Academic literature on the topic 'Rechargeable li-ion battery'

Rechargeable batteries are attractive power storage equipment for a broad diversity of applications. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely used the superior rechargeable battery in portable electronics. The increasing needs in portable electronic devices require improved Li-ion batteries with excellent results over many discharge-recharge cycles. One important approach to ensure the electrodes’ integrity is by increasing the storage capacity of cathode and anode materials. This could be achieved using nanoscale-sized electrode materials. In the article, we review the recent advances and perspectives of carbon nanomaterials as anode material for Lithium-ion battery applications. The first section of the review presents the general introduction, industrial use, and working principles of Li-ion batteries. It also demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials and challenges to utilize nanomaterials for Li-ion battery applications. The second section of the review describes the utilization of various carbon-based nanomaterials as anode materials for Li-ion battery applications. The last section presents the conclusion and future directions.

In spite of great research efforts on Li–S batteries in aprotic organic electrolytes, there have been very few studies showing the potential application of this system in aqueous electrolyte. Herein, we explore this option and report on a cheaper and safer new aqueous system coupling a well-known cathode material in Li-ion batteries (i.e. LiMn₂O₄) with a dissolved polysulfide anode.

Abstract: Interest in Rechargeable Batteries has risen drastically on account of environmental and energy concerns. The need for advancement in batteries has increased due to various applications in the field of science and technology. Therefore, rechargeable batteries were conceived and developed. Rechargeable batteries have high performance, high energy density, flexibility, light weight, better design and performance than non-rechargeable batteries. With increasing energy storage demands, calls for Li-ion rechargeable batteries. This paper focuses on technical concepts, brief ideas about the technology and progress in these rechargeable batteries. The rechargeable battery requires heavy industrial machinery for the manufacturing. The machines required are easily available in the market and the chemicals required for the battery are also easily available. The finished product requires only a single USB port for charging. All these alarming factors incline towards the development of rechargeable batteries, more crucially. The materials used in rechargeable batteries are environmentally-friendly and because of its multiple reusability, it contributes to minimal wastage

Rechargeable battery plays an important role to support the implementation of clean and renewable energy. In this aspect, post Li-ion battery, such as Zn-ion battery is receiving great attention due to its low cost and enviromentally friendly. Therefore, studies of electrode materials for Zn-ion battery are of paramount importance. In this contribution, we present theoretical investigation to explore the potential use of tunnel-type manganese dioxide for zinc storage material. Our calculation suggests the stability of the material for Zn-ion battery application.

In recent years, the environmental and rechargeable Li-ion battery has become a hot spot in new energy technology field. The performance of Li-ion battery is in a large part affected by the advanced special equipment. The current and voltage needle is an important part in the special equipment. Based on the existing current and voltage needle, the paper designs a new current and voltage needle which is used for Li-ion battery formation. In this paper, we make a detailed analysis of mechanical structure and point out the superiority compared with the existing current and voltage needle. Cooperating with other formation equipment, it has achieved good economic benefits for the enterprise.

Li-ion batteries are one of the most popular energy storage devices widely applied to various kinds of equipment, such as mobile phones, medical and military equipment, etc. Therefore, due to its numerous advantages, especially on the NMC type, there is a predictable yearly increase in Li-ion batteries' demand. However, even though it is rechargeable, Li-ion batteries also have a usage time limit, thereby increasing the amount of waste disposed of in the environment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimum conditions and the potential and challenges from the waste Li-ion battery recycling process, which consists of pretreatment, metal extraction, and product preparation. Data were obtained by studying the literature related to Li-ion battery waste's recycling process, which was then compiled into a review. The results showed that the most optimum recycling process of Li-ion batteries consists of metal extraction by a leaching process that utilizes H2SO4 and H2O2 as leaching and reducing agents, respectively. Furthermore, it was proceeding with the manufacturing of a new Li-ion battery.

