Journal articles on the topic 'Reclamation of land – Economic aspects – Ontario'

The article explores the problems of nature management, which arise when reclamation activities are carried out on the land. The author reveals the relationship between complex use of natural resources in the process of land reclamation and their rational use. She come to conclusion, that an integrated approach to the land reclamation is manifested in two aspects of natural resource and environmental legislation: environmental and economic aspects.

Reclamation plays a major role in increasing the efficiency of the agricultural sector. Poor or lack of land reclamation might be the reason for less efficiency of the sector. This paper focuses on the theoretical framework of ameliorative, classification of ameliorative, and factors that affects sustainable development. Our findings show that the weather conditions, soil fertility, availability of sufficient water resources, and other factors have a major impact on crop yields, livestock productivity, labor costs, and product.

The article is devoted to the current problems of institutional reform to attract investment in the modernisation and rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure and cover the costs of its operation. To address these issues, in 2019 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the Irrigation and Drainage Strategy until 2030 and in 2020 a corresponding action plan for its implementation. However, the reform process is delayed conditioned upon systemic environmental, economic and cultural problems that create obstacles to change, primarily in the development and adoption of legislation regulating the formation and operation of new institutions (water user associations and management of state reclamation systems, etc.). The purpose of the article was to present the results of analytical studies examining Ukrainian and international experience in irrigation management reforms and assessing the likely risks that may arise in this way and forming a vision for managing the implementation of the Irrigation and Drainage Strategy until 2030. The study was performed using the following methods: systematic analysis of the functioning of the irrigation sector in Ukraine; comparison (determination of properties and characteristics based on collected information and statistical data on reform processes in the field of land reclamation in Ukraine and the world), abstract − logical (theoretical generalisations and formulations of categories and conclusions. The existing reform processes in the field of land reclamation in Ukraine are analysed, it is noted that in a market economy, effective maintenance and development of water reclamation complex can take place only in partnership with the state and the private sector. As a result of research of Ukrainian and international experience, the principles and mechanisms of effective implementation of transformations in irrigation management are proposed and consider socio-economic and cultural aspects of reform processes in Ukraine and possible risks arising from international experience. Specific recommendations for managing the reform process are provided. The application of the proposed methods of reform will ensure investment in the modernisation and rehabilitation of water infrastructure and further sustainable use of irrigated land.

The success of reclamation is largely determined by many things including the fertility of the planting media. The fertility of the planting media is related to fertilizer, from the litter found in post-mining land that can be utilized for making organic fertilizer. The purpose of this study is to examine the ecological and economic aspects of leaf litter as organic fertilizer in the reclaimed land of limestone mining. Method: Laboratory experimental research with method Bokhasi Results from this study proved that there are differences in the nutrient content of P, C and N in the reclamation land in 2010, 2014 and 2016. Processing leaf litter into organic fertilizer can provide ecological and economic benefits for the company and for the surrounding community.

Indigenous learning traditionally comes from the land. Akiikaa (‘it is the land’ in Algonkian) is designed to assist graduate students in thinking beyond the classroom and understanding the elements of life as known by Indigenous people to live a healthy life. Akiikaa will provide graduate students (both Indigenous and non-Indigenous) with opportunities to learn about Indigenous ways of knowing. They will learn from an instructor, Elders and their peers about how the land is an instrumental part of all aspects of Indigenous life including health and well-being. One of the goals of the Master of Public Health in Indigenous Health program (at the University of Toronto) and the land-based experiences is to shift the thinking away from humans being the dominating force on Mother Earth to equality amongst all aspects of life. Graduate students are introduced to ‘personhood’ rights for plants, animals, water, and air, which is a shift from the current World Health Organization’s view of public health that builds upon a population health approach but neglects the elements that surround humans as necessary for living a healthy life. It has been suggested that Indigenous land-based education acts as a method of decolonization through reclamation of Indigenous ideology and use of land. Land and land experience are highly prized by Indigenous people around the world as cultures and languages are based on the interaction of people with nature/land. This move to delivering the curriculum in the natural environment using Indigenous knowledges as its pedagogy is anticipated to change attitudes about Indigenous people and issues as well as improving the health and well-being of graduate students and, over time, Indigenous peoples’ health and well-being.

The necessity and the basic directions of the scientific vision of further reforming the systems of water resources and land reclamation management are determined. The need for such a reform is dictated by the fact that, despite the adoption on October 4, 2016, by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the Law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Implementing Integrated Approaches to Basin Management" and a number of by-laws, the system of water management and land reclamation management in Ukraine still remains virtually unreformed since post-Soviet times as two mutually exclusive functions remain in this system: the water management function and the land reclamation management function. Moreover, the statutory grounds for the introduction of integrated basin management have been deliberately used to eliminate economic entities which managed reclamation infrastructure, which has made it much more difficult to separate the above-mentioned functions, as required by Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of Europe “On establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy”, the implementation of which into Ukrainian law is a mandatory task under the Association Agreement with the EU. Recent adoption (on February 17, 2022) by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the Law “On Organization of Water Users and Stimulation of Hydrotechnical Land Reclamation” was confirmed by the President of Ukraine on May 6, 2022. It is an important step towards reforming the water management as for the first time in Ukraine the law introduces a new organizational and legal form for the management of reclamation systems, namely water user organizations. But this Law does not address the main issue of the reform - the separation of the above-mentioned functions. Therefore, the success of further reforming of the systems of water resources and land reclamation management will directly depend not on the speed of development and adoption of bylaws to the Law “On Organization of Water Users and Stimulation of Hydrotechnical Land Reclamation”. It will depend on the earliest possible adoption of the “Concept of reforming the water management system of Ukraine” by the Government of Ukraine, the project of which was prepared and approved by all interested ministries and departments in 2019, but was deliberately blocked by then leaders of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. Therefore, the work on reforming the systems of water resources and land reclamation management is unsystematic and, in many cases, the practical steps being implemented, especially in improving the structure of the State Agency Water Resources of Ukraine, are mostly destructive. Minimizing their negative impact will require considerable efforts and time. This article aims at scientific substantiation of the list and sequence of measures, including at the legislative level, the implementation of which will bring the systems of water resources and land reclamation management in Ukraine in line with European water legislation, and thus ensure full implementation of the provisions of integrated management on the basin principle not only formally but also in the spirit.

The aim of this study was to research the cost effectiveness of creating forest reclamation complexes on slopes, as well as to determine the patterns of their orographic dynamics, taking into account environmental aspects in arid conditions. With the help of modeling agroforestry landscapes, we established forest plantations created from Lanceolate ash (Fraxinus lanceolata) in arid climatic conditions on sloping lands, the cost of planting of which is EUR 1202–EUR 1453 per ha of forest. The specific capital intensity of the arrangement of land use by forest stands is EUR 24–EUR 63 per hectare of afforested plot, while 5–11% accounts for the cost of logging of forest care and 2–30% for the inclusion of a hydraulic element in forest reclamation systems. The monetary equivalent of the return on these investments in the form of prevented damage from soil erosion and air pollution is EUR 333–EUR 940 per hectare of afforested plot per year. This economic effect increases with the growth of the protective forest cover of the plot (by reducing the interband space) by almost 3 times. The benefit–cost ratio for all forest reclamation strategies on slopes is greater than 1, which confirms the high efficiency and expediency of capital investments in forest reclamation activities on slope lands to preserve the land resources of various regions.

Increasing the competitiveness of the modern domestic agro-industrial complex through the use of effective organizational and economic tools is one of the priority tasks of import substitution in the Russian Federation. An object. The object of research is the regulatory aspects governing activities in the field of land reclamation and agriculture. Goal. The aim of the study is to analyze the issues of optimizing the distribution of power in terms of the creation of reclamation parks, regulation of land legal relations, the formation of a system of preferences that stimulate agricultural producers to participate in reclamation parks. Materials and methods. The authors used the current legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the concept of creating innovative infrastructure facilities for reclamation of the federal level, developed by modern scientists-ameliorators. Results and conclusions. The analysis performed allows us to say that the powers of the authorities of the Russian Federation at various levels are sufficient to create agromeliorative parks (hereinafter - APM). According to the authors, in order to carry out organizational and managerial functions, it is necessary to establish a single state management company - the AMP operator, directly subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. The AMP operator organization, among other things, should have the right to initiate in a judicial proceeding the alienation of a land plot of an unscrupulous agricultural producer in favor of the state in the event of a systematic violation of the established mode of operation of the reclaimed. The formation of special economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation in the form of APM will create the preconditions for the formation of not only positive, but also negative socio-economic consequences. It is advisable to minimize the risks of negative effects by developing and adopting a framework federal law detailing the mechanism for the creation, functioning, and liquidation of AMPs, describing the rights and powers of AMP residents, participants, state bodies of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of AMP management.

