Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reciprocal Mixing

Academic literature on the topic 'Reciprocal Mixing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Reciprocal Mixing"

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Mikhemar, Mohyee, David Murphy, Ahmad Mirzaei, and Hooman Darabi. "A Cancellation Technique for Reciprocal-Mixing Caused by Phase Noise and Spurs." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 48, no. 12 (December 2013): 3080–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2013.2283758.

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WATANABE, Koji, Koji WADA, Tomoshi YOKOYAMA, and Masami HIRATA. "STATIC AXIAL RECIPROCAL LOAD TESTS FOR SOIL-CEMENT MIXING WALL USED AS PERMANET PILES." Journal of Structural Engineering B 68B (2022): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijjse.68b.0_345.

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Chandler, Jocelyn B., Alexa J. Siddon, Parveen Bahel, Richard Torres, Henry M. Rinder, and Christopher A. Tormey. "Modified approach to fibrinogen replacement in the setting of dysfibrinogenaemia." Journal of Clinical Pathology 72, no. 2 (November 21, 2018): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205438.

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Most fibrinogen replacement strategies focus on quantitative deficiencies. A thrombin time (TT) mixing study helped to assess qualitative defects caused by dysfibrinogens. Plasma samples were collected from non-anticoagulated subjects (n=6) meeting laboratory criteria for suspected dysfibrinogenaemia (TT > 22 s; fibrinogen activity <180) and from a control group. TT mixing studies were performed on subject plasma with increasing volumes of pooled normal plasma at 1:2, 1:4 and 1:5 dilutions. No subjects with dysfibrinogenaemia demonstrated a complete TT correction at 1:2, but 50% corrected at 1:4 and 100% at 1:5 dilution. Based on these data, a correction factor (CF), defined as the reciprocal dilution yielding complete correction, was incorporated into our clinical practice formula for fibrinogen dosing in patients with dysfibrinogenaemias. Our study incorporates TT mixing studies for assessment of dysfibrinogens. The addition of a mix-derived CF to classical formulae may better approximate dosing in patients with dysfibrinogenaemia.
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Bharmoria, Pankaj, Krishnaiah Damarla, Tushar J. Trivedi, Naved I. Malek, and Arvind Kumar. "A reciprocal binary mixture of protic/aprotic ionic liquids as a deep eutectic solvent: physicochemical behaviour and application towards agarose processing." RSC Advances 5, no. 120 (2015): 99245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22329f.

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Angarita, Belcy K., Rodolfo J. C. Cantet, Kaitlin E. Wurtz, Carly I. O’Malley, Janice M. Siegford, Catherine W. Ernst, Simon P. Turner, and Juan P. Steibel. "Estimation of indirect social genetic effects for skin lesion count in group-housed pigs by quantifying behavioral interactions1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 9 (September 2019): 3658–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz244.

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Abstract Mixing of pigs into new social groups commonly induces aggressive interactions that result in skin lesions on the body of the animals. The relationship between skin lesions and aggressive behavioral interactions in group-housed pigs can be analyzed within the framework of social genetic effects (SGE). This study incorporates the quantification of aggressive interactions between pairs of animals in the modeling of SGE for skin lesions in different regions of the body in growing pigs. The dataset included 792 pigs housed in 59 pens. Skin lesions in the anterior, central, and caudal regions of the body were counted 24 h after pig mixing. Animals were video-recorded for 9 h postmixing and trained observers recorded the type and duration of aggressive interactions between pairs of animals. The number of seconds that pairs of pigs spent engaged in reciprocal fights and unilateral attack behaviors were used to parametrize the intensity of social interactions (ISI). Three types of models were fitted: direct genetic additive model (DGE), traditional social genetic effect model (TSGE) assuming uniform interactions between dyads, and an intensity-based social genetic effect model (ISGE) that used ISI to parameterize SGE. All models included fixed effects of sex, replicate, lesion scorer, weight at mixing, premixing lesion count, and the total time that the animal spent engaged in aggressive interactions (reciprocal fights and unilateral attack behaviors) as a covariate; a random effect of pen; and a random direct genetic effect. The ISGE models recovered more direct genetic variance than DGE and TSGE, and the estimated heritabilities (h^D2) were highest for all traits (P &lt; 0.01) for the ISGE with ISI parametrized with unilateral attack behavior. The TSGE produced estimates that did not differ significantly from DGE (P &gt; 0.5). Incorporating the ISI into ISGE, even in a small dataset, allowed separate estimation of the genetic parameters for direct and SGE, as well as the genetic correlation between direct and SGE (r^ds), which was positive for all lesion traits. The estimates from ISGE suggest that if behavioral observations are available, selection incorporating SGE may reduce the consequences of aggressive behaviors after mixing pigs.
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Löptien, Ulrike, and Heiner Dietze. "Reciprocal bias compensation and ensuing uncertainties in model-based climate projections: pelagic biogeochemistry versus ocean mixing." Biogeosciences 16, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 1865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1865-2019.

