 40 women workers and key policy stakeholders in two rural districts of Jatva. The findings indicate that women’s transitioning into formal employment and decent work is limited by structural and cultural barriers to participation.
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Kochan, Thomas A. "An Employment Policy Agenda for Working Families." MIT Workplace Center, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7310.
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Feder, Jade Kimlyn. "Employed yet poor: Low-wage employment and working poverty in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6689.
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Magister Commercii - MComWhilst paid employment has generally been considered as the predominant means of avoiding poor living standards, the past two decades has seen a rise in the complex phenomenon of employed poverty worldwide (Eardley, 1998; Nolan and Marx, 1999; Nolan et al., 2010; Cheung and Chou, 2015). Over time, low-wage employment has increased in both number and severity, resulting in or contributing significantly to household poverty (Nolan and Marx, 1999). While individuals are employed in paid work, salaries are too low for households to maintain “a reasonable standard of living” (Cheung and Chou, 2015 p. 318). Internationally, employed poverty has been a serious and well-researched problem in the United States of America (USA or US). More than 11% of the USA “population resided in poor households with at least one employed person” (Brady et al., 2010 p. 560). In Hong Kong, approximately 53.5% of the population living in poverty were working poor in 2012 (Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2013). Closer to home, Sub- Saharan Africa’s working poor rate for 2016 was estimated at 33.1% for workers earning less than US $1.90 per day and 30% for those earning between US $1.90 and $3.10 per day (International Labour Organisation, 2016).
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Markkanen, Sanna Marika. "Integration or discrimination: opportunities and barriers to appropriate paid employment for healthcare professional refugees in Finland." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484909.
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This thesis looks at the opportunities and barriers to appropriate employment for healthcare professional refugees in Finland. Moving beyond a simplistic dichotomy between employment and unemployment, this study seeks to identify the factors that , may inhibit, or potentially enhance, healthcare professional refugees' ability. to reestablish their careers in Finland. This research is built' on a notion that a strategy enabling more effective integration of healthcare professional refugees'skills into the Finnish workforcecould benefit both refugees and Finnish society. Previous research suggests that a profession is often the main axi~ of highly educated refugees' ,identity, and being forced to abandon one's profession thus means a loss of identity as well as a loss of income and social statils. Although paid labour market participation is now widely recognised as one of the main factors _,hat facilitate , successful resettlement and social integration, the requirements set by the Finnish authorities make formal recognition ofoverseas qualifications difficult to achieve. In the case of refugees, this problem is exacerbated by the 'victimisation' of refugees and integration practices that do not meet the needs of highly educated refugees. Approaching the topic'from a constructivist standpoint, this thesis focuses on healthcare professional refugees' personal accounts of their experiences. In addition to 13 interviews with healthcare professional refugees, 10 interviews were conducted with key respondents from relevant professional associations and the institutional sector. The findings suggest that healthcare professional refugees' skills remain largely underutilised. An examination of the effects of different inhibiting and enhancing factors on healthcare professional refugees' career prospects in Finland indicates that the positive effects ofthe enhancing factors are effectively outweighed by the inhibiting factors. While an established qualification recognition procedure makes it possible for refugee doctors to obtain official recognition for their overseas qualifications, the training that is intended to prepare them for the examinations is inadequate. _In the absence of a suitable qualification recognition-procedure, refugee nurses are commonly advised to forget their aspirations of returning to nursing, and encouraged to fe-educate themselves for the loweer)-paid pr~fession ofa healthcare assistant.
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Hult, Carl. "The way we conform to paid labour : Commitment to employment and organization from a comparative perspective." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Sociologiska institutionen, Umeå universitet, 2004. http://www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_umu_diva-343-1__fulltext.pdf.
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Le, B. Khanh. "Capabilities, labor participation, and women's freedom a discourse on the relation between paid employment and female agency /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/718.
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Roberts, Hazel. "Construction of motherhood and the impact thereof on the lives of married mothers in full time paid employment." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4367_1273096214.
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The study aimed to examine how motherhood is constructed by married working mothers and the impact thereof on their working lives. This qualitative study explored the individual experiences of 7 working married mothers with preschool aged children who reside in the Western Cape, South Africa. Individual semi-structured interviews were
onducted and analysed using thematic analysis. The study was situated within a social constructionist theoretical framework which holds that it is through our interactions with others that we create, maintain and verify our ideas and perceptions of the world. The literature revealed that despite the advances made by women in society, the notion that women are still the primary nurturers and care-givers is still in existence. This view is largely dictated by the social and cultural expectations in society and further perpetuated by images portrayed in the media. The results of this study revealed that the social and cultural context of the participants holds a view of motherhood that is gendered, comprises ideals of a caring, nurturing and ever-giving mother and links motherhood to womanhood and the female identity.
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Grebe, Cornelius. "Reconciliation policy in Germany 1998 - 2008 construing the "problem" of the incompatibility of paid employment and care work." Wiesbaden VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994205767/04.
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Scott, Codee. "A Woman's Place is at Work: The Rise of Women's Paid Labor in Five Texas Cities, 1900-1940." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011821/.
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This thesis is a quantitative analysis of women working for pay aged sixteen and older in five mid-size Texas cities from 1900 to 1940. It examines wage-earning women primarily in terms of race, age, marital status, and occupation at each census year and how those key factors changed over time. This study investigates what, if any, trends occurred in the types of occupations open to women and the roles of race, age, and marital status in women working for pay in the first forty years of the 20th century.
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Boyd, Wendy Anne. "Parent decisions regarding paid work and care of the child." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/44058/1/Wendy_Boyd_Thesis.pdf.