Utilisée en tant que source d’énergie renouvelable, l’énergie solaire peut permettre de repousser les limites d’autonomie des batteries, tandis que l’utilisation de batteries est nécessaire pour gérer le problème d’intermittence de l’énergie solaire. Le design conventionnel d’une batterie solaire implique l’utilisation d’une unité de stockage et d’une unité de conversion reliées l’une à l’autre par des fils électriques. Dans ce travail, une autre approche est explorée pour permettre la conversion et le stockage de l’énergie dans un dispositif unique qui utilise une électrode de TiO2 anatase en tant qu’électrode de batterie Lithium-ion photo-rechargeable. Des films minces mésoporeux de TiO2 anatase déposés sur substrats de FTO sont utilisés en tant qu’électrode modèle pour permettre le contrôle de l’architecture de l’électrode. Ces films sont préparés en combinant la chimie sol-gel et le procédé de trempage-retrait (dip-coating). Le comportement électrochimique sous illumination de ces électrodes est étudié dans une configuration de batterie Li-ion afin d’apporter la preuve de concept de la photo-recharge de l’électrode de TiO2. Les mécanismes photo-induits ainsi que le destin des photo-charges est analysé en étudiant notamment l’influence de l’architecture de l’électrode et le rôle de l’électrolyte
Sunlight, as abundant clean source of energy, can alleviate the energy limits of batteries, while batteries can address photovoltaic intermittency. Conventional design of solar charging batteries involves the use of batteries and solar modules as two separate units connected by electric wires. In this work, we have studied another approach to harvest and store solar energy simultaneously into a single device, using a TiO2 bi-functional Li-ion battery photo-electrode. The apprehension of an electrode undergoing simultaneous light absorption and Li+ intercalation/extraction is very rich in terms of potentialities. At the same time, the various facets of the electrode evolution are very challenging to track and understand. Mesoporous TiO2 anatase thin film on FTO substrates are used as model electrodes to allow a careful control of the electrode architecture. They are prepared by combining the sol-gel chemistry with the dip-coating process, using the “evaporation induced self-assembly” (EISA) approach. In order to bring the proof of concept of the photo-recharge of the electrode, its electrochemical behaviour under illumination is studied using a Li-ion battery configuration. Photo-induced mechanisms and fate of photo-charges are investigated by studying the influence of the electrode architecture and of the electrolyte

Developing a sustainable energy infrastructure for the 21st century requires the large scale development of renewable energy resources. Fully exploiting these inherently intermittent supplies will require advanced energy storage technologies, with rechargeable Li-ion and Na-ion batteries considered highly promising for both vehicle electrification and grid storage applications. However, the performance required of battery materials has not been achieved, and significant improvements are needed. Modern computational techniques allow the elucidation of structure-property relationships at the atomic level and are valuable tools in providing fundamental insights into novel materials. Therefore, in this thesis a combination of atomistic simulation and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) techniques have been used to study a number of potential battery cathode materials. Firstly, Na2FePO4F and NaFePO4 are interesting materials that have been reported recently as attractive positive electrodes for Na-ion batteries. Here, we report their Na-ion conduction behaviour and intrinsic defect properties using atomistic simulation methods. Na+ ion conduction in Na2FePO4F is predicted to be two-dimensional (2D) in the interlayer plane. Na ion migration in NaFePO4 is restricted to the [010] direction along a curved trajectory, leading to quasi-1D Na+ diffusion. Furthermore, Na/Fe antisite defects are predicted to have a lower formation energy in NaFePO4 than Na2FePO4F. The higher probability of tunnel occupation with a relatively immobile Fe2+ cation - along with a greater volume change on redox cycling - contributes to the poor electrochemical performance of NaFePO4. Secondly, work on the Na2FePO4F system is extended to include investigation of the surface structures and energetics. The equilibrium morphology is found to be essentially octagonal, compressed slightly along the [010] direction, and is dominated by the (010), (021), (122) and (110) surfaces. The calculated growth morphology is a more ``rod-like'' nanoparticle, with the (021), (023), (110) and (112) planes predominant. The (010) surface lies parallel to the Na layers in the ac plane and is unlikely to facilitate Na+ intercalation. As such, its prominence in the equilibrium morphology, and absence from the growth morphology, suggests nanoparticles synthesised in a kinetically limited regime should provide higher rate performance than those synthesised in close to equilibrium conditions. Surface redox potentials for Na2FePO4F derived using DFT vary between 2.76 - 3.37 V, in comparison to a calculated bulk cell voltage of 2.91 V. Most significantly, the lowest energy potentials are found for the (130) and (001) planes suggesting that upon charging Na+ will first be extracted from these surfaces, and inserted lastly upon discharging. Thirdly, the mixed phosphates Na4M3(PO4)2P2O7 (M=Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) are explored as a fascinating new class of materials reported to be attractive Na-ion cathodes, displaying low volume changes upon cycling indicative of long lifetime operation. Key issues surrounding intrinsic defects, Na-ion migration mechanisms and voltage trends have been investigated through a combination of atomistic energy minimisation, molecular dynamics and DFT simulations. The MD results suggest Na+ diffusion extends across a 3D network of migration pathways with an activation barrier of 0.20-0.24 eV, and diffusion coefficients (DNa) of 10-10-10-11 cm2s-1 at 325 K, suggesting high rate capability. The cell voltage trends, explored using DFT methods, indicate that doping the Fe-based cathode with Ni can significantly increase the voltage, and hence energy density. Finally, DFT simulations of K+-stabilised α-MnO2 have been combined with aberration corrected-STEM techniques to study the surface energetics, particle morphologies and growth mechanism. α-K0.25MnO2 grown through a hydrothermal synthesis method is found to produce primary nanowires with preferential growth along the [001] direction. Primary nanowires attach through a shared (110) interface to form larger secondary nanowires. This is in agreement with DFT simulations with the {100}, {110} and {211} surfaces displaying the lowest surface energies. The ranking of surface energies is driven by Mn coordination environments and surface relaxation. The calculated equilibrium morphology of α-K0.25MnO2 is consistent with the observed primary nanowires from high resolution electron microscopy images.

