Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réchauffement de la Terre – Alpes (Sud)'
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Guerin, Guillaume. "Évaluation du devenir de la circulation atmosphérique dans le sud-est de la France et de l'enneigement dans les Alpes du Sud entre 1950 et 2100." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2034.
Full textThe thesis explores the impacts of climate change on atmospheric circulation and snow cover in southeastern France, particularly in the Southern Alps. Climate change significantly affects the Mediterranean region, causing variations in snowfall and snow cover since the 1980s. The Southern Alps, which rely heavily on snow cover for winter tourism, are particularly vulnerable to these changes. The study focuses on several key objectives : analyzing historical trends in snowfall, understanding the synoptic mechanisms responsible for solid precipitation, and projecting the future of snowfall using climate models. The research questions also include identifying specific atmospheric circulations that influence snowfall. The thesis draws on climate reanalyses (ERA-INTERIM and ERA5), CMIP6 projection models, and local observations from the Météo-France network of snow stations to analyze past and future trends. Advanced statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Ascendant Classification, are used to develop a precise classification of atmospheric circulation types. The results show a general warming trend, with rising temperatures and increased variability in solid precipitation. Cyclonic and meridional configurations are identified as favoring heavy snowfalls, particularly in the presence of depressions over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) scenarios show a downward trend in the frequency of atmospheric circulations favorable to snowfall, suggesting significant changes in the region's climate dynamics. The thesis thus makes an important contribution to regional cli-matology by enhancing the understanding of interactions between atmospheric circulation and solid precipitation in the Southern Alps. It offers crucial future projections for water resource management and the adaptation of tourist infrastructure in a warming climate context
Favillier, Adrien. "Impacts du changement climatique sur l’activité des avalanches dans les Alpes : apports de la dendrogéomorphologie pour la reconstitution spatiotemporelle de l’activité des avalanches dans un contexte de changements environnementaux dans les hautes vallées du Guil et du Rhône Disentangling the impacts of exogenous disturbances on forest stands to assess multi-centennial tree-ring reconstructions of avalanche activity in the upper Goms Valley (Canton of Valais, Switzerland) Spatio-temporal maps of past avalanche events derived from tree-ring analysis: a case study in the Zermatt valley (Valais, Switzerland) Tree-ring reconstruction of snow avalanche activity: Does avalanche path selection matter? Non-stationarities induced by land-cover changes in dendrogeomorphic reconstructions of snow avalanche activity: Insights from the Queyras massif (French Alps) Complex signals in regional tree-ring reconstructions of snow avalanches: lessons from the Goms valley (Swiss alps) Impacts des fluctuations climatiques sur l’activité des avalanches dans le Queyras." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAL024_FAVILLIER.pdf.
Full textFor the 20th century, high mountain areas, such as the Alps, have undergone a significant warming with temperature increase twice as much as the global average. Such warming strongly alters the cryosphere components. It induces, for example, a shift from solid to liquid precipitation, more frequent and more intense snowmelt phases or a strong decrease in the amount and duration of snow cover, especially at the elevation of the snowrain transition. In the future, climate models forecast that snow depth will be significantly reduced and that snow properties such as snow stability will be modified. These changes in snow cover characteristics and amounts are expected to induce significant changes in snow avalanches activity. At the same time, afforestation induced by the abandonment of agriculture and grazing, the democratization of winter recreation activities and the urban sprawl on the slopes have strongly modified the mountain landscapes since the mid-18th century as well as the exposition of individuals to snow avalanches. In this context, a precise documentation of past snow avalanche activity is crucial to decipher and to understand the impacts of the undergoing climate warming on the snow avalanche activity. To date, this documentation usually relies on historical chronicles or systematic observations. However, the firsts are often discontinuous and focused on catastrophic events. The seconds are limited to the second half of the 20th century thus precluding a comparison from climatically distinct period. On forested paths, the dendrogeomorphic approach is theoretically a reliable approach complement to historical archives and series of systematic observation to infer past snow avalanche activity. Yet, so far, the robustness of this approach has been poorly questioned and no regional chronology, crucial to disentangle potential interferences between snow avalanche activity, climate fluctuations and socio-economic changes, has been developed in the Alps. In this PhD thesis proposes new methodological frameworks to (1) detect avalanche events from tree-ring series, (2) remove non-stationarities related to the decreasing number of trees over time in the reconstruction and (3) aggregate locals reconstructions in regional chronologies. Based on these development, homogenized multicentennial regional chronologies developed (4) for 10 paths of the Goms Valley (Valais canton, Swiss Alps, 1880-2014) and (5) 11 paths from the Queyras Massif (French Alps, 1560-2016) are confronted to climatic fluctuations and land use changes. At Goms, the absence of clear climatic signal in the regional chronology evidence the interference with local nonstationarities and question the need for a sampling strategy at the regional scale to create a robust chronology. In the Queyras massif, the strong decrease of avalanche activity observed over the 20th century is attributed to global warming and to the afforestation process
Bodin, Xavier. "Géodynamique du pergélisol de montagne : fonctionnement, distribution et évolution récente : l'exemple du massif du Combeynot (Hautes Alpes)." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070035.
