Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Recherche basée sur les phénomènes'
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Zhang, Xiaoyan. "Cross-industry digital innovation in asset maintenance : a phenomenon-based exploratory case study." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDL0051.
Full textA phenomenon-based exploratory case study Abstract This thesis captures, describes, documents, and conceptualize an unexplored yet significant phenomenon, cross-industry digital innovation, by cross-fertilizing the asset maintenance in aviation and rail freight industries. Rail is the most energy-efficient and low-emitting freight transport mode. However, the status quo of rail freight wagon maintenance in Europe presents a state of inefficiency and lack of intelligence. With the rapid development of digital technologies, condition-based and predictive maintenance represent an excellent opportunity to yield a big efficiency leap in wagon maintenance, thus potentially making rail freight transport competitive and sustainable. This thesis argues that how to leverage digital technologies to benefit rail freight wagon maintenance is not only a technical problem of how to make good use of digital technology to improve maintenance efficiency, but also a strategic problem of how to innovate business model to generate value growth for rail freight industry. When solving such complex practical problems, sometimes the best ideas come from outside your industry. As initiated by the Aero-Ferro Benchmark project, learning the best practice from aviation will contribute to rail freight success. Thus, this thesis aims to theoretically conceptualize how to carry out cross-industry digital innovation in asset maintenance, and to practically solve the problem of what rail freight can learn from the aviation industry. In this respect, this thesis reviews relevant theories in the field of innovation and strategy aiming to find theoretical support. However, based on the knowledge gaining from literature, it is found that cross-industry digital innovation is such an infant field that no well-established and well-fitting theory could directly help define, analyze and address this complex issue. This motivates us to conceptualize a new theoretical framework to explain this emerging phenomenon. To achieve this purpose, this thesis conducts an exploratory case study on digital innovation in asset maintenance in aviation and rail freight industries. We start from determining a preliminary asset maintenance system framework from two sub-system (technical system and business system) to guide the phenomenon-based theorizing. Then, an abductive reasoning and system combing approach is followed, together with literature review and case study as the main research methods. Findings from case study on the technical system argue that the maintenance strategy of rail freight wagons will undergo an imperative paradigm shift from preventive to predictive, especially in terms of utilizing digital technology and data management. Thus, a technical architecture of condition monitoring based predictive maintenance for rail freight wagons is proposed in this thesis. For the business system, this thesis analyzes the changing roles of main actors in this emerging digital maintenance landscape and the evolution of their business models in wagon maintenance ecosystem, forecasting the potential business model innovation of rolling stock(wagon) OEMs, cargo rail operators and wagon keepers. In doing so, this thesis offers insightful theoretical and practical contributions. First, this thesis contributes to advancing the theory building in cross-industry digital innovation. A phenomenon-based cross-industry digital innovation strategy framework is developed. Second, this thesis contributes to guiding the problem-solving strategy of digital innovation in wagon maintenance in rail freight industry
Marie, Nicolas. "Recherche exploratoire basée sur des données liées." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4129/document.
Full textThe general topic of the thesis is web search. It focused on how to leverage the data semantics for exploratory search. Exploratory search refers to cognitive consuming search tasks that are open-ended, multi-faceted, and iterative like learning or topic investigation. Semantic data and linked data in particular offer new possibilities to solve complex search queries and information needs including exploratory search ones. In this context the linked open data cloud plays an important role by allowing advanced data processing and innovative interactions model elaboration. First, we detail a state-of-the-art review of linked data based exploratory search approaches and systems. Then we propose a linked data based exploratory search solution which is mainly based on an associative retrieval algorithm. We started from a spreading activation algorithm and proposed new diffusion formula optimized for typed graph. Starting from this formalization we proposed additional formalizations of several advanced querying modes in order to solve complex exploratory search needs. We also propose an innovative software architecture based on two paradigmatic design choices. First the results have to be computed at query-time. Second the data are consumed remotely from distant SPARQL endpoints. This allows us to reach a high level of flexibility in terms of querying and data selection. We specified, designed and evaluated the Discovery Hub web application that retrieves the results and present them in an interface optimized for exploration. We evaluate our approach thanks to several human evaluations and we open the discussion about new ways to evaluate exploratory search engines
Quinnez, Bruno. "Modélisation des phénomènes aéroélastiques basée sur une linéarisation des équations d'Euler." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0364.
Full textKaram, Naouel. "Recherche sémantique d'informations : une approche basée sur les logiques de description." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CLF21617.
Full textGuay, Martin. "Animation de phénomènes gazeux basée sur la simulation d'un modèle de fluide à phase unique sur le GPU." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4931.
Full textAllani, Atig Olfa. "Une approche de recherche d'images basée sur la sémantique et les descripteurs visuels." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080032.
Full textImage retrieval is a very active search area. Several image retrieval approaches that allow mapping between low-level features and high-level semantics have been proposed. Among these, one can cite object recognition, ontologies, and relevance feedback. However, their main limitation concern their high dependence on reliable external resources and lack of capacity to combine semantic and visual information.This thesis proposes a system based on a pattern graph combining semantic and visual features, relevant visual feature selection for image retrieval and improvement of results visualization. The idea is (1) build a pattern graph composed of a modular ontology and a graph-based model, (2) to build visual feature collections to guide feature selection during online retrieval phase and (3) improve the retrieval results visualization with the integration of semantic relations.During the pattern graph building, ontology modules associated to each domain are automatically built using textual corpuses and external resources. The region's graphs summarize the visual information in a condensed form and classify it given its semantics. The pattern graph is obtained using modules composition. In visual features collections building, association rules are used to deduce the best practices on visual features use for image retrieval. Finally, results visualization uses the rich information on images to improve the results presentation.Our system has been tested on three image databases. The results show an improvement in the research process, a better adaptation of the visual features to the domains and a richer visualization of the results
Houssein, Ali. "Reconnaissance globale de mots manuscrits arabes basée sur une recherche avec un dictionnaire." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES049.