This thesis studies the self-discharge performance of recently developed rechargeable hybrid aqueous batteries, using LiMn2O4 as a cathode and Zinc as an anode. It is shown through a variety of electrochemical and ex-situ analytical techniques that many parts of the composite cathode play important roles on the self-discharge of the battery. It was determined that the current collector must be passive towards corrosion, and polyethylene was identified as the best option for this application. The effect of amount and type of conductive agent was also investigated, with low surface area carbonaceous material giving best performances. It was also shown that the state of charge has strong effects on the extension of self-discharge. More importantly, this study shows that the self-discharge mechanism in the ReHAB system involves the cathode active material and contains a reversible and an irreversible part. The reversible portion is predominant and is due to lithium re-intercalation into the LiMn2O4 spinel framework, and results from Zn dissolution into the electrolyte, which drives the Li+ ions out of the solution. The irreversible portion of the self-discharge occurs as a result of the decomposition of the LiMn2O4 material in the presence of the acidic electrolyte, and is much less extensive than the reversible process.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
電機工程學系
98
In this thesis, we would like to present the principle of battery control board work, manufacture assembly for notebook battery. We had design different testing conditions that vary with charging voltage and current to assess charging time, battery performance and battery cycle life. However, the optimization of battery charging is base on Charging Temperature, Charging Voltage, Charging Current and Discharging Current, those factors will impact Battery charging and discharging efficient and improve Battery cycle life. Between CC-CV charging mode and Step charging mode, the different is we can get better Battery optimize and it can delay degradation for Battery.