Full textThis study intends to understand the state and the functioning of the mountain permafrost in a crystalline and poorly glacierised massif (Combeynot Massif, Hautes Alpes, France) on one hand, and on the other hand to express its distribution and evolution at variable spatic and temporal scales. First, the monitoring devices, helped by three very different years in nivo-meteorological terms, have revealed some of the main features of the thermal processes at the Laurichard rockglacier surface. The spatialisation of the winter surface temperatures clearly shows the influence of the very warm 2003 summer followed by the snowy 2003-2004 winter, that both contributed to prevent the cooling of the ground. This relation with the seasonal snow history, especially in early winter, is also demonstrated by the analysis of the annual velocity of the rockglacier and of the climatic data during the last two decades. At the scale of the whole massif, the relation climate/permafrost has been modelled by a statistico-empirical relationship which reproduœs the influence of the topoclimatic conditions on the permafrost. Four case studies have nevertheless revealed that the geodynamical context and its evolution during the Quaternary are essential in understanding the state and the distribution of the permafrost at slope and watershed scales. Finally, the recent climate warming seems to have induced a temporary speed-up of the creeping velocity of the permafrost, which subsequently arises the question of the stability of degrading slopes
Lauffenburger, Mireille. "Estimation du réchauffement climatique dans le sud-est de la France (à l'est du Rhône), à la fin du XXIème siècle (2071-2100)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10022.
Full textBorges, Ana Luiza de Oliveira. "Modélisation de l'érosion sur deux bassins versants expérimentaux des Alpes du Sud." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10017.
Full textBauve, Victorien. "Étude des champs de contraintes néogènes à actuels des Alpes du sud : implications sur la géodynamique alpine et l'activité sismique." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991806.
Full textRoussel, Erwan. "Réponses des glaciers et des sandurs sud-islandais au réchauffement climatique post-petit âge glaciaire : Modalités et rythmes d'ajustement du continuum glacio-fluvial." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987419.
Full textRoussel, Erwan. "Réponses des glaciers et des sandurs sud-islandais au réchauffement climatique post-petit âge glaciaire : Modalités et rythmes d’ajustement du continuum glacio-fluvial." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF20004/document.
Full textBased on a systemic approach, this study intends to characterize the patterns and the temporal rhythms of the glacio-fluvial continuum adjustment to the post-Little Ice Age climate change. According to lichenometric dating and quantification of the glacial and fluvioglacial responses of fifteen glaciers tongues and sandurs in south-Iceland, the range of observed adjustments scenarios is explored. The heterogeneous and asynchronous nature of responses are tested and the variables controlling the observed adjustment variability are identified. Based on the collected and analyzed data sets: (i) we highlight the asynchronous LIA maximum extent of south-Icelandic glaciers and the significant heterogeneity in glacier fronts retreat intensity which both reflect the complex nature of glacier response to climate change; (ii) we suggest the existence of marginal processes akin to self-organized criticality which control sediment transport efficiency and water discharges; (iii) we identify a prevailing pattern for the post-LIA fluvial adjustment of sandur type I and the independent response of jökulhlaup sandur (type III) to glacier front fluctuations
Michelot, Nicolas. "L'influence des topoclimats sur la pollution de l'air aux particules dans le sud-ouest des Alpes-Maritimes." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959704.
Full textVautrin, Quentin. "Dynamique évolutive des faunes de mammifères du Sud-Ouest européen durant les réchauffements climatiques intenses de l’Eocène, entre 56 Ma et 45 Ma : le cas des Lophiodontidae." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG057.
