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1
He, Liang, Junru Zhang, Suozhong Chen, Manqing Hou, and Junyi Chen. "Groundwater recharge pathway according to the environmental isotope: the case of Changwu area, Yangtze River Delta Region of China." Water Supply 22, no. 3 (December 7, 2021): 2988–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.422.
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Abstract Groundwater recharge is an important factor affecting water circulation. As groundwater has slow seepage, directly observing the seepage velocity and recharge path of groundwater in the aquifer is difficult. Environmental isotope technology has become an important means to clarify the mechanism of groundwater movement and the mechanism by which groundwater recharges from the micro and macro perspectives. The Changwu area of Jiangsu Province was taken as an example to identify the recharge sources of groundwater and the recharge paths of groundwater and surface water by using the measured data of isotopes D, 18O, 34S, and T. The results indicated that the shallow aquifer and the I confined aquifer in the Changwu area are mainly recharged by precipitation and surface lake water. The II confined aquifer along the Yangtze River is recharged by modern precipitation. Moreover, the II confined aquifer in the Henglin area was recharged by the ancient Yangtze River before 4,000 years ago, and no recharge relationship exists now. the recharge condition of the II confined aquifer around the northwest of Gehu Lake is in the climate environment of 8,000 years ago and was caused by the surface depression lake water at that time. Additionally, the concealed limestone aquifer is primarily supplied by the II confined aquifer, while the concealed sandstone aquifer supplies the II confined aquifer. Hence, to find out the recharge conditions of groundwater aquifers based on the environmental isotope is conducive to scientific and reasonable evaluation of groundwater resources and to ensure the sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources.
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Wu, Peipeng, Lijuan Zhang, Bin Chang, and Shuhong Wang. "Effects of Decaying Hydraulic Conductivity on the Groundwater Flow Processes in a Managed Aquifer Recharge Area in an Alluvial Fan." Water 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121649.
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Groundwater artificial recharge and medium characteristics represent the major factors in controlling the groundwater flow processes in managed aquifer recharge areas. According to the depositional features of alluvial fans, an analogous homogeneous phreatic sand tank aquifer and the corresponding inhomogeneous scale numerical models were established to investigate the groundwater flow under the combined influence of artificial recharge (human activities) and decaying hydraulic conductivity (medium characteristics). In this study, groundwater flow through a managed aquifer recharge area in an alluvial fan was analyzed under the conditions of decaying hydraulic conductivity (K) with depth or length from apex to apron. The results showed that groundwater flow processes induced by artificial recharge were significantly controlled by the increasing decay exponents of K. The decaying K with depth or length in alluvial fan areas expanded the degree of influence of artificial recharge on groundwater flow. With the increase of decay exponents, the flow directions gradually changed from a horizontal to vertical direction. Groundwater age and spatial variability could also be increased by the increasing decay exponents. The residence time distributions (RTDs) of ambient groundwater and artificially recharged water exhibited logarithmic, exponential, and power law behavior. Penetration depth and travel times of ambient groundwater flow could be affected by artificial recharge and decay exponents. Furthermore, with the increase of decay exponents, the thickness of the artificially recharged water lens and travel times of artificially recharged water were increased. These findings have important implications for the performance of managed aquifer recharge in alluvial fan areas as well as the importance of considering the gradual decrease of K with depth and length.
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Bouwer, Herman. "Issues in artificial recharge." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0696.
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Interest in artificial recharge with normal water and sewage effluent continues to increase. Issues discussed in this paper include recharge with infiltration basins, soil-aquifer treatment of sewage effluent, potable use of water from aquifers recharged with sewage effluent, nitrogen removal, pre-treatment of sewage effluent, disinfection, well recharge, clogging parameters, superchlorination, disinfection byproducts, vadose zone wells, seepage trenches, and constructed aquifers used as intermittent sand filters.
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Ščajev, Patrik, K. Jarašiūnas, P. L. Abramov, S. P. Lebedev, and A. A. Lebedev. "Optical Characterization of Compensating Defects in Cubic SiC." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.401.
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We present investigation of carrier recombination and optical trap recharge in sublimation grown n- and p-type 3C layers by using time-resolved nonlinear optical techniques. Carrier lifetime and recharged trap recovery were measured by differential transmittivity technique. By monitoring nonequilibrium carrier dynamics, we analyzed impact of carrier density and temperature on carrier lifetime and recharged trap recovery rate. Large carrier lifetime and small diffusivity at low injections in highly compensated samples and their dependences on injection were explained by optical recharge of compensating aluminum impurities. The complete recharge of the compensating impurities by optical means allowed us to calculate the compensating aluminum density in n-type samples and compensating nitrogen in p-type ones.
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Mohammed, Shahad Shaker, Khamis Naba Sayl, and Ammar Hatem Kamel. "Ground Water Recharge Mapping in Iraqi Western Desert." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170612.
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Local climate change and water shortage led it essential to assess the amounts and locations of groundwater recharge. To keep the Iraqi Western Desert's groundwater system sustainable. A model was developed to estimate soil moisture using artificial neural networks (ANN), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing (RS). The soil needed approximately 26.54% of the total amount of rainfall to saturate voids before groundwater was recharged during the study years. The amount of recharge of groundwater was estimated depending on the water balancing method. The results showed that approximately 455,306,884 m3 of rainwater during the study years was infiltrated for groundwater recharge, nearly half of the total amount of rainfall. Sandy loam soils were most leached to recharge groundwater, while loam soils were of medium rates for groundwater recharge, and silty loam soils were the lowest rates in groundwater recharge rates.
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Navarro-Farfán, María del Mar, Liliana García-Romero, Marco Antonio Martínez-Cinco, Mario Alberto Hernández-Hernández, and Sonia Tatiana Sánchez-Quispe. "Comparison between MODFLOW Groundwater Modeling with Traditional and Distributed Recharge." Hydrology 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11010009.
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Groundwater models serve the function of predicting and analyzing aquifer behavior. They require input information, such as hydrogeological parameters like hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient, which are used to calibrate the model, and elementary actions that include recharge and extracted volumes. There are cases in which it is insufficient to know the homogeneous recharge entering through the surface basin, referred to as traditional recharge, since, in many instances, the distribution is altered by changes in land use. For this reason, based on the geomorphological characteristics of the basin, weighting is proposed for sites with greater recharge capacity. The present work shows a solution to the recharge distribution using the potential groundwater recharge (PGR) map, which is formed by weighting spatially distributed information: (i) drainage, (ii) precipitation, (iii) land use, (iv) geological faults, (v) soil type, (vi) slope, and (vii) hydrogeology. A comparison is made between groundwater modeling using traditional recharge and PGR recharge. It is noted that the modeling perform similarly for both recharges, and the errors do not exceed 5% absolute error, which validates the model’s reliability. This manuscript demonstrates how to model and calibrate groundwater in aquifers with scarce information and variable recharge, making it reproducible.
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Singhal, Vijai, and Rohit Goyal. "A methodology based on spatial distribution of parameters for understanding affect of rainfall and vegetation density on groundwater recharge." European Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2012.v1n2p85.
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Accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is extremely important for propermanagement of groundwater systems. Attempts have been made by various researchers torelate impact of various parameters on groundwater recharge. In the present study, amethodology based on spatial distribution of parameters has been developed forunderstanding affect of rainfall and vegetation density on groundwater recharge.Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been used as an indicative parameterfor vegetation density. Raster layers of recharge and various parameters were created for thestudy area and simultaneous values for these parameters were retrieved at the cell level.Zonal analysis was then carried out to understand affect of these parameters ongroundwater recharge. It is observed that the value of recharge increases up to a certainvalue of NDVI, beyond which it starts decreasing with further increase in value of NDVI.The study also reveals a linear trend between groundwater recharge and rainfall. The resultof this study does not provide method of calculating recharge by using single parametersuch as rainfall or NDVI, however, it explores affect of variation in these parameters ongroundwater recharges. The study provides a new insight into the complex interrelationshipbetween groundwater recharge and vegetation density.
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Chiew, FHS, and TA Mcmahon. "Groundwater recharge from rainfall and irrigation in the campaspe river basin." Soil Research 29, no. 5 (1991): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910651.
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Reliable estimates of groundwater recharge are required for effective evaluation of management options for salinity control and high water-tables in the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia. This paper provides a brief description of the integrated surface and groundwater modelling approach used to estimate regional recharge rates and presents the recharge rates estimated for the Campaspe River Basin. The integrated model is a powerful management tool as it can predict the relationship between rainfall, irrigation, recharge and rises in the water-table levels. The model predicted that approximately 15% of irrigation water recharges the shallow aquifer. Approximately 6% of rainfall contributes to recharge in the irrigated areas while 4 to 5% of rainfall becomes recharge in the dryland areas. Rainfall makes a greater contribution in the irrigation areas compared to the dryland areas because irrigation predisposes the soil to recharge from rainfall. The water-table levels in the irrigation areas are currently rising at approximately 0.14 m yr-1. This rate of rise will increase faster than the increase in irrigation applications.