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Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and N2O impinge on the Earth system, which in turn modulates atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The underlying feedback mechanisms are complex and, at times, counterintuitive. So-called Earth system models have recently matured to standard tools tailored to assess these feedback mechanisms in a warming world. Applications for these models range from being targeted at basic process understanding to the assessment of geo-engineering options. A problem endemic to all these applications is the need to estimate poorly known model parameters, specifically for the biogeochemical component, based on observational data (e.g., nutrient fields). In the present study, we illustrate with an Earth system model that through such an approach biases and other model deficiencies in the physical ocean circulation model component can reciprocally compensate for biases in the pelagic biogeochemical model component (and vice versa). We present two model configurations that share a remarkably similar steady state (based on ad hoc measures) when driven by historical boundary conditions, even though they feature substantially different configurations (parameter sets) of ocean mixing and biogeochemical cycling. When projected into the future the similarity between the model responses breaks. Metrics such as changes in total oceanic carbon content and suboxic volume diverge between the model configurations as the Earth warms. Our results reiterate that advancing the understanding of oceanic mixing processes will reduce the uncertainty of future projections of oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Related to the latter, we suggest that an advanced understanding of oceanic biogeochemical cycles can be used for advancements in ocean circulation modules.
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Gardner, Carli. "Mash-up, Smash-up: Mixing Genres and Mediums to Rewrite History in Do Not Say We Have Nothing." Contemporary Kanata: Interdisciplinary Approaches To Canadian Studies, no. 1 (September 26, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2564-4661.17.

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In Madeleine Thien’s novel Do Not Say We Have Nothing, a historical photograph of three protestors at Tiananmen Square is directly inserted into the fictional text. The goal of my research is to start a scholarly conversation on this work by exploring the relationship between the historical image and the fictional text to establish Thien’s novel as postmodern. Drawing on postmodernist theories, this paper applies the works of prominent thinkers in the field to ask how the collision of genres and mediums (history and fiction; image and text), in Do Not Say We Have Nothing renders the novel postmodern. The first aim of this paper is to demonstrate the reciprocal relationship between text and image. The relationship is reciprocal because while the photograph certifies and undermines the story, the story also certifies and undermines the photograph. After establishing the multiple functions of the relationship between text and image, this paper explores how the collision of genres elicits multiple interpretations of the novel and the historical events it details. To understand how multiple interpretations of history destabilize historical metanarratives, this paper will finally investigate how the novel gives a voice to those omitted from history. By acknowledging Thien’s novel as postmodern, this paper analyzes the important role of fiction in representing those whose experiences are effaced by historical metanarratives. My postmodernist interpretation of Do Not Say We Have Nothing will provide new ways of reading and interpreting the novel and situating it within the canon of Canadian Literature.
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Brajon, Sophie, Jamie Ahloy-Dallaire, Nicolas Devillers, and Frédéric Guay. "Social status and previous experience in the group as predictors of welfare of sows housed in large semi-static groups." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): e0244704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244704.