Today, the coastal areas of the world amounting to nearly 10% of the total world’s land area, supports nearly half of the world’s human population. This causes serious population pressure and environmental problems. To reduce the pressure of land scarcity, cities along the coastal land are now paying their attention to land reclamation. Although land reclamation results in significant benefits to the coastal cities, it simultaneously causes serious environmental problems. Therefore, satisfactory management of reclaimed land is a big challenge which governments are now facing. Based on economics, this article presents some economic means to efficiently manage coastal areas. Integrating the costs-benefits analysis and input-output table, this paper builds the “costs-benefits analysis system”, and provides the models of estimating the value of some main aspects of the costs. Through outcome consult method, shadow price, TCM (Travel Cost Method), CVM (Contingent Valuation Method) and other methods, one can appraise the ecological damage in monetary terms, which allows to transform questions of “yes” or “no” into questions of “more” or “less”, one can easily judge the feasibility of this project in terms of social benefits. Using this costs-benefits analysis system to assess the land reclamation in Gulei port, Zhangzhou, China, the outcome showed that the total costs were almost 3.4 times more than the benefits, meaning that it is really not beneficial to construct the project from economics point of view.

Abstract The analysis of the current state and prospects for implementation of the integrated land reclamation program in Krasnodar Territory is one of the main tasks in the development of the agro-industrial complex to reduce the risks of industrial safety in the region. The article pays special attention to the crucial importance of the agro-industrial complex of the region in supporting and ensuring food security of the country on the example of Krasnodar Territory, since the Southern region makes a great contribution to the formation and development of the agro-industrial complex of the country. In accordance with the documents of the Program, Krasnodar Territory is a key element in the creation of the “main food base of the country” on the territory of the Southern Federal District on the basis of the formation of a national mega cluster of the agro-industrial complex. The article also pays special attention to the problematic aspects and difficulties in the practice of creating and operating a reclamation complex in the regions of Southern Russia. Taking into account the accumulated experience, the key components of the integrated land reclamation of Krasnodar Territory are identified, providing for improvement of physical and physical-chemical properties of soils through the use of modern irrigation technologies, introduction of new methods for removing excess water during the growing season and expansion of the use of progressive methods of anti-erosion land reclamation. Forecasting the effectiveness of the use of complex land reclamation in the conditions of Krasnodar Territory should show its feasibility and necessity. Thanks to the implementation of comprehensive measures, it is possible to reduce soil degradation, increase the effectiveness of drainage systems, as well as irrigation in general, and ultimately get a positive economic effect. An example of such an economic approach to agricultural lands of Kuban can be the improvement of the overall organic and chemical state of soils, which is mainly reflected in an increase in the gross harvest of agricultural crops.

Land reclamation is important in the development of agricultural production for unfavorable climatic conditions. This necessitates the improvement of scientific and methodological approaches to the creation and operation of water management and reclamation facilities, including drainage systems, which are adapted to these changes. Approaches to the type and design of drainage systems based on a combination of a modern progressive optimization approach with the traditional water balance method, hydrodynamic and hydraulic methods are presented. Approaches to the systemic optimization of technological and design solutions for the creation and operation of drainage systems have been determined. It seems that the drainage system is a complex natural and technical ecological and economic system. Finding the general optimum in such a system based on the system optimization consists in substantiating local optima for all its main components of heterogeneous elements in the system effect - mode - technology - design in their interconnection. The practical implementation of a complex of predictive-simulation and optimization calculations in projects for new construction, reconstruction and modernization of drainage systems based on the developed scientific, methodological, information and software can be carried out using the appropriate toolkit, which is CAD and modern BIM technologies. The transition to optimization methods will improve the feasibility and overall technical, technological, environmental and economic efficiency of the creation and operation of water management and reclamation facilities in accordance with modern requirements.

When choosing criteria for optimal management of cultural agricultural landscapes, it is necessary to be guided by the achievement of a specific goal - creating their environmentally sustainable structure and ensuring normal functioning. Various aspects of economic, technological, or natural landscape orientation can be com-ponents of the system of criteria for optimal functioning. The criteria are used in the design of agroecosystems and the formation of cultural agricultural landscapes on reclaimed land. In this case, the interaction of related processes aimed at increasing the productivity and sustainability of agricultural landscapes isensured, high quality of products is achieved, damage from aggressive and negative processes is localized, energy, material, labor and financial costs are minimized.

Analysis of the current state and prospects for the implementation of the program of complex melioration in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory is one of the main tasks in the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Kuban. The article pays special attention to the decisive importance of the agro-industrial complex of the region in supporting and ensuring food security of the country on the example of the Krasnodar Territory, since the southern region is of great importance in the formation and development of the agro-industrial complex of the country. In accordance with the program documents, the Krasnodar Territory is a key element in the creation of the “main food base of the country” on the territory of the Southern Federal District on the basis of the formation of a national mega-cluster of the agro-industrial complex. Also in the article, special attention is paid to the problematic aspects and difficulties in the practice of creating and operating a reclamation complex in the regions of southern Russia. Taking into account the accumulated experience, the key components of the complex land reclamation of the Krasnodar Territory are outlined, providing for the improvement of the physical and physicochemical properties of soils through the use of modern irrigation technologies, the introduction of new methods for removing excess water during the growing season and the expansion of the use of progressive methods of anti-erosion land reclamation. Forecasting the effectiveness of the use of complex land reclamation in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory should show its feasibility and necessity. Through the implementation of comprehensive measures, it is possible to achieve a reduction in soil degradation, increase the efficiency of drainage systems, as well as irrigation in general, and ultimately obtain a positive economic effect. An example of such an economic approach to the agricultural lands of the Kuban is the improvement of the general organic-chemical state of soils, which is mainly reflected in an increase in the gross yield of agricultural crops.

A priorization system based on dollar value of plant, degree of relationship to economic genotype, and rarity status was applied to rare plants in Canada. This resulted in priorization of 56 taxa, approximately 1% of wild plants of Canada. Most of these taxa are native species, but a few are infraspecific taxa, and some are introduced. Most of the priorized taxa are plants of the Carolinian region of extreme southern Ontario, which is part of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone. The provinces with the highest numbers were Ontario with 38, British Columbia with 9, Quebec with 8 and Manitoba with 7. Crops, crop relatives and forages accounted for 38 of the taxa. Twelve were plants providing ingredients for commercial drug products or health foods. Nine were sources of wood. Five were plants used in landscape gardening, land reclamation or erosion control. Native berry producing plants, i.e. relatives of clonal crops for which Canada contains significant germplasm on a world scale, were the largest economic group with 18 taxa. Twenty-six of the priorized plants were herbs, 17 were shrubs and 13 were trees. The genera Amelanchier and Linum were the largest taxonomic groups, each with four taxa. The list and related geographic data can be used to orient monitoring and management, to select and acquire material for ex situ protection, and to select and priorize sites for in situ protection. Key words: Germplasm, protection, rare plants, crops, pharmaceuticals, ornamentals, medicinal plants

Recent international climate documents emphasize the great importance of the afforestation of agricultural land having a positive impact on CO2 levels, not only by absorbing carbon by trees, but also by replacing fossil fuels with biomass. In Russia, until recently, the importance of forest plantations in the production of wood was underestimated, which created the problem of its accounting and effective management. When justifying modern protective afforestation programs, ambiguity in the estimates of tree productivity of plantings is one of the reasons for significant uncertainty regarding their impact on the energy security of the country. The purpose of this study was to undertake an economic assessment and assess the regularities of the dynamics of tree productivity of protective forest plantations on the flat terrain and slopes of the forest-steppe zone in the south of the Russian Plain for the effective management of agroforestry taking into account environmental aspects. At the level of the simulation unit—the protective forest cover of the agricultural territory—the main forest reclamation strategies were modeled from the perspective of sustainable land use, depending on the type of relief, the level of forest protection of land and the erosive state of soils. These models comprehensively analyzed the wood productivity of the main forest-forming species, which differ in functionality and service life. It is established that the productivity of 1 ha of forest stands in the forest-steppe is 320–400 m3 of wood, and the commercial effect of its harvesting is EUR 14675–EUR 56567. The specific (per 1 ha of land use) wood productivity of trees on flat terrain increases with the growth of forest protection of the site (due to the reduction of inter-band space) by 1.2–1.8 times. On the slopes, with an increase in their steepness, the specific effect of harvesting wood also increases by almost twofold. On steep slopes with highly eroded soils, the efficiency of forest reclamation decreases by 23%–24% due to a decrease in the width of forest stands and the inclusion of a hydraulic element in their systems. The use of long-lasting forest-forming species for all forest reclamation strategies is more profitable than the use of fast-growing species—the value of the specific average annual (discounted) income per 1 ha of the agroforest landscape is, respectively, EUR 427–EUR 970 and EUR 166–EUR 545. The study will confirm the need to finance forest reclamation measures not only to ensure sustainable rural development, but also Russia’s qualitative transition to a low-carbon economy.