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Surintanasarn, Atikom, Krisana Siralertmukul, and Niyom Thamrongananskul. "Fluoride Recharge Ability of Resin-Based Pit and Fissure Sealant with Synthesized Mesoporous Silica Filler." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.586.
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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of active filler in resin-based pit and fissure sealant on fluoride release and recharge abilities. Mesoporous silica was synthesized from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) using sol-gel method. Resin-based sealant was incorporated with 5% w/w of filler (<45 μm): synthesized mesoporous silica (S), calcium carbonate (C), and fluoro-alumino silicate glass (F). Resin-based sealant without filler added was the control. Ten specimens of each group were separately stored in 3 mL of deionized water and the fluoride concentration, before and after fluoride recharge, were measured every 3 days (from day 3 to day 27). Fluoride release before recharge was only found in F (0.1024±0.0077 ppm) and then gradually decreased to baseline. After two recharges, the highest fluoride release was found in S (0.0804±0.0095 ppm after first recharge and 0.0601±0.0092 after second recharge), followed by F (0.0386±0.0024 ppm after first recharge and 0.0313±0.0027 ppm after second recharge), and then decreased to baseline. Fluoride recharge was not found in C and control. This result suggested that resin-based pit and fissure sealant containing synthesized mesoporous silica filler has fluoride recharge ability which might prevent secondary caries at material-enamel interface.
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Li, Wenliang, Qing Sun, Weiping Wang, Shisong Qu, Zhengxian Zhang, and Qiaoyi Xu. "Effective water quantity of multi-source water recharging aquifers in Yufuhe River based on groundwater and surface water semi-coupled modelling." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 2280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.109.
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Abstract With rapid urbanisation, a karst water recharge area of the Jinan spring catchment was damaged. Thus, managed aquifer recharge projects were built in the western Jinan spring catchment to protect the water supply of the spring. Yufuhe River was selected as the study area to compute the effective recharge rate into karst aquifers. This strong seepage zone has a large gradient and undergoes a specific hydrogeological condition in which two strata of a gravel layer and limestone change to three strata of gravel, impermeable clay shale and limestone at the open window of the karst aquifers. A hydraulic model called HEC-RAS was applied to simulate the river stage, and a numerical groundwater model called HYDRUS-3D was adopted to simulate the groundwater mound dynamics and estimate river flow seepage into the aquifers. The effective recharge rates are 64.9%, 65.2% and 68.1% when the buried depths of groundwater are 40, 30 and 25 m. An analysis of the electric conductivity, water table, temperature and water volume data found an effective recharge rate of 68.3%. Results of field monitoring confirmed the accuracy of the numerical simulation and showed that most of the recharged water in the study reach can be effectively recharged into the karst aquifers.
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Koudou, Aimé, Bernard Adiaffi, Tchewala Soro, Brou Richmond Konan, N’da Marie-Rebeca Yao, and Kolotioloma Alama Coulibaly. "Analyse multicritère couplée au radiocarbone en contexte de variabilité climatique pour l’identification des zones potentielles de recharge des aquifères fracturés du Sud-Est de la région de la Nawa (Côte d’Ivoire)." Estudios Geológicos 78, no. 2 (October 26, 2022): e146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/egeol.44671.616.
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[fr] La présente étude a pour objectif d’identifier et d’évaluer les zones potentielles de recharge des aquifères du Sud-Est de la Nawa par le couplage de l’analyse multicritère au radiocarbone en contexte de variabilité climatique. Elle est basée sur la combinaison d’informations spatiales relatives à différents paramètres (climat, topographie, sol, végétation, géologie, etc.) susceptibles d’influencer diversement la recharge. D’abord, la quantité d’eau infiltrée pour recharger les aquifères est estimée à partir du bilan hydrologique après caractérisation de la variabilité climatique à Soubré. Ensuite, les zones de recharge des aquifères fracturés sont cartographiées par analyse multicritère. Enfin, ces zones sont validées à partir des activités en carbone 14. De 1951 à 2017, le déficit pluviométrique de part et d’autre de la rupture de 1970 est de 14%. Deux périodes humides (1951-1970 et 1993-2017), intercalée d’une période sèche (1971-1992) caractérisent la zone d’étude. La lame d’eau estimée pour recharger les aquifères est de 243 mm de 1951 à 2017. La modélisation des paramètres climatique, topographique, pédologique, géologique, de la végétation, a permis d’élaborer des cartes thématiques bien structurées. Le croisement de celles-ci dans un SIG a facilité la conception de la carte des zones de recharge du Sud-Est de la Nawa. Cette carte met en évidence quatre zones d’aptitude à la recharge, validées par des activités en carbone 14. Les zones de recharge très forte (40%) et forte (35%) se localisent au Sud-Est et s’étendent jusqu’au Sud-Ouest de la zone d’étude. Les zones de recharge moyenne (11%) s’identifient dans le lit du Sassandra. Les zones de recharge faible (14%) occupent majoritairement l’Ouest et le Nord. La carte des zones de recharge est un outil d’aide à la décision qui oriente les décideurs dans l’identification des secteurs susceptibles de faire l’objet d’implantation de forages à forte productivité, et aussi susceptibles d’être vulnérables vis-à-vis des contaminants.
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Dean, J. F., J. A. Webb, G. E. Jacobsen, R. Chisari, and P. E. Dresel. "A groundwater recharge perspective on locating tree plantations within low-rainfall catchments to limit water resource losses." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 2 (February 26, 2015): 1107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1107-2015.
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Abstract. Despite the many studies that consider the impacts of plantation forestry on groundwater recharge, and others that explore the spatial heterogeneity of recharge in low-rainfall regions, there is little marriage of the two subjects in forestry management guidelines and legislation. Here we carry out an in-depth analysis of the impact of reforestation on groundwater recharge in a low-rainfall (< 700 mm annually), high-evapotranspiration paired catchment characterized by ephemeral streams. Water table fluctuation (WTF) estimates of modern recharge indicate that little groundwater recharge occurs along the topographic highs of the catchments (average 18 mm yr−1); instead the steeper slopes in these areas direct runoff downslope to the lowland areas, where most recharge occurs (average 78 mm yr−1). Recharge estimates using the chloride mass balance (CMB) method were corrected by replacing the rainfall input Cl− value with that for streamflow, because most recharge occurs from infiltration of runoff through the streambed and adjacent low gradient slopes. The calculated CMB recharge values (average 10 mm yr−1) are lower than the WTF recharge values (average 47 mm yr−1), because they are representative of groundwater that was mostly recharged prior to European land clearance (> BP 200 years). The tree plantation has caused a progressive drawdown in groundwater levels due to tree water use; the decline is less in the upland areas. The results of this study show that spatial variations in recharge are important considerations for locating tree plantations. To conserve water resources for downstream users in low-rainfall, high-evapotranspiration regions, tree planting should be avoided in the dominant zone of recharge, i.e. the topographically low areas and along the drainage lines, and should be concentrated on the upper slopes, although this may negatively impact the economic viability of the plantation.
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Satvinder Singh, M P Kaushal, and Satwinder Singh. "Augmenting Ground Water Recharge Through Surface Drains." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 43, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2006432.1173.
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An existing mathematical model correlating runoff with recharge rate in a drain was used to determine the recharge rate through a surface drain. Two flow conditions were considered namely, free flow and detained flow. Detained flow conditions were made through a series of checks along the drain. Thirty years of rainfall values in the monsoon period was given as input to the model to yield runoff Recharge in the Raipur Link drain, Distt. Ludhiana. Punjab occurring due to runoff was determined. On an average, recharge caused by the runoff in the drain was 3% of the rainfall when the flow was detained. The highest value was 7.35% for a single event. The volume of water recharged under detained flow was 4.86 times of that under free flow condition.
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dos Santos, Ronaldo Medeiros, Sérgio Koide, Bruno Esteves Távora, and Daiana Lira de Araujo. "Groundwater Recharge in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil—A Multi-Method Study at Experimental Watershed Scale." Water 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010020.