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Australia has witnessed a continual increase in maternal employment over the past two decades, which has placed focus on child care- its effects on the child and on early childhood education and care policy and provision. The engagement of women in the paid workforce contributes to national economic development, and is recognised in government policy incentives such as cash subsidies and tax relief for child care fees. These incentives are targeted towards mothers, to encourage them to engage in paid work. Making a contribution to the family’s economy and to a mother’s economic self sufficiency are two key drivers for women’s engagement in satisfying paid work. Many women also seek to maintain a personal investment in the development of their career, simultaneously ensuring that the child is experiencing suitable care. Policies that support women’s choices for satisfying workforce engagement and care arrangements are prudent for ensuring productivity of the economy as well as for enhancing the wellbeing of parents and children (OECD, 2007). Policies that provide family friendly employment arrangements, paid parental leave, and child care support, directly affect maternal employment decisions. Availability of family friendly employment policies is viewed as one way to not only promote gender equity in employment opportunities but also support the wellbeing of children and families (OECD, 2007). Yet there are not comprehensive and coherent policies on work and family in Australia. Australia is due to implement its first paid parental leave scheme in January, 2011. At the time of the data collection of this research, June 2007 to December 2008, Australia had no statutory provision for paid parental leave. To date, most research has focused on the consequences of paid work and care decisions made by women. Far less is known about the processes of decision-making and reasons underlying women’s choices. Investigation of what is most salient for women as they make decisions regarding engagement in paid work, and care for their child is important in order to inform policy and practices related to parental leave, family friendly employment and care for the child. This prospective longitudinal research was of 124 Australian expectant first-time mothers who completed questionnaires in their third trimester of pregnancy, and again at six and twelve months postpartum. First-time expectant mothers' decisions regarding engaging in paid work and selecting care for their child represent those of a group who are invested in motherhood and have usually had direct experience of engaging in paid work. They therefore provide an important insight into society’s idealised views about motherhood and the emotional and social uncertainty of making personal decisions where the consequences of such decisions are unknown. These decisions reflect public beliefs about the role of women in contributing to the country’s productivity and decisions about providing for the economic and emotional care needs of their family. As so little is known about the reasoning and processes of decision-making of women’s choices regarding paid work and care of the child this research was designed to capture expectant first-time mother’s preferred options for engaging in paid work and the care of their child, and investigate their actual decisions made at six and 12 months postpartum. To capture preferred options, decisions and outcomes of decisions regarding paid work and care of the child a prospective longitudinal research design was utilised. This design had three important components that addressed key limitations in the extant literature. First the research commenced in pregnancy in order to investigate preferences and beliefs about paid work and care and to examine baseline data that may influence decisions made as the women returned to paid work. Second the research involved longitudinal tracking from the antenatal time point to six and 12 months postpartum in order to identify the influences on decisions made. Third the research measured outcomes of the decisions made at each time point. This research examined the intentions, preferences, beliefs, influences, and outcomes of the decisions about engagement in paid work and choice of care. The analyses examined factors predicting return to paid work, the timing of return and extent of engagement in paid work; the care for the child; satisfaction with paid work; satisfaction with care for the child, motherhood and fulfilment; and maternal wellbeing at six and 12 months postpartum. The factors of interest were both rational/economic (availability and extent of paid and unpaid maternity leave; flexible work patterns) and emotional/affective (career satisfaction, investment in motherhood, and concern with quality of care for the child). Results indicated a group preference, and realisation for, return to paid work within the first year after the birth of a child but with reduction in hours to part-time. Most women saw paid work not only as a source of income but also as source of personal satisfaction. There were four key themes arising from this research. First, the women strived to feel emotionally secure when deciding about engaging in paid work and care of the child. To achieve emotional security women made their decisions for paid work and care of the child differently. A woman’s decision for maternal employment is a function of her personal beliefs, preferences and context regarding paid work and care of the child. She adjusts her established work identity with her new identity as a mother. The second key theme from this research is that the women made their decisions for maternal employment in response to their personal context and there were different levels of opportunities between the women’s choices. There is inequity of entitlement regarding work conditions associated with a woman’s education level. This has implications for the woman’s engagement in paid work, and her child’s health and wellbeing. The third key theme is that the quality of the child’s care mattered to the women in the research. They preferred care provided by parents and/or relatives more than any other types of care. The fourth key theme identified that satisfaction and wellbeing outcomes experienced as a result of maternal employment decisions were a complex interaction between multiple factors that change across time with the ongoing development of the mother’s identity, and the development of the child. The implications for policy within Australia are that the employment of mothers in the workforce necessitates that non-parental care becomes a public concern, where there is universal access to good quality affordable care for every child, not just for those who can afford it. This is equitable and represents real choice while supporting the rights of the child (Thorpe, Cloney & Tayler, 2010), protecting and promoting the public interest (Cleveland & Krashinsky, 2010). Children’s health and wellbeing will be supported (Moore & Oberklaid, 2010) while children are in non-parental care, and they will be exposed to environments and experiences that support their learning and development. The significant design of the research enabled the trajectories of first-time expectant women to be tracked from the antenatal point to 12 months postpartum. But there were limitations: the small sample size, the over-representation of the sample being highly educated and the nature of a longitudinal research that is set within the economic, social and political context at that time. These limitations are discussed in relation to suggestions for future research.
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Grebe, Cornelius Johannes. "Reconciliation policy in Germany 1998 to 2005: Construing the 'problem' of the incompatibility of paid employment and care work." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493108.
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This thesis is about the German reconciliation of 'work and family life' policy during the years 1998 to 2005. It combines a modified contextual social constructionist paradigm of inquiry with a feminist point of view, concentrating on four areas of reconciliation policy: anti-discrimination policy, childcare policy, parental leave policy, and working time policy.
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Mahoney, Kimberly Lynne. "The employee sportsphere an investigation of the work experience for the paid, part-time event staff at public assembly facilities /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1150134211.
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Dean, Latoya Lavan. "Service Provisions for Youth with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149580/.