Full textEssayeh, Aroua. "Une approche de personnalisation de la recherche d'information basée sur le Web sémantique." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0003.
Full textThis PhD thesis reports on a recent study in the field of information retrieval (IR), more specifically personalized IR. Traditional IR uses various methods and approaches. However, given the proliferation of data from different sources, traditional IR is no longer considered to be an effective means of meeting users’ requirements. (‘Users’ here refers to the main actor in an IR system.) In this thesis, we address two main problems related to personalized IR: (1) the development and implementation of a user model; and (2) the formulation of a search query to improve the results returned to users according to their perceptions and preferences. To achieve these goals, we propose a semantic information search approach, based on the use of semantic information and guided by ontologies. The contribution of our work is threefold. First, it models and constructs user profiles following a modular ontological approach; this model allows the capture of information related to the user, and models the data according to the semantic approach so that the data can be re-used for reasoning and inference tasks. Second, it provides evidence for reformulating a query by exploiting concepts, hierarchical and non-hierarchical relationships between concepts and properties. Third, based on our findings, we recommend search results that are informed by the user’s communities, built by the improved unsupervised classification approach called the ‘Fuzzy K-mode’. These communities are also semantically modeled with modular profile ontology. To validate our proposed approach, we implemented a system for searching the itineraries for public transport. Finally, this thesis proposes research perspectives based on the limitations we encountered
Zomahoun, Damien Esse. "Emergsem : une approche d'annotation collaborative et de recherche d'images basée sur les sémantiques émergentes." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS019/document.
Full textThe extraction of images semantic is a process that requires deep analysis of the image content. It refers to their interpretation from a human point of view. In this lastest case, the image semantic may be generic (e.g., a vehicle) or specific (e.g., a bicycle). It consists in extracting single or multiple images semantic in order to facilitate its retrieval. These objectives clearly show that the extraction of semantic is not a new research field. This thesis deals with the semantic collaborative annotation of images and their retrieval. Firstly, it discusses how annotators could describe and represent images content based on visual information, and secondly how images retrieval could be greatly improved thank to latest techniques, such as clustering and recommendation. To achieve these purposes, the use of implicit image content description tools, interactions of annotators that describe the semantics of images and those of users that use generated semantics to retrieve the images, would be essential. In this thesis, we focus our research on the use of Semantic Web tools, in particular ontologies to produce structured descriptions of images. Ontology is used to represent image objects and the relationships between these objects. In other words, it allows to formally represent the different types of objects and their relationships. Ontology encodes the relational structure of concepts that can be used to describe and reason. This makes them eminently adapted to many problems such as semantic description of images that requires prior knowledge as well as descriptive and normative capacity. The contribution of this thesis is focused on three main points : semantic representation, collaborative semantic annotation and semantic retrieval of images.Semantic representation allows to offer a tool for the capturing semantics of images. To capture the semantics of images, we propose an application ontology derived from a generic ontology. Collaborative semantic annotation that we define, provides emergent semantics through the fusion of semantics proposed by the annotators.Semantic retrieval allows to look for images with semantics provided by collaborative semantic annotation. It is based on clustering and recommendation. Clustering is used to group similar images corresponding to the user’s query and recommendation aims to propose semantics to users based on their profiles. It consists of three steps : creation of users community, acquiring of user profiles and classification of user profiles with Galois algebra. Experiments were conducted to validate the approaches proposed in this work
You, Wei. "Un système à l'approche basée sur le contenu pour la recommandation personnalisée d'articles de recherche." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1922.
Full textPersonalized research paper recommendation filters the publications according to the specific research interests of users, which could significantly alleviate the information overload problem. Content-based filtering is a promising solution for this task because it can effectively exploit the textual-nature of research papers. A content-based recommender system usually concerns three essential issues: item representation, user profiling, and a model that provides recommendations by comparing candidate item's content representation with the target user's interest representation. In this dissertation, we first propose an automatic keyphrase extraction technique for scientific documents, which improves the existing approaches by using a more precise location for potential keyphrases and a new strategy for eliminating the overlap in the output list. This technique helps to implement the representation of candidate papers and the analysis of users' history papers. Then for modeling the users' information needs, we present a new ontology-based approach. The basic idea is that each user is represented as an instance of a domain ontology in which concepts are assigned interest scores reflecting users' degree of interest. We distinguish senior researchers and junior researchers by deriving their individual research interests from different history paper sets. We also takes advantage of the structure of the ontology and apply spreading activation model to reason about the interests of users. Finally, we explore a novel model to generate recommendations by resorting to the Dempster-Shafer theory. Keyphrases extracted from the candidate paper are considered as sources of evidence. Each of them are linked to different levels of user interest and the strength of each link is quantified. Different from other similarity measures between user profiles and candidate papers, our recommendation result produced by combining all evidence is able to directly indicate the possibility that a user might be interested in the candidate paper. Experimental results show that the system we developed for personalized research paper recommendation outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches. The proposed method can be used as a generic way for addressing different types of recommendation problems
Zidi, Amir. "Recherche d'information dirigée par les interfaces utilisateur : approche basée sur l'utilisation des ontologies de domaine." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0012/document.
Full textThis thesis study the using of ontologies in information retrieval systemdedicated to a specific domain. For that we propose a two-level approach to deal with i) the query formulation that assists the user in selecting concepts and properties of the used ontology ; ii) the query recommendation that uses the case-based reasoning method, where a new query is considered as a new case. Solving a new case consists of reusing similar cases from the history of the previous similar cases already processed. For the validation of the proposed approaches, a system was developed and a set of computational experimentations was made. Finally, research perspectives conclude that this present report
Naffakhi, Najeh. "Un modèle de recherche d'information agrégée basée sur les réseaux bayésiens dans des documents semi-structurés." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2018/.