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Groundwater recharge is a key hydrological process for integrated water resource management, as it recharges aquifers and maintains the baseflow of perennial rivers. In Brazil, the Cerrado biome is an important continental recharge zone, but information on rates and spatial distribution is still lacking for this country. The objective of this work was to characterize the groundwater recharge process in phreatic aquifers of the Cerrado biome. For this, an experimental watershed representative of the referred biome was established and intensively monitored. The methodology consisted of an inverse numerical modeling approach of the saturated zone and three classic methods of recharge evaluation—hydrological modeling, baseflow separation, and water table elevation. The results indicated average potential recharge around 35% of the annual precipitation, average effective recharge around 21%, and higher rates occurring in flat areas of Ferralsols covered with natural vegetation of the Cerrado biome. As the level of uncertainty inferred from the methods was high, these results were considered a first attempt and will be better evaluated by comparison with other methods not applied in this work, such as the lysimeter and chemical tracer methods.
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Collenteur, Raoul A., Mark Bakker, Gernot Klammler, and Steffen Birk. "Estimation of groundwater recharge from groundwater levels using nonlinear transfer function noise models and comparison to lysimeter data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 2931–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2931-2021.
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Abstract. The estimation of groundwater recharge is of paramount importance to assess the sustainability of groundwater use in aquifers around the world. Estimation of the recharge flux, however, remains notoriously difficult. In this study the application of nonlinear transfer function noise (TFN) models using impulse response functions is explored to simulate groundwater levels and estimate groundwater recharge. A nonlinear root zone model that simulates recharge is developed and implemented in a TFN model and is compared to a more commonly used linear recharge model. An additional novel aspect of this study is the use of an autoregressive–moving-average noise model so that the remaining noise fulfills the statistical conditions to reliably estimate parameter uncertainties and compute the confidence intervals of the recharge estimates. The models are calibrated on groundwater-level data observed at the Wagna hydrological research station in the southeastern part of Austria. The nonlinear model improves the simulation of groundwater levels compared to the linear model. The annual recharge rates estimated with the nonlinear model are comparable to the average seepage rates observed with two lysimeters. The recharges estimates from the nonlinear model are also in reasonably good agreement with the lysimeter data at the smaller timescale of recharge per 10 d. This is an improvement over previous studies that used comparable methods but only reported annual recharge rates. The presented framework requires limited input data (precipitation, potential evaporation, and groundwater levels) and can easily be extended to support applications in different hydrogeological settings than those presented here.
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Xu, Congchao, Ying Sun, Bowen Shi, Xinjuan Wang, Rui Li, Mingxiao Li, Beidou Xi, and Chuanping Feng. "Study on the Processes Influencing and Importance of Ecological Water Replenishment for Groundwater Resources: A Case Study in Yongding River." Water 14, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050828.
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There has been notable depletion of groundwater resources globally in recent decades. Groundwater can be conserved by ecological water replenishment. An understanding of the factors influencing the effect of ecological water replenishment on groundwater recharge is of great significance for water resource management. This study used the improved water table fluctuation and water equilibrium method and Spearman correlation analysis in R to evaluate the effect of ecological water replenishment on groundwater recharge. Furthermore, the correlations between groundwater recharge and topography, hydrogeological conditions, and meteorological factors were analyzed. Groundwater storage in the plain area of the Yongding River (Beijing section) increased by 2.17 × 108 m3 in 2020, equating to an increase in the regional groundwater level of 73.6% (increase of 0.1–9.1 m, arithmetic mean of 2.3 m). The main sources of groundwater recharge are ecological water replenishment and precipitation. The ecological water replenishment first recharged the Ordovician limestone aquifer in the gorge area, following which karst water overflowed through the fault zone to resupply the Quaternary groundwater in the plain area, resulting in a lag in the groundwater recharge effect. Groundwater recharge was positively correlated with ground elevation and aquifer permeability and negatively correlated with the thickness of Quaternary strata and the distance between the recharge point and Yongdinghe fault zone. This study can help to better explain the effect and impact of ecological water replenishment on groundwater resource recharge and its implications for improving ecological water replenishment projects.
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Liu, Chengjing, Yuanmei Jiao, Qiue Xu, Zhilin Liu, and Yinping Ding. "Temp-Spatial Heterogeneity of Water Recharge and Its Stable Mechanisms of the Mountainous Rice Terraces in East Asia Monsoon Region." Water 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 4110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244110.
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The paddy field water recharge system and the mechanism of its stability are key scientific issues related to reducing the threat to global food security and enhancing the well-being of humans. In this study, we sampled the field water, precipitation, and groundwater in the Hani terrace areas and measured the values of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes. The results indicated that precipitation and groundwater were the main sources of terrace water recharge in the Hani terrace area. Spatially, the terrace areas were divided into rain-fed terraces, which were mainly recharged by precipitation, and spring-fed terraces, where groundwater was the primary source of recharge. Temporally, there were two different recharge periods: the rain-fed season (>70% recharge from precipitation) and the spring-fed season (>30% recharge from groundwater). The temporally alternating recharge periods of the spring-fed and rain-fed seasons and the interconnected spatial distribution of rain-fed and spring-fed types were essential to maintain stable water sources in the Hani terraces. Meanwhile, the spatial heterogeneity of groundwater recharge and the timing of agricultural cultivation adjusted the system to some extent. Rice cultivation will be sustainable if the changes in monsoonal precipitation due to global climate change align with the anthropogenic agricultural cultivation cycle, including land preparation, planting, growing, and harvesting. This is the key reason that the mountainous rice cultivation systems of the Hani terraces have lasted for thousands of years under the influence of the East Asian monsoon.
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Pérez-Quezadas, Juan, Alejandra Cortés-Silva, María Del Rocío Salas-Ortega, Luis Araguás-Araguás, Pedro Morales-Puente, and Alejandro Carrillo-Chávez. "Evidencias hidrogeoquímicas e isotópicas sobre el origen del agua subterránea en la cuenca hidrográfica Río Actopan, Estado de Veracruz." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.467.
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Physical-chemical, chemical and isotopic data of spring water, groundwater and river water from the Actopan basin, central Veracruz were analyzed with the purpose of determining the origin and flow of groundwater. Spring water temperature between 9.6 °C and 18.3 °C, and low electrical conductivity (<150 µS/cm) suggest local recharge. Groundwater temperature of 38.2 °C and electrical conductivity of 1542 µS/cm, 48 mg/L of Cl–, y 721 mg/L of SO42– are associated to deep flow and rock-water interaction (limestone, dolomite, gypsum/anhydrite). Concentrations of NO3– > 10 mg/L allow the identification of anthropogenic sources. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope results fit reasonable well with the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL, δ2H = 8 δ18O + 10) indicating that their recharge derives from local precipitation. On the basis of the observed isotope gradient with altitude (Z), (δ18O = -2.1 (Z km) - 5.56), three main groups of groundwater have been identified: 1) Evaporated water related to the precipitation in the dry season; 2) water, located on the line defined for the regional isotopic gradient, recharged during the rainy season; and 3) water recharged at levels slightly higher than its theoretical value of recharge, showing a component of deep flow and recharge from river water in the coastal plain.
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Neupane, Sharmila, Ananta Prasad Gajurel, Nir Shakya, Maartin Lupker, and Rabina Hada. "Assessment on connection between shallow and deep aquifers using isotope analysis of surface water and groundwater in Sunsari and Morang Districts." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 59 (July 25, 2019): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v59i0.24991.
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The Sunsari and the Morang Districts confine the eastern region of the Koshi River and are considered as a huge potential of groundwater zones. The study mainly focuses on the concept of delineation of recharge source of groundwater and connection between aquifer system through isotopic analysis. Altogether 33 samples are collected from surface and groundwater for the isotopic analysis. Majority of the samples of flowing artesian wells are encountered under the range of -7.03‰ to -6.53‰. The shallow aquifers fall under the range of -5.94‰. to -5.34‰ and deep aquifers fall over a wide range of -7.13 ‰. to -6.53‰ for δ18O. Clustering of samples from isotopic analysis gives idea of surface water and groundwater interconnection along with the recharge source identification. Isotopic variation of majority of samples ranges from -7.34‰ to -4.74‰ while depleted value for δ18O is -10.16‰ in shallow aquifer of Jamungachhi, which indicates that the recharge source is precipitation at higher elevation. The d excess (greater than 10‰) concluded that the aquifer system in the study area is complex and recharged from various sources. The range of enrichment is measured as 2.6‰< 1.96‰<1.87‰<1.55‰ for shallow aquifers, rivers, deep aquifers and flowing artesian well. The significant increase in coarse particle towards the northern part reveals the good aquifer sequence in the northern zone and proves the best recharge area. The overall aquifer system in the study area is complex and recharged from various sources. Most of the aquifers are recharged from the river sand precipitation at higher altitude.