The need for rational use of natural resources of the chernozem regions of the Russian Federation is determined both by the requirements for ensuring the country's food security and the logic of the ecological and socio-economic stability of the territory with the predominance of chernozem soils. The article, using the example of the Voronezh Region, shows the role and practical significance of the spatial organization of agroforestry landscapes in the Central Chernozem Region of the Russian Federation using data from the Federal State Statistics Service on land resources, on the number of farms, food and processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex over the past 20 years. The adaptive-landscape farming system, as the predominant element of rational land use, contributes to the formation of agroforestry landscapes in sparsely wooded regions of Russia. Agroforestry objects are necessary components of the whole complex of rational land use, ensuring the sustainable use of agroforestry potential of the regional economic space. Long-term practice of protective afforestation on agricultural lands has developed a number of basic types of afforestation: shelterbelts on arable land, ravine forest belts, land reclamation plantations on sand and a hydrographic network, windbreaking and snow shelter-belts. The unique experience of formation and sustainable development over many decades of agroforestry in the Stone Steppe of the Voronezh Region indicates a high level of efficiency of the functioning of such landscapes, even in special extreme conditions. The centuries-old experience of afforestation in the interests of transforming an almost lifeless space has shown the organizing role of forest belts in creating an agroforestry landscape, the effectiveness of their anti-erosion functions, and also the tangible social significance of agroforestry

Abstract The authors of the article focus on the issues of sustainable ecological and economic development of agricultural land and water resources in the region. The formation and development of land resources in agriculture, in particular, its organizational, ecological, economic and technical state, have been analyzed. The main problems and reasons affecting the efficient use of irrigated lands have been investigated and the current state of land resources in agriculture has been analyzed. It has been determined that in order to prevent further degradation processes on agricultural lands and ensure the preservation of their fertility, it is necessary to strengthen state regulation of nature conservation activities at all levels. First of all, through the elements of institutional support, it is required to streamline the management functions in the field of land relations for the use, protection and protection of agricultural lands from degradation processes. The conceptual provisions of the formation of an ecological and economic mechanism for the protection of agricultural lands from degradation processes are substantiated, taking into account the legal, organizational, economic and social aspects of such formation. Modern reclamation technologies are proposed as agro biological methods of plant protection in conditions of aggravation of land degradation processes. The application of these provisions made it possible to form theoretical and methodological guidelines for building an ecological and economic mechanism for the use of land resources in agriculture, provides for the ordering of a set of elements, and the relationship of its main components, which are implemented in the form of tools, methods and technologies.

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong>. Lahan bekas tambang timah berpeluang untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai areal pertanian dalam upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan dan mengatasi persoalan lingkungan pasca penambangan. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk mengkaji upaya reklamasi lahan bekas tambang timah untuk dijadikan areal pertanian di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Luas seluruh izin usaha penambangan (IUP) yang telah diterbitkan oleh pemerintah pusat dan daerah dan dimiliki oleh perseroan di darat sebesar 327.524 ha, sedangkan luas IUP di laut 183.837 ha. Aspek biofisik lahan sangat menentukan keberhasilan reklamasi lahan bekas tambang timah. Pemanfaatan lahan bekas tambang timah sebagai areal pertanian menemui sejumlah kendala biofisik lahan, seperti bentang lahan (lanskap) yang tidak beraturan, hilangnya lapisan atas tanah (top soil), rendahnya status kesuburan tanah, dan terganggunya kualitas air kolong. Selain aspek biofisik, upaya reklamasi juga patut mempertimbangkan aspek sosial ekonomi, seperti status kepemilikan lahan, pengetahuan dan keterampilan petani, dan kelayakan biaya usaha tani. Penyimpanan tanah pucuk, penataan lahan, penggunaan amelioran, pengembangan Legume Cover Crops, implementasi Integrated Farming Systems, dan perbaikan kualitas air kolong di lahan bekas tambang timah diyakini mampu meningkatkan kualitas dan daya dukung lahan bekas tambang timah untuk areal pertanian. Reklamasi lahan bekas tambang timah juga membutuhkan partisipasi aktif masyarakat, pemerintah daerah, dan perusahaan tambang timah. Kegiatan reklamasi yang mampu memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat setempat untuk berusaha tani di lahan bekas tambang timah dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu indikator keberhasilan reklamasi pasca penambangan.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>. Abandoned tin-mining lands have the potential to be used as agricultural areas in order to fulfill food demand and solve the environmental problems derived from mining activities. The purpose of this paper is to assess the reclamation measures on abandoned-tin mining areas which could be used as agricultural areas in Bangka Belitung Islands. The total areas of the mining business license (IUP) issued by the central and local government and owned by the company are 327,524 ha in inland and 183,837 ha in the sea. Biophysical aspects largely determines the success of reclamation of abandoned tin-mining areas. Utilization of abandoned-tin mining areas as agricultural areas is facing land biophysical constraints, such as undulating landscape, losses of top soil, low soil fertility status, and disruption of water quality of tin-mining pond. In addition to the biophysical aspects, reclamation efforts should also consider the socio-economic aspects, including land ownership status, knowledge and skills of farmers, and the feasibility of the cost of farming systems. Conservation of top soil, arrangement of land, development of legume cover crops, implementation of Integrated Farming Systems, and improvement of water quality in the area under the former tin mine are believed to improve the quality and carrying capacity of abandoned tin-mining areas to be used as agricultural areas. Reclamation of abandoned tin-mining areas also requires the active participation of the community, local government, and tin mining company. Reclamation activities that can provide benefits to local communities for farming in tin mined land can be used as one indicator of the success of the post-mining reclamation.</p>

Over its 300-year history, the Kuzbass Region has become one of the strongest industrial and coal mining areas. However, new environmental requirements stipulated by the Paris Agreement and the EU Energy Strategy require a new diversified and innovative economy, i.e. comfortable conditions for people to live and do business. The Strategy for Socio-Economic Development of Kuzbass through 2035 was approved by Regional Law No. 163‑OS on December 23, 2020. The Strategy covers human capital, ecology, reclamation water resources, digitalization, economy, investment, tourism, exhibitions, etc. All these aspects are highlighted in the monographs of the Strategy of the Kuzbass Region. The publications prove that a long-term strategy should combine traditional and novel competitive advantages of the region, which include hydrogen cluster, transport infrastructure, digitalization of business and other spheres, better environmental conditions, forest and land reclamation, sustainable use of water resources, as well as the importance of rebranding the region on the domestic and international arena.

Abstract This article is devoted to the study of directions to ensure a sufficient level of economic safety of farms. The multifactorial nature of threats to the external environment and internal factors determining various aspects of economic safety of agricultural enterprises is determined by their wide range and complexity of influence. The high level of risk that results from such influence, on the one hand, makes the activities of such enterprises economically vulnerable but, on the other hand, makes this business attractive. Calculations on the basis of empirical agricultural data confirm that from 40 to 60% of income (depending on location and weather conditions) they can lose from inappropriate groundwater table and not sufficient meliorative state of soils. To substantially reduce this figure and to increase the level of economic safety, it is proposed to optimise the parameters of drainage systems and achieve land reclamation improvement by constructing a water discharge justification model as a key factor for achieving necessary drainage rates. In addition, the use of crop diversification model within justified crop rotations will allow to significantly increase the level of economic safety of farms by optimizing price risks.

Background and objective: The industrial crisis in Michigan, USA calls for the redevelopment of abandoned industrial sites into functioning public spaces. Neglected spaces have negative impacts on the surrounding communities, promoting aesthetic, safety, economic, and environmental issues. The purpose of this study was to explore and discuss the possible redevelopment of an underused site, with particular focus on its industrial site elements; quantitative measures were then applied to determine redevelopment's effects on the nearby community.Methods: The Michigan Central Station in Detroit, Michigan, USA was selected as a case study. Landscape performance research methods were applied to quantitatively analyze the environmental, social, and economic benefits of reclaiming this abandoned industrial site and its various elements.Results: The findings show that implementing the case study redesign would result in positive environmental impacts. These impacts include expanded areas of ecologically valuable land, a reduction in sulfur dioxide, and increases in carbon sequestration, retained stormwater, and the use of recycled contents. The case study redevelopment project would impact the surrounding economic context through savings on water treatment costs obtained from the use of retained stormwater, increased property values, and job creation. Furthermore, the redesign would also impact social aspects by increasing the available gathering spaces and public open areas and enhancing safety by adding sidewalks and bike lanes.Conclusion: The findings of this study will help designers and planners recognize the value of reusing existing industrial sites instead of undertaking harmful demolition processes, eventually leading to more sustainable community designs.

When choosing technical means for performing various technological processes and, in particular, for carrying out reclamation and cultural-technical works, two aspects should be taken into account: the fundamental possibility of using machines and the level of their reliability. But if the choice of technical means according to the fundamental possibility of use for performing a specific operation is sufficiently developed («Systems of machines», catalogs of special equipment have been developed), then the choice of means of repair and technical impact, depending on quantitative data and qualitative characteristics of reliability, is currently not fully studied. This is due to the lack of a sufficient database on malfunctions of the specified technical means and, as a consequence, the lack of reliable indicators of their reliability. Analysis of the data on the operation of technical means in land reclamation and construction organizations shows that due to the low reliability of machines, up to 40% of the cost of their work is the cost of maintenance and repair, while the share of time resources for downtime for technical reasons in the total fund of the working time reaches 40-50%. It should be noted that this is only part of the damage caused by the lack of reliability of the machines. Improving the methods of using machines led to the creation of mechanized complexes - a group form of machine work. Therefore, due to the widespread use of complex mechanization in land reclamation construction, the stop of one machine of a technological complex leads to a stop of the entire technological process. Thus, the determination of the reliability characteristics of the units of technological complexes, namely, the establishment of the physical nature, failures, the identification of the causes of their occurrence, as well as the determination of the need for repair and technical actions, will provide the necessary operational and economic performance indicators of the entire technological complex in specific operating conditions. In this regard, the issue of determining the optimal provision of repair and technical impacts on the units of technological complexes, taking into account their components, is an urgent task that requires separate research.