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Mixing gestating sows implies hierarchy formation and has detrimental consequences on welfare. The effects of social stress on the most vulnerable individuals may be underestimated and it is therefore important to evaluate welfare between individuals within groups. This study aimed at investigating the impact of social status and previous experience in the group on well-being of sows housed in large semi-static groups. We assessed aggression (d0 (mixing), d2, d27, d29), body lesions (d1, d26, d84) and feeding order on 20 groups of 46–91 animals. Social status was based on the proportion of fights won during a 6-hr observation period between d0 and d2. Dominants (29%) were those who won more fights than they lost, Subdominants (25%) won fewer fights than they lost, Losers (23%) never won any fight in which they were involved while Avoiders (23%) were never involved in fights. Resident sows (70%) were already present in the group in the previous gestation while New sows (30%) were newly introduced at mixing. Subdominants and Dominants were highly involved in fights around mixing but this was more detrimental for Subdominants than Dominants, Losers and Avoiders since they had the highest body lesion scores at mixing. Avoiders received less non-reciprocal agonistic acts than Losers on d2 (P = 0.0001) and had the lowest body lesion scores after mixing. However, Avoiders and Losers were more at risk in the long-term since they had the highest body lesions scores at d26 and d84. They were followed by Subdominants and then Dominants. New sows fought more (P<0.0001), tended to be involved in longer fights (P = 0.075) around mixing and had more body lesions throughout gestation than Resident sows. Feeding order from one-month post-mixing was influenced both by the previous experience in the group and social status (P<0.0001). New sows, especially with a low social status, are more vulnerable throughout gestation and could serve as indicators of non-optimal conditions.
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Bazrgar, Masood, Hamid Gourabi, Anis Karimpour-Fard, Parnaz Borjian Boroujeni, Khadije Anisi, Bahar Movaghar, and Mojtaba Rezazadeh Valojerdi. "Origins of Intraindividual Genetic Variation in Human Fetuses." Reproductive Sciences 26, no. 8 (November 19, 2018): 1139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1933719118808919.

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Background: Intraindividual copy number variation (CNV) origin is largely unknown. They might be due to aging and/or common genome instability at the preimplantation stage while contribution of preimplantation in human intraindividual CNVs occurrence is unknown. To address this question, we investigated mosaicism and its origin in the fetuses of natural conception. Methods: We studied normal fetuses following therapeutic abortion due to maternal indications. We analyzed the genome of 22 tissues of each fetus by array comparative genomic hybridization for intraindividual CNVs. Each tissue was studied in 2 microarray experiments; the reciprocal aberrations larger than 40 Kb, identified by comparing tissues of each fetus, were subsequently validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Through intraindividual comparison, frequency of reciprocal events varied from 2 to 9. According to the distribution pattern of the frequent CNV in derivatives of different germ layers, we found that its origin is early development including preimplantation, whereas CNVs with low frequency have occurred in later stages. Shared CNVs in both fetuses were belonged to thymus and related to the functional role of genes located in these CNVs. Conclusions: The origin of some of fetal CNVs is preimplantation stage. Each organ might inherit CNVs with an unpredictable pattern due to the extensive cell mixing/migration in embryonic development.
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Srihandayani, Luisa. "PERSPEKTIF YURIDIS DAN PRAKTIS PEMBEDAAN WANPRESTASI DAN PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM." Jurnal Kawruh Abiyasa 1, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.59301/jka.v1i2.22.

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Reciprocal activity between 2 (two) parties is something that often happens in daily life. By carrying out these reciprocal activities, the parties have unknowingly entered into an agreement (legal act) that gives rise to an engagement (legal relationship in the field of property between 2 (two) or more people in which one party is entitled to something and the other party is obliged to do so. over something). The obligations agreed upon by the parties are often called 'achievements'. According to Article 1234 of the Civil Code (KUHPer), achievements born from an engagement can be in the form of: (1) giving something; (2) do something; (3) do nothing. In order for both parties to get what they want, the achievements in each engagement must be carried out by each party. Academically, defaults often intersect with 'acts against the law' (PMH) because both of them are related to acts of 'harming others' and the legal consequences of 'compensation'. In practice, there is often confusion where a default is said to be PMH, or vice versa. Whereas default and PMH are 2 (two) different legal acts. The phenomenon of mixing default and PMH can also be found in various judges' decisions in court.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reciprocal Mixing"