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Youth with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) have poorer outcomes compared to their peers with and without disabilities. As a result, the federal government has mandated transition services to improve supports and ultimately student outcomes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS-2), this secondary analysis looked at services provided to youth with EBD (n = 410). The purpose of the study was to show a relationship between utilization of multiple services and the attainment of paid employment, and/or attending post-secondary education. Results indicate relationships between receiving financial services, tutoring and educational services and vocational services with attending a post-secondary institution. Logistic regression indicated a relationship between time, age and amount or services with paid employment. These results indicate the need for continuous, systematic and linked services for youth with EBD well into their twenties.
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Silva-Peñaherrera, Michael 1984. "Health inequities and paid work in Latin America and the Caribbean : Better employment and working conditions for reducing health inequities." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671366.
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Objective: To examine health inequities in the working population of Latin America and the
Caribbean (LAC) according to sex, age, level of study, occupation and formality or
informality in employment.
Methods: We collected microdata from the most recent national working conditions
surveys, national health surveys, official registries and national statistics institutes, as well as
data from international organizations. We harmonized and recoded datasets in order to make
data comparable between countries, to the extent possible. We estimated health inequity gaps
by means of simple and complex measures of inequity calculating absolute and relative
values. All analyses were stratified by sex.
Results: We found wide health inequities between occupational and educational groups in
LAC. No evidence of progress in closing the health inequity gap over time was found. The
wider health inequity gap was observed between countries. Informal employment negatively
impacts population health, which is buffered by welfare state regimes.
Conclusions. Addressing informal employment could be an effective way to improve
population health in LAC. The welfare state is an important macro-level determinant of
health that buffer the negative effects of poor working conditions on population health.
Strengthening occupational health surveillance system in LAC countries is a priority, with a
view towards informing policy
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LIRA, Fernanda Barreto. "Meio Ambiente Do Trabalho E Enfermidades Profissionais: Os Rituais Do Sofrimento E A Morte Lenta No Contexto Do Trabalho Livre/Subordinado." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18411.
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O estudo tem como objeto a saúde e o meio ambiente do trabalho. Enfatiza inicialmente os seus vínculos com o trabalho subordinado – elevado, pela teoria jurídico-trabalhista clássica, à categoria de objeto deste campo do direito. Objetiva demonstrar que o adoecimento existe e se transfigura por resultar da subordinação da força do trabalho ao capital e tem impactos nocivos em termos de relações individuais, sindicais e internacionais de trabalho. Adianta que várias modalidades de trabalho, quando executadas, afetam também a saúde e a vida do gênero humano, dos animais, a biodiversidade, o meio ambiente e a natureza como um todo, dentro e fora do local de trabalho. Diferente dos caminhos seguidos pela doutrina tradicional, contrapõe os fundamentos da teoria jurídico-trabalhista clássica aos fundamentos da teoria jurídico-trabalhista crítica; estabelece um confronto entre as teorias organizacionais conservadoras e as teorias organizacionais críticas. Em vez de seguir o senso comum teórico, preconiza, por meio de uma visão multidisciplinar e centrada na teoria social crítica, em geral, e nas teorias dos movimentos sociais, em particular, que as formas de gestão e de administração – do fordismo, do taylorismo às versões gerencialistas mais sofisticadas, que capturam da subjetividade-, são responsáveis pela dualização do assalariado, a clandestinização, o adoecimento, o enfraquecimento das lutas sindicais. Esta concepção analítica apresenta uma proposição voltada para superar a visão comum à autoridade da velha doutrina, em dois sentidos: por meio das teorias dos movimentos sociais, privilegiar a retomada das lutas sindicais, em sua dúplice perspectiva– reformista e revolucionária- que, aliada aos novos movimentos sociais, serão capazes de ampliar suas pautas reivindicativas e de enfrentar o modelo de acumulação flexível-; uma modalidade distinta de acesso à justiça que possa interditar as ações dos setores produtivos locais, regionais e transnacionais que provocam as diversas formas de adoecimento e, ao mesmo tempo, comprometem e causam danos ao meio ambiente e à natureza. Afasta-se das versões ilusórias de todo idealismo, para enfrentar o direito como ele é e não como deveria ser. Do chão concreto das relações sociais propõe uma hermenêutica que aproxima os princípios do Direito do Trabalho aos princípios do Direito Processual do Trabalho capazes de interditar o caminho avassalador do adoecimento, da morte lenta no trabalho, da destruição do meio ambiente e da natureza.
The paper studied the health and the working environment. Initially, it emphasizes its links with subordinate work - elevated, by classical juridical-labour theory, to the category of its central object. It aims to demonstrate that the illness exists and is transformed as a result of the subordination of labour to capital strength, bringing negative impacts on individual relationships, trade unions and international labor. It says that various forms of work, when executed, also affect the health and life of mankind, animals, biodiversity, the environment and nature as a whole, inside and outside the workplace. Unlike the paths followed by the traditional doctrine, it opposes the fundamentals of classical legal-labour theory to the foundations of critical labour theory; It sets up a confrontation between the conservative organizational theories and critical organizational theories. Instead of following the theoretical common sense, it advocates, through a multidisciplinary approach, focused on critical social theory in general, and in the theories of social movements, in particular, that the forms of management and administration- from Fordism/ Taylorism to the most sophisticated managerial versions, that capture the subjectivity- are responsible for the dualisation of wage, the clandestinization at work, the illness, the weakening of trade union struggles. This analytical design features a proposition aimed to overcome the common view and the authority of the old doctrine in two ways: through the theories of social movements, favoring the resumption of trade union struggles in their dual perspective- reformist revolutionary- and that, coupled with the new social movements will be able to expand its agendas and face the model of flexible- accumulation; also discusses a distinct mode of access to justice that can interdict the actions of local productive sectors, regional and transnational, causing various forms of disease, and, at the same time, undermine and cause damage to the environment and nature. It moves away from the illusory versions of all idealism, to face the law as it is and not as it should be. The concrete floor of social relations proposes a hermeneutic approaching the principles of labour law to the principles of Procedural Law Labor, so that their union can be able to interdict the overwhelming way of illness, the slow death at work, the destruction of the environment and nature.