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Abouelmagd, Abdou, Mohamed Sultan, Neil C. Sturchio, Farouk Soliman, Mohamed Rashed, Mohamed Ahmed, Alan E. Kehew, Adam Milewski, and Kyle Chouinard. "Paleoclimate record in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt." Quaternary Research 81, no. 1 (January 2014): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.017.
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AbstractSixteen groundwater samples collected from production wells tapping Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone and fractured basement aquifers in Sinai were analyzed for their stable isotopic compositions, dissolved noble gas concentrations (recharge temperatures), tritium activities, and 14C abundances. Results define two groups of samples: Group I has older ages, lower recharge temperatures, and depleted isotopic compositions (adjusted 14C model age: 24,000–31,000 yr BP; δ18O: − 9.59‰ to − 6.53‰; δ2H: − 72.9‰ to − 42.9‰; < 1 TU; and recharge T: 17.5–22.0°C) compared to Group II (adjusted 14C model age: 700–4700 yr BP; δ18O: − 5.89‰ to − 4.84‰; δ2H: − 34.5‰ to − 24.1‰; < 1 to 2.78 TU; and recharge T: 20.6–26.2°C). Group II samples have isotopic compositions similar to those of average modern rainfall, with larger d-excess values than Group I waters, and locally measurable tritium activity (up to 2.8 TU). These observations are consistent with (1) the Nubian Aquifer being largely recharged prior to and/or during the Last Glacial Maximum (represented by Group I), possibly through the intensification of paleowesterlies; and (2) continued sporadic recharge during the relatively dry and warmer interglacial period (represented by Group II) under conditions similar to those of the present.
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Pfeiffer, Jan, Thomas Zieher, Jan Schmieder, Thom Bogaard, Martin Rutzinger, and Christoph Spötl. "Spatial assessment of probable recharge areas – investigating the hydrogeological controls of an active deep-seated gravitational slope deformation." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 2219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2219-2022.
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Abstract. Continuous and slow-moving deep-seated landslides entail challenges for the effective planning of mitigation strategies aiming at the reduction of landslide movements. Given that the activity of most of these landslides is governed by pore pressure variations within the shear zone, profound knowledge about their hydrogeological control is required. In this context, the present study presents a new approach for the spatial assessment of probable recharge areas to better understand a slope's hydrogeological system. The highly automated geo-statistical approach derives recharge probability maps of groundwater based on stable isotope monitoring and a digital elevation model (DEM). By monitoring stable isotopes in both groundwater and precipitation, mean elevations of recharge areas can be determined and further constrained in space with the help of the DEM. The approach was applied to the Vögelsberg landslide, an active slab of a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) in the Watten valley (Tyrol, Austria). Resulting recharge probability maps indicate that shallow groundwater emerging at springs on the landslide recharges between 1000 and 1650 m a.s.l. In contrast, groundwater encountered in wells up to 49 m below the landslide's surface indicates a mean recharge elevation of up to 2200 m a.s.l. matching the highest parts of the catchment. Further inferred proxies, including flow path length, estimated recharge area sizes, and mean transit times of groundwater, resulted in a profound understanding of the hydrogeological driver of the landslide. It is shown that the new approach can provide valuable insights into the spatial pattern of probable recharge areas where mitigation measures aiming at reducing groundwater recharge could be most effective.
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Nepo, Nsengiyumva Jean, Sankaranarayanan Muthiah, Ruzigamanzi Eric, Mutako Vedasto Alphonsine, Nyandwi Elias, and Rukangantambara Hamoud. "Estimation of Ground Water Recharge for Irrigation Water Budget Planning in Kanzenze Swamp." International Journal of Hydrology Research 5, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.108.2020.51.46.53.
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Groundwater is the dynamic local water source for agriculture, industry, wildlife and human development activity. Hence, in order to sustain long-term groundwater use, make intelligent groundwater allocation decisions and water budget planning, develop on-farm water management strategies, the estimation of the net groundwater recharge from agricultural areas like Kanzenze swamp is paramount important. The study findings therefore showed that Ground Water Recharge estimation for the study area ranges from 33.85mm to 52.96mm while the average mean of ground water recharge is about 45.06mm per year. The coefficient of ground water recharge is ranging from 3.41% to 5.27% while average mean recharge coefficient is 4.06% recharged to ground water level yearly. However, monthly basis planning have advantages for farmers’ water budgeting. It revealed that highest recharge coefficient is recorded in months of March, April and November representing 17.22% and 17% of the mean monthly rainfall while the lowest recharge coefficient is recorded during the period of June, July and February representing 16.17%, 15.73% and 16.71% of the average monthly rainfall. Thus, it is recommended that utmost farmers around the Kanzenze swamp should plan the irrigation activities and minimizes unnecessary water use consumption in such way that in June and July there is water enough water even taught there is shortage of rainfall. It meant that priori irrigation systems should be applied to obtain optimum moisture content and water table levels for effective crop production mainly horticultural crops in season C rather than season A and season B of cultivation in Rwanda.
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Su, Xiaosi, Yaoxuan Chen, Hang Lyu, Yakun Shi, Yuyu Wan, and Yiwu Zhang. "Response of redox zonation to recharge in a riverbank filtration system: a case study of the Second Songhua river, NE China." Hydrology Research 51, no. 5 (September 14, 2020): 1104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.108.
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Abstract Bank filtration induced by groundwater pumping results in redox zonation along the groundwater flow path. Besides the river water, recharge from other sources can change local redox conditions; therefore, redox zonation is likely to be complex within the riverbank filtration (RBF) system. In this study, hydrodynamics, hydrogeochemistry, and environmental stable isotopes were combined together to identify the redox conditions at an RBF site. The recharge characteristics and redox processes were revealed by monitoring the variations of water level, δ2H and δ18O, and redox indexes along shallow and deep flow paths. The results show that local groundwater is recharged from river, regional groundwater, and precipitation. The responses of redox zonation are sensitive to different sources. In the river water recharge zone near shore, O2, , Mn(IV), Fe(III), and are reduced in sequence, the ranges of each reaction are wider in deep groundwater because of the high-velocity deep flow. In the precipitation vertical recharge zone, precipitation intermittently drives O2, , and organic carbon to migrate through vadose zone, thereby decreasing the groundwater reducibility. In the regional groundwater lateral recharge zone in the depression cone, the reductive regional groundwater is continuously recharging local groundwater, leading to the cyclic reduction of Mn(IV) and Fe(III).
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Zamora, Hector A., Christopher J. Eastoe, Jennifer C. McIntosh, and Karl W. Flessa. "Groundwater Origin and Dynamics on the Eastern Flank of the Colorado River Delta, Mexico." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020080.
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Isotope data and major ion chemistry were used to identify aquifer recharge mechanisms and geochemical evolution of groundwaters along the US–Mexico border. Local recharge originates as precipitation and occurs during winter through preferential infiltration pathways along the base of the Gila Range. This groundwater is dominated by Na–Cl of meteoric origin and is highly concentrated due to the dissolution of soluble salts accumulated in the near-surface. The hydrochemical evolution of waters in the irrigated floodplain is controlled by Ca–Mg–Cl/Na–Cl-type Colorado River water. However, salinity is increased through evapotranspiration, precipitation of calcite, dissolution of accumulated soil salts, de-dolomitization, and exchange of aqueous Ca2+ for adsorbed Na+. The Na–Cl-dominated local recharge flows southwest from the Gila Range and mixes with the Ca–Mg–Cl/Na–Cl-dominated floodplain waters beneath the Yuma and San Luis Mesas. Low 3H suggests that recharge within the Yuma and San Luis Mesas occurred at least before the 1950s, and 14C data are consistent with bulk residence times up to 11,500 uncorrected 14C years before present. Either the flow system is not actively recharged, or recharge occurs at a significantly lower rate than what is being withdrawn, leading to aquifer overdraft and deterioration.
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Negev, Ido, Tamir Shechter, Lilach Shtrasler, Hadar Rozenbach, and Avri Livne. "The Effect of Soil Tillage Equipment on the Recharge Capacity of Infiltration Ponds." Water 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020541.