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Tseng, I.-Cho, and 曾奕焯. "Enhancement of microfluidic mixing using reciprocal flow over baffles." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70468428311125632620.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
94
In this work, we investigate the effects of baffles and periodic infusion on the mixing in a simple “T” channel. We used the SU-8 thick film photoresist on the silicon wafer to fabricate the structure of the micromixers by photolithogrphy. Casting of polydimethysiloxane（PDMS）was followed to mold the SU-8 pattern. Another PDMS with three holes was used to bond the first patterned PDMS together. Then, we obtained the experimental micromixer. The fluid flow system consists of the micromixer, pipes and two micro-syringe pumps. The two pumps supply the two kinds of fluids to the micromixer at time variable rates. An image capture system, including an optical microscope, a CCD camera, an image capture card and a personal computer, was set up. The visualization of the mixing process and the grayscale level of the mixing fluids are obtained by the system. Mixing efficiency was evaluated by calculating grayscale level of the fluids flowing through the micromixer. We also study mixing flow by the CFD-ACE+. Study the effect of infusion mode, fluid velocity and period by experiment and simulation. The results show that (i) the baffles can make the fluid mixing better, (ii) the mixing effect of reciprocal flow is better then steady flow, (iii) the mixing efficiency of the infusion in which both inlets keep the same velocity in phase and time ratio of infusion to withdraw is 2:1 is superior to the other infusions, (iv) the dependence of the mixing effect on Strouhal number does not show a general trend for the different infusions considered.
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Lawrence, Richard Allen. "The transfer, mixing and wear behaviour of an Al-Si-SiC metal matrix composite under plasticity dominated, low speed reciprocal sliding conditions." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/19905.

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Lenka, Manas Kumar. "Blocker-tolerant Receiver Design Suitable for Software-defined and Cognitive Radio Applications." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4127.

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The ever growing demand for higher data rates and the heavy usage of wireless communication devices have created frequency congestion on certain bands of the radio spectrum. The push has been towards new standards that can quench this thirst for data capacity and more space on the spectrum. This has led to added complexity and cost for radio platforms. In particular, the increase in the number of antennas, switch banks and pre-select filters have made it challenging to implement these platforms cost-effectively. Therefore, concepts such as software-defined radio(SDR) and cognitive radio(CR) have been proposed to tackle this problem. These concepts, allow the use of a single wideband receiver which can handle multiple radio standards spread across the entire spectrum of interest. The introduction of a common flexible hardware platform eliminates the use of multiple off-chip RF pre-filters and thus lowers cost, reduces complexity and form factor. While attractive, these future radio receivers pose a number of unique challenges to the designer. This thesis focuses on frequency translation (FT) techniques and addresses two key SDR/CR challenges: the robustness to out-of-band interference (OBI) or block-ers and the compatibility with CMOS scaling and system-on-chip (SoC) integration. The thesis studies the principles and the performance limitations of existing FT tech-niques and proposes new circuit-and-system techniques to improve the performance of wideband receivers suitable for SDR and CR applications. First, the performance of the frequency translational resistive feedback receiver frontend is studied and analyzed. Instead of using a conventional LNA, the job of the LNA is shared along the receiver chain through the utilization of frequency translation techniques. This approach significantly relaxes the trade-off between noise, out-of-band linearity and wideband operation. Though frequency translation is at the core of the receiver functionality, it is accomplished using time-varying, strongly nonlinear passive mixer circuits. So the operation and noise performance cannot be understood using standard LTI circuit analysis techniques. To this end, an in-depth LTV analysis is presented which accurately captures the gain, input matching and the noise performance of the receiver. Next, a wideband blocker tolerant receiver with an RF frequency range of 0.1 GHz to 2.2 GHz is proposed. By using frequency-translational resistive shunt-feedback, the receiver achieves frequency selective input match across its entire range of operation. Four techniques for improving blocker tolerance of the receiver have been utilized: 1) voltage amplification only after baseband filtering 2) blocker rejection at the antenna interface using an N-path filter 3) blocker current cancellation in the baseband 4) frequency translational noise cancellation which uses an auxiliary path to cancel the noise of the main path. By introducing an auxiliary path, the value of the RF transconductor in the main path is halved which in turn relaxes the requirements of the main path and further improves the overall linearity of the receiver while degradation in the noise figure is prevented due to noise-cancellation. As a proof of concept, a receiver prototype is fabricated in a 130 nm CMOS process. The measurement results demonstrate that the receiver achieves +2dBm in-band IIP3 and +27dBm out-of-band IIP3. The measured noise figure varies from 2.6 dB at low frequencies to 3.2 dB at 2.2 GHz. The receiver can tolerate a +2.5 dBm blocker beyond a 40 MHz offset while achieving a blocker noise figure of 4.6 dB for a 0-dBm blocker at 40 MHz offset. Finally, architecture and circuit techniques are proposed to improve the receiver’s resilience to strong harmonic blockers. Designed in a 40nm standard CMOS process, the receiver can tolerate up to -1 dBm harmonic blockers. On the other hand, it achieves a 1-dB standard blocker compression point of +3 dBm and OB-IIP3 of +24 dBm at a 40 MHz offset from the LO frequency.
Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt. of India.
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Books on the topic "Reciprocal Mixing"