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Wilson, Sheila Marie. "Narrative study of how non-qualified volunteers and ex-drug users make the transition to paid employment in the substance misuse field." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2014. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/344062/.
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This thesis explores how non-qualified ex-user and carer drug workers have made the transition from alcohol and drug use to paid employment in the substance misuse field. The key aims of the research were to: explore issues that affect the transition experiences of ex-users, carers, peer mentors, students, and paid workers; examine influencing factors that determine ex-users’ and carers’ decisions to disclose or not their background to colleagues and service users at different stages of their transition; explore how ex-users perceive their identity, or feel themselves to be perceived, within the context of the substance misuse field; understand how non-qualified, ex-user or carer drug workers make the transition from service user to paid employee in the substance misuse field, in order to facilitate greater understanding of their experiences in becoming and developing as drug practitioners; and make recommendations regarding training, employment, and staff development for my own organisation; to enhance my own practice; and to influence wider policy and practice principles. Most ex-user narratives already available ‘end’ at the point where treatment ends leaving much to be discovered regarding what happens next. Understanding the next stage of transition journeys will be valuable in enhancing recovery and treatment outcomes; and determining how best to recruit, induct, train, supervise and support ex-user drug workers in gaining paid employment within the substance misuse field. As a practitioner-researcher I adopted a narrative approach to gain insight into substance misuse practitioners’ experiences, perceptions and attitudes. Participants were recruited through a service user-designed questionnaire and 11 non-qualified ex-users/carers identified themselves as willing to participate in narrative interviews to share their journey of becoming practitioners (consent forms were used and identifying information anonymised through pseudonyms). I used process-mapping to develop participant-structured narratives, so that each participant ‘plotted’ key events along their journey (chronologically) while telling their story. I asked questions to clarify and gain insight into their self-identified significant events over two interviews, each lasting 1-2 hours. From these narratives and process-maps, I identified and analysed three orientations: transition, disclosure and professional identity. Key transition findings included the influence of key-workers in encouraging clients to become drug workers; difficulties, barriers, expectations and opportunities; and motivation to become drug workers (for example, ‘giving something back’, status and remuneration). The findings suggest that participants based disclosure decisions on previous experiences, that is, positive responses were more likely to result in future disclosures; there was limited (if any) guidance available to volunteers and staff; and disclosure was viewed as an individual, selective decision. In terms of professional identity, the findings highlighted different perceptions of what it meant to be a professional; the role boundaries, qualifications and status play in determining professional identity; and tensions between ‘textbook’ and ‘ex-user’ drug workers. A number of recommendations were identified, focusing on how ex-drug users can be better trained and supported in making the transition to substance misuse practitioner. The recommendations not only consider factors such as education and volunteering but, more specifically, how to utilise disclosure effectively and safely; inter-professional working; ex-user and carer motivation; and personal and professional boundaries.
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Walthery, Pierre. "Geographies of motherhood : sub-national differences in the involvement in paid work of mothers of young children : the cases of Germany and the UK." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/geographies-of-motherhood-subnational-differences-in-the-involvement-in-paid-work-of-mothers-of-young-children-the-cases-of-germany-and-the-uk(430e3049-3b9f-4dea-90ee-36fe138f03a5).html.
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In this thesis I analyse sub-national differences in the employment trajectories of mothers of young children in Germany (Bundeslaender) and the UK (Government Office Regions and Metropolitan counties). The thesis combines longitudinal and spatial approaches to paid work, and focuses on mothers of children under 6 - arguably the group at the core of the social (re)production of gender differences in employment. One of its aims is to nuance the existing literature explaining the differences in women's involvement in paid work in terms of national welfare and/or breadwinner regimes - by looking at the nature and extent of regional variations in the patterns of involvement that make these countries typical of such regimes. Its specific goals consist in testing the Latent Growth Curve (LCM) framework as a method for modelling variations in participation in paid work over time, then in exploring three possible explanations for the regional differences observed. The respective role of regional differences in the family formation and social position of the maternal labour force, of the availability of suitable jobs in particular segregated jobs, and finally of economic histories in relation to women's orientations to work is assessed. The results confirmed that LCM represents an innovative tool to understand variations of involvement in paid work over time, and revealed significant regional differences, beyond the 'North South' and 'East-West' divides documented respectively in the UK and Germany. In both countries, results pointed at a combined effect of the three explanatory factors analysed. Whilst composition and labour demands effects went some way towards explaining some of the variations observed, at the same time additional regional variations were discovered once composition factors were taken into account. Finally the pattern of association between the remaining unexplained regional variation and aggregate attitudes of women towards paid work suggests an influence of long term trends in participation on present levels of involvement.
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D'affonseca, Sabrina Mazo. "Prevenindo fracasso escolar: comparando o autoconceito e desempenho acadêmico de filhos de mães que trabalham fora e donas de casa." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3157.