Full textThe early Eocene is marked by a succession of major global warming events that culminated in a period of climatic optimum (EECO) corresponding to the warmest period of the Cenozoic. Due to their short duration and high intensity, these hyperthermal events are often considered as the best analogues of current global warming, and are correlated with important diversification of mammals in the North American fossil record. In Europe, the early Eocene localities are less well known and it is difficult to trace the impact of these climatic events. Lophiodontidae are a family of perissodactyl mammals found in abundance in European Eocene localities, particularly in southern France, making them a model of choice for studying the impacts of hyperthermal events on the evolutionary history of European mammals. The first part of this work consists of an exhaustive study of the intraspecific variability of this family. More than thirty polymorphic dental characters have been identified, as well as the presence of marked sexual dimorphism. The genus Paralophiodon has been revised in light of this high variability and is considered invalid. In all, several hundred specimens from 22 localities in southern Europe were studied and 2 new species belonging to the genus Eolophiodon have been identified. The revision of the lophiodontids of the Occitanie region, placed in a biostratigraphic framework, allow us to rediscuss of the controversial age of the “grès d’Aigne”, and to propose a late Ypresian-early Lutetian age (MP10b-MP11) for this formation, thus filling the previous known gap in the European fossil record. The study of basal lophiodontids, coupled with the results of a new phylogenetic analysis, places the lophiodontids close to chalicothera within the suborder Ancylopoda, suggesting an Asian origin of the family and an arrival of lophiodontids in southern Europe soon after PETM. The study of unpublished material and phylogenetic analyses constrained by the new biostratigraphic data make it possible to distinguish three major phases in the evolutionary history of lophiodontidae that seem to be correlated with the major climate changes of the Eocene. Basal radiation of lophiodontidae is contemporary to the hyperthermal events of the Ypresian and is marked by the multiplication of small size forms and is restricted to the Mesogean Province. The second radiation of lophiodontidae appears contemporaneous with the EECO and its marked by the appearance of the genus Lophiodon and the replacement of small sub-cursorial forms by more massive taxa with sligthly more molarized premolars. This radiation marks the end of the endemism of lophidontidae that dispersed throughout all Western Europe. Lophiodontidae radiate one last time at Lutetien during the post-EECO cooling, during the "Intra Eocene Mammal Turnover I". This radiation sees the introduction of giant forms (one to two tons), graviportal and with molarized teeth, interpreted as a response to the relative opening of the environment during the post-EECO cooling leading to drastic changes in diets
Delava, Émilie. "Impacts du réchauffement climatique sur la distribution géographique des insectes et mise en place des adaptations locales : cas d'un parasitoïde de drosophiles dans le sud-est de la France." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10315.
Full textPredicting biodiversity responses to anthropogenic climate change has become a field of research with major scientific and societal issues. The main goal of my thesis was to evaluate the impacts of global warming on a Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina boulardi, at a small geographical scale, the South-East of France. The aim was not only to examine the change in the distribution of the parasitoid in response to rising temperatures, but also to understand the adaptations associated with this change. First, the analysis of insect sampling and meteorological data allowed me to demonstrate a rapid expansion of the parasitoid range to the north with an average rate of 90km/decade as well as a simultaneous temperature increase of 1.57°C on average over the past 30 years in the studied area. Following the identification of the main environmental factors structuring the spatial distribution of L. boulardi, I fitted a model predicting its potential distribution in the south-east of France, under the current climate and in 2050, for two CO2 emission scenarios. In 2050, the geographical distribution of L. boulardi should significantly extend northward as a result of climate change. Then, by measuring several life history traits under four fluctuating temperature regimes, I have shown that populations of L. boulardi located on the border of the range are genetically differentiated from those in the central range. The fact that marginal populations have a greater fitness at low temperature suggests local adaptation of parasitoids in the area of progression of range. The last part of this thesis aimed to better understand the process of colonization of L. boulardi. For this, I undertook the development of RAD-sequencing markers to genotype 15 populations of this species distributed along a cline of latitude in the southeast of France. Numerous data from Illumina sequencing will allow me to characterize the genetic structure of the populations. All the results obtained in my thesis highlight the force with which climate change may impact species, in particular those of high trophic level, causing rapid changes in distribution along with genotypic and phenotypic changes underlying local adaptation
Garitte, Gilles. "Les torrents de la vallée de la Clarée (Hautes Alpes, France). Évolution contemporaine, dynamique actuelle et analyse géographique des risques associés." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00121513.