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Feller, Laurent. Travail, salaire et pauvreté au moyen âge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0010.

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Hired working is a topic rarely dealt with by medievalists. It is nevertheless a central matter: beside the corvée and the range of constraints that goes with the seigniorial system, wages play an important part in the organization of rural or urban working. In the first place, every kind of work, even constrained work, has a cost. This ranges from the material organization of the tasks to the offering of a meal or to the payment of a monetary counterpart in exchange for the work. These features are compensations for the time passed in the fields or in the workshop and for the strength and skill used to satisfy the demands of the master. The fact that this cost is not necessarily, and never entirely, monetized is a barrier to thinking that between tenth and fifteenth centuries work could be considered a mere commodity whose wage is a price. The existence of counterparts in working means that there are reciprocal obligations: this fits well with an economic system in which acts and things can be valued according to social or political circumstances. Hired working appears to have been part of the seigniorial system from its very beginnings, as a marginal but useful way to obtain work from free workers. The way in which the different tasks are remunerated, and not only the amounts concerned, reveal the hierarchies in working: there is a gap between the gold given once a year to an architect (or to a professor at a university) and the bullion used to pay workers once a week on construction sites. The ways of remunerating work can be very complicated, mixing payments in cash and in kind. These payments show a considerable confusion in the conception of what the remuneration consists of: different words are used, even in the same contexts, to indicate the same economic reality, especially in rural contexts where the remuneration can involve clothes, cash, food, and accommodation. In the end, salary and poverty appear to be closely linked in the mentalities as well as in the social and economic reality. Hired working, salary, and misery are clearly three interrelated features of the medieval economic and social reality.
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Book chapters on the topic "Reciprocal Mixing"

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Abulafia, David. "Ever the Twain Shall Meet, 1830–1900." In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0043.

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The English poet of empire Rudyard Kipling penned the much quoted lines, ‘East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet’. Even if, by the early twentieth century, European observers had become overwhelmed by what they saw as fundamental differences between attitudes and styles of life in East and West, this was not true of the nineteenth century. Then, the ideal became the joining of East and West: a physical joining, through the Suez Canal, but also a cultural joining, as western Europeans relished the cultures of the Near East, and as the rulers of Near Eastern lands – the Ottoman sultans and their highly autonomous viceroys in Egypt – looked towards France and Great Britain in search of models they could follow in reviving the languishing economy of their dominions. This was, then, a reciprocal relationship: despite the claims of those who see ‘orientalism’ as the cultural expression of western imperialism, the masters of the eastern Mediterranean actively sought cultural contact with the West, and saw themselves as members of a community of monarchs that embraced Europe and the Mediterranean. Ismail Pasha, viceroy of Egypt between 1863 and 1879, always dressed in European clothes, though he would occasionally top his frock-coat and epaulettes with a fez; he spoke Turkish, not Arabic. Equally, the Ottoman sultans, and more particularly their courtiers (like Ismail, frequently Albanian), often sported western dress. They would, of course, be selective in their use of western ideas. The Egyptian viceroys were happy to send clever subjects to study at the École Polytechnique in Paris, a Napoleonic foundation; at the same time they discouraged excessive mixing in the French salons: they wished to import radical ideas, but about technology, not government. What had almost entirely disappeared by the early nineteenth century was the idea of the Ottoman realms as the seat of conquering warriors of the faith. Having lost their military and naval superiority in the East, the Ottomans were no longer the subject of fear but of fascination. Traditional ways of life caught the attention of western artists such as Delacroix, but other westerners, notably Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal, were keen to promote modernization.
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Conference papers on the topic "Reciprocal Mixing"