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Previous issue date: 2005-02-24Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Researchers in the area of special education have shown that various factors outside the school system can lead children to develop learning problems. Poor quality family relationships, for example, can interfere with the healthy development of the various facets of a child s self concept which, in turn, can lower the child s academic achievement. As such, many criticisms are made concerning the way that parents especially mothers - divide their attention between their children and other involvements. Presently, most married women fall into one of two categories: some dedicate the great majority of their time to caring for their family and homes, while others divide their time between their family, homes and paid employment. Both options bring advantages and disadvantages to the task of parenting. For working mothers, the great amount of time required to meet both family and professional obligations is a source of stress, which can compromise the quality of parent-child relationships. On the other hand, in many families in which the mother is a housewife, financial resources are fewer and the women have lower selfesteem and poorer health than women who have paid employment, which can reduce the quality of their parenting behaviors. The objectives of this study were to: a) adapt existing instruments to evaluate work conditions, psychological wellbeing and the mothers involvement in bringing up their children; b) compare housewives and women who have paid employment with respect to the frequency of various types of involvements with their children; and c) investigate the relationship between the frequency of these interactions and three measures that reflect the adequacy of certain aspects of their children s development (self-concept, academic achievement and the children s perceptions of the mother-child relationship). Participants included 60 mother-child pairs -- 23 mothers with paid employment and 37 housewives. The average age of the mothers was 36.5 years. The children were in either fifth or sixth grade, with an average age of 11.9 years. The mothers responded to the Mother s vision about her family interaction and well being Questionnaire , and the children were evaluated using Portuguese versions of the Academic Achievement Test , the Self-Description Questionnaire I (SDQI) and the Mother-Child Relationship Questionnaire Child´s Vision . With respect to the mothers, both groups reported that they make frequent use of the majority of the parenting behaviors that lead to healthy family relationships, with very few statistically significant differences appearing between the two groups. With respect to the children, there were no statistically significant differences between those whose mothers were housewives and those whose mothers had paid employment, in terms of their academic achievement, selfconcept or their evaluations of the frequency of their interactions with their mothers. These results indicate that there was no relationship between these three measures of the children s wellbeing and their mothers employment status. However, correlations showed that the frequency of some types of maternal interaction make a positive contribution to the development of their children s academic self-concept, which, in turn, is positively related to their academic achievement. Thus, the frequency of the mothers involvement in their children s lives, in and of itself, and not her status as a housewife or a working mother, seems to be an important factor for the development of a positive selfconcept and achievement of academic success, among their children.
Pesquisadores na área de educação especial têm mostrado que vários fatores fora do sistema escolar podem levar ao desenvolvimento de problemas de aprendizagem. Relacionamentos familiares de baixa qualidade, por exemplo, dificultam a construção saudável das diferentes facetas do autoconceito das crianças, o que pode, por sua vez, desfavorecer seu desempenho escolar. Dessa forma, existem muitas críticas em relação à maneira como os pais sobretudo as mães dividem sua atenção entre seus filhos e outros compromissos. Hoje, a maior parte das mulheres casadas faz parte de uma de duas categorias: as que dedicam a maior parte do seu tempo à família e ao lar e as que dividem seu tempo entre a família, o lar e o trabalho remunerado. Ambas as opções trazem vantagens e desvantagens à tarefa de ser mãe. Para mulheres que trabalham fora, a alta demanda de tempo para cumprir as obrigações familiares e profissionais é um fator de estresse que pode comprometer a qualidade do relacionamento com os filhos. Por outro lado, em muitas das famílias com uma mãe dona de casa, os recursos financeiros são menores e as mulheres possuem níveis inferiores de auto-estima e saúde do que as mulheres que trabalham fora, o que pode diminuir a qualidade de seus comportamentos parentais. Nesse estudo, objetivou-se: a) adaptar instrumentos já existentes para avaliar as condições de trabalho, bem-estar psicológico e a participação materna na educação dos filhos; b) comparar mães donas de casa e mães que trabalham fora no que diz respeito à freqüência de vários tipos de envolvimento com seus filhos; e c) investigar a associação entre a freqüência dessas interações e três medidas que refletem a adequação de certos aspectos do desenvolvimento dos seus filhos (autoconceito, desempenho acadêmico e as percepções das crianças da relação mãe e filho). Este trabalho contou com a participação de 60 pares de mães e filhos - 23 mães que trabalhavam fora e 37 mães donas de casa. A média de idade entre as mães foi de 36,5 anos. As crianças estavam ou na 5ª ou na 6ª série, com média de idade de 11,9 anos. A coleta de dados envolveu o preenchimento do Questionário sobre a percepção materna a respeito do relacionamento familiar e de seu bem-estar pelas mães e a avaliação das crianças usando o Teste de Desempenho Escolar , o Questionário para avaliação do Autoconceito e o Questionário sobre a Relação da Mãe e Filho, na Visão do Filho . Em relação às mães, ambos os grupos relataram que usam, com alta freqüência, grande parte dos comportamentos desejáveis ao bom relacionamento familiar, havendo poucas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. Em relação às crianças, também não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre aquelas cujas mães eram donas de casa e aquelas cujas mães trabalhavam fora, no que diz respeito ao seu desempenho acadêmico, seu autoconceito ou as avaliações da freqüência de interações com suas mães. Estes resultados indicam que não havia uma relação entre estes três medidas do bem-estar das crianças e o vínculo das mães com o mercado de trabalho. No entanto, as correlações mostram que alguns aspectos da freqüência da interação das mães com seus filhos contribuam positivamente para a formação do autoconceito acadêmico dos mesmos, o qual, por sua vez, está relacionado positivamente com o desempenho acadêmico das crianças. Assim, a freqüência do envolvimento das mães na vida de seus filhos, por si só, e não o fato de ser dona de casa ou trabalhar fora, parece ser um importante fator para o desenvolvimento de um autoconceito positivo e a obtenção de sucesso acadêmico, entre as crianças.
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Georgiou, Jonathan. "Exploring the benefits of attracting, recruiting and retaining mature age employees up to and beyond the traditional age of retirement: Perspectives from Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1632.
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There has been a recent upsurge in media attention surrounding Australia’s ageing workforce. A review of academic, media and grey literature highlighted inadequacies in existing workplace polices, as well as flaws in financial and social security schemes. Of particular concern were persistent negative attitudes and counterproductive policies regarding mature age employees (MAEs). Poor retention rates among this cohort of workers aged 45 years and over are leading to skilled labour shortages and losses in corporate knowledge. This expected mass exodus of mature cohorts into retirement has been predicted to negatively impact the socio-economic sustainability of ageing societies world-wide and is a pertinent issue for Western Australia (WA).