A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Devices that carry out these conversions are called batteries. In batteries, generally the chemical components are contained within the device itself. If the reactants are supplied from an external source as they are consumed, the device is called a fuel cell. A fuel cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy as long as the chemicals are supplied from external reserves. The working principle of a metal-air battery involves the principles of both batteries and fuel cells. The anode of a metal-air cell is stored inside the cell, whereas O2 for the air-electrode is supplied from either atmosphere or a tank. There are several metal-air batteries available academically, which include Zn-air, Alair, Fe-air, Mg-air, Ca-air, Li-air and Na-air batteries. So far, only Zn-air battery is successfully commercialized. Li-air battery is attractive compared to other metal-air batteries because of its high theoretical energy density (11140 Wh kg-1). The energy density of Li-air battery is 3 - 5 times greater than state-of-art Li-ion battery. Li-air (or Li-O2) battery comprises Li-metal as the anode and a porous cathode. The cathode and the anode are separated by a suitable separator soaked in an organic electrolyte. Atmospheric air can enter the battery through the porous cathode. Out of the mixture of gases present in the air, only O2 is electrochemically active. For optimization purpose, most of researchers use pure O2 gas instead of air. Li-air battery is not commercialized till now because of several issues associated with it. The issues include: (i) sluggish kinetics of O2 electrode reaction, (ii) decomposition of the electrolyte during charge-discharge cycling, (iii) formation of Li dendrites, (iv) contamination by moisture, etc. Among these scientific and technical problems related to Li-O2 cell system, studies on rechargeable O2 electrode with fast kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) during the cell discharge and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during charge in non-aqueous electrolytes are important. In non-aqueous electrolytes, the 1-electron reduction of O2 to form superoxide (O2 -) is known to occur as the first step. (ii) Subsequently, superoxide undergoes reduction to peroxide (O2 2-) and then to oxide (O2-). The kinetics of ORR is slow in non-aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, the reaction needs to be reversible for rechargeable Li-air batteries. In order to realize fast kinetics, a suitable catalyst is essential. The catalyst should be bifunctional for both of ORR and OER in rechargeable battery applications. Noble metal particles have been rarely investigated as catalysts for O2 electrode of Li-O2 cells. Graphene has two-dimensional planar structure with sp2 bonded carbon atoms. It has become an important electrode material owing to its high electronic conductivity and large surface area. It has been investigated for applications such as supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, and fuel cells. Catalyst nanoparticles prepared and anchored to graphene sheets are expected to sustain discrete existence without undergoing agglomeration and therefore they possess a high catalytic stability for long term experiments as well as applications. In this context, it is intended to explore the catalytic activity of noble metal nanoparticles dispersed on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for O2 electrode of Li-O2 cells. While a majority of the investigations reported in the thesis involves noble metal and alloy particles dispersed on RGO sheets, results on polypyrrole-RGO composite and also magnesium cobalt silicate for Li-O2 system are included. A chapter on electrochemical impedance analysis of LiMn2O4, a cathode material of Li-ion batteries, is also presented in the thesis. Introduction on electrochemical energy storage systems, in particular on Li-O2 system is provided in the 1st Chapter of the thesis. Synthesis of Ag nanoparticles anchored to RGO and catalytic activity are presented in the 2nd Chapter. Ag-RGO is prepared by insitu reduction of Ag+ ions and graphene oxide in aqueous phase by ethylene glycol as the reducing agent. The product is characterized by powder XRD, UV-VIS, IR, Raman, AFM, XPS, SEM and TEM studies. The SEM images show the layered morphology of graphene and TEM images confirm the presence of Ag nanoparticles of average diameter less than 5 nm anchored to RGO (Fig. 1a). Ag-RGO is investigated for ORR in alkaline (1 M KOH), neutral (1 M K2SO4) and non-aqueous 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate in dimethyl sulphoxide (TBAP-DMSO) electrolytes. The ORR follows 4e- reduction in aqueous and 1e- reduction pathway in non-aqueous electrolytes. Li-O2 cells are assembled with Ag-RGO as (iii) Fig. 1. (a) TEM image of Ag-RGO and (b) charge-discharge voltage profiles of Li-O2 (Ag-RGO) cells. oxygen electrode catalyst in non-aqueous electrolyte (1 M LiPF6-DMSO) and subjected to charge-discharge cycling at several current densities. The discharge capacity values obtained are 11950 (11.29), 9340 (5.00), and 2780 mAh g-1 (2.47 mAh cm-2) when discharged at 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 mA cm-2, respectively (Fig. 1b). Powder XRD studies of discharged electrodes indicate the formation of Li2O2 and Li2O during the cell discharge. In addition to these studies, Na-O2 cells are also assembled with Ag-RGO in non-aqueous electrolyte. It is concluded that the chemistry Li-O2 and Na-O2 cells are similar except for the capacity values. Metal nanoparticles of Au, Pd and Ir are decorated on RGO sheets by reduction of metal ions on graphene oxide by NaBH4. Au-RGO, Pd-RGO and Ir-RGO are characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Particle size of metal nanoparticles ranges from 2 to Fig.2. Charge-discharge voltage profiles Li-O2(RGO) (i) and Li-O2(Au-RGO) (ii) cells at current density 0.3 mA cm-2. 0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 10 nm on graphene sheets. All samples are studied for ORR in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode experiments. Li-O2 cells are assembled in 1 M LiPF6-DMSO and discharge capacity values obtained are 3344, 8192 and 11449 mAh g-1 with Au-RGO, Pd-RGO and Ir-RGO, respectively, at 0.2 mA cm-2 current density. The results of these studies are described in Chapter 3. Synthesis and electrochemical activity of Pt-based alloy nanoparticles (Pt3Ni, Pt3Co and Pt3Fe) on RGO are presented in Chapter 4. The Pt3Ni alloy particles are prepared by simultaneous reduction of Pt4+, Ni2+ and graphene oxide by hydrazine in ethylene glycol medium. Pt3Co-RGO and Pt3Fe-RGO are also prepared similar to Pt3Ni-RGO. Formation of alloys is confirmed with XRD studies. O2 reduction reaction on Pt-alloys in non-aqueous electrolyte follows 1e- reduction to O2 -. RDE results show that Pt3Ni-RGO is a better catalyst than Pt for O2 reduction (Fig. 3). Li-O2 cells are assembled with all samples and subjected to Fig. 3. Linear sweep voltammograms of Pt3Ni-RGO, Pt3Co-RGO and Pt3Fe-RGO in 0.1 M TBAPDMSO with 1600 rpm at 10 mV s-1 scan rate. The area of GC electrode was 0.0314 cm2 with a catalyst mass of 200 μg. charge-discharge cycling at several current densities. The initial discharge capacity values obtained are 14128, 5000 and 10500 mAh g-1 with Pt3Ni-RGO, Pt3Co-RGO and Pt3Fe-RGO, respectively, as the air electrode catalysts. Polypyrrole (PPY) is an attractive conducting polymer with advantages such as high electronic conductivity and electrochemical stability. A combination of advantages of graphene and PPY composite are explained in the Chapter 5. PPY is grown on already synthesized RGO sheets by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in an acidic PY composite is characterized by XRD and Raman spectroscopy studies. Li-O2 cells are assembled in non-aqueous electrolyte and subjected for charge-discharge cycling at different current densities. The discharge capacity value of Li-O2(PPY-RGO) cell is 3358 mAh g-1 Fig. 4. (a) Discharge-charge performance of Li-O2(PPY-RGO) cell with a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2 limiting to a capacity of 1000 mAh g-1 and (b) variation of cut-off voltages on cycling. (3.94 mAh cm-2) in the first cycle. Li-O2(PPY-RGO) cell delivers 3.7 times greater discharge capacity than Li-O2(RGO) cell. Cycling stability of Li-O2 (PPY-RGO) cell is investigated by charge-discharge cycling by limiting the capacity to 1000 mAh g-1, and the cell voltage at the end of discharge and at the end of charge are found constant at 2.75 and 4.10 V, respectively (Fig. 4 a, b). This study shows that PPY-RGO is stable in Li-O2 cells. Electrochemical impedance study shows that charge-transfer resistant is 500 Ω for freshly assembled Li- O2(PPY-RGO) cell and it decreases to 200 Ω after 1st discharge. Synthesis of magnesium cobalt silicate and its electrochemical activity are presented in Chapter 6. MgCoSiO4 is synthesized by mixed solvothermal approach and characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Cubic shaped MgCoSiO4 is investigated for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity in alkaline and neutral media. The current values at 0.95 versus SHE are 43, 0.18, 16 mA cm-2 on MgCoSiO4, bare carbon paper and Pt foil electrodes, respectively (Fig. 5), indicating that MgCoSiO4 is a good catalyst for OER. The onset potential for OER is 0.68 V versus SHE on MgCoSiO4 in 1 M KOH. OER activity on MgCoSiO4 is also studied in K2SO4 and phosphate buffer electrolytes. The results indicate good catalytic activity of MgCoSiO4 in neutral electrolytes also. The catalytic activity of Fig. 5. Cyclic voltammograms of bare carbon paper (i), Pt foil (ii), MgCoSiO4 coated carbon (iii) electrodes in 1 M KOH (sweep rate = 5 mV s-1, loading level = 1.15 mg, area = 0.5 cm-2). MgCoSiO4 towards ORR in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes is studied by RDE experiments. Li-O2 cells are assembled with bifunctional MgCoSiO4 catalyst in 1 M LiPF6- DMSO electrolyte and the discharge capacity values obtained are 7721 (8.27), 2510 (1.66) and 1053 mAh g-1 (0.92 mAh cm-2) when discharged at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 mA cm-2 current densities, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of LiMn2O4 electrode are carried out at different temperatures from -10 to 50 0C and in the potential range from 3.50 to 4.30 V, and the data are analysed in Chapter 7. In the EIS spectra recorded over the frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz at different temperatures, there are two semicircles present in the Nyquist plot (Fig. 6a). But in 3.90 to 4.10 V versus Li/Li+(1M) potential range at low temperatures (-10 to 15 oC) range, another semicircle also appears (Fig. 6b). Impedance parameters such as solution resistant (Rs), charge-transfer resistance (Rct), doublelayer capacitance (Cdl), electronic resistance (Re) and Warburg impedance (WR), etc., are obtained by analysis of the EIS data. The variations of resistances with temperature are analysed by Arrhenius-like relationships and the apparent activation energies of the corresponding transport properties are evaluated. The values of activation energy for chargetransfer process are 0.37, 0.30 and 0.42 eV, at 3.50, 3.90 and 4.10 V versus Li/Li+(1M), respectively. The chemical diffusion coefficient of Li+ ions into LiMn2O4 calculated from EIS data. The values of diffusion coefficient calculated are in the range of 2.50 x 10-12 - 4.10 Fig. 6. Nyquist plot of impedance study of Li/LiMn2O4 cell at 3.50 V (a) and 3.90 V (b) at -10 0C. Details of the above studies are described in the thesis.