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The Dan Region Reclamation Project (Shafdan) reclaims ~125 millions of cubic meters per year (Mm3/year) of treated wastewater from the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area. Following secondary treatment, the effluent is recharged into a sandy aquifer for soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Over the past three years, a decrease in recharge capacity was noticed. Several operational causes were considered including reservations regarding the tillage procedure of recharge ponds. Tillage of the recharge ponds facilitates aeration, breaking surface crusts and the removal of vegetation. The procedure includes deep (40–60 cm) plowing and shallow (10–20 cm) sweep-knives (SK) cultivator or discus. In this research, the existing tillage equipment was compared to a new equipment, which includes a deep subsoiler and a chisel-knives (CK) cultivator. The effects of each tool on the infiltration rate (IR), recharge capacity, and soil compaction were examined. The results suggest a significant improvement in the recharge capacity, up to 95% and 15% on average following subsoiler and CK cultivator treatments, respectively, with respect to the existing plowing treatment. In addition, the depth of the compacted soil layer increased from ~30 to ~55 cm after subsoiler treatment. It seems that this shallow layer, developed under an improper tillage regime, played a major role in the reduction of the recharge capacity. Essential understanding of other operational factors such as drying periods, preparation of the field, and soil micro-topography was also achieved.
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Alam, Mohammad Faiz, Paul Pavelic, Navneet Sharma, and Alok Sikka. "Managed Aquifer Recharge of Monsoon Runoff Using Village Ponds: Performance Assessment of a Pilot Trial in the Ramganga Basin, India." Water 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041028.
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The managed aquifer recharge (MAR) of excess monsoonal runoff to mitigate downstream flooding and enhance groundwater storage has received limited attention across the Indo-Gangetic Plain of the Indian subcontinent. Here, we assess the performance of a pilot MAR trial carried out in the Ramganga basin in India. The pilot consisted of a battery of 10 recharge wells, each 24 to 30 m deep, installed in a formerly unused village pond situated adjacent to an irrigation canal that provided river water during the monsoon season. Over three years of pilot testing, volumes ranging from 26,000 to 62,000 m3 were recharged each year over durations ranging from 62 to 85 days. These volumes are equivalent to 1.3–3.6% of the total recharge in the village, and would be sufficient to irrigate 8 to 18 hectares of rabi season crop. High inter-year variation in performance was observed, with yearly average recharge rates ranging from 430 to 775 m3 day−1 (164–295 mm day−1) and overall average recharge rates of 580 m3 day−1 (221 mm day−1). High intra-year variation was also observed, with recharge rates at the end of recharge period reducing by 72%, 88% and 96% in 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively, relative to the initial recharge rates. The observed inter- and intra-year variability is due to the groundwater levels that strongly influence gravity recharge heads and lateral groundwater flows, as well as the source water quality, which leads to clogging. The increase in groundwater levels in response to MAR was found to be limited due to the high specific yield and transmissivity of the alluvial aquifer, and, in all but one year, was difficult to distinguish from the overall groundwater level rise due to a range of confounding factors. The results from this study provide the first systematic, multi-year assessment of the performance of pilot-scale MAR harnessing village ponds in the intensively groundwater irrigated, flood prone, alluvial aquifers of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
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Naoum, Steven, Elizabeth Martin, and Ayman Ellakwa. "Long-Term Fluoride Exchanges at Restoration Surfaces and Effects on Surface Mechanical Properties." ISRN Dentistry 2013 (August 19, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/579039.
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Aim. The aim of the study was to determine whether three fluoride containing resin composites could maintain fluoride release, fluoride recharge, and mechanical stability over long-term (18-month) aging. Materials and Methods. Fluoride containing composites Beautifil II, Gradia Direct X, Tetric EvoCeram, and glass ionomer Fuji IX Extra were analyzed. Specimens of each material were fabricated for two test groups: Group 1: bimonthly fluoride release/recharge analysis (); Group 2: hardness and elastic modulus analysis (). Nanoindentation was employed at 24 hours and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. After 18 months, each specimen was immersed (recharged) in 5000 ppm NaF gel, and fluoride rerelease, hardness, and elastic modulus were measured. Results. Beautifil II and Gradia Direct X maintained fluoride release and recharge capability throughout 18-month aging (Beautifil II > Gradia Direct X > Tetric EvoCeram). The fluoride rerelease from Beautifil II following a 10-minute NaF recharge (at 18 months) was comparable to the long-term fluoride release from Fuji IX Extra. Elastic modulus and hardness did not change significantly () with fluoride release, recharge, and water aging over 18 months for all three analyzed composites. Conclusions. The long-term fluoride release, fluoride recharge, and mechanical property stability of Beautifil II and Gradia Direct X render these composites suitable for load bearing restorations in high caries risk patients. Clinical Relevance. The ability for Beautifil II and Gradia Direct X to maintain fluoride release and fluoride recharge capability, despite long-term aging, raises the potential for unrestored tooth surfaces in contact with Beautifil II or Gradia Direct X restorations to demonstrate a reduced rate of caries incidence compared to unrestored surfaces adjacent to conventional nonfluoride containing composites.
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Zhao, Xin Yi, Ya Jie Gui, and Shi Bao Li. "Fluoride Release and Recharge Ability of a Novel Fluoride Release Composite Resin." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.355.
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Objective: To evaluate the fluoride release rates and fluoride recharge capability of a experimental resin composite, a compomer, a giomer and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Methods: Ten disc specimens of each material were prepare and polished with abrasive paper, followed by clearing with oil-free compressed air jet. The specimens were placed in a plastic vessel containing 5ml deionized water immediately after fabrication. Each specimen was removed and put to a new a vessel containing deionized water each day, and the sample solution was test for fluoride concentration each day using a compound fluoride ion selective electrode and a conductivity meter. All specimens were removed from container after 28 days and were recharged by immersing in a fluoride foam solution for four minutes. Then fluoride release from these recharged samples was measured daily for 7 days. Recharge was repeated three times. Result: Fuji II LC demonstrated the highest fluoride release ( p <0.01), followed by experimental resin and Compoglass. Both Beautufil and Charisma presented the lowest fluoride release ( p <0.01) during the first two weeks. All materials except Charisma demonstrated a sharp decline of fluoride release, followed by a comparatively stable stage of fluoride release for about twenty days. All materials presented fluoride release increase substantially one day after recharge but declines rapidly almost to the baseline level after 2 days except for Fuji II LC that showed a continual fluoride release for 5 days. Conclusion: The experimental composite resin has a capability of fluoride release and recharge that are comparable to compomers.
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Hashemi, H., C. B. Uvo, and R. Berndtsson. "An extended modeling approach to assess climate change impacts on groundwater recharge and adaptation in arid areas." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 10 (October 24, 2014): 11797–835. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-11797-2014.
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Abstract. The impact of future climate scenarios on surface and groundwater resources was simulated using a modeling approach for an artificial recharge area in arid southern Iran. Future climate data for the periods of 2010–2030 and 2030–2050 were acquired from the Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM 3.1) for scenarios A1B, A2, and B1. These scenarios were adapted to the studied region using the delta-change method. The modified version of the HBV model (Qbox) was used to simulate runoff in a flash flood prone catchment. The model was calibrated and validated for the period 2002–2011 using daily discharge data. The projected climate variables were used to simulate future runoff. The rainfall–runoff model was then coupled to a calibrated groundwater flow and recharge model (MODFLOW) to simulate future recharge and groundwater hydraulic head. The results of the rainfall–runoff modeling showed that under the B1 scenario the number of floods might increase in the area. This in turn calls for a proper management, as this is the only source of fresh water supply in the studied region. The results of the groundwater recharge modeling showed no significant difference between present and future recharge for all scenarios. Owing to that, four abstraction and recharge scenarios were assumed to simulate the groundwater level and recharged water in the studied aquifer. The results showed that the abstraction scenarios have the most substantial effect on the groundwater level and the continuation of current pumping rate would lead to a groundwater decline by 18 m up to 2050.
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Hernández, M., C. Magarzo, and B. Lemaire. "Degradation of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water through soil aquifer treatment (SAT)." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.016.
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Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is considered to be an alternative technique able to enhance recharged water quality for aquifer recharge purposes. It allows the reuse of treated wastewater, which usually contains some recalcitrant organic micropollutants such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study reports the removal capacity for a selection of organic micropollutants during SAT and the characterisation of the recharge system for the interpretation of the data. The experiment was performed in Angerville (France), where the treated wastewater effluent of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is directly infiltrated through an excavated infiltration pond after biological treatment. The system was instrumented by installing piezometers downgradient of the infiltration pond, which were monitored, together with other reference points, and analysed for detailed interpretation. Results on the site characterisation allowed the quantification of the mixing proportion of the recharge water and groundwater and identification of the redox conditions encountered within the aquifer. With respect to the targeted micropollutants, results showed that they exhibited different behaviour during infiltration. Examples of atrazine, gemfibrozil and carbamazepine are discussed as a representation of the most characteristic patterns of organic contaminant fate after recharge.
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Ghaffar, Abdul, Tehmina Tariq, Azhar Mashiatullah, and Syeda Maria Ali. "Hydrological and environment tritium investigation to evaluate groundwater in capital territory of Pakistan." Water Supply 17, no. 2 (September 20, 2016): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.149.