From the second half of the 19th century until the beginning of the World War I, there was significant economic advancement in all sectors of farm management in the territory of Galicia (Halychyna), which was under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during that period of history. This paper focuses on the impact of popular scientific extension, one of the key criteria for communicating the latest economic management techniques at that time. This allowed the region, which was significantly behind the other regions within the Austro-Hungarian Empire during that period, to progress economically. There was a breakthrough in methods and approaches to farm management during the studied period. The processes of mechanization, novel tillage techniques and land reclamation were introduced. Agricultural processing industry started to develop intensively. A serious consideration has been given to selective breeding of animals, which had a positive impact on the livestock rearing development. All these aspects have led to a significant improvement in the industry’s performance.

Liaohe Delta estuarine wetland is the largest estuarine wetland in northeast China, the article proposed eco-environmental evaluation indicators system for the wetland based on PSR model. By selecting indicators of pressure, state and response, we analyzed dynamic variations of the ecological environment and fragmentation status of the wetland. The results showed that the main pressure of the wetland is from agricultural production and urban expansion since 1988, which resulted in large-scale land reclamation, expansion of rice planting area and reduction of tidal flat areas. The internal structure and status of the wetland had experienced significant variations and the trend of fragmentation was evident. With negative effects of dwindling wetland resources, human-being’s reasonable response to the variations of wetland status should be in three aspects: scientific classification of functional zones, conversion of appropriate economic model and adjustment of the industrial structure. Thus achieve the coordination of ecological protection and industrial economic development.

The research aimed to determine the level of farmers’ awareness about of agricultural environmental risks in new reclamation land association's in kalabshaw and zayan region, in dakahlia governorate by determining the level of farmers' awareness of causes of spread of agricultural environmental risks, as well as their awareness level of damage which caused by it, In addition to identify their awareness of spread rate agricultural environmental risks, and resulting damage from it, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges available to farmers to confront agricultural environmental risks in search area. The research was conducted on 337 farmers who were selected randomly and systematically from farmers of new reclamation landassociation's in kalabshaw and zayan region. Data were collected by using a questionnaire, pretest was done until it became valid for collected data during March and April 2021. Morgan and Krejcie equation had been used to determine the sample size. Frequencies, percentages, rang, mean, standard deviation were used to present and analysis study data. The main results are as follows 1- More than two- fifths of farmers 42.4 % Their awareness level of reasons agricultural environmental risks spread was high.. 2- Two- fifths of farmers 40.7 % Their awareness level of awareness of damage which caused by agricultural environmental risks was high. 3- Two- fifths of farmers 40.4 % Their awareness level of diffusion rate agricultural environmental risks spread was high. 4- More than one- third of farmers 38.3 % Their awareness level of extent damage caused agricultural environmental risks spread was high 5- The most important aspects of strengths of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: Be careful to adjust dates of cultvited some crops, especially vegetables, to reduce sides effects of climate change 89%. 6- The most important aspects of weaknesses of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: Climate changes led to decrease productivity of some crops and increase food prices by 88.4%. 7- The most important aspects of opportunities of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: attuide towards to contract farming to prevent the exploitation of traders 89%. 8- The most important aspects of the challenges faced of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: The difficult economic conditions such as rise in land rent and rise prices of production requirements by 90.5%.

Environmental pollution from hazardous waste materials, organic pollutants and heavy metals has had a negative impact on natural ecosystems to the detriment of humans. These pollutants arise from anthropogenic sources as well as natural disasters such as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions. Toxic metals can accumulate in agricultural land and enter the food chain, thus becoming a major threat to food security. Conventional and physical methods are expensive and ineffective in areas of low metal toxicity. Therefore, bioremediation is an environmentally friendly and efficient method of reclamation of heavy metal contaminated environments by utilizing biological mechanisms inherent in bacteria, fungi, algae and plants to eradicate harmful contaminants. This review discusses the elimination of heavy metal pollution carried out by bacteria, fungi, algae & plants through extracellular and intracellular mechanisms. Heavy metal bioremediation activities are not only focused on economic aspects, but must be integrated, efficient and sustainable.

The development of the tin mining industry in Bangka Bangka Belitung has contributed very significantly to the economy of communities in the region. But on the other hand, these activities also have a negative effect in the form of reduced mangrove forests, destruction of soil, polluted water sources, as well as the emergence of pits (pit) excavated and others. So far under the utilization of tin in Bangka Island is not optimal. Economically, the potential pit can be used as a source of raw water, aquaculture, or recreational water. This can be done through environmental reclamation. Technically goal of rehabilitation is to restore the soil conditions for stable and not prone to erosion. From the economical and aesthetic aspects of land, soil conditions improved so that the value or economic potential can be restored at least its original state. From the aspect of the ecosystem, ecosystem condition to attempt the return of the original ecosystem.

Topicality. Climate change is one of the global challenges for humanity. It is formed over the decades and become more and more obvious, change the conditions of management and have a number of negative consequences for many areas of economic activity and, in particular, the agricultural sector of the economy. The global climate is the result of the interaction of factors of natural and man-made origin. If the former are objective in nature, the latter are due to the combined effects of global economic activity. Addressing climate anomalies has two global vectors: addressing the factors that accelerate climate change and developing adaptive measures to prevent the negative impact of these changes to ensure that land is protected from degradation, to maintain the financial capacity and resilience of businesses. The managerial aspect in the conditions of market, economic-ecological and information uncertainty acquires relevance for the maintenance and strengthening of competitive positions of land users. The problem of developing adaptation measures should be considered at the state, regional and local levels, which determines the direction of work. Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to develop effective management measures to adapt agribusiness to profitable farming in the new climate. Realization of the purpose has led to the decision of research tasks: to estimate tendencies of transformations of natural and climatic conditions of agricultural management; propose precautionary measures and management actions to ensure efficient management in the context of intensifying climate change in southern Ukraine. Research results. According to the results of the analysis, the need for a comprehensive approach to solving the problem of adaptation of the agricultural sector to changes in natural conditions of agricultural production, based on the revival of irrigation in the zone of risky agriculture, which is the steppe zone and especially its southern part. The priority management actions at all levels of the management vertical are defined. Conclusion. The problem of adaptation of the agricultural sector to climate change should be considered not only as a vector of increasing the production of export-oriented agricultural products, but as a way to preserve highly productive lands that have a high percentage of humus and degrade due to moisture deficit. Given that the field of land reclamation has felt all the effects of transformation processes, lost support from the state, and in some cases controllability, the very strategy of this area will determine the most rational scenario for its development. The main areas of search are the following vectors of possible solutions: right-establishing; institutional; technical and technological; organizational and managerial; innovation and investment; economic; informative; alternative. Modern challenges are not limited to solving the problem of irrigation at the expense of existing water supply sources. The whole world today is inventing ways to accumulate water for the needs of the agricultural sector, using local conditions and opportunities. Determining their list, feasibility of implementation, expected effect and scope is an important scientific problem that needs to be studied.

The coastal area is one of the potential resources. The coastal area has the meaning of a transitional area between land and sea. According to Law No. 27 of 2007 Article 34 concerning the management of coastal areas and small islands, reclamation of coastal areas and small islands is carried out in order to increase the benefits and / or added value of coastal areas and small islands in terms of technical, environmental and socio-economic aspects. a research method consists of procedures and techniques that need to be carried out in a study. In connection with the coastal reclamation carried out in Youtefa Bay, Jayapura City, which is in the context of completing the 2021 PON in Papua Province. Jayapura City is the capital city of Papua Province which will be used as one of the places for the implementation of PON 2021 in Papua Province, so that several sports suggestions have been built in the city of Jayapura, one of which is the Rowing Venue facility built in Youtefa Bay, Jayapura City, this arena sports branch This research was conducted in Youtefa Bay (Holtekamp), administratively in the area of Jayapura City, Entrop Village, South Jayapura District. This infrastructure development is considered very important for the community because it can indirectly increase the living capital of those who live around the area. There needs to be extensive reforestation of mangrove forests that have been logged.