Full textThe work described in this thesis are concerned with the aggregated search on XML elements. We propose new approaches to aggregating and pruning using different sources of evidence (content and structure). We propose a model based on Bayesian networks. The dependency relationships between query-terms and terms-elements are quantified by probability measures. In this model, the user's query triggers a propagation process to find XML elements. In our model, we search to return to the user an aggregate instead of a list of XML elements. In fact, the aggregate made from a document is considered an information unit (or a portion of this document) that best meets the user's query. This aggregate must meet three aspects namely relevance, non-redundancy and complementarity in order to answer the query. The value returned aggregates is that they give the user an overview of the information need in the collection
Vernhes, Simon. "Décomposition des problèmes de planification de tâches basée sur les landmarks." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ESAE0050/document.
Full textThe algorithms allowing on-the-fly computation of efficient strategies solving aheterogeneous set of problems has always been one of the greatest challengesfaced by research in Artificial Intelligence. To this end, classical planningprovides to a system reasoning capacities, in order to help it to interact with itsenvironment autonomously. Given a description of the world current state, theactions the system is able to perform, and the goal it is supposed to reach, a plannercan compute an action sequence yielding a state satisfying the predefined goal. Theplanning problem is usually intractable (PSPACE-hard), however some propertiesof the problems can be automatically extracted allowing the design of efficientsolvers.Firstly, we have developed the Landmark-based Meta Best-First Search (LMBFS)algorithm. Unlike state-of-the-art planners, usually based on state-space heuristicsearch, LMBFS reenacts landmark-based planning problem decomposition. Alandmark is a fluent appearing in each and every solution plan. The LMBFSalgorithm splits the global problem in a set of subproblems and tries to find aglobal solution using the solutions found for these subproblems. Secondly, wehave adapted classical planning techniques to enhance the performance of ourbase algorithm, making LMBFS a competitive planner. Finally, we have tested andcompared these methods
Kaddah, Rim. "Gestion active de la demande basée sur l'habitat connecté." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENST0025/document.
Full textThe Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm brings an opportunity for advanced Demand Response (DR) solutions. Indeed, it enables visibility and control on the various appliances that may consume, store or generate energy within a home. In this thesis, we consider solutions having the capability to produce direct control decisions at different granularities based on variables measured at homes. Control schemes are driven by an optimization based on utility functions. These functions are defined based on a generic approach that considers load’s flexibility and the impact of control decisions on users. The proposed approach does not impose any restrictions on the type of controlled appliances nor on the granularity of control decisions. This enables joint control of heterogeneous loads. We consider three types of control architectures, namely centralized, partially distributed and fully distributed solutions. Schemes based on these architectures differ in the distribution of decision making among entities involved in the control and data that is made available to these entities. Numerical analysis shows the trade-offs of proposed solutions from a performance, scalability and complexity perspectives
Sanson, Mathilde. "Recherche de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans la myopathie de Duchenne basée sur des miRNAs dérégulés nouvellement identifiéss." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE047.
Full textDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a paediatric muscle disease that affects one in 3500-5000 boys and causes death by cardio-respiratory failure, most often at the third or fourth decade of life. DMD is caused by the lack or the drastically reduced expression of dystrophin. The myofibers in the dystrophic muscle undergo successive cycles of degeneration and regeneration, until exhaustion of the regenerative potential. The degenerated contractile tissues are replaced by fatty fibrotic tissue. At present, there is no satisfactory medical solution for the DMD disease. Routine treatment is of glucocorticoid drugs. Therapeutic development effort is focused in particular on gene replacement and exon skipping technologies. However, disappointing results from recent years’ clinical trials employing these experimental therapies indicated that restored dystrophin expression might not be enough. One hypothesis is that the restoration of dystrophin expression is not enough for the reversion of an advanced-stage dystrophic pathology. Accordingly, in order to propose complementary therapeutic solutions, it is necessary to investigate the mechanisms, impact and reversion of secondary pathologies. In this context, the first part of my thesis comprised a screening for miRNAs that might be involved in DMD secondary pathology. Early work in our research group (before my arrival) identified a large number of dysregulated miRNAs in DMD. Thus, I profiled some of these miRNAs in muscle biopsies of the GRMD (a dog model for DMD), and selected for further investigations miR-379, which is, according our previous data in the group, glucocorticoid responsive in DMD. I then identified and validated the EIF4G2 gene as a direct target of miR-379. EIF4G2 is a translation factor that is involved in the control of apoptosis differentiation, and mitochondrial activities. I then identified a translational target of EIF4G2, named here ProtX, known to be involved in mitochondrial activity. For confidentiality reasons, the exact identity of this protein cannot be disclosed yet. In a set of experiments in human myoblast and iPS cells, I then demonstrated that miR-379, EIF4G2 and ProtX are involved in the tuning of mitochondrial activity and in the control of cellular engagement (of IPS cells) and myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, ProtX has been suggested in the past as a potential modifier in the DMD disease. Taken together, I am presenting here a signalling pathway that might link the glucocorticoid response to mitochondrial dysfunction in DMD patients. A future goal of our research group is the evaluation of the therapeutic potential thus signalling pathway in the DMD disease in animal model experimentation
Huybrechts, Valérie. "Ethique de la recherche appliquée à la chirurgie : Evaluation de la protection des personnes et de l’intégrité scientifique dans la recherche en chirurgie." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D016/document.
Full textPierret, Jean-Dominique. "Méthodologie et structuration d'un outil de découverte de connaissances basé sur la littérature biomédicale : une application basée sur l'exploitation du MeSH." Toulon, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011704.