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The capital territory of Pakistan constitutes twin cities, Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Islamabad is the capital city, located at the foot of the Margallah Hills, whereas Rawalpindi lies in the Potohar Plateau. Both cities are located in the semi-arid region of Pakistan, where the residents meet their basic need of water through groundwater resources. For the last many years, the quantity and quality of groundwater in these cities has been deteriorating very rapidly. In this study, the foremost recharge source for these cities was identified using tritium and major ion chemistry, and different physiochemical parameters were studied to find out the facts behind the quality deterioration of the groundwater. Tritium values and chemical data suggested that aquifers located in the territory of Islamabad were mainly recharged by upland areas (the Margalla Hills), which accounts for their low electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids contents. A higher sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) suggested an alteration in recharge patterns through soil compaction and cementation (from increased construction activity) that reduced the recharge inputs. The high SAR also disturbs the recharge pattern and had disturbed the natural equilibrium of the groundwater system, deteriorating the quality of the water.
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Salameh, Elias, Ghaida Abdallat, and Michael van der Valk. "Planning Considerations of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Projects in Jordan." Water 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020182.
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This work discussed the conditions for the successful implementation of managed aquifer recharge, with various case studies in Jordan. The motivation behind this study was that many managed aquifer projects have been implemented in Jordan without adequate studies and they have since failed. Examples from Jordan were provided to serve as an illustration of Middle Eastern and North African countries, with their semi-arid to arid climates and increasing demand for water. The methodology included the evaluation of the implemented managed aquifer projects in Jordan and whether they achieved success or failure in fulfilling the purposes of aquifer recharging, as well as to clarify the reasons for the failure or success. The results showed that a minimum level of study must be carried out before starting any artificial recharge projects, such as defining the aquifer parameters and the water quality evolution after recharge, in addition to understanding of the fate of the recharged water. Managed aquifer recharge can alleviate the impacts of climate change by making use of unused water, and in the case of Jordan, it can alleviate the implications of dropping groundwater levels.
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Agárdi, Anita, László Kovács, and Tamás Bányai. "Two - Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Recharge Stations." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2019-0025.
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Abstract The efficient operation of logistic processes requires a wide range of design tasks to ensure efficient, flexible and reliable operation of connected production and service processes. Autonomous electric vehicles support the flexible in-plant supply of cyber-physical manufacturing systems. Within the frame of this article, the extension of the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with recharge stations is analyzed. The objective function of the optimization problem is the minimization of operation costs. The extension of 2E-VRP means that the second level vehicles (electric vehicles, must be recharged) come from one recharge station, then pick up the products from the satellite, visit the customers and return to the recharge station from where it started. We solved the route planning problem with the application of construction heuristics and improvement heuristics. The test results indicate that the combination of this approach provides a superior efficiency.
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Melo, Davi de Carvalho Diniz, Edson Wendland, and Rafael Chaves Guanabara. "Estimate of Groundwater Recharge Based on Water Balance in The Unsaturated Soil Zone." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 5 (October 2015): 1336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140740.
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ABSTRACT Groundwater management depends on the knowledge on recharge rates and water fluxes within aquifers. The recharge is one of the water cycle components most difficult to estimate. As a result, despite the chosen method, the estimates are subject to uncertainties that can be identified by means of comparison with other approaches. In this study, groundwater recharge estimates based on the water balance in the unsaturated zone is assessed. Firstly, the approach is evaluated by comparing the results with those of another method. Then, the estimates are used as inputs in a transient groundwater flow model in order to assess how the water table would respond to the obtained recharges rates compared to measured levels. The results suggest a good performance of the adopted approach and, despite some inherent limitations, it has advantages over other methods since the data required are easier to obtain.
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Wu, Peipeng, Jean-Christophe Comte, Lijuan Zhang, Shuhong Wang, and Bin Chang. "Effect of Surface Water Level Fluctuations on the Performance of Near-Bank Managed Aquifer Recharge from Injection Wells." Water 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213013.
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Managed aquifer recharge operations are often conducted in near-bank areas to regulate water resources or reduce seawater intrusion. Yet little is known about the influence of surface water level fluctuations at different temporal scales on MAR performance. A generalized conceptual model was developed based on an investigation site in Western China as a basis to simulate the response surface water level fluctuations on the water table, artificially recharged water lens (formed by the artificially recharged water), groundwater flow paths and average travel times (which is an important control on how quickly contaminants are flushed out of aquifers), and the discharge of the artificially recharged aquifer during the surface water level fluctuation. The results showed a fluctuating groundwater table in the artificially recharged near-bank aquifer under the influence of surface water level fluctuations. The peak values of the increment of the groundwater table induced by artificial recharge decreased with the increase of the period and amplitude of surface water level fluctuation, but the trough values of the increment of water table increases with that. The penetration depth of surface water into the aquifer with a fluctuating surface water level leads to a decreasing increment of the groundwater table which follows a power law. The fluctuating surface water level leads to dynamic changes of artificially recharged water lens morphology and a thinner artificially recharged water lens. A mixing zone of recharged water and ambient water could be found in the artificially recharged near-bank area, which is expected to lead to modifications in the geochemical conditions in the artificially recharged near-bank aquifer. A longer period of surface water level fluctuation leads to a longer average travel time, but the larger penetration depth of surface water and amplitude lead to a shorter average travel time. The peak discharge of the near-bank aquifer was found to decrease with the period of surface water level fluctuation, but it increases with penetration depth and amplitude. This study is important in providing insights into the performance of near-bank managed aquifer recharge with respect to surface water level fluctuation.
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Šanda, Martin, Tomáš Vitvar, and Jakub Jankovec. "Seasonal Subsurface Water Contributions to Baseflow in the Mountainous Uhlířská Catchment (Czech Republic)." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2018-0018.
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Abstract Nine years of seasonal δ18O values in precipitation, soilwater and groundwater were evaluated in the Uhlířská catchment between 2008 and 2016 and recharge winter/summer ratios were calculated using δ18O values. The longterm average 18O content in groundwater is lower than the mean weighted 18O content in precipitation. This is explained by more than 50% of winter- and snowmelt- induced groundwater recharge that occurs in all years except of 2010 and 2013. The recharge of the peat organic soil water is balanced between summer and winter, whereas the mineral hillslope soil is dominantly recharged by summer precipitation. The 67% portion of baseflow, dominantly generated in the winter season, is composed of groundwater and peat organic soil water, according to the hydrochemical distribution of runoff components. Isotopic mass balance of individual winters shows that precipitation in warmer winters is entirely transformed into outflow until the end of the winter season, generating no significant water storage for potential drought periods
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Lucianetti, Giorgia, Daniele Penna, Lucia Mastrorillo, and Roberto Mazza. "The Role of Snowmelt on the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Spring Recharge in a Dolomitic Mountain Group, Italian Alps." Water 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082256.
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Springs play a key role in the hydrology of mountain catchments and their water supply has a considerable impact on regional livelihood, biodiversity, tourism, and power generation. However, there is still limited knowledge of how rain and snow contribute to the recharge of Alpine springs. This study presents a four-year investigation of stable isotopes in precipitation and spring water at the scale of a 240 km2 wide dolomitic massif (Dolomites, Italian Alps) with the aim of determining the proportions of snowmelt and rain in spring water and to provide insights on the variability of these contributions in space and time. Four precipitation sampling devices were installed along a strong elevation gradient (from 725 to 2660 m a.s.l.) and nine major springs were monitored seasonally. The monitoring period comprised three extreme weather conditions, i.e., an exceptional snowpack melting period following the highest snowfall in 30 years, an intense precipitation event (386.4 mm of rain in 48 h), and one of the driest periods ever observed in the region. Isotope-based mixing analysis revealed that rain and snowmelt contributions to spring water were noticeably variable, with two main recharge time windows: a late spring–summer snowmelt recharge period with an average snowmelt fraction in spring water up to 94 ± 9%, and a late autumn–early winter period with a rain fraction in spring water up to 68 ± 17%. Overall, during the monitoring period, snowmelt produced high-flow conditions and sustained baseflow more than rain. We argue that the seasonal variability of the snowmelt and rain fractions during the monitoring period reflects the relatively rapid and climate-dependent storage processes occurring in the aquifer. Our results also showed that snowmelt fractions in spring water vary in space around the mountain group as a function of the elevation of their recharge areas. High-altitude recharge areas, above 2500 m a.s.l., are characterized by a predominance of the snowmelt fraction (72% ± 29%) over the rain contribution. Recharge altitudes of approximately 2400 m a.s.l. also show a snow predominance (65 ± 31%), while springs recharged below 2000 m a.s.l. are recharged mostly from rain (snowmelt fraction of 46 ± 26%). Results from this study may be used to develop more accurate water management strategies in mountain catchments and to cope with future climate-change predictions that indicate a decline in the snow volume and duration in Alpine regions.