Summary. The purpose of this study is to analyze the processes that took place in crop production within the context of Galicia agriculture development on the cusp of the 19th and 20th centuries. Conclusions. The article recognizes the impact of popular science education, which was one of the key criteria for the introduction of the up-to-date methods of economic management. This had a positive effect on the economic development of the region, which lagged far behind other regions of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the study period, there was a breakthrough in the methods and approaches to farming inasmuch as processes of mechanization, novel tillage techniques and land reclamation were introduced. The agricultural processing industry began to develop intensively coupled with a serious consideration given to selective breeding of animals. All these aspects have led to a significant improvement in the industry’s performance. The subject has been partly studied in Poland and Austria whilst it was insufficiently considered in Ukraine. Therefore, the development of each sector of agriculture of Galicia at the turn of the century requires an extensive review. The research methodology. The article offers an attempt to analyze the development of crop production, the leading branch of agriculture. The study employed a comparative analysis, thereby allowing us to establish the dynamics of the crop production development in the region. The scientific novelty. The archive materials of Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Cracow, Warsaw, and Vienna were consulted for a comprehensive characterization of crop production in Galicia. The historiography of the research topic is divided into several periods: published papers of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, the interwar period, the Soviet era, the surveys of independent Ukraine as well as modern international studies. Analysis of the sources proved the positive dynamics of the crop production development in the vast majority of its types. This was influenced by a number of objective factors, one of which was the scientific extension and the development of farming research in Galicia, the opening of specialized facilities, educational and scientific institutions that studied the issues faced by the economic managers of the industry.

Khafizov D.F., Isaicheva E.S., Khismatullin M.M. [Essence and significance of entrepreneurship in institutional reforms]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2013, vol. 8, iss. 1, pp. 55–58. URL: Link (In Russ.) Safiollin F.N., Khismatullin M.M., Mukhametgaliev F.N. [On the economic efficiency of digitalization of irrigated agriculture]. Finansovyi biznes, 2021, no. 9, pp. 156–160. (In Russ.) Lukmanov А.А. [Winter rye yield and fertilizers return in the Tatarstan Republic forest-steppe]. Vestnik Rossiiskoi sel'skokhozyaistvennoi nauki = Vestnik of the Russian Agricultural Science, 2017, no. 6, pp. 35–38. (In Russ.) Minnehametova I.M., Gafiullina L.F., Khismatullin M.M. Conditions and Factors of Development of Agricultural Consumer Cooperatives. In: A.V. Bogoviz, A.E. Suglobov, A.N. Maloletko, O.V. Kaurova (eds) Cooperation and Sustainable Development. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Cham, Springer, 2022, pp. 1241–1248. URL: Link Mukhametgaliev F.N., Khismatullin M.M., Khisamov R.G. [Leasing of technique as a tool for development of agricultural production]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2015, vol. 10, iss. 2, pp. 31–35. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Khismatullin M.M., Valiev A.R. et al. [Role and place of irrigated agriculture in the production of agricultural products and its economic efficiency (experience of the Republic of Tatarstan)]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2021, vol. 16, iss. 3, pp. 160–166. (In Russ.) URL: Link Salakhutdinov F.N., Khismatullin M.M., Iskhakov I.R. [Alternative financing models for small and average forms of managing in agro-industrial complex]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2011, vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 52–54. URL: Link (In Russ.) Safiollin F.N., Khismatullin M.M. Sistema meliorativnogo zemledeliya v Respublike Tatarstan (obshchie voprosy melioratsii zemel' i osobennosti vozdelyvaniya sel'skokhozyaistvennykh kul'tur na polive): monografiya [The system of reclamation agriculture in the Republic of Tatarstan: General issues of land reclamation and features of cultivation of crops on irrigation: a monograph]. Kazan, Kazan State Agrarian University Publ., 2015, 318 p. Mukhametgaliev F., Sitdikova L., Khismatullin M. et al. Prospects of Agricultural Business in the Republic of Tatarstan. BIO Web of Conferences, 2020, vol. 17. URL: Link Subaeva A.K., Mavlieva L.M., Aleksandrova N.R., Nizamutdinov M.M. [Technical modernization of the melioration system as a reserve for improving the efficiency of agriculture]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2017, vol. 12, iss. 3, pp. 124–127. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Khismatullin M.M., Vafina L.T., Safiollin F.N. Comparative Evaluation of Productivity of Ryegrass and Ryegrass-Goatling Grass Stands Affected by Different Mineral and Organomineral Nutrition. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, vol. 341. URL: Link Faizrakhmanov D.I., Mukhametgaliev F.N., Valiev A.R. et al. Organizatsionno-ekonomicheskie aspekty povysheniya effektivnosti agrarnogo biznesa: monografiya [Organizational and economic aspects of improving the efficiency of agricultural business: a monograph]. Kazan, Kazan Federal University Publ., 2021, 376 p. Khafizov D.F., Khismatullin M.M., Khismatullin M.M. Predprinimatel'stvo v agrarnoi sfere: monografiya [Entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector: a monograph]. Kazan, Kazan State University Publ., 2007, 198 p. Khafizov D.F. [Problems of agricultural cooperation in Russia]. Ekonomika i upravlenie: problemy, resheniya = Economics and Management: Problems, Solutions, 2020, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 63–67. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khafizov D.F., Mukhametgaliev F.N., Khismatullin M.M. [Peculiarities of the modern stage of multi-valued economy development]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2018, vol. 13, iss. 3, pp. 157–161. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Khafizov D.F. [On the essence of management forms manifolds in agrarian sphere at institutional reformation]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2014, vol. 9, iss. 3, pp. 66–71. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Mukhametgaliev F.N., Asadullin N.M. et al. Implementation of Government Support Measures for Reclamation as an Incentive for the Development of the Agricultural Industry: Experience of the Republic of Tatarstan. BIO Web of Conferences, 2021, vol. 37. URL: Link

Farmland abandonment is one of the most important land use changes in the world today and crucial to the sustainable development of the global environment. The authors carried out extensive research on farmland abandonment from many perspectives, but, due to the variety of the research contents, rich research perspectives, and complex research objects, the current research in this field lacks comprehensiveness, objectivity, and systematization. In this study, the bibliometric R software packages bibliometrix and biblioshiny (K-Synth Srl, Naples, Italy) were used to analyze the development history and current situation of 896 articles on farmland abandonment in the Web of Science core collection database from 1980 to 2021, revealing their research hotspots and predicting the future development trends. Over the past 40 years, the number of published papers on abandoned farmland has continuously increased. Research mainly focused on the ecological environment, with natural succession, biodiversity, and vegetation restoration being high-frequency keywords in this field. Research on the social aspects of farmland abandonment has developed rapidly in the past 6 years. Based on these findings, this paper put forward four future research directions: the data source for the extraction of abandoned farmland should transform to high spatial-temporal resolution and hyperspectral remote sensing images; the method should pay more attention to the time series change detection and the application of the model; future research should focus on the economic costs of the reclamation of abandoned farmland and the ecological consequences of such reclamation; and the global ecological impact of vegetation succession after the abandonment of farmland should be further discussed from a broader perspective.

The complexity of spatial use has an impact on poverty and the development of slum settlements towards a decrease in environmental quality. In this study, we aim to analyze (1) urbanization and spatial expansion as determinants of spatial dynamics in suburban areas, (2) the effect of spatial expansion, land use change, population increase, and spatial activity patterns on the development of slum settlements, and (3) the relationship between control of spatial planning, handling land reclamation, and improving the quality of infrastructure with improving the quality of the environment and the sustainability of handling slum settlements in the suburbs. We use a sequential explanatory design, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research, and data are obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The results showed that slum settlements in watersheds and coastal areas as well as inadequate support for infrastructure services resulted in excessive groundwater use, soil pollution, and surface water quality pollution resulting in less smooth river flow regulation, lowering of water levels, urban flooding, and disease transmission. Weak control over spatial use, utilization of water catchment areas, and the inadequate fulfillment of slum settlement infrastructure services cause a decrease in environmental quality. These results indicate that it is very important to deal with slum settlements in a sustainable manner, including spatial use and environmental, economic, and social aspects. This study recommends that the handling of slum settlements requires policy support from the government in an effort, to meet the city target without slums by 2030 in Makassar City, Indonesia.

The Territorial Sea Baseline (TSB) allows coastal states to define the maritime boundaries, such as: contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and territorial sea. Their delimitations determine what rights (jurisdiction and sovereignty) a given coastal state is entitled to. For many years, the problem of delimiting baseline was considered in two aspects: legal (lack of clear-cut regulations and different interpretations) and measurement (lack of research tools for precise and reliable depth measurement in ultra-shallow waters). This paper aimed to define the seasonal variability of the TSB in 2018–2020. The survey was conducted in three representative waterbodies of the Republic of Poland: open sea, river mouth and exit from a large port, differing between each other in seabed shape. Baseline measurements were carried out with Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV), equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) geodetic receivers and miniature Single Beam Echo Sounders (SBES). The survey has shown that the smallest seasonal variability of TSB (1.86–3.00 m) was confirmed for the waterbody located near the Vistula Śmiała River mouth, which features steep shores. On the other hand, the greatest variability in the baseline (5.73–8.37 m) as observed in the waterbody adjacent to the public beach in Gdynia. Factors conditioning considerable changes in TSB determination were: periodically performed land reclamation works in the area and the fact that the depth of the waterbody increases slowly when moving away from the coastline.