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Earl, G. F. "Consideration of reciprocal mixing in HF OTH radar design." In 7th International Conference on High Frequency Radio Systems and Techniques. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19970800.

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Mikhemar, M., D. Murphy, A. Mirzaei, and H. Darabi. "A phase-noise and spur filtering technique using reciprocal-mixing cancellation." In 2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487648.

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Namgoong, Won. "An Approach for Compensating Reciprocal Mixing and Close-In Phase Noise Distortion." In 2022 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2022. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ims37962.2022.9865462.

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Meriggi, L., M. Simonetta, M. Soldo, G. Russo, M. Zanola, M. J. Strain, M. Sorel, and G. Giuliani. "Integrated optically isolated laser source via non-reciprocal counter-propapagating four-wave mixing." In 2013 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/IQEC. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6800714.

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Bobbs, Bradley, and Charles Warner. "Second Stokes generation by four-wave mixing in a Raman amplifier." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.wg24.

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In a first Stokes Raman amplifier cell, a pump beam at frequency ω0 amplifies a seed beam at frequency ω1 = ω0 − ωR, where ωr is the Raman shift characteristic of the amplifier medium. Conversion efficiencies approaching the quantum limit are possible if competing processes are adequately suppressed. One important parasitic process is generation of a beam at the second Stokes frequency ω2 = ω0 − 2ωr. Since ω2 = ω1 − ωr, the first Stokes beam may amplify this second Stokes beam until serious depletion of first Stokes results. One possible ω2 generation mechanism is a nonlinear four-wave mixing process with a wave vector mismatch If the reciprocal of Δk is small relative to an e-fold gain length, ω2 generation may be sufficiently suppressed to allow high conversion efficiency to ω1 for some range of amplifier cell lengths.
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Antipov, O. L., S. I. Belyaev, and A. S. Kuzhelev. "Self-pumped phase conjugation mirror based on Nd:YAG with reciprocal multi-loop feedback scheme." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.cmg5.

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The effect of self-pumped phase conjugation (SPPC) of the light beam in the inverted laser crystal (LC) with the feedback loop was investigated in recent years. The possibility of SPPC in the reciprocal loop scheme is concerned with the refractive index grating which occurs due to difference of polarizability of the Nd ions in the metastable and the ground states [1]. The high efficiency of multipass geometry in the phase conjugation systems based on the laser crystals have been demonstrated for the degenerate four-wave mixing processes [2].
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Gray, George R., and Govind P. Agrawal. "Degradation of mode-suppression ratio due to longitudinal-mode beating in semiconductor lasers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thu5.

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Gain nonlinearities play an important role in determining the static and dynamic characteristics of semiconductor lasers. Most of the theoretical work to date considers primarily the nonlinear gain arising from intraband effects, for which the total carrier density remains essentially constant. Recently it has been shown that beating of the total carrier density at the longitudinal-mode-spacing frequency also gives rise to important effects, even when the longitudinal-mode spacing is much greater than the reciprocal carrier lifetime. In this paper we show that the nonlinear gain arising from such interband effects can lead to degradation of the side-mode suppression ratio in single-frequency lasers. We utilize a general multi-longitudinal-mode model that includes self- and cross-saturation, as well as four-wave mixing, arising from both intraband and interband sources. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the linewidth enhancement factor and the laser length on the mode suppression ratio. Our results suggest that relatively long distributed feedback lasers (length >500 μm) are likely to operate in a single longitudinal mode only over a limited current range.
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Reports on the topic "Reciprocal Mixing"

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Silva, Joao P. On the use of the Reciprocal Basis in Neutral Meson Mixing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784952.

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