The exploration of functional materials to store renewable, clean, and efficient energies for electric vehicles (EVs) has become one of the most popular topics in both material chemistry and electrochemistry. Rechargeable lithium batteries and fuel cells are considered as the most promising candidates, but they are both facing some challenges before the practical applications. For example, the low discharge capacity and energy density of the current lithium ion battery cannot provide EVs expected drive range to compete with internal combustion engined vehicles. As for fuel cells, the rapid and safe storage of H2 gas is one of the main obstacles hindering its application. In this thesis, novel mesoporous/nano functional materials that served as cathodes for lithium sulfur battery and lithium ion battery were studied. Ternary lithium transition metal nitrides were also synthesized and examined as potential on-board hydrogen storage materials for EVs. Highly ordered mesoporous carbon (BMC-1) was prepared via the evaporation-induced self-assembly strategy, using soluble phenolic resin and Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursors and triblock copolymer (ethylene oxide)106(propylene oxide)70(ethylene oxide)106 (F127) as the template. This carbon features a unique bimodal structure (2.0 nm and 5.6 nm), coupled with high specific area (2300 m2/g) and large pore volume (2.0 cm3/g). The BMC-1/S nanocomposites derived from this carbon with different sulfur content exhibit high reversible discharge capacities. For example, the initial capacity of the cathode with 50 wt% of sulfur was 995 mAh/g and remains at 550 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a high current density of 1670 mA/g (1C). The good performance of the BMC-1C/S cathodes is attributed to the bimodal structure of the carbon, and the large number of small mesopores that interconnect the isolated cylindrical pores (large pores). This unique structure facilitates the transfer of polysulfide anions and lithium ions through the large pores. Therefore, high capacity was obtained even at very high current rates. Small mesopores created during the preparation served as containers and confined polysulfide species at the cathode. The cycling stability was further improved by incorporating a small amount of porous silica additive in the cathodes. The main disadvantage of the BMC-1 framework is that it is difficult to incorporate more than 60 wt% sulfur in the BMC-1/S cathodes due to the micron-sized particles of the carbon. Two approaches were employed to solve this problem. First, the pore volume of the BMC-1 was enlarged by using pore expanders. Second, the particle size of BMC-1 was reduced by using a hard template of silica. Both of these two methods had significant influence on improving the performance of the carbon/sulfur cathodes, especially the latter. The obtained spherical BMC-1 nanoparticles (S-BMC) with uniform particle size of 300 nm exhibited one of the highest inner pore volumes for mesoporous carbon nanoparticles of 2.32 cm3/g and also one of the highest surface areas of 2445 m2/g with a bimodal pore size distribution of large and small mesopores of 6 nm and 3.1 nm. As much as 70 wt% sulfur was incorporated into the S-BMC/S nanocomposites. The corresponding electrodes showed a high initial discharge capacity up to 1200 mAh/g and 730 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a high current rate 1C (1675 mA/g). The stability of the cells could be further improved by either removal of the sulfur on the external surface of spherical particles or functionalization of the C/S composites via a simple TEOS induced SiOx coating process. In addition, the F-BMC/S cathodes prepared with mesoporous carbon nanofibers displayed similar performance as the S-BMC/S. These results indicate the importance of particle size control of mesoporous carbons on electrochemical properties of the Li-S cells. By employing the order mesoporous C/SiO2 framework, Li2CoSiO4/C nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The morphology and particle size of the composites could be tailored by simply adjusting the concentrations of the base LiOH. By increasing the ratio of LiOH:SiO2:CoCl2 in the precursors, the particle size decreased at first and then went up. When the molar ratio is equal to 8:1:1, uniform spheres with a mean diameter of 300-400 nm were obtained, among which hollow and core shell structures were observed. The primary reaction mechanism was discussed, where the higher concentration of OH- favored the formation of Li2SiO3 but hindered the subsequent conversion to Li2CoSiO4. According to the elemental maps and TGA of the Li2CoSiO4/C, approximately 2 wt% of nanoscale carbon was distributed on/in the Li2CoSiO4, due to the collapse of the highly ordered porous structure of MCS. These carbons played a significant role in improving the electrochemical performance of the electrode. Without any ball-mill or carbon wiring treatments, the Li2CoSiO4/C-8 exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 162 mAh/g, much higher than that of the sample synthesized with fume silica under similar conditions and a subsequent hand-mixing of Ketjen black. Finally, lithium transition metal nitrides Li7VN4 and Li7MnN4 were prepared by high temperature solid-state reactions. These two compounds were attempted as candidates for hydrogen storage both by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments. The results show that Li7VN4 did not absorb hydrogen under our experimental conditions, and Li7MnN4 was observed to absorb 7 hydrogen atoms through the formation of LiH, Mn4N, and ammonia gas. While these results for Li7VN4 and Li7MnN4 differ in detail, they are in overall qualitative agreement with our theoretical work, which strongly suggests that both compounds are unlikely to form quaternary hydrides.