The overarching objective of this study was to identify the ‘place’ of mature cohorts within WA workplaces and promote strategies that will improve the employment conditions and overall quality of life of ageing workforces. Research questions aimed to address the need for greater mature age employment up to and beyond pensionable age; identify ‘gaps’ in policies and programmes; and explore how mature cohorts were perceived (valued) and the extent their departure may affect WA society (labour force).
By using a mixed methods research design, this Doctoral dissertation developed a conceptual framework for limiting significant issues individuals, businesses and society may experience as a result of WA’s ageing workforce; whilst simultaneously promoting the benefits of maturity and mature age employment. This Re-Model draws upon the community development work principles of social justice, empowerment and social capital; and is further contextualised by methods of best practice identified from the triangulation of secondary sources, quantitative data and qualitative inquiry. Primary data collection involved the completion of 362 surveys, followed by 27 semistructured interviews and four focus group activities, with a cross section of MAEs, volunteers, their employers, retirees and unemployed cohorts from across WA.
Over one-third of current MAEs, employers and volunteers in this study reported they intended working later than the traditional age of retirement, with 71 per cent of this sample planning to semi-retire. Furthermore, almost 60 per cent of a sample that had previously exited the labour force was working at the time of data collection as semi-retirees or rehired retirees (rehirees). Collectively, these statistics indicated that despite predictions of mass disengagement among mature cohorts, most of this crosssection of Western Australians are seeking to remain in (or re-enter) the WA workforce beyond pensionable age. However, quantitative and qualitative findings revealed several barriers to their continued engagement, including access to ‘age-friendly’ workplaces; a dearth of targeted training (career) development and employment assistance; and a lack of value attributed to mature age skills and experience, particularly deleterious in WA’s youth-centric culture.
Primary data also highlighted several enabling factors for mature age employment. ‘Flexibility’ and ‘autonomy of choice’ were cited as key dimensions across all aspects of paid work, volunteering and retirement – whether in terms of worklife- balance; the individuation of training and development; or options available to those transitioning out of traditional employment. Data indicated that sustainable cultural change required more than just the removal of negative policies or introduction of punitive legislation. Maintaining a positive outlook among mature age individuals and simultaneously educating (younger) co-workers, employers, policy-makers (stakeholders) and society about the virtues of maturity and non-traditional work (skills) were considered essential to changing societal attitudes, behaviour and culture.
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Dunlop, Yvonne. "Low Paid Employment In Australia." Thesis, 2002. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/231/.
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This thesis explores the labour market situation of low paid and unemployed adults in Australia during the mid-90s. The aim is to document evidence of the experiences of these individuals, with a view to understanding whether, in the Australian labour market, some workers may be trapped in a cycle of low pay and no pay. In short, have some workers become part of a secondary labour market in jobs where they have limited opportunities for sustained employment and earnings progression? This empirical investigation is undertaken within a dynamic framework. It unfolds evidence about the experiences of the low paid and the unemployed in the Australian labour market with both descriptive and econometric techniques and using data from a longitudinal survey, The Survey of Employment and Unemployment Patterns. The major themes examined include the dimensions and characteristics of low paid employment, earnings mobility and patterns of labour market transition of the low paid and the unemployed, job durations and the role of casual and part-time work on future employment prospects for the unemployed. Finally, this study takes a policy perspective and undertakes a detailed evaluation of how a specific government initiative may assist individuals who have become entrenched and reliant on income support in the Australian labour market. The main findings of this thesis indicate a diversity of experiences of low paid workers and the unemployed in the Australian labour market. For many, low paid work is a temporary experience. However, the cumulative evidence of this thesis also substantiates a significant negative relationship between previous unemployment, low pay and the labour market transition patterns of workers in the Australian labour market. The conclusion is that some workers are trapped in a cycle of intermittent work, involuntary job separations and unemployment. Information gathered about what may contribute to this labour market situation suggests an important role for the increasing incidence of casual and part-time work in the Australian labour market. While it is found that these jobs provide valuable work opportunities for the unemployed particularly in low paid work, the evidence suggests that over time, they may not be associated with a pathway to more secure permanent jobs. The broad implication of the findings of this thesis is that some individuals are trapped in a repeating cycle of low pay and no pay. Once entrenched, the extent to which this cycle can be broken by government intervention may be limited according to the policy evaluation undertaken in this thesis. Therefore, understanding more about this cycle and the labour market experiences of the low paid and the unemployed over the longer term should remain an important concern for policy in this country.
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Dunlop, Yvonne. "Low Paid Employment In Australia." 2002. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/231/1/02whole.pdf.
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This thesis explores the labour market situation of low paid and unemployed adults in Australia during the mid-90s. The aim is to document evidence of the experiences of these individuals, with a view to understanding whether, in the Australian labour market, some workers may be trapped in a cycle of low pay and no pay. In short, have some workers become part of a secondary labour market in jobs where they have limited opportunities for sustained employment and earnings progression? This empirical investigation is undertaken within a dynamic framework. It unfolds evidence about the experiences of the low paid and the unemployed in the Australian labour market with both descriptive and econometric techniques and using data from a longitudinal survey, The Survey of Employment and Unemployment Patterns. The major themes examined include the dimensions and characteristics of low paid employment, earnings mobility and patterns of labour market transition of the low paid and the unemployed, job durations and the role of casual and part-time work on future employment prospects for the unemployed. Finally, this study takes a policy perspective and undertakes a detailed evaluation of how a specific government initiative may assist individuals who have become entrenched and reliant on income support in the Australian labour market. The main findings of this thesis indicate a diversity of experiences of low paid workers and the unemployed in the Australian labour market. For many, low paid work is a temporary experience. However, the cumulative evidence of this thesis also substantiates a significant negative relationship between previous unemployment, low pay and the labour market transition patterns of workers in the Australian labour market. The conclusion is that some workers are trapped in a cycle of intermittent work, involuntary job separations and unemployment. Information gathered about what may contribute to this labour market situation suggests an important role for the increasing incidence of casual and part-time work in the Australian labour market. While it is found that these jobs provide valuable work opportunities for the unemployed particularly in low paid work, the evidence suggests that over time, they may not be associated with a pathway to more secure permanent jobs. The broad implication of the findings of this thesis is that some individuals are trapped in a repeating cycle of low pay and no pay. Once entrenched, the extent to which this cycle can be broken by government intervention may be limited according to the policy evaluation undertaken in this thesis. Therefore, understanding more about this cycle and the labour market experiences of the low paid and the unemployed over the longer term should remain an important concern for policy in this country.