Purpose – complex multifunctional and dynamic system, which includes a wide range of national economic functions, which is represented by grain farming, and requires priority attention to its development from the state has been analyzed. It is noted that the stability of grain trade, functioning of national and general grain markets depend on the quantity, quality, species range and price level of grain produced, demand, government influence on its production and sale, situation on the world grain market and other factors of an internal and external nature. The research methods are reflected in the improvement of territorial division of labor in the process of grain production and development of grain trade between countries, taking into account the scientific approach to the development and implementation of projects and programs of an interstate association, which should be comprehensive and take into account the positive aspects and barriers in expanding the single grain market. Results – it was revealed that innovative activity, promising innovations for the systems of breeding and seed production of grain crops, development of mechanization, land reclamation, chemical processing, expansion and strengthening of transport routes, information support, management in the fields of grain production and market relations allow the formation of specialized grain zones. Conclusions – in Kazakhstan, it is necessary to create a domestic accounting system in accordance with interstate agreements, according to which, in 2022, a mechanism for the identification and traceability of grain should function in the EAEU. It will require its development, similar to dairy products, which will significantly increase the cost of using these technologies.

The replacement of a traditional crop in favor of a phytoremediating culture is not a neutraloperation, The social acceptability of introducing a phytoremediating crop depends on thecondition that the net present value of the gross labor income (the total revenue diminished bythe non-labor variable costs) earned on the area to be cleaned up and calculated over asufficient long period, is at least not decreased. The case study considered applies to a largearea cross bordering the eastern part of Flanders and the Netherlands characterized withdiffuse heavy metal pollution. The reclamation activity aims at removing 2,5 kg to 5,4 kgcadmium/ha, As a social acceptable, but weak phytoremediation scenario, the yearlycultivation scheme for a 'modal' farn1er starts with 14 ha of rape (in 4 year rotation); 4 ha ofwillow (with harvest every 4th year) and 18 ha of roughage. The resulting median net presentvalue (NPV) over a period of 40 years of the gross labor income is nearly the same as theNPV of continuing the current land occupation (the benchmark), that is 36 ha only forroughage. However, taking into account the uncertainty of the assumed values for importantparameters, the probability of obtaining a lower value for the NPV than currently is, is 62%.We also note that after 40 years only 22 % of the surface is satisfying the remediation target.Increasing the ratio of willow versus rape to 14 ha/4 ha results in the sanitation of the total 36ha after 32 years (willow has a higher uptake performance than rape). On top of this, themedian value for the NPV is now 5 % larger than the benchmark due to the expected largerlabor income on the 'cleaned' hectares. In this scenario the probability of obtaining a lowervalue for the NPY than currently is only 15%.

Purpose: adjustment and expansion of evaluation items of economic efficiency of crop growing in the conditions of irrigated agriculture, taking into account its features. Materials and methods. In the process of evaluation, the classical method of investment analysis, the computational-constructive method, one-parameter analysis of the sensitivity of the hydro-land reclamation project to key risks using the parameter variation method were used. The materials characterizing the water management complex and its state support indicators in the Stavropol Territory are presented. The data from agricultural enterprises in Novoaleksandrovsky and Ipatovsky districts of Stavropol Territory were used in calculations. Results. Based on the analysis of the features of irrigated agriculture, their economic aspects are considered and the corresponding methodological approaches to conducting a comprehensive evaluation of the economic efficiency of irrigated agricultural production are proposed. The approbation of individual elements of the proposed methods using averaged factual data made it possible to illustrate the possibility of modeling economic efficiency in conditions of different irrigation methods, using the example of growing vegetable and fodder crops in dynamics, to conduct an investment analysis of a hydro-reclamation project, to characterize indicators for assessing the efficiency using – the identification of the key resources of crop production in conditions of irrigation – land and water, to identify the determining role of the risks of fluctuations in prices for vegetable products as a critical factor for one of the resulting indicators in the project analysis – the payback period of projects for the organization of irrigated agriculture. Conclusions. The proposed methodological complex allows for a more reasoned and multilateral substantiation of the feasibility of irrigation and land reclamation projects implementation, conducting a comparative analysis of their economic parameters, and predicting the resistance level to changes in the main risk factors.

Purpose: analysis of the regulatory and legal tools aimed at creating conditions for the sustainable functioning of agro-industrial territories of advanced development (hereinafter – APTOR) based on the use of reclamation technologies within the framework of the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. Analysis of the regulatory documentation in the field of agro-industrial sector made it possible to identify the required amendments to the legislation in the field of land reclamation in order to create the APTOR. Using the existing experience of the target direction of subjects with the status of advanced development territories, they proposed APTOR as a kind of variety based on reclamation technologies, the latter being a mechanism that stimulates the intensification of agricultural activity. It has been determined that the interaction of various subjects of state power and management on the creation of territories of advanced development is carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current federal legislation. Conclusions. Currently, in the current legal framework of the Russian Federation, the projects to create advanced development territories, of which there are more than 100 today are being implemented. It is advisable to concretize the concept of “agro-industrial territory of advanced development” in a separate chapter of the current Federal Law no. 473 of December 29, 2014 “On Territories of Advanced Socio-Economic Development in the Russian Federation”.

Purpose: to analyze the organizational aspects of the charge formation for the provision of services on supply (diversion) of water for agricultural producers and to develop proposals for improving the economic mechanism for calculating the cost of these services. Results: the adoption of the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture no. 79 dated 02.18.2013 significantly strengthened the position of institutions in the validity of the provision of services for water supply (diversion) on a paid basis, creating general conditions throughout the country, which made it possible to ensure uninterrupted water supply in the required volumes to water consumers. However, there are still many questions on this issue. As a result of the research, the priority role of the state in the restoration and stable functioning of the land reclamation complex of the country was determined. The problems associated with the underfunding of state reclamation systems operation and non-compliance with environmental legislation have been identified. Conclusions: proposals regarding the current procedure have been developed: the conclusion of two contracts if necessary (both for water supply and diversion) between the FGBU on land reclamation and the water consumer; the imposing of costs associated with penalties in case of exceeding the permissible discharge of pollutants on the agricultural producer in the contract for water diversion; the inclusion of costs for compensation of harm caused to aquatic biological resources as a result of activities for the water supply (withdrawal) resources in the costs of providing services for water supply (diversion); differentiation of formulas for calculating the cost of services for the supply (diversion) of water to agricultural producers on irrigated lands and other consumers not for the purposes of agricultural production. It is necessary to amend the charters of the Federal State Budgetary Institution on Land Reclamation, providing for the attribution of services for the supply (removal) of water to the main partially paid types of activities, and the establishment at the legislative level of the mandatory conclusion of contracts for the provision of services for the supply (removal) of water.

Abstract. The existence and availability of mineral resources in West Java is quite large, one of which is andesite rock in Bandung Regency. Andesite rock has a role in the physical development process, but by paying attention to environmental aspects in carrying out its exploitation, every mining company is required to have Good Mining Practice rules in carrying out mining operations. This research was conducted with the aim of repairing or managing disturbed land as a result of the mining business activities carried out, as well as providing added value to the ex-mining area which can become an object of utility for the surrounding community and the wider community in general. Providing added value includes aspects of appropriate environmental empowerment, economic empowerment resulting from the reclamation activity itself. This study discusses the study of reclamation plans, land surface arrangement, revegetation, reclamation and post-mining costs. Based on the results of the study, the reclamation area was 2,969 ha with the time needed for land management using mechanical tools if the total was 5 years, namely 349.3 days. The time for making the drainage system is 6 days. And the time required for revegetation for 5 years is 155 days. Meanwhile, the direct cost of the reclamation activity plan for the production operation period (2021–2025) is Rp. 1,073,794,391 where the percentage of reclamation planning costs is 8.7% - 10% and supervision costs are between 6.4% - 7%, so that the indirect costs are Rp. 195,240,447. Abstrak. Keberadaan dan keterdapatan sumberdaya bahan tambang di Jawa Barat cukup besar salah satunya batuan andesit di Kabupaten Bandung. Batuan andesit memiliki peran dalam proses pembangunan secara fisik, namun dengan memperhatikan aspek lingkungan didalam melakukan eksploitasinya, yaitu setiap perusahaan tambang wajib memiliki kaidah Good Mining Practice dalam melakukan operasi pertambangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk memperbaiki atau menata lahan yang terganggu sebagai akibat kegiatan usaha pertambangan yang dilakukan, serta memberikan nilai tambah pada area bekas tambang yang dapat menjadi obyek daya guna bagi masyarakat sekitar serta masyarakat luas pada umumnya. Memberikan nilai tambah mencakup pada aspek pemberdayaan lingkungan yang tepat guna, pemberdayaan ekonomi yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan reklamasi itu sendiri. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kajian rencana reklamasi, penataan permukaan lahan, revegetasi, biaya reklamasi dan pasca tambang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapat luasan area reklamasi 2.969 ha dengan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk penataan lahan menggunakan alat-alat mekanis jika ditotal selamat 5 tahun yaitu 349,3 hari. Waktu pembuatan sistem drainase yaitu 6 hari. Dan waktu revegetasi yang dibutuhkan selama pengerjaan 5 tahun yaitu 155 hari. Sedangkan biaya langsung rencana kegiatan reklamasi periode operasi produksi (2021–2025) adalah sebesar Rp. 1.073.794.391 dimana persentase biaya perencanaan reklamasi 8,7 % – 10 % dan biaya supervisi antara 6,4 % – 7 %, sehingga didapat biaya tidak langsungnya sebesar Rp. 195.240.447.