Full textThe information available in bibliographic databases is dated and validated by a long process and becomes not very innovative. Usually bibliographic databases are consultated in a boolean way. The result of a request represente is a set of known which do not bring any additional novelty. In 1985 Don Swanson proposed an original method to draw out innovative information from bibliographic databases. His reasoning is based on systematic use of the biomedical literature to draw the latent connections between different well established knowledges. He demonstrated unsuspected potential of bibliographic databases in knowledge discovery. The value of his work did not lie in the nature of the available information but consisted in the methodology he used. This general methodology was mainly applied on validated and structured information that is bibliographic information. We propose to test the robustness of Swanson's theory by setting out the methods inspired by this theory. These methods led to the same conclusions as Don Swanson's ones. Then we explain how we developed a knowledge discovery system based on the literature available from public biomedical information sources
Guemeida, Abdelbasset. "Contributions à une nouvelle approche de Recherche d'Information basée sur la métaphore de l'impédance et illustrée sur le domaine de la santé." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581322.
Full textJlassi, Aymen. "Optimisation de la gestion des ressources sur une plate-forme informatique du type Big Data basée sur le logiciel Hadoop." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4042.
Full text"Cyres-Group" is working to improve the response time of his clusters Hadoop and optimize how the resources are exploited in its data center. That is, the goals are to finish work as soon as possible and reduce the latency of each user of the system. Firstly, we decide to work on the scheduling problem in the Hadoop system. We consider the problem as the problem of scheduling a set of jobs on a homogeneous platform. Secondly, we decide to propose tools, which are able to provide more flexibility during the resources management in the data center and ensure the integration of Hadoop in Cloud infrastructures without unacceptable loss of performance. Next, the second level focuses on the review of literature. We conclude that, existing works use simple mathematical models that do not reflect the real problem. They ignore the main characteristics of Hadoop software. Hence, we propose a new model ; we take into account the most important aspects like resources management and the relations of precedence among tasks and the data management and transfer. Thus, we model the problem. We begin with a simplistic model and we consider the minimisation of the Cmax as the objective function. We solve the model with mathematical solver CPLEX and we compute a lower bound. We propose the heuristic "LocFirst" that aims to minimize the Cmax. In the third level, we consider a more realistic modelling of the scheduling problem. We aim to minimize the weighted sum of the following objectives : the weighted flow time ( ∑ wjCj) and the makespan (Cmax). We compute a lower bound and we propose two heuristics to resolve the problem
Daoud, Mariam. "Accès personnalisé à l'information : approche basée sur l'utilisation d'un profil utilisateur sémantique dérivé d'une ontologie de domaines à travers l'historique des sessions de recherche." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00442931.
Full textNinin, Jordan. "Optimisation Globale basée sur l'Analyse d'Intervalles : Relaxation Affine et Limitation de la Mémoire." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00580651.
Full textAbbadeni, Noureddine. "Recherche d'images basée sur le contenu visuel : représentations multiples, similarité et fusion de résultats : cas des images de texture." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5045.
Full textKexel, Christoph. "La production et la gestion des connaissances dans le marketing des moteurs de recherche : une approche basée sur l'apprentissage par l'action." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0034.
Full textSince the late 1980s the development of the Internet has empowered customers to choose from an extensive range of products and suppliers and to make purchases more efficient and flexible (Chaffey et al, 2006). In online marketing the potential customer opens a communication channel to the marketer by seeking information with search engines ((Chaffey et al, 2006), (Bogner, 2006)), so that ‘being found’ represents the crucial success factor for today’s organizations. However, modern firms are surprisingly sluggish in appreciating the critical importance of online marketing (Schubring, 2008). This dissertation aims to design a methodology for improvement of marketers’ knowledge and online marketing skills. The dissertation initially develops an action learning based model for conveying the basic concepts necessary for marketing practitioners. This methodology is then applied and evaluated in a controlled higher education environment by also conveying the expertise to a control group in a traditional form. An analysis of the efficacy of the different knowledge-transfer methods is provided in order to identify the optimal learning approach. The data collected on assumed knowledge improvements illustrate that optimal results have indeed been obtained in all subcategories of Internet marketing by the proposed framework. The dissertation concludes that the methodology is indeed able to instill the compulsory know-how in order that practitioners may cope with and make use of the World Wide Web – despite its vagaries. The findings advance business practice by providing a possibility of effective on-the-job training for the key organizational function of online marketing. This may facilitate corporate learning models in a more general context
Turki, Sadok. "Impact du délai de livraison sur le niveau de stock : une approche basée sur la méthode IPA." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ029S/document.
Full textThe first part of our work, we study a manufacturing system composed of a machine, a buffer with infinite capacity and customer. We applied this to system a continuous flow model taking into account a constant delivery time. To evaluate the performance of our system, we relied on the method of infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA), we performed simulations using an algorithm based on this method to determine the optimal buffer level which minimizes the cost function. This total cost is the sum of inventory cost, backlog cost and transportation cost. In the second part of our work, we applied a discrete flow model to the same system studied in the first part. The infinitesimal perturbation analysis method (IPA) is also applied to this model to determine the optimal inventory level. Applying this method to a discrete flow model is an innovation. Indeed, as we know, there is no work applying the method to IPA models to discrete flow. In the last part, we considered a manufacturing system with a random delivery time between the costumer and the producer. Then we studied the impact of transportation costs on the optimal buffer level. The method of infinitesimal perturbation analysis is also applied for both types of models (discrete flows and continuous flows model)
Demougeot-Lebel, Joëlle. "Le développement professionnel pédagogique des enseignants-chercheurs : une exception française ? : contribution à la compréhension du phénomène sur base empirique." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOL002.
Full textRecently, teaching and learning in higher education, Faculty and educational development (FED) in particular, have become topical issues in France. However, the concepts are polysemic and protean. Moreover, some argue that there is a French specificity about FED. This research approaches the FED concept from three angles: teaching practices, faculty beliefs on what constitutes "good" or "bad" teaching, and their stated expectations and needs for professional development. This work was carried out with a mixed methodology combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, based on a survey of 174 academics of the same university, distributed across disciplines and various lengths of teaching experience. On the three accounts of practices, beliefs or expectations and needs, the population of respondents is heterogeneous and their FED may be approached in different ways. Our results point out that their teaching practices and views still predominately refer to the transmission model of teaching, blended with a consideration for the learner. This leads them to identify a need for support towards FED, but with a difficulty to identify what might contribute to satisfy it. FED appears as a solitary process that takes place in a "pedagogical isolation." When contemplating a possible French specificity, we concluded that it could not be established from the only perspective of academics. This leads to consider the prospects of a contextual analysis
Lachance, Patrick. "L'influence du porte-parole publicitaire sur son récepteur : une étude basée sur le modèle de la probabilité d'élaboration." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23609/23609.pdf.