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Cheng, Yu-Lin, and 鄭羽伶. "Low-paid Workers of Young : Improving Employment Policy." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5a8xnk.
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碩士國立中正大學
勞工關係研究所
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Youth is the main source of labor productivity in our country, but they face the problem of low wages. Young people of earning low-paid have intricated problems, However, why the young people fell into low wages and they how to face it. Besides, the government how to implement the policies to help them out of the dilemma. They are the subjects of this study will be discussed. This study will in-depth interview with seven young people who are the low-paid workers ,five experts and scholars and two employers. The researcher has some major findings in the causes, countermeasures and employment improvement policies of young people who are the low-paid workers. First, the causes of the young people who are the lower-paid workers, according to most of the respondents. This research has revealed that the respondents are affected by the characteristics of the service industry ,the situation of the school gap, lack of the trade union influence and the question of the bad employment environment. Second, the young people how to response the low wages, this research found that they are focused on improving employability. Last, in the policy of improving the youth employment, research shows that the most of the young people are not clear about the government policies ,because they are insufficient promoting. The main recommendations of this study are followed: First, for the proposal of the causes of young low-paid workers, the government should reduce the gap between school and industry, cultivate the lack of industrial talents, improve the trade union influence and the employment environment. Second, the government should step up efforts to enhance the employment of young people and cultivate cross-disciplinary talents of young people in the face of low-wage responses.Finally, the government should step up efforts to promote youth employment policies and implement policies conducive to youth employment for young people's policy on improving employment for low-paid workers. This study expects that through the relevant system of amendments to help the young people to break the employment difficulties, and out of the dilemma of low wages.
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Higgins, Suzanne Joy. "Combining parenting and paid work." Thesis, 2004. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15362/.
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First time parent couples are more likely to be a dual income family now than ever before. In Australia, 65% of employed women in couple families have dependant children, and in couple families with children under five years of age, 52% of mothers are in paid employment. Research consistently shows that women still take on responsibility for family chores, those unpaid jobs which are essential for
maintenance of society.
The aim of this study was to examine the experience of first-time parent couples when the mother returned to the paid workforce. An Australian community based sample of 141 participants (69 couples plus 3 women whose partners failed to return questionnaire booklets) were recruited into this longitudinal study for the purpose of comparing single and two-income first-time parent couples.
Recruitment occurred prior to the two-income mother returning to paid work and participants were followed for ten months to determine how men and women negotiated the transition from single to two-income status. A number of variables were measured on four occasions over a ten-month period to examine the effects of the transition on each partner and compare the results between the two groups
of parents. These variables included marital satisfaction, worker spillover, stress levels, parenting satisfaction, division of household labour and emotional status.
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Street, Kori. "Bankers and bomb makers: gender ideology and women's paid work in banking and munitions during the first world war in Canada." Thesis, 2003. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9862.
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During the First World War, some Canadian women found themselves in new and unfamiliar environments, doing jobs apparently unavailable to them before the war. Many of those women were successful in the new opportunities available to them. The focus of this study is twofold. First, it examines the scope and the nature of women's work in two industries, banking and munitions, during the war. This is an important step because we still know very little about women's experience of the war. Understanding how many women worked and in what capacity is essential to understanding the nuances of women's wartime experience. Women who worked in banking and munitions were not a homogeneous group. The composition of the wartime workforce is also analysed. The war's impact on wage rates for women is also examined. Second, the study focuses on the nature of the impact of wartime participation on gender ideology. In particular, the study seeks to determine if gender ideology was affected by women's expanded opportunities in masculine occupations during the war. Often, the historiography regarding women and war is characterised by a binary discourse that seeks to determine whether on not wars liberate women. Rather than engage in that debate, this study attempts to avoid it as much as possible. Women's experience of the war in these two industries was complex. The study explores how women could both challenge and reaffirm ideas about gender; how attitudes towards and about women could change and remain the same; and how employee and employers alike strove to undermine and maintain the sexual division of labour and labour processes that were threatened by the entrance of large numbers of women into jobs defined as men's work. Women's participation both challenged and reinforced traditional notions about gender. Essentially, despite being successful ‘bankers’ women remained unsuitable for a career in banking. Similarly, regardless of their participation in munitions factories, metal shops remained no place for women. Quantitative, oral interview and qualitative sources including contemporary newspapers and magazines, were used. In particular, a great deal of the evidence was derived from several databases constructed for this project.Graduate
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Sundell, Sabine Else. "The effect of paid employment outside the household upon married women's gendered identity : (a case study of married white women in Pietermaritzburg)." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4423.