AbstractAs one of the most promising alternatives to effectively bypass fossil fuels and promote net-zero carbon emission target around the world, rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become a mainstream energy storage technology in numerous important applications such as electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and smart grid. However, Li-ion batteries present inevitable ageing and performance degradation with time. To ensure efficiency, safety, and avoid potential failures for Li-ion batteries, reliable battery management during its full-lifespan is of significant importance. This chapter first introduces the background and motivation of Li-ion battery, followed by the description of Li-ion battery fundamentals and the demands of battery management. After that, the basic information and benefits of using data science technologies to achieve effective battery full-lifespan management are presented.

World is passing through the energy crises due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels. To address this crisis and to fulfill the energy demands worldwide, development of energy storage devices have increased rapidly. Also, renewable energy resources are intermittent, and therefore nevertheless, this energy resources are not always available. In that context, rechargeable lithium batteries are most promising energy storage devices owing to high energy and power density. Although, the development of the component of rechargeable battery such as anode, cathode and electrolyte are in progress as they play major role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery. Among them, electrolyte plays crucial role as it provides the path for diffusion of Li+ ions between the electrodes. In that context, ionic liquid-based electrolytes are widely used as it acts as plasticizer and thus increases the conductivity of electrolyte considerably. In this chapter, we have discussed basics of ionic liquids and its application in electrolyte system. Also, in this chapter, we have discussed various properties of ionic liquid-based electrolytes and their application in rechargeable lithium battery.

Titanium dioxide- (TiO2-) based nanomaterials have been widely adopted as active materials for photocatalysis, sensors, solar cells, and for energy storage and conversion devices, especially rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to their excellent structural and cycling stability, high discharge voltage plateau (more than 1.7 V versus Li+/Li), high safety, environmental friendliness, and low cost. However, due to their relatively low theoretical capacity and electrical conductivity, their use in practical applications, i.e. anode materials for LIBs, is limited. Several strategies have been developed to improve the conductivity, the capacity, the cycling stability, and the rate capability of TiO2-based materials such as designing different nanostructures (1D, 2D, and 3D), Coating or combining TiO2 with carbonaceous materials, and selective doping with mono and heteroatoms. This chapter is devoted to the development of a simple and cost-efficient strategies for the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles as anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). These strategies consist of using the Sol–Gel method, with a sodium alginate biopolymer as a templating agent and studying the influence of calcination temperature and phosphorus doping on the structural, the morphological and the textural properties of TiO2 material. Moreover, the synthetized materials were tested electrochemically as anode material for lithium ion battery. TiO2 electrodes calcined at 300°C and 450°C have delivered a reversible capacity of 266 mAh g−1, 275 mAh g−1 with coulombic efficiencies of 70%, 75% during the first cycle under C/10 current rate, respectively. Besides, the phosphorus doped TiO2 electrodes were presented excellent lithium storage properties compared to the non-doped electrodes which can be attributed to the beneficial role of phosphorus doping to inhibit the growth of TiO2 nanoparticles during the synthesis process and provide a high electronic conductivity.