Full textDinh, Ba-Duy. "Accès à l'information biomédicale : vers une approche d'indexation et de recherche d'information conceptuelle basée sur la fusion de ressources termino-ontologiques." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1737/.
Full textInformation Retrieval (IR) is a scientific field aiming at providing solutions to select relevant information from a corpus of documents in order to answer the user information need. In the context of biomedical IR, there are different sources of information: patient records, guidelines, scientific literature, etc. In addition, the information needs may concern different profiles : medical experts, patients and their families, and other users. . . Many challenges are specifically related to the biomedical IR : the document representation, the usage of terminologies with synonyms, acronyms, abbreviations as well as the access to the information guided by the context of information need and the user profiles. Our work is most related to the biomedical IR and deals with the challenges of the representation of biomedical information and the access to this rich source of information in the biomedical domain. Concerning the representation of biomedical information, we propose techniques and approaches to indexing documents based on: 1) recognizing and extracting concepts from terminologies : the method of concept extraction is basically based on an approximate lookup of candidate concepts that could be useful to index the document. This technique expoits two sources of evidence : (a) the content-based similarity between concepts and documents and (b) the semantic similarity between them. 2) disambiguating entry terms denoting concepts by exploiting the polyhierarchical structure of a medical thesaurus (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings). More specifically, the domains of each concept are exploited to compute the semantic similarity between ambiguous terms in documents. The most appropriate domain is detected and associated to each term denoting a particular concept. 3) exploiting different termino-ontological resources in an attempt to better cover the semantics of document contents. Concerning the information access, we propose a document-query matching method based on the combination of document and query expansion techniques. Such a combination is guided by the context of information need on one hand and the semantic context in the document on the other hand. Our analysis is essentially based on the study of factors related to document and query expansion that could have an impact on the IR performance: distribution of concepts in termino-ontological resources, fusion techniques for concept extraction issued from multiple terminologies, concept weighting models, etc
Sokhn, Maria. "Plateforme de recherche basée d'information multimédia guidée par une ontologie dans une architecture paire à paire." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00678039.
Full textGousseva, Natalia. "Etude méthodologique sur la prise en compte des différences culturelles dans la gestion des projets internationaux basée sur une recherche entre la France et la Russie." Paris 9, 2005. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2005PA090003.
Full textDevelopment of international cooperation, increasing number of transnational companies and growing interests for international projects realisation require an application of new mode of management. The objective of this thesis is to shed a new light on the research of multicultural team management. In the framework of this research we testified the thesis hypothesis according to which the efficiency of international project management depend on using advantages of cross-cultural differences. The results of the conducted research show the great influence of cross-cultural differences on the international project management, as well as demonstrate dependence of management process from cultural component, presented by different factors of national culture. It confirms that leadership, multicultural team building and cooperation, the process of decision making, conflict resolving and motivation depend on the influence of national culture
Longo, Laurence. "Vers des moteurs de recherche "intelligents" : un outil de détection automatique de thèmes : méthode basée sur l'identification automatique des chaînes de référence." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939243.
Full textÇinar, Yagmur Gizem. "Prédiction de séquences basée sur des réseaux de neurones récurrents dans le contexte des séries temporelles et des sessions de recherche d'information." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM079.
Full textThis thesis investigates challenges of sequence prediction in different scenarios such as sequence prediction using recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in the context of time series and information retrieval (IR) search sessions. Predicting the unknown values that follow some previously observed values is basically called sequence prediction.It is widely applicable to many domains where a sequential behavior is observed in the data. In this study, we focus on two different types of sequence prediction tasks: time series forecasting and next query prediction in an information retrieval search session.Time series often display pseudo-periods, i.e. time intervals with strong correlation between values of time series. Seasonal changes in weather time series or electricity usage at day and night time are some examples of pseudo-periods. In a forecasting scenario, pseudo-periods correspond to the difference between the positions of the output being predicted and specific inputs.In order to capture periods in RNNs, one needs a memory of the input sequence. Sequence-to-sequence RNNs (with attention mechanism) reuse specific (representations of) input values to predict output values. Sequence-to-sequence RNNs with an attention mechanism seem to be adequate for capturing periods. In this manner, we first explore the capability of an attention mechanism in that context. However, according to our initial analysis, a standard attention mechanism did not perform well to capture the periods. Therefore, we propose a period-aware content-based attention RNN model. This model is an extension of state-of-the-art sequence-to-sequence RNNs with attention mechanism and it is aimed to capture the periods in time series with or without missing values.Our experimental results with period-aware content-based attention RNNs show significant improvement on univariate and multivariate time series forecasting performance on several publicly available data sets.Another challenge in sequence prediction is the next query prediction. The next query prediction helps users to disambiguate their search query, to explore different aspects of the information they need or to form a precise and succint query that leads to higher retrieval performance. A search session is dynamic, and the information need of a user might change over a search session as a result of the search interactions. Furthermore, interactions of a user with a search engine influence the user's query reformulations. Considering this influence on the query formulations, we first analyze where the next query words come from? Using the analysis of the sources of query words, we propose two next query prediction approaches: a set view and a sequence view.The set view adapts a bag-of-words approach using a novel feature set defined based on the sources of next query words analysis. Here, the next query is predicted using learning to rank. The sequence view extends a hierarchical RNN model by considering the sources of next query words in the prediction. The sources of next query words are incorporated by using an attention mechanism on the interaction words. We have observed using sequence approach, a natural formulation of the problem, and exploiting all sources of evidence lead to better next query prediction
Ressad-Bouidghaghen, Ourdia. "Accès contextuel à l'information dans un environnement mobile : approche basée sur l'utilisation d'un profil situationnel de l'utilisateur et d'un profil de localisation des requêtes." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1404/.