Current situation and agricultural management on the non-black earth area of Russia arebeing gradually worsen by the negative natural factors such as a significant increase of weather based climatic abnormal risks, deterioration of agro-meliorative conditions of agricultural lands because of colonization by tree and shrubbery vegetation and secondary bog formation, hidden degradation of soil fertility. When combined with functional loss of ameliorative complex and meliorative systems amortization, regional agriculture adaptation possibilities were rapidly limited. Production shortfall due no abnormal weather conditions for particular field crops was 19…48% during last five years, level of business realization of bioclimatic potential on a field was decreased by 7…12%.The complete realization of regional agricultural adaptive potential to weather based climatic changes and limitation of greenhouse gases emissions is possible on a basis of regeneration ofalll functions and aspects of ameliorative complex management. Toward this goal the coordinated actions of federal and regional management of Agricultural Complex, Scientific and Educational institutions, project foundations and managers are needed in a relation to human resources, scientific and regulatory supply. Any incomplete treatment in these fields inherent in visual negative consequences for food security and social economic development of rural areas of non-black earth zones not only at the current historical moment, but in a future also. Fundamental influence of solving of these problems deserves to scientific supply of innovative ameliorative complex, renewal of which should be based on principals of resources and energy preservation, nature management, computerization and digitalization management. During a long term research it was established that increase of average vegetation period temperature by lоСhas increased productivity of winter wheat, barley and summer wheat in average on 0,7 tons per ha, winter wheat and oat on 0,4 tons per ha, potatoes – 8,2 tons per ha, edible roots-6,4 tons per ha, cabbage 9,8 tons per ha, dry basis of herbage of multi and one age grasses–0,5 and 0,7 tons per ha. Increase of СО2 Concentration from 0,35 to 0,45% during last twenty years contributed into grow of yield in regional agriculture which can be estimated as 0,3 tons per ha per measure; searching remedy for agroclimatical risks decreasing production became drainage and irrigation systems (decrease 3…5 times);new method of reclamation of abandoned areas with transformation of biomass of tree and shrubbery vegetation into biochar makes it possible to decrease СО2 emissions up to times and get an adverse balance of СО2;secondary reclamation of lands covered by trees and shrubbery on area of 22ha used for vegetables and area of 37ha used for forage crops could supply a farmer with work and revenue sufficient for maintenance of one child what is on the major facts of population declaim in rural areas.