Full textAbstract:
This research explores how formal employment outside the household affects the gendered identity of married women. A comparison of ten married white women who are not gainfully employed and ten married white women who are gainfully employed has been used to determine whether or not formal employment has an impact on gender identity. Tajfel's social identity construction theory argues that member of devalued social groups will strive to construct positive self-concepts by either reinterpreting the prevailing beliefs surrounding social categories or by challenging these beliefs. I focus on the division of women and men into the private and public spheres according to 'innate' abilities. Patriarchal ideology has devalued the social category 'women' and the domestic sphere. This research aimed to determine whether or not these gainfully employed married women were challenging patriarchal ideology and therefore renegotiating their gendered identities.
This study focuses on three aspects: the role of work in the formation of a positive self concept; the experience of motherhood; and the double-shift. It was found that gainful
employment although not altering a woman's gendered identity did result in a more positive self-concept because of public recognition and financial rewards. However, the experience of motherhood for employed married women remains integral to their gendered identity as women and they experience guilt and anxiety because they do not remain at home. Lastly, the household chores remain primarily a woman's responsibility, even when she is employed outside the household, resulting in a double-shift. The interviews for this study demonstrate that married women who are employed ful-time outside the household do not challenge the patriarchal ideology which shapes their gendered identity.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.
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Smith, Andrew J., and J. McBride. "Accessing 'hard to reach groups' and emotions in the research process: 'Work an honest day and get the usual raw deal'." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16683.
Full textAbstract:
YesThis chapter is based on detailed qualitative research into the working lives of low-paid workers in multiple employment. We discuss the research design and practicalities of researching a ‘hard to reach group’ of workers. The emotive and sensitive issues that emerged for both the researchers and participants are also assessed.
The full-text of this book chapter will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 13 Mar 2020.
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McBride, J., and Andrew Smith. "‘’I feel like I’m in poverty. I don’t do much outside of work other than survive": In-work poverty and multiple employment in the UK." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18468.
Full textAbstract:
YesThis paper argues for the need to reconsider the changing nature of in-work poverty (IWP). In doing so, we present evidence not included in current debates or statistics, of people working in more than one job, yet still experiencing IWP. Using the dynamic theory of poverty and a qualitative approach, we identify various structural constraints that sustain cycles of IWP. This highlights the multi-dimensionalities of poverty, incorporating the temporalities, types and depths of IWP. Our evidence demonstrates how poverty is experienced and individualised and also how it is created and sustained through paid work, rather than being challenged by it.
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McBride, J., and Andrew J. Smith. "‘’I feel like I’m in poverty. I don’t do much outside of work other than survive": In-work poverty and multiple employment in the UK." 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18468.
Full textAbstract:
YesThis paper argues for the need to reconsider the changing nature of in-work poverty (IWP). In doing so, we present evidence not included in current debates or statistics, of people working in more than one job, yet still experiencing IWP. Using the dynamic theory of poverty and a qualitative approach, we identify various structural constraints that sustain cycles of IWP. This highlights the multi-dimensionalities of poverty, incorporating the temporalities, types and depths of IWP. Our evidence demonstrates how poverty is experienced and individualised and also how it is created and sustained through paid work, rather than being challenged by it.
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Ang, Ee Kheng. "Career break or broken career? : mothers' experiences of returning to paid work : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1671.
Full textAbstract:
Servicemen returning from two World Wars were granted assistance in finding work, retraining and other benefits in recognition of the sacrifices they had made. Yet mothers' returning to work after time out bearing and raising children are reliant on a booming economy to obtain even limited entry to the labour market, and the work obtained is very often inferior to the jobs held by women before becoming mothers. Currently due to lower fertility rates and the ageing populations of the world's richer nations, a shortage of working-age people is predicted to continue into at least the middle of the twenty-first century. To overcome this shortfall, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) advises its member states to assist mothers to return to paid work sooner. Most OECD nations are complying, with varying degrees of success. Some policy frameworks make this goal more easily attainable than others. Mothers in liberal welfare states often return to paid work later than they might otherwise prefer. Many returners are overqualified for the work they are doing. While there appears to be relatively few barriers to re-entry, the choice of re-entry occupations are limited and returners are predominantly offered low status jobs with no career opportunities at the back of the job queue and gender queue. Mothers who interrupt their careers by taking a career break for childbearing and rearing generally face downward occupational mobility and loss of lifetime incomes. This thesis assesses the experiences of mothers who return to employment in one liberal nation, New Zealand. It applies Esping-Andersen's three models of welfare states and Reskin and Roos' gender queues model to the situation of returners. The study investigates the precise nature of the obstacles and processes encountered by a number of mothers attempting to resume a career. It argues that social policies matter: returners in countries where state intervention is more widespread and where there is universal, extensive and generous social provision and support for working mothers are economically better off. The research methods include in-depth interviews and a focus group with mothers, a mail questionnaire and interviews with employers, and a study of recent and current New Zealand and overseas government policies to assist working parents. The findings of this thesis are that regardless of skill levels, New Zealand returners are consigned to low status occupations where they are not fully integrated into the 'normal' full-time workforce with career opportunities. These mothers generally suffer more than one episode of returning to the back of the queue. They also earn less (weekly and annually) than mothers who do not take career breaks. The study identifies social policy frameworks and employers' policies and practices as factors contributing to the processes whereby returners are relegated to the back of the queue. Although New Zealand has recently brought in policies to assist mothers to return to paid work these initiatives have not addressed the processes that currently confine returners in low status, part-time employment. Policies similar to those created to specifically target the needs of ex-servicemen would go a long toward assisting mothers to access higher status and better-paid jobs at the head of the queue. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations to facilitate mothers' integration into such jobs.
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KOVAČOVÁ, Květoslava. "Dopad zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti v letech 2003-2013." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-173783.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis aims to map the developement of wages taxation in the period of 2003-2013 and to evaluate the impact of the tax on personal income from employment and function benefits to the taxpayers wit different levels of income in a variety of situations, particularly in the case of maintenance of one or more children. The aim was to identify how the changes in the Law on Income Tax had affected different income groups, which of them had been affected the most and how.