Full textContextual information retrieval aims at combining knowledge about the query context and the user context in the same framework in order to better meet the user information needs. We propose a contextual search approach integrating a query location intent prediction method and a situational user profile modelling approach in order to improve the retrieval effectiveness for mobile search. We propose an approach to personalize search results for mobile users by exploiting both cognitive and spatio temporal context of the user. We propose to model the user on three semantic dimensions : time, location and interests. A case based reasoning approach is adopted to select the appropriate user profile for re-ranking the search results. In order to identify the user intent global, local explicit and local implicit, we exploit the top N search results returned by a general Web search engine to build a location query profile using language models. Two measures namely location Kullback-Leibler Divergence and Kurtosis defined on this profile, allow us to effectively classify the three types of queries. We also propose a multidimensional ranking model based on the standard relevance dimension of topic and the contextual dimensions of interests and location to personalise search results for o mobile user. The peculiarity of our multidimensional ranking lies in a "prioritized combination" of the considered criteria, using the "prioritized scoring" and "prioritized and" operators, which allow flexible personalization of search results according to users' preferences. As there is no standard evaluation protocol for evaluating contextual access retrieval, we have proposed context-oriented evaluation protocols ranging from simulation frameworks to user studies. We have exploited these protocols to evaluate our contributions in the domain and have shown the effectiveness of our approaches
Amar, Bensaber Boucif. "Etude des protocoles de communication de groupe : MTCP, une solution basée sur une extension de TCP." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S006.
Full textClapson, André-Claude. "Recherche de signaux impulsionnels sur le détecteur d'ondes gravitationnelles Virgo." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085885.
Full textLes sources astrophysiques attendues sont principalement les coalescences de systèmes binaires d'objets compacts et les supernovas gravitationnelles. Les amplitudes des signaux sont à la limite de la sensibilité de l'instrument, les taux d'événements observables sont faibles et les formes d'ondes mal connues, notamment pour les effondrements gravitationnels.
L'analyse des données repose sur la recherche de signaux de faible amplitude dans du bruit coloré. Dans ce contexte, ce travail propose l'utilisation de décompositions temps-fréquence des séries temporelles pour la détection de signaux courts. Les performances de cette approche sont estimées en simulation et comparées à celles d'autres méthodes de détection disponibles dans la communauté.
Une autre difficulté pour l'analyse est la présence de structures spectrales étroites dans la distribution d'énergie en fréquence des données. Elles proviennent de résonances mécaniques des miroirs et du système d'isolation sismique de l'instrument. L'utilisation de filtres de Kalman pour éliminer ces bruits bien modélisés avant l'analyse est présentée. Le problème essentiel
de l'estimation des paramètres du modèle est traité, avec l'objectif d'une réestimation dynamique.
Enfin ces outils sont appliqués aux données Virgo disponibles, avec comme résultat principal la mise en évidence de sources de bruits instrumentaux importantes, dont la suppression demandera une amélioration du fonctionnement et une meilleure isolation de l'environnement.
Gan, Changquan. "Une approche de classification non supervisée basée sur la notion des K plus proches voisins." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMP765S.
Full textCurt, Corinne. "Evaluation de la performance des barrages en service basée sur une formalisation et une agrégation des connaisssances." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF21819.
Full textMedernach, Emmanuel. "Allocation de ressources et ordonnancement multi-utilisateurs : une approche basée sur l'équité." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686891.
Full textShahzad, Atif. "Une Approche Hybride de Simulation-Optimisation Basée sur la fouille de Données pour les problèmes d'ordonnancement." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647353.
Full textVachon, Brigitte. "Étude de l'utilisation d'une approche réflexive pour intégrer les évidences scientifiques dans la pratique de l'ergothérapie en réadaptation au travail." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4280.
Full textSidibe, Ibrahima dit Bouran. "Analyse non-paramétrique des politiques de maintenance basée sur des données des durées de vie hétérogènes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0081/document.
Full textIn the reliability literature, several researches works have been developed to deal with modeling, analysis and implementation of maintenance policies for equipments subject to random failures. The majority of these works are based on common assumptions among which the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes is assumed to be known. Furthermore, the equipment is assumed to experience only one operating environment. Such assumptions are indeed restrictive and may introduce a bias in the statistical analysis of the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes which in turn impacts optimization of maintenance policies. In the present research work, these two particular assumptions are relaxed. This relaxation allows to take into account of information related to conditions where the equipment is being operating and to focus on the statistical analysis of maintenance policies without using an intermediate parametric lifetimes distribution. The objective of this thesis consists then on the development of efficient statistical models and tools for managing the maintenance of equipments whose lifetimes distribution is unknown and defined through the heterogeneous lifetimes data. Indeed, this thesis proposes a framework for maintenance strategies determination, from lifetimes data acquisition toward the computation of optimal maintenance policies. The maintenance policies considered are assumed to be performed on used equipments. These later are conduct to experience their missions within different environments each of which is characterized by a degree of severity. In this context, a first mathematical model is proposed to evaluate costs induced by maintenance strategies. The analysis of these costs helps to establish the necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure the existence of an optimal age to perform the preventive maintenance. The maintenance costs are fully estimated by using the Kernel method. This estimation method is non-parametric and defined by two parameters, namely the kernel function and the smoothing parameter. The variability of maintenance costs estimator is deeply analyzed according to the smoothing parameter of Kernel method. From these analyses, it is shown that Kernel estimator method ensures a weak propagation of the errors due to the computation of smoothing parameter. In addition, several simulations are made to estimate the optimal replacement age. These simulations figure out that the numerical results from the Kernel method are close to the theoretical values with a weak coefficient of variation. Two probabilistic extensions of the first mathematical model are proposed and theoretically discussed. To deal with the problem of delayed preventive maintenance, an approach is proposed and discussed. The proposed approach allows evaluating the risk that could induce the delay taken to perform a preventive maintenance at the required optimal date. This approach is based on risk analysis conduct on the basis of a proposed risk function
Preamechai, Sarawut. "Dispositifs architecturaux et mouvements qualifiés : recherche exploratoire sur les conduites sensori-motrices des passants dans les espaces publics intermédiaires." Phd thesis, Grenoble 2, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00087820.