Full textCette étude fondée sur différentes approches in situ (topométrie, analyse géomorphologique) et diachroniques des cônes de déjection et des lits torrentiels, a permis d'effectuer un diagnostic du comportement actuel des torrents de la basse vallée de la Clarée mais aussi d'en étudier l'évolution depuis la fin du 19ème siècle. En effet, comme ailleurs dans les Alpes, les torrents de la vallée de la Clarée ont connu depuis 150 ans une mutation de leur physionomie marquée par un ajustement morphologique suite au tarissement sédimentaire causé par les modifications environnementales post-PAG. Nos travaux ont permis de souligner le caractère essentiellement spontané de l'ajustement morphologique des torrents dans le secteur étudié. Or, si du point de vue socio-économique, la vallée de la Clarée est longtemps restée en marge de l'essor économique qu'ont connu les stations de sport d'hiver voisines, les communes de la vallée connaissent depuis maintenant une trentaine d'année, une lente reconversion socio-économique marquée par l'émergence du tourisme. Cela a conduit à une évolution des modes de gestion du risque torrentiel qui privilégie désormais la mise en place de vastes systèmes de correction torrentielle sur les cônes de déjection. L'apparent assagissement des torrents, conjugué à l'augmentation de la pression foncière, a favorisé l'aménagement progressif des cônes de déjection torrentiels. Dans le contexte actuel de réchauffement global, les modifications du comportement dynamique des torrents pourraient alors avoir des conséquences notables en terme de risque torrentiel.
Courault, Romain. "Les paysages culturels de l’élevage de rennes en Scandinavie face au changement global : une approche multi-scalaire (Laponie suédoise, Sud norvégien)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL134.
Full textLes régions subarctiques font face aux effets interconnectés et pluri-scalaires du changement global (amplification des extrêmes bioclimatiques et intensification dans l’utilisation des sols). Le renne, Rangifer tarandus est un grand herbivore qui migre annuellement sur de grands espaces pour ses besoins biologiques. L’ongulé cristallise de nombreux enjeux paysagers pour les pastoralismes saamis. Plusieurs populations de rennes seront étudiées dans un suivi multi-scalaire. Nous évaluons les effets directs du changement global (fragmentation paysagère et changements climatiques) sur les paysages culturels de Scandinavie en lien avec la démographie des rennes. Par la suite, la descente en échelle géographique nous permet de caractériser via satellite et relevés floristiques les effets du changement global sur les paysages végétaux de la communauté montagnarde d’éleveurs Gabna, dans le nord de la Suède. Nous étudions ensuite les comportements migratoires des rennes sauvages norvégiens, pour appréhender les liens entre variabilité bioclimatique et écologie spatiale de l’herbivore. Les résultats principaux rejoignent ceux de la littérature scientifique, appliqués aux espaces étudiés : régionalement, changement des climats et pertes significatives en pâturages ; localement, boréalisation et embroussaillement des paysages migratoires. Les liens forts entre une partie des effets cumulés du changement global et la biogéographie scandinave de Rangifer tarandus sont ainsi discutés. L’approche paysagère dans les problématiques environnementales complexes (revendication territoriale) a révélé l’importance de l’éthique dans le dialogue science/minorités
Grosheny, Danièle. "Paléoécologie et dynamique sédimentaire d'un modèle de banc à rudistes : exemple du Santonien de la Cadière (Sud-Est France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX11018.
Full textCourault, Romain. "Les paysages culturels de l’élevage de rennes en Scandinavie face au changement global : une approche multi-scalaire (Laponie suédoise, Sud norvégien)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL134.