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Liu, Fan, Guanghui Jiang, Jia Wang, and Fang Guo. "The Recharge Process and Influencing Meteorological Parameters Indicated by Cave Pool Hydrology in the Bare Karst Mountainous Area." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041766.
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Understanding the recharge and runoff processes of the vadose zone is significant for water resource management and utilization in karst mountain areas. Hydrological modeling of the vadose zone in karst caves has provided new methods of evaluating water resources in vadose zones. This paper provides modeling of vadose zone hydrology in a subtropical karst cave. The monitoring was conducted in Yuanyang Cave, Fengshan County, Guangxi Province, Southwest China. By monitoring the water level of a pool recharged by drop water in a cave, a model was established to calculate the natural leakage from the bottom and the infiltrated recharge from the vadose zone above. Combined with meteorological data records, the occurrence of recharge events in the vadose zone was analyzed. The correlation between them was established by multiple linear regression. The results showed that the infiltration ratio of precipitation was 20.88%. Recent rainfall of 4–7 days had shown a greater impact on recharge events than that of 3 days. The effect of evaporation was significant. The regression model in the cave pool was used to understand the hydrological process of the vadose zone, which provided a useful method for water resource management and evaluation in the remote karst mountain area.
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Yuan, Ruiqiang, Shiqin Wang, Lihu Yang, Jianrong Liu, Peng Wang, and Xianfang Song. "Hydrologic processes of groundwater in a small monsoon-influenced mountainous watershed." Hydrology Research 49, no. 6 (June 22, 2018): 2016–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.030.
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Abstract Mountain block recharge is the least well quantified owing to the lack of a thorough understanding of mountain block hydrological processes. Observations of spatio-temporal variations of groundwater were employed to clarify hydrologic processes in a semi-arid mountainous watershed of northern China. Results showed that the annual feeding rate of precipitation changed between 21% and 40%. However, infiltration of precipitation was mainly drained as interflow on slopes and recharged into the mountain valley as focused recharge. As a result, the mean correlation coefficient between precipitation and groundwater level was only 0.20 and seasonal variations were reduced. Mountain slope is essentially impermeable with no bedrock percolation under arid circumstances. Only a bedrock percolation event occurred after multiple closely-spaced heavy rains during the four-year observation, which induced a local rapid ascending of the water table and an enhanced lateral recharge from upgradient watersheds. The influence of the enhanced lateral recharge lasted three years, suggesting a huge groundwater catchment overcoming local watershed divides in mountain blocks. The average of the gradual recession of the water table was 5.1 mm/d with a maximum of 11.4 mm/d in the beginning stage. Both interflow and bedrock percolation are important. Our results highlight the changeability of hydrologic processes in mountain watersheds.
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Bresciani, Etienne, Roger H. Cranswick, Eddie W. Banks, Jordi Batlle-Aguilar, Peter G. Cook, and Okke Batelaan. "Using hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity data to distinguish between mountain-front and mountain-block recharge to basin aquifers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (March 2, 2018): 1629–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1629-2018.
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Abstract. Numerous basin aquifers in arid and semi-arid regions of the world derive a significant portion of their recharge from adjacent mountains. Such recharge can effectively occur through either stream infiltration in the mountain-front zone (mountain-front recharge, MFR) or subsurface flow from the mountain (mountain-block recharge, MBR). While a thorough understanding of recharge mechanisms is critical for conceptualizing and managing groundwater systems, distinguishing between MFR and MBR is difficult. We present an approach that uses hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity (EC) data to distinguish between MFR and MBR. These variables are inexpensive to measure, and may be readily available from hydrogeological databases in many cases. Hydraulic heads can provide information on groundwater flow directions and stream–aquifer interactions, while chloride concentrations and EC values can be used to distinguish between different water sources if these have a distinct signature. Such information can provide evidence for the occurrence or absence of MFR and MBR. This approach is tested through application to the Adelaide Plains basin, South Australia. The recharge mechanisms of this basin have long been debated, in part due to difficulties in understanding the hydraulic role of faults. Both hydraulic head and chloride (equivalently, EC) data consistently suggest that streams are gaining in the adjacent Mount Lofty Ranges and losing when entering the basin. Moreover, the data indicate that not only the Quaternary aquifers but also the deeper Tertiary aquifers are recharged through MFR and not MBR. It is expected that this finding will have a significant impact on the management of water resources in the region. This study demonstrates the relevance of using hydraulic head, chloride and EC data to distinguish between MFR and MBR.
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Wei, Hang, Qi Zou, Zhiliang Chen, Yingjie Cao, Shuang Wang, Fen Zhu, and Xulong Liu. "Analysis of Hydrochemical Characteristics and Causes of Drinking Water Sources in South China: A Case Study in Zhanjiang City." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041196.
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The evaluation of groundwater environmental quality and the identification of recharge sources are very important for groundwater utilization. In this study, hydrochemistry and isotope analysis methods are used to investigate the recharge sources and hydrochemical processes of groundwater in Zhanjiang City. The results show that all samples of groundwater were drawn on the left of the global meteoric water line (GMWL: δD = 8δ18O + 10) and local meteorological water lines (LMWL1: δD = 8.17δ18O + 11.74 and LMWL2: δD = 7.50δ18O + 6.18), indicating that the groundwater was mainly recharged by meteoric precipitation and influenced by the effect of evaporation. In the middle and deep confined aquifers, the isotope data depleted with the depth, indicating that there is a relatively weak hydraulic connection between them. In addition, compared with unconfined groundwater, the isotope data of confined groundwater showed relative depletion, indicating that the confined aquifer may be partially recharged from other confined aquifers. The main chemical types in the groundwater were Na*Ca-HCO3. There are three major natural hydrochemical processes controlling the source of groundwater ions: silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, and the cation exchange reaction. In addition, the differences in physical and chemical properties between unconfined groundwater and confined groundwater are significant. Due to the differences in anthropogenic activities and land-use types, the nitrate of the unconfined groundwater exceeds the groundwater standards. Due to the geological background of Zhanjiang City, iron and manganese exceed the third standard of groundwater in confined groundwater. Due to groundwater exploitation, TDS levels in confined groundwater have been increasing. Closed groundwater extraction is not sustainable, and it is depleting ancient water reserves. This study highlights the effectiveness of hydrochemistry and isotope analysis methods for identifying the recharge area and recharge mode of groundwater, andit is significant for fully understanding groundwater hydrochemistry and scientifically managing and protecting groundwater.
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Maréchal, Jean-Christophe, Madjid Bouzit, Jean-Daniel Rinaudo, Fanny Moiroux, Jean-François Desprats, and Yvan Caballero. "Mapping Economic Feasibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge." Water 12, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030680.
Full textAbstract:
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) constitutes a potential and promising solution to deal with several water management issues: water shortage, water level depletion, groundwater pollution, and saline water intrusion. Among others, the proper siting and cost evaluation of such a solution constitutes sources of uncertainty for the implementation of MAR schemes. In this study, we proposed a methodology for the assessment of the levelised cost of recharged water through an infiltration basin, including investment and operating costs. The method was implemented in a GIS-tool in order to build maps of levelised costs at the aquifer scale. The sensitivity analysis allows for the identification of the main natural characteristics (water quality and availability, etc.), technical (system life duration, recharge volume objective, etc.), and economic parameters (energy price, discount rate, etc.) that dominate the final cost estimate. The method was applied to a specific case study on an alluvial aquifer in Southern France. This new information on the economic feasibility of MAR scheme should be incorporated with more classical GIS-MCDA (relying on soil characteristics, aquifer storage capacity, land use, etc.) in order to properly site the system. Further information on financial and economic feedback from MAR implementation and research on the fate of recharged water are needed for a better benefits evaluation of this solution.
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Zhang, Zhe, Yanping Li, Michael Barlage, Fei Chen, Gonzalo Miguez-Macho, Andrew Ireson, and Zhenhua Li. "Modeling groundwater responses to climate change in the Prairie Pothole Region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 655–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-655-2020.