Full textentrant particulièrement par l'expérience vécue de ceux-ci. Le champ d'étude principal
s'établit en particulier autour de la question des mouvements situés des usagers dans
l'espace public urbain, plus précisément dans les espaces publics intermédiaires. Nous
cherchons à comprendre comment l'espace construit est mis à l'épreuve par la pratique
des usagers. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que la qualité de mouvement des passants peut
révéler les formes physiques et sensibles de l'espace. Ainsi, elle comporterait une sorte
de validation des qualités potentielles de l'espace construit. Pour cela, la mobilité
corporelle est un élément d'étude essentiel d'un point de vue à la fois analytique et
méthodologique. Elle nous permet d'appréhender, d'une part la qualité d'ambiances de
l'espace construit, et d'autre part la qualité pratique de celui-ci. En ce qui concerne les
résultats de cette recherche, nous proposons un répertoire de phénomènes sensorimoteurs,
afin d'ébaucher un outil pratique pour la conception architecturale et urbaine.
Ce répertoire est constitué des diverses façons dont l'espace construit est perçu et
ressenti à travers les expériences vécues des passants.
Rataj, Felicitas. "Nouvelle thérapie anti-tumorale multi-cibles basée sur la dégradation des ARNms à demi-vie courte." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV040/document.
Full textOne of the innovative aspects of anti-cancer therapies is the possibility of preventing tumor growth by blocking blood supply. Cancer cells induce the formation of their own blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, a process called angiogenesis. One of the most important proangiogenic factors is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The success of bevacizumab (a humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody) combined to chemotherapy for the treatment of human metastatic cancers has validated VEGF as an efficient target. However, despite the initial enthusiasm, resistance to these anti-angiogenic treatments resulting from compensatory mechanisms occurs upon time. For this reason, there is a real need for new anti-angiogenic drugs that will target the angiogenic process through distinct mechanisms. In 2010, our laboratory has successfully developed an anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral therapy based on destabilization of short-lived mRNAs by the zinc finger protein TIS11b. However, the therapeutic protein was highly unstable, thus making it difficult to further characterize the experimental therapy. In this context, the main task of my thesis was the optimization of TIS11b stability and activity followed by the evaluation of the multi-target action of our novel protein on tumor development. In a first part of this work, biochemical and molecular approaches allowed us to demonstrate that phosphorylation of the C-terminal serine S334 in TIS11b protein markedly increases its stability. In addition, deletion of the N-terminal domain of TIS11b highly increases its protein stability without affecting its activity. Therefore, we integrated N-terminal truncation (ZnC) and C-terminal substitution of S334 by an aspartate to mimic a permanent phosphorylation at S334 (ZnCS334D) as a novel TIS11b engineering strategy. Both proteins were fused subsequently to a cell-penetrating peptide polyarginine (R9). In vitro studies revealed that R9-ZnC and R9-ZnCS334D inhibit VEGF expression in the murine breast cancer cells 4T1. In addition, R9-ZnCS334D impaired proliferation, migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth of 4T1 cells. In vivo, intra-tumoral injection of either protein significantly reduced VEGF expression and tumor vascularization. Strikingly, antibody array analyses of tumor extracts demonstrated a reduced expression of several chemokines such as Fractalkine, MCP-1, NOV, SDF-1 and Pentraxin upon R9-ZnC or R9-ZnCS334D treatment. These factors, which are produced by several cell types within tumor tissue, are key drivers of tumor angiogenesis, tumor-promoting inflammation and invasion. Furthermore, the expression of markers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was also significantly reduced, suggesting an anti-metastatic effect of R9-ZnC and R9-ZnCS334D. Thus, we provide R9-ZnC and R9-ZnCS334D as potential novel multi-target agents which inhibit key hallmarks of cancer progression. This work supports the emerging link between mRNA stability and cancer and proposes novel concepts for the development of innovative anti-cancer therapies
Bouzillé, Guillaume. "Enjeux et place des data sciences dans le champ de la réutilisation secondaire des données massives cliniques : une approche basée sur des cas d’usage." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B023/document.
Full textThe dematerialization of health data, which started several years ago, now generates na huge amount of data produced by all actors of health. These data have the characteristics of being very heterogeneous and of being produced at different scales and in different domains. Their reuse in the context of clinical research, public health or patient care involves developing appropriate approaches based on methods from data science. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate, through three use cases, what are the current issues as well as the place of data sciences regarding the reuse of massive health data. To meet this objective, the first section exposes the characteristics of health big data and the technical aspects related to their reuse. The second section presents the organizational aspects for the exploitation and sharing of health big data. The third section describes the main methodological approaches in data sciences currently applied in the field of health. Finally, the fourth section illustrates, through three use cases, the contribution of these methods in the following fields: syndromic surveillance, pharmacovigilance and clinical research. Finally, we discuss the limits and challenges of data science in the context of health big data
Douar, Adnane. "Recherche de matériaux isolants pour la conception d'une nouvelle génération de connecteurs électriques haute tension : influence de la pollution sur les phénomènes de décharges partielles du contournement et de claquage." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0046/document.