Full textLes régions subarctiques font face aux effets interconnectés et pluri-scalaires du changement global (amplification des extrêmes bioclimatiques et intensification dans l’utilisation des sols). Le renne, Rangifer tarandus est un grand herbivore qui migre annuellement sur de grands espaces pour ses besoins biologiques. L’ongulé cristallise de nombreux enjeux paysagers pour les pastoralismes saamis. Plusieurs populations de rennes seront étudiées dans un suivi multi-scalaire. Nous évaluons les effets directs du changement global (fragmentation paysagère et changements climatiques) sur les paysages culturels de Scandinavie en lien avec la démographie des rennes. Par la suite, la descente en échelle géographique nous permet de caractériser via satellite et relevés floristiques les effets du changement global sur les paysages végétaux de la communauté montagnarde d’éleveurs Gabna, dans le nord de la Suède. Nous étudions ensuite les comportements migratoires des rennes sauvages norvégiens, pour appréhender les liens entre variabilité bioclimatique et écologie spatiale de l’herbivore. Les résultats principaux rejoignent ceux de la littérature scientifique, appliqués aux espaces étudiés : régionalement, changement des climats et pertes significatives en pâturages ; localement, boréalisation et embroussaillement des paysages migratoires. Les liens forts entre une partie des effets cumulés du changement global et la biogéographie scandinave de Rangifer tarandus sont ainsi discutés. L’approche paysagère dans les problématiques environnementales complexes (revendication territoriale) a révélé l’importance de l’éthique dans le dialogue science/minorités
Hattab, Tarek. "Impacts du changement global sur les assemblages d’espèces exploitées sud méditerranéens, application au golfe de Gabès (Tunisie) : de la modélisation des niches aux conséquences trophiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20041/document.
Full textThe Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot highly affected by several sources of disturbances interacting synergistically: global warming, habitat loss and overfishing threaten marine biodiversity and disrupt the ecosystem balance. To ensure a sustainable management of coastal marine ecosystems according to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, it is necessary to study the ecosystem responses to these disturbances. However, despite the variety of global change studies in Mediterranean areas, ecosystems responses to these changes remain poorly understood and particularly at the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea. In this PhD thesis, the Gulf of Gabes was chosen as study area since it is one of the most affected regions by global change which makes it a mesocosm model of more regional patterns that occur in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, as a first step, we replaced the Gulf of Gabes in its biogeographic and ecosystem regional context. This was achievied through a phylogenetic-based delineation of biogeographical species pools of coastal Mediterranean fishes and using an ecosystem model to describe its structure and functioning in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystem model properties. We therefore projected potential future geographic ranges and assemblages composition of biogeographical exploited species pool according to global warming and habitat loss scenarios. Then we assessed their effects on food web structure. Taking into account the taxonomy and inter-species evolutionary relationships, we generate a new bioregionalisation of the continental shelf based on the turnover of lineages. Our results showed that climate is the major driver of species distribution and assemblage's composition. In addition, the exploration of phylogenetic dissimilarity across the Tunisian coast highlighted four major biogeographic areas showing a low spatial congruence with zoning used for fisheries management in Tunisia.Projected range shifts of the 60 main exploited species of the Gulf of Gabes through the implementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) revealed that, by the end of the century, 34 species could contract their ranges including 12 species that could become locally extinct across the Gulf of Gabes. Furthermore, by combining Posidonia meadows loss scenarios and climate change projections, our results showed that the magnitudes of the changes range induced by climate change are larger than those resulting from the loss of habitat.The Ecopath mass-balance model allowed us to describe the structure and functioning of the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gabes in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystems. These models encompass the entire trophic spectrum from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels as well as the main fishing activities in the area. The model results showed that, among the fishing activities studied, bottom trawling was identified as the activity having the widest-ranging impacts across the different functional groups and the largest impacts on some commercially-targeted demersal fish species. Finally, to study the effects of species range shift on food web structure, we used a new methodology to infer trophic interactions between species. Based on the robust relationship between the size of prey and predators, we predicted the current food webs and project potential changes in their structures. We found that a significant portion of the Gulf of Gabes would face an increase of connectance and an extension of trophic pathways in parallel with a decrease in the number of prey per predator and the number of predators per prey. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the understanding of the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning
Rubert, Yolaine. "Contribution à la connaissance des migrations de CO2 naturel dans le Bassin du Sud-Est de la France : enseignements pour le stockage géologique du CO2 dans les réservoirs sédimentaires." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452660.
Full textMestour, Brahim. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de mise en place et d'évolution du remplissage de la Baume-Bonne (Quinson, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France) : Apports de l'analyse minéralogique et micromorphologique des dépôts phosphatés et des dépôts carbonatés." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01045053.
Full textLandes, Bruno. "Les unités briançonnaises de la bordure orientale du massif de la Vanoise méridionale (Savoie) : évolution sédimentaire et structurale." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10031.
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