This research investigated different nonlinear models, state estimation techniques and control strategies applied to rechargeable Li-ion batteries and electric motors powered and adapted to these batteries. The finality of these investigations was achieved by finding the most suitable design approach for the real-time implementation of the most advanced state estimators based on intelligent neural networks and neural control strategies. For performance comparison purposes, was chosen as case study an accurate and robust EKF state of charge (SOC) estimator built on a simple second-order RC equivalent circuit model (2RC ECM) accurate enough to accomplish the main goal. An intelligent nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) Shallow Neural Network (SSN) estimator was developed to estimate the battery SOC, predict the terminal voltage, and map the nonlinear open circuit voltage (OCV) battery characteristic curve as a function of SOC. Focusing on nonlinear modeling and linearization techniques, such as partial state feedback linearization, for “proof concept” and simulations purposes in the case study, a third order nonlinear model for a DC motor (DCM) drive was selected. It is a valuable research support suitable to analyze the performance of state feedback linearization, system singularities, internal and zero dynamics, and solving reference tracking problems.

Nowadays, the wavelet transformation and the 1-D wavelet technique provide valuable tools for signal processing, design, and analysis, in a wide range of control systems industrial applications, audio image and video compression, signal denoising, interpolation, image zooming, texture analysis, time-scale features extraction, multimedia, electrocardiogram signals analysis, and financial prediction. Based on this awareness of the vast applicability of 1-D wavelet in signal processing applications as a feature extraction tool, this paper aims to take advantage of its ability to extract different patterns from signal data sets collected from healthy and faulty input-output signals. It is beneficial for developing various techniques, such as coding, signal processing (denoising, filtering, reconstruction), prediction, diagnosis, detection and isolation of defects. The proposed case study intends to extend the applicability of these techniques to detect the failures that occur in the battery management control system, such as sensor failures to measure the current, voltage and temperature inside an HEV rechargeable battery, as an alternative to Kalman filtering estimation techniques. The MATLAB simulation results conducted on a MATLAB R2020a software platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of detection accuracy, computation time, and robustness against measurement uncertainty.

The breathtaking pace of the development of smart and wearable gadgets, electric vehicles and many other ultraportable devices has ushered into the era of rapid development of rechargeable batteries with enhanced safety, high-performance, high gravimetric and volumetric energy density. New battery chemistries are being constantly explored to identify better electrolytes that are environmental-friendly, nonflammable, reusable and most importantly ultra-customizable for high-performance applications. Ionic liquid, by virtue of its unique set of tunable properties, is a natural choice from both academic and industrial perspectives. A general guiding principle of ionic liquid synthesis proceeds via an appropriate selection of precursors from the ionic liquid toolbox and reaction with the alkyl halide followed by the metathesis or simple acid-base reaction yielding the final ionic liquid. This study is a complete and extensive treatise on the usage of the ionic liquids in the electrolytes of secondary batteries concerning (i) the design philosophy, (ii) synthesis, (iii) characterization, (iv) new chemistry and electrode material development (v) cell performance, (vi) cell safety, and (vii) comprehensive computational protocols encompassing all the aspects of the electrolyte and electrode-electrolyte interactions.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries are used as one of the major energy storage components for implantable medical devices. Reliability of Li-ion batteries used in these devices has been recognized as of high importance from a broad range of stakeholders, including medical device manufacturers, regulatory agencies, patients and physicians. To ensure a Li-ion battery operates reliably, it is important to develop health monitoring techniques that accurately estimate the capacity of the battery throughout its life-time. This paper presents a sparse Bayesian learning method that utilizes the charge voltage and current measurements to estimate the capacity of a Li-ion battery used in an implantable medical device. Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is employed as a probabilistic kernel regression method to learn the complex dependency of the battery capacity on the characteristic features that are extracted from the charge voltage and current measurements. Owing to the sparsity property of RVM, the proposed method generates a reduced-scale regression model that consumes only a small fraction of the CPU time required by a full-scale model, which makes online capacity estimation computationally efficient. 10 years’ continuous cycling data and post-explant cycling data obtained from Li-ion prismatic cells are used to verify the performance of the proposed method.