Full textIn the present study, we deal with an essential problem related to electrical lines accessories and more particularly to piercing connectors (TTDC 45501FA) commercialized by a private company named Sicame and which is located in Arnac-Pompadour (Corrèze, France). This product/accessory is designed to provide power diversions on medium voltage live lines HVA operating between 15 and 25kV. However, it becomes required to design a new generation of piercing connectors able to operate on 52kV live lines because of the electrical power demands that are steadily increasing. Actually, the main concerns about these products are the occurrence of partial discharges within the insulating material volume (polyamide 6 containing 50%wt of glass fibers). Most of the time, these discharges induce an early ageing process of the accessory under the combined effects of a corrosive environment (as salt fog) and an electric field threshold. Thus, the main objective of the present Ph.D. thesis is to carry out an appropriate choice of insulating materials among several tested polymers such as thermoplastics and thermosetting epoxy resins and EPDM elastomers that are capable of withstanding several constraints: thermal and electrical and mechanical and chemical conditions. The experimental section is focusing on the measurements of flashover voltage and partial discharges activity propagating on polymeric surfaces and breakdown voltage within material bulks under A.C voltage. That is why polymeric samples with plane surfaces and textured surfaces are molded to compare their resistance to partial discharges when being subjected to polluted environments such as salt fog; these measurements are necessary to choose the suitable materials for the required application to be integrated in the new generation of connectors. Then, the optical and electrical characterization results of creeping discharges propagating on several polymeric surfaces under lightning impulse (L.I.) voltage with its both polarities (positive and negative) and for two kinds of applied electric field (normal and tangential) are presented in the case of solid/air interfaces. Final length measurements of creepage discharges are the main parameter for distinguishing material properties. The whole obtained results (under AC and LI voltages) allow us to point out the cycloaliphatic epoxy resins as potential candidates to the conception of a new generation of piercing connectors. In addition, the electric field simulation and modelling of the TTDC 45501FA connector by using the Flux 2D/3D software seems to be helpful to design a connector prototype which exhibits a new geometry and is able to reach a voltage level that equals 52kV
Matei, Mihaela. "Le soin courant et le standard de soin dans l'encadrement juridique de la recherche biomédicale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD032.
Full textA biomedical research protocol includes both medical and research interventions. Since its origins, the legal framework has ignored this evidence under the pretext that research and care are two distinct activities. That is why it is all the more essential to determine the nature and the scope of the duty of care and the standard of care used in the context of biomedical research. In parallel, there is a need to distinguish, from a regulatory perspective, this "standard of care" from any equivalent notions used in the context of usual care
Khorbatly, Mohamad. "Optimisation numérique appliquée à la gestion de crise : Approche basée sur un algorithme hybride pour la résolution du problème intégré d'ordonnancement et d'allocation des ressources." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH18/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is part of human evacuation methods. It aims to study the capacities, model the evacuation problem (wounded, victims, children, elderly, etc.) in a crisis situation (terrorist attacks, natural disasters, etc.) and to develops methods for decision making while proposing better planning and optimal evacuation plans for populations from the crisis zone to hospitals.Our job is to solve the wounded evacuation problem in crisis zone with a new vision that optimizes the transport time and thus saving the maximum of causalities in a dynamic, efficient and fast way in order to minimize human loss
Gangat, Yasine. "Architecture Agent pour la modélisation et simulation de systèmes complexes multidynamiques : une approche multi-comportementale basée sur le pattern "Agent MVC"." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022620.
Full textBursuc, Andrei. "Indexation et recherche de contenus par objet visuel." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00873966.
Full textMessainguiral, Christiane. "Modélisation et interprétation des phénomènes physiques responsables des fluctuations des signaux délivrés par les détecteurs hors-coeur et en-coeur des réacteurs à eau préssurisée : potentialités d'une surveillance en service basée sur la mesure et l'analyse de ces fluctuations." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112430.
Full textThe study of the 900 MW PWR’s ex-core neutron sensors signals fluctuations and their interpretation were to be carried out in this work. The aim,at the end was to be able to decide what could be the possibilities and the limits of a surveillance based on the pressurized water reactors noise analysis. Hence, all the perturbation sources wether they are currently present or just may occur, were to be studied under their two aspects : qualitative and quantitative. The small amplitudes of the perturbations to be considered, allowed their effect on the neutron detector signals to be calculated with the first order approximation of the perturbation theory model. We developed the model and the computer software which, from direct and adjoint fluxes carried out the calculation of detectors signal sensitivity to the perturbations that were considered. Moreover, our work was supported by numerous on-site measurements, carried out many reactors. The following facts can be extracted from the work: -neutron noise analysis allows the vibrational behavior characterization of some primary circuit main components, at locations where no direct vibratory measurements can be generally considered, - some signatures typical of unsuitable behaviors, though not observed, have been defined and could be recognized if they were to come out, - besides the vibratory area, neutron noise may be used for characterization of the detector state itself, - in the thermohydraulical field, and for PWRs, the neutron noise possibilities have to be considered as rather low though not zero as some recent measurements abroad have shown
Bui, Quang Anh. "Vers un système omni-langage de recherche de mots dans des bases de documents écrits homogènes." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS010/document.
Full textThe objective of our thesis is to build an omni-language word retrieval system for scanned documents. We place ourselves in the context where the content of documents is homogenous and the prior knowledge about the document (the language, the writer, the writing style, etc.) is not known. Due to this system, user can freely and intuitively compose his/her query. With the query created by the user, he/she can retrieve words in homogenous documents of any language, without finding an occurrence of the word to search. The key of our proposed system is the invariants, which are writing pieces that frequently appeared in the collection of documents. The invariants can be used in query making process in which the user selects and composes appropriate invariants to make the query. They can be also used as structural descriptor to characterize word images in the retrieval process. We introduce in this thesis our method for automatically extracting invariants from document collection, our evaluation method for evaluating the quality of invariants and invariant’s applications in the query making process as well as in the retrieval process