In 2013, the Capricornia Arts Mob (CAM), an Indigenous collective of artists situated in Rockhampton, central Queensland, Australia, successfully tendered for one of three public art projects that were grouped under the title Flood Markers (Roberts; Roberts and Mackay; Robinson and Mackay). Commissioned as part of the Queensland Government's Community Development and Engagement Initiative, Flood Markers aims to increase awareness of Rockhampton’s history, with particular focus on the Fitzroy River and the phenomena of flooding. Honouring Land Connections is CAM’s contribution to the project and consists of several “memory poles” that stand alongside the Fitzroy River in Toonooba Park. Rockhampton lies on Dharumbal Country with Toonooba being the Dharumbal name for the Fitzroy River and the inspiration for the work due to its cultural significance to the Aboriginal people of that region. The name Toonooba, as well as other images and icons including boomerangs, spears, nets, water lily, and frogs, amongst others, are carved, burnt, painted and embedded into the large ironbark poles. These stand with the river on one side and the colonial infrastructure of Rockhampton on the other (see fig. 1, 2 and 3).Figure 1 Figure 2Figure 3Within this article, we discuss Honouring Land Connections as having two main functions which contribute to its significance as Indigenous cultural expression and identity affirmation. Firstly, the memory poles (as well as the process of sourcing materials and producing the final product) are a manifestation of Country and a representation of its stories and lived memories. Honouring Land Connections provides a means for Aboriginal people to revel in Country and maintain connections to a vital component of their being as Indigenous. Secondly, by revealing Indigenous stories, experiences, and memories, Honouring Land Connections emphasises Indigenous voices and perspectives within a place dominated by Eurocentric outlooks and knowledges. Toonooba provides the backdrop on which the complexities of cultural and identity formation within settler-colonial spaces are highlighted whilst revelling in continuous Indigenous presence.Flood Markers as ArtArtists throughout the world have used flood markers as a means of visual expression through which to explore and reveal local histories, events, environments, and socio-cultural understandings of the relationships between persons, places, and the phenomena of flooding. Geertz describes art as a social text embedded within wider socio-cultural systems; providing insight into cultural, social, political, economic, gendered, religious, ethnic, environmental, and biographical contexts. Flood markers are not merely metric tools used for measuring the height of a river, but rather serve as culture artefacts or indexes (Gell Art and Agency; Gell "Technology of Enchantment") that are products and producers of socio-culture contexts and the memories and experiences embedded within them. Through different methods, mediums, and images, artists have created experiential and intellectual spaces where those who encounter their work are encouraged to engage their surroundings in thought provoking and often-new ways.In some cases, flood markers have brought attention to the “character and natural history” of a particular place, where artists such as Louise Lavarack have sought to provoke consciousness of the movement of water across flood plains (Lavarack). In other works, flood markers have served as memorials to individuals such as Gilbert White whose daughter honoured his life and research through installing a glass spire at Boulder Creek, Colorado in 2011 (White). Tragedies such as Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005 have also been commemorated through flood markers. Artist Christopher Saucedo carved 1,836 waves into a freestanding granite block; each wave representing a life lost (University of New Orleans). The weight of the granite symbolises the endurance and resilience of those who faced, and will continue to face, similar forces of nature. The Pillar of Courage erected in 2011 in Ipswich, Queensland, similarly contains the words “resilience, community, strength, heroes, caring and unity” with each word printed on six separate sections of the pillar, representing the six major floods that have hit the region (Chudleigh).Whilst these flood markers provide valuable insights into local histories, specific to each environmental and socio-cultural context, works such as the Pillar of Courage fail to address Indigenous relationships to Country. By framing flooding as a “natural disaster” to be overcome, rather than an expression of Country to be listened to and understood, Euro and human-centric perspectives are prioritised over Indigenous ways of knowing and being. Indigenous knowledges however encourages a reorientation of Eurocentric responses and relationships to Country, and in doing so challenge compartmentalised views of “nature” where flooding is separated from land and Country (Ingold Perception; Seton and Bradley; Singer). Honouring Land Connections symbolises the voice and eternal presence of Toonooba and counters presentations of flooding that depict it as historian Heather Goodall (36) once saw “as unusual events of disorder in which the river leaves its proper place with catastrophic results.”Country To understand flooding from Indigenous perspectives it is first necessary to discuss Country and apprehend what it means for Indigenous peoples. Country refers to the physical, cosmological, geographical, relational, and emotional setting upon which Indigenous identities and connections to place and kin are embedded. Far from a passive geographic location upon which interactions take place, Country is an active and responsive agent that shapes and contextualises social interactions between and amongst all living beings. Bob Morgan writes of how “Country is more than issues of land and geography; it is about spirituality and identity, knowing who we are and who we are connected to; and it helps us understand how all living things are connected.” Country is also an epistemological frame that is filled with knowledge that may be known and familiarised whilst being knowledge itself (Langton "Sacred"; Rose Dingo; Yunupingu).Central to understanding Country is the fact that it refers to a living being’s spiritual homeland which is the ontological place where relationships are formed and maintained (Yunupingu). As Country nurtures and provides the necessities for survival and prosperity, Indigenous people (but also non-Indigenous populations) have moral obligations to care for Country as kin (Rose Nourishing Terrains). Country is epistemic, relational, and ontological and refers to both physical locations as well as modes of “being” (Heidegger), meaning it is carried from place to place as an embodiment within a person’s consciousness. Sally Morgan (263) describes how “our country is alive, and no matter where we go, our country never leaves us.” Country therefore is fluid and mobile for it is ontologically inseparable to one’s personhood, reflected through phrases such as “I am country” (B. Morgan 204).Country is in continuous dialogue with its surroundings and provides the setting upon which human and non-human beings; topographical features such as mountains and rivers; ancestral beings and spirits such as the Rainbow Snake; and ecological phenomena such as winds, tides, and floods, interact and mutually inform each other’s existence (Rose Nourishing Terrains). For Aboriginal people, understanding Country requires “deep listening” (Atkinson; Ungunmerr), a responsive awareness that moves beyond monological and human-centric understandings of the world and calls for deeper understandings of the mutual and co-dependant relationships that exist within it. The awareness of such mutuality has been discussed through terms such as “kincentrism” (Salmón), “meshworks” (Ingold Lines), “webs of connection” (Hokari), “nesting” (Malpas), and “native science” (Cajete). Such concepts are ways of theorising “place” as relational, physical, and mental locations made up of numerous smaller interactions, each of which contribute to the identity and meaning of place. Whilst each individual agent or object retains its own autonomy, such autonomy is dependent on its wider relation to others, meaning that place is a location where “objectivity, subjectivity and inter-subjectivity converge” (Malpas 35) and where the very essence of place is revealed.Flooding as DialogueWhen positioned within Indigenous frameworks, flooding is both an agent and expression of Toonooba and Country. For the phenomenon to occur however, numerous elements come into play such as the fall of rain; the layout of the surrounding terrain; human interference through built weirs and dams; and the actions and intervention of ancestral beings and spirits. Furthermore, flooding has a direct impact on Country and all life within it. This is highlighted by Dharumbal Elder Uncle Billy Mann (Fitzroy Basin Association "Billy Mann") who speaks of the importance of flooding in bringing water to inland lagoons which provide food sources for Dharumbal people, especially at times when the water in Toonooba is low. Such lagoons remain important places for fishing, hunting, recreational activities, and cultural practices but are reliant on the flow of water caused by the flowing, and at times flooding river, which Uncle Mann describes as the “lifeblood” of Dharumbal people and Country (Fitzroy Basin Association "Billy Mann"). Through her research in the Murray-Darling region of New South Wales, Weir writes of how flooding sustains life though cycles that contribute to ecological balance, providing nourishment and food sources for all beings (see also Cullen and Cullen 98). Water’s movement across land provokes the movement of animals such as mice and lizards, providing food for snakes. Frogs emerge from dry clay plains, finding newly made waterholes. Small aquatic organisms flourish and provide food sources for birds. Golden and silver perch spawn, and receding waters promote germination and growth. Aboriginal artist Ron Hurley depicts a similar cycle in a screen-print titled Waterlily–Darambal Totem. In this work Hurley shows floodwaters washing away old water lily roots that have been cooked in ant bed ovens as part of Dharumbal ceremonies (UQ Anthropology Museum). The cooking of the water lily exposes new seeds, which rains carry to nearby creeks and lagoons. The seeds take root and provide food sources for the following year. Cooking water lily during Dharumbal ceremonies contributes to securing and maintaining a sustainable food source as well as being part of Dharumbal cultural practice. Culture, ecological management, and everyday activity are mutually connected, along with being revealed and revelled in. Aboriginal Elder and ranger Uncle Fred Conway explains how Country teaches Aboriginal people to live in balance with their surroundings (Fitzroy Basin Association "Fred Conway"). As Country is in constant communication, numerous signifiers can be observed on land and waterscapes, indicating the most productive and sustainable time to pursue certain actions, source particular foods, or move to particular locations. The best time for fishing in central Queensland for example is when Wattles are in bloom, indicating a time when fish are “fatter and sweeter” (Fitzroy Basin Association "Fred Conway"). In this case, the Wattle is 1) autonomous, having its own life cycle; 2) mutually dependant, coming into being because of seasonal weather patterns; and 3) an agent of Country that teaches those with awareness how to respond and benefit from its lessons.Dialogue with Country As Country is sentient and responsive, it is vital that a person remains contextually aware of their actions on and towards their surroundings. Indigenous peoples seek familiarity with Country but also ensure that they themselves are known and familiarised by it (Rose Dingo). In a practice likened to “baptism”, Langton ("Earth") describes how Aboriginal Elders in Cape York pour water over the head of newcomers as a way of introducing them to Country, and ensuring that Country knows those who walk upon it. These introductions are done out of respect for Country and are a way of protecting outsiders from the potentially harmful powers of ancestral beings. Toussaint et al. similarly note how during mortuary rites, parents of the deceased take water from rivers and spit it back into the land, symbolising the spirit’s return to Country.Dharumbal man Robin Hatfield demonstrates the importance of not interfering with the dialogue of Country through recalling being told as a child not to disturb Barraru or green frogs. Memmott (78) writes that frogs share a relationship with the rain and flooding caused by Munda-gadda, the Rainbow Snake. Uncle Dougie Hatfield explains the significance of Munda-gadda to his Country stating how “our Aboriginal culture tells us that all the waterways, lagoons, creeks, rivers etc. and many landforms were created by and still are protected by the Moonda-Ngutta, what white people call the Rainbow Snake” (Memmott 79).In the case of Robin Hatfield, to interfere with Barraru’s “business” is to threaten its dialogue with Munda-gadda and in turn the dialogue of Country in form of rain. In addition to disrupting the relational balance between the frog and Munda-gadda, such actions potentially have far-reaching social and cosmological consequences. The rain’s disruption affects the flood plains, which has direct consequences for local flora and transportation and germination of water lily seeds; fauna, affecting the spawning of fish and their movement into lagoons; and ancestral beings such as Munda-gadda who continue to reside within Toonooba.Honouring Land Connections provided artists with a means to enter their own dialogue with Country and explore, discuss, engage, negotiate, and affirm aspects of their indigeneity. The artists wanted the artwork to remain organic to demonstrate honour and respect for Dharumbal connections with Country (Roberts). This meant that materials were sourced from the surrounding Country and the poles placed in a wave-like pattern resembling Munda-gadda. Alongside the designs and symbols painted and carved into the poles, fish skins, birds, nests, and frogs are embalmed within cavities that are cut into the wood, acting as windows that allow viewers to witness components of Country that are often overlooked (see fig. 4). Country therefore is an equal participant within the artwork’s creation and continuing memories and stories. More than a representation of Country, Honouring Land Connections is a literal manifestation of it.Figure 4Opening Dialogue with Non-Indigenous AustraliaHonouring Land Connections is an artistic and cultural expression that revels in Indigenous understandings of place. The installation however remains positioned within a contested “hybrid” setting that is informed by both Indigenous and settler-colonial outlooks (Bhabha). The installation for example is separated from the other two artworks of Flood Markers that explore Rockhampton’s colonial and industrial history. Whilst these are positioned within a landscaped area, Honouring Land Connections is placed where the grass is dying, seating is lacking, and is situated next to a dilapidated coast guard building. It is a location that is as quickly left behind as it is encountered. Its separation from the other two works is further emphasised through its depiction in the project brief as a representation of Rockhampton’s pre-colonial history. Presenting it in such a way has the effect of bookending Aboriginal culture in relation to European settlement, suggesting that its themes belong to a time past rather than an immediate present. Almost as if it is a revelation in and of itself. Within settler-colonial settings, place is heavily politicised and often contested. In what can be seen as an ongoing form of colonialism, Eurocentric epistemologies and understandings of place continue to dominate public thought, rhetoric, and action in ways that legitimise White positionality whilst questioning and/or subjugating other ways of knowing, being, and doing (K. Martin; Moreton-Robinson; Wolfe). This turns places such as Toonooba into agonistic locations of contrasting and competing interests (Bradfield). For many Aboriginal peoples, the memories and emotions attached to a particular place can render it as either comfortable and culturally safe, or as unsafe, unsuitable, unwelcoming, and exclusionary (Fredericks). Honouring Land Connections is one way of publicly asserting and recognising Toonooba as a culturally safe, welcoming, and deeply meaningful place for Indigenous peoples. Whilst the themes explored in Honouring Land Connections are not overtly political, its presence on colonised/invaded land unsettles Eurocentric falsities and colonial amnesia (B. Martin) of an uncontested place and history in which Indigenous voices and knowledges are silenced. The artwork is a physical reminder that encourages awareness—particularly for non-Indigenous populations—of Indigenous voices that are continuously demanding recognition of Aboriginal place within Country. Similar to the boomerangs carved into the poles representing flooding as a natural expression of Country that will return (see fig. 5), Indigenous peoples continue to demand that the wider non-Indigenous population acknowledge, respect, and morally responded to Aboriginal cultures and knowledges.Figure 5Conclusion Far from a historic account of the past, the artists of CAM have created an artwork that promotes awareness of an immediate and emerging Indigenous presence on Country. It creates a space that is welcoming to Indigenous people, allowing them to engage with and affirm aspects of their living histories and cultural identities. Through sharing stories and providing “windows” into Aboriginal culture, Country, and lived experiences (which like the frogs of Toonooba are so often overlooked), the memory poles invite and welcome an open dialogue with non-Indigenous Australians where all may consider their shared presence and mutual dependence on each other and their surroundings.The memory poles are mediatory agents that stand on Country, revealing and bearing witness to the survival, resistance, tenacity, and continuity of Aboriginal peoples within the Rockhampton region and along Toonooba. Honouring Land Connections is not simply a means of reclaiming the river as an Indigenous space, for reclamation signifies something regained after it has been lost. What the memory poles signify is something eternally present, i.e. Toonooba is and forever will be embedded in Aboriginal Country in which we all, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, human and non-human, share. The memory poles serve as lasting reminders of whose Country Rockhampton is on and describes the life ways of that Country, including times of flood. Through celebrating and revelling in the presence of Country, the artists of CAM are revealing the deep connection they have to Country to the wider non-Indigenous community.ReferencesAtkinson, Judy. Trauma Trails, Recreating Song Lines: The Transgenerational Effects of Trauma in Indigenous Australia. Spinifex Press, 2002.Bhabha, Homi, K. The Location of Culture. Taylor and Francis, 2012.Bradfield, Abraham. "Decolonizing the Intercultural: A Call for Decolonizing Consciousness in Settler-Colonial Australia." Religions 10.8 (2019): 469.Cajete, Gregory. Native Science: Natural Laws of Interdependence. 1st ed. 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