Over the past two decades, safety and reliability of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries have been receiving a considerable amount of attention from both industry and academia. To guarantee safe and reliable operation of a Li-ion battery pack and build failure resilience in the pack, battery management systems (BMSs) should possess the capability to monitor, in real time, the state of health (SOH) of the individual cells in the pack. This paper presents a deep learning method, named deep convolutional neural networks, for cell-level SOH assessment based on the capacity, voltage, and current measurements during a charge cycle. The unique features of deep convolutional neural networks include the local connectivity and shared weights, which enable the model to estimate battery capacity accurately using the measurements during charge. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply deep learning to online SOH assessment of Li-ion battery. 10-year daily cycling data from implantable Li-ion cells are used to verify the performance of the proposed method. Compared with traditional machine learning methods such as relevance vector machine and shallow neural networks, the proposed method is demonstrated to produce higher accuracy and robustness in capacity estimation.

Reliability of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries has been recognized as of high importance from a broad range of stakeholders, including manufacturers of battery-powered devices, regulatory agencies, researchers and the general public. Failures of Li-ion batteries could result in enormous economic losses and catastrophic events. To enable early identification and resolution of reliability issues and proactive prevention of failures, it is important to be able to diagnose, in a quantitative manner, degradation mechanisms of individual battery cells while the cells are in operation. This paper proposes a methodological framework for on-board quantitative analysis of degradation mechanisms of Li-ion battery using differential voltage analysis. In the framework, the task of on-board degradation analysis is decomposed into two phases: 1) offline high precision characterization of half-cell differential voltage (dV/dQ) behavior, which collects high precision voltage (V) and capacity (Q) data from positive and negative electrode half-cells; and 2) online (on-board) quantitative analysis of degradation mechanisms, which adopts recursive Bayesian filtering to online estimate degradation parameters based on measurement of full-cell dV/dQ curve. These degradation parameters quantify the degrees of degradation from the mechanisms. Simulation results obtained from LiCoO2/graphite Li-ion cells verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework in online estimation of the degradation parameters.

As the demand of the rechargeable battery has been requested not only from operating the small devices, but also from operating the large and medium size equipment such as an electric vehicle, the research has been focused on the stability of the battery, minimization of the energy loss, and finding the new materials for effective energy storage. The Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery consists of four main components which are cathode active material, anode active material, electrolyte, and the separator. One of current research fields of the Li-ion battery material is in the area of cathode active material. It is because the cathode active material has 30∼40% of the manufacturing cost and it vastly affects the capacity of the batteries. In this research, we conduct one-cell simulation to compare the battery performance for changing the properties of the Cathode material. It is one of the thermochemical parameters that can affect the charge/discharge rate and the life of the batteries. Although, the certain kind of active materials has been reported in previous reports, we used the new material properties and researched about the whole discharge curve for future material development. The heating behavior is also investigated with the arbitrary properties being varied.

A Deep Sea Cruising AUV “URASHIMA” has been developed by JAMSTEC since 1998. The dimensions and weight are 10m (L), 1.3m (W), 1.5m (H), and about 7.5 tons in air. A main power source device system of AUV “URASHIMA” is a large capacity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable battery system or Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) system. AUV “URASHIMA” will be able to cruise for about 100km with Li-ion battery system and it will cruise for about 300km with fuel cell system. The cruising trial used by the fuel cell system will start at the end of 2002. The instruments for science researches are an automatic multi-water-sampling system, a CTDO, a side-scan sonar, a digital still camera with a thermoelectrically cooled CCD image sensor, a TV camera, and so on. Three operation modes, which are UROV mode, acoustic remote control mode and autonomous mode, are available. Those three kinds of modes are used acceding to each development stage and ocean researches. UROV mode is to monitor the state of the vehicle with fiber optics. At the first development stage of AUV “URASHIMA”, we carried out long cruising trial for about 100km and maximum operational depth trial at 3,500m used by Li-ion rechargeable battery system. URASHIMA was succeeded to reach at 3,518m depth of the seafloor at the sea trial of August 2001. We also carried out long cruising trial that was controlled by autonomous mode. Then, URASHIMA was cruised 70km distance at the sea trial of December 2001. We will have a next sea trail on May 2002 for 100km long cruising test. At the next development stage, we will carried out long cruising trial for 300km used by the fuel cell system.

Abstract This paper presents an overview of heat and mass transfer issues in advanced rechargeable batteries such as nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. These batteries are important power sources for ultra-clean, fuel-efficient vehicles and modern portable electronics. Recent demands for environmentally responsible vehicles and strong portable power have prompted fundamental studies of heat and mass transport processes in battery systems in conjunction with electrochemistry and materials science. In this paper, discussions are presented on what are the critical heat and mass transfer issues present in advanced batteries and how these issues affect the battery performance, safety, life cycle, and cost. A theoretical framework describing the transport phenomena with electrochemical reactions is provided. Selected results are presented to illustrate the importance of coupled electrochemical and thermal modeling for advanced batteries. The recent progress is also reviewed in developing and validating battery models at Penn State GATE Center for Advanced Energy Storage.