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Abstract. Shallow groundwater in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is predominantly recharged by snowmelt in the spring and supplies water for evapotranspiration through the summer and fall. This two-way exchange is underrepresented in current land surface models. Furthermore, the impacts of climate change on the groundwater recharge rates are uncertain. In this paper, we use a coupled land–groundwater model to investigate the hydrological cycle of shallow groundwater in the PPR and study its response to climate change at the end of the 21st century. The results show that the model does a reasonably good job of simulating the timing of recharge. The mean water table depth (WTD) is well simulated, except for the fact that the model predicts a deep WTD in northwestern Alberta. The most significant change under future climate conditions occurs in the winter, when warmer temperatures change the rain/snow partitioning, delaying the time for snow accumulation/soil freezing while advancing early melting/thawing. Such changes lead to an earlier start to a longer recharge season but with lower recharge rates. Different signals are shown in the eastern and western PPR in the future summer, with reduced precipitation and drier soils in the east but little change in the west. The annual recharge increased by 25 % and 50 % in the eastern and western PPR, respectively. Additionally, we found that the mean and seasonal variation of the simulated WTD are sensitive to soil properties; thus, fine-scale soil information is needed to improve groundwater simulation on the regional scale.
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Khidir, Khalid M., and Huda H. Bader. "Ground Water Recharge Estimation In Mosul for the Raining Season 2001/2002." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.13.1.07.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater is considered the most important natural sources for the Mosul city, therefore the studies concentrated toward the evaluation of this resource. Data were collected from 30 wells in Mosul around Tigris river ,which includes rainfall topography and ground water levels and its fluctuation in order to compute recharges, source and the methods of its development by using sophisticated methods in data gathering and analyzing. Incurrent study the Geographic information systems (Arc View GIS) and Surfer 32 were used to estimate the quantity of ground water recharge in the Mosul city for the rainfall data for the season 2001/2002. Its found that the rainfall are the main sources of the ground water recharge in Mosul city.
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Antoniou, Andreas, Frank Smits, and Pieter Stuyfzand. "Quality assessment of deep-well recharge applications in the Netherlands." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (March 16, 2017): 1201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.032.
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Artificial recharge of aquifers can be performed for various purposes and under varying hydrogeological conditions. We present an overview of deep-well recharge applications which have taken place in the Netherlands over the last two decades. We present the purpose of each application, the issues which had to be resolved, the preventive measures which were taken to improve performance and the lessons learned from each experience. Examples are given of applications which aimed at the storage of water for drinking and other purposes such as irrigation, achieving environmental goals and disposal of wastewater. Applications aiming at drinking water production usually faced issues related to the quality of the abstracted water not meeting drinking water standards with respect to various elements, such as iron, manganese and arsenic. Storage of water in brackish aquifers was complicated by buoyancy effects making part of the recharged water irrecoverable. Recharge of water with the purpose of recovering declined groundwater tables and fighting seawater intrusion was hindered by clogging of the injection well while the disposal of wastewater was limited to aquifers of lower groundwater quality.
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Gonzales Amaya, Andres, Gerhard Barmen, and Galo Muñoz. "A Multidisciplinary Approach for Clarifying the Recharge Processes and Origin of Saline Water in the Semi-Arid Punata Alluvial fan in Bolivia." Water 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10070946.
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The analysis of stable isotopes assisted in identifying that groundwater in the Punata alluvial fan is mainly recharged by heavy flash floods, and the recharge from rainfall is of less importance. In addition, the hydrochemical analysis identified the Pucara River as the main source of recharge. Other streams in the north and northwest of the fan do not seem to contribute to the recharge. The hydrochemistry also shows that there is an increase of the Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the middle and distal part of the fan. The salinization of groundwater is most likely a result of the mixing of fresh water with residual saline pore water in the lacustrine deposits and/or ion exchange within these layers. Geophysical surveys assisted in describing the aquifer system layering, and indicated a fine-grained bottom layer where ion exchange might occur. This study demonstrates that the integration of several methods (e.g., hydrochemistry, hydrogeophysics, and stable isotopes) is valuable for clarifying ambiguities during the interpretation process and for characterizing hydrogeological processes in alluvial fans in general.
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Toze, Simon, and Deborah Reed. "Microbial population changes during managed aquifer recharge (MAR)." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 1 (2009): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09033.
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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a technique that can be used to capture and store water in aquifers under managed conditions for later recovery and use for specific purposes. There is a need to predict water quality changes during MAR, particularly when recycled water is used as the recharged water. An understanding of the interaction between the geochemistry of the aquifer and the microbial population dynamics in the groundwater is important for understanding any water quality changes. A study was undertaken to monitor the changes in the microbial population and link this to changes in the geochemistry. The results obtained showed that the recharge of recycled water to aquifers causes a change in microbial population structure which has direct links to corresponding changes in geochemistry.
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Holland, K. L., S. D. Tyerman, L. J. Mensforth, and G. R. Walker. "Tree water sources over shallow, saline groundwater in the lower River Murray, south-eastern Australia: implications for groundwater recharge mechanisms." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 2 (2006): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05019.
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The decline of riparian vegetation in the lower River Murray, south-eastern Australia, is associated with a reduction in flooding frequency, extent and duration, and increased salt accumulation. The plant water sources of healthy Eucalyptus largiflorens trees growing over highly saline (>40 dS m–1) groundwater were investigated during summer when water deficit is greatest. The study found low-salinity soil water overlying highly saline groundwater at most sites. This deep soil water, rather than the saline groundwater, was identified as the plant water source at most sites. Stable isotopes of water and water potential measurements were used to infer how the deep soil water was recharged. The low-salinity, deep soil water was recharged in the following two ways: (1) vertically through the soil profile or via preferential flow paths by rainfall or flood waters or (2) horizontally by bank recharge from surface water on top of the saline groundwater. Vertical infiltration of rainfall and floodwaters through cracking clays was important for trees growing in small depressions, whereas infiltration of rainfall through sandy soils was important for trees growing at the break of slope. Bank recharge was important for trees growing within ∼50 m of permanent and ephemeral water bodies. The study has provided a better understanding of the spatial patterns of recharge at a scale relevant to riparian vegetation. This understanding is important for the management of floodplain vegetation growing in a saline, semi-arid environment.
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Choi, Myoung-Rak, and Gyoo-Bum Kim. "Effects of Hybrid-Type Artificial Groundwater Recharge and Underground Barrier in a Small Basin." Water 14, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121849.
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Climate change is exacerbating water shortages in upstream basins in the Korean peninsula that lack agricultural water supply systems. The basin investigated in this study requires an extra 208 m3·d−1 of agricultural water during May (the busiest month for agriculture). The purpose of this study was to assess a hybrid-artificial recharge and circulation system, which was composed of a hybrid-recharge source and re-infiltration of pumped water in the field, and to estimate yield capacity by a field injection test and a numerical model. Injecting pretreated stream water for 42 d increased groundwater levels in the recharge basin. Water budget analysis in MODFLOW simulations revealed that injecting water increased groundwater levels as well as stream discharge due to the terrain’s gentle slope. To prevent downstream discharge and maintain groundwater levels after injection, we assumed the installation of an underground barrier at the basin outlet in the model, following which changes in groundwater levels and water balance were simulated. Water level was persistently maintained after a ~31-cm water level rise, and 590 m3·d−1 of water could be supplied from the collector well, which can ease water shortages. Therefore, it is necessary to develop structures to prevent recharged water escape when artificially recharging groundwater in small upstream basins. In upstream areas where reservoirs or water supply conduits are unfeasible, artificial recharge systems could solve water shortages.
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Karlović, Igor, Tamara Marković, and Tatjana Vujnović. "Groundwater Recharge Assessment Using Multi Component Analysis: Case Study at the NW Edge of the Varaždin Alluvial Aquifer, Croatia." Water 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010042.
Full textAbstract:
Exploring the interaction between precipitation, surface water, and groundwater has been a key subject of many studies dealing with water quality management. The Varaždin aquifer is an example of an area where high nitrate content in groundwater raised public concern, so it is important to understand the aquifer recharge for proper management and preservation of groundwater quality. The NW part of the Varaždin aquifer has been selected for study area, as precipitation, Drava River, accumulation lake, and groundwater interact in this area. In this study, groundwater and surface water levels, water temperature, water isotopes (2H and 18O), and chloride (Cl−) were monitored in precipitation, surface water, and groundwater during the four-year period to estimate groundwater recharge. Head contour maps were constructed based on the groundwater and surface water levels. The results show that aquifer is recharged from both Drava River and accumulation lake for all hydrological conditions–low, mean, and high groundwater levels. The monitoring results of water temperature, chloride content, and stable water isotopes were used as tracers, i.e. as an input to the mixing model for estimation of the contribution ratio from each recharge source. The calculation of mixing proportions showed that surface water is a key mechanism of groundwater recharge in the study area, with a contribution ratio ranging from 55% to 100% depending on the proximity of the observation well to surface water.