Academic literature on the topic 'Recharge accumulateur'
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Journal articles on the topic "Recharge accumulateur"
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Zamora, Hector A., Christopher J. Eastoe, Jennifer C. McIntosh, and Karl W. Flessa. "Groundwater Origin and Dynamics on the Eastern Flank of the Colorado River Delta, Mexico." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020080.
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Isotope data and major ion chemistry were used to identify aquifer recharge mechanisms and geochemical evolution of groundwaters along the US–Mexico border. Local recharge originates as precipitation and occurs during winter through preferential infiltration pathways along the base of the Gila Range. This groundwater is dominated by Na–Cl of meteoric origin and is highly concentrated due to the dissolution of soluble salts accumulated in the near-surface. The hydrochemical evolution of waters in the irrigated floodplain is controlled by Ca–Mg–Cl/Na–Cl-type Colorado River water. However, salinity is increased through evapotranspiration, precipitation of calcite, dissolution of accumulated soil salts, de-dolomitization, and exchange of aqueous Ca2+ for adsorbed Na+. The Na–Cl-dominated local recharge flows southwest from the Gila Range and mixes with the Ca–Mg–Cl/Na–Cl-dominated floodplain waters beneath the Yuma and San Luis Mesas. Low 3H suggests that recharge within the Yuma and San Luis Mesas occurred at least before the 1950s, and 14C data are consistent with bulk residence times up to 11,500 uncorrected 14C years before present. Either the flow system is not actively recharged, or recharge occurs at a significantly lower rate than what is being withdrawn, leading to aquifer overdraft and deterioration.
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Sherif, Mohsen, Ahmed Sefelnasr, Muhammad Al Rashed, Dalal Alshamsi, Faisal K. Zaidi, Khaled Alghafli, Faisal Baig, et al. "A Review of Managed Aquifer Recharge Potential in the Middle East and North Africa Region with Examples from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates." Water 15, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15040742.
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Groundwater extraction in most Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries far exceeds its renewability, which ranges from 6% to 100%. Freshwater resources to support food production are very limited in this region. Future climate predictions include more consistent and longer wet periods with increasing surplus rainfall, which will enhance flood and flash flood occurrences in the MENA. Demand management of groundwater resources and managed aquifer recharge (MAR, also called groundwater replenishment, water banking, and artificial recharge, is the purposeful recharge of water to aquifers for subsequent recovery or environmental benefits) represent essential strategies to overcome the challenges associated with groundwater depletion and climate change impacts. Such strategies would enable the development of groundwater resources in the MENA region by minimizing the stress placed on these resources, as well as reducing deterioration in groundwater quality. Groundwater augmentation through recharge dams is a common practice in different countries around the globe. Most dams in the MENA region were built to enhance groundwater recharge, and even the few protection dams also act as recharge dams in one way or another. However, the operating systems of these dams are mostly dependent on the natural infiltration of the accumulated water in the reservoir area, with limited application of MAR. This review presents analyses of groundwater renewability and the effectiveness of recharge dams on groundwater recharge, as well as the potential of MAR technology. This study indicates that the recharge efficiency of dam’s ranges between 15 to 47% and is clustered more around the lower limit. Efficiency is reduced by the clogging of the reservoir bed with fine materials. Therefore, there is a need to improve the operation of dams using MAR technology.
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Brkić, Željka, Mladen Kuhta, Tamara Hunjak, and Ozren Larva. "Regional Isotopic Signatures of Groundwater in Croatia." Water 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071983.
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Tracer methods are useful for investigating groundwater travel times and recharge rates and analysing impacts on groundwater quality. The most frequently used tracers are stable isotopes and tritium. Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) are mainly used as indicators of the recharge condition. Tritium (3H) is used to estimate an approximate mean groundwater age. This paper presents the results of an analysis of stable isotope data and tritium activity in Croatian groundwater samples that were collected between 1997 and 2014 at approximately 100 sites. The composition of the stable isotopes of groundwater in Croatia originates from recent precipitation and is described using two regional groundwater lines. One of them is applied to groundwater accumulated in the aquifers in the Pannonian part of Croatia and the other is for groundwater accumulated in the Dinaric karst of Croatia. The isotope content shows that the studied groundwater is mainly modern water. A mix of sub-modern and modern water is mostly accumulated in semi-confined porous aquifers in northern Croatia, deep carbonate aquifers, and (sub)thermal springs.
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Puida, V. "DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING PARAMETERS OF ACCUMULATOR BATTERIES AND THE CORRESPONDING DIRECT CURRENT NETWORK." Computer systems and network 5, no. 1 (December 16, 2023): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/csn2023.01.089.
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Mobile devices for information, control and telemetry systems are powered by mobile generators through AC to DC converters, by batteries or, if possible, directly by solar panels. Solar panels typically work in a system that involves the usage of batteries to keep the systems running when the solar panels are not working or not providing enough power. The batteries can be recharged from the panels themselves if the solar panels have sufficient power or from an external direct current source. Also, for some mobile devices, power systems are used only with batteries, which are recharged from generators or, if possible, from standard electrical networks. All these options of power supply systems for mobile devices require operational control of battery parameters and corresponding direct current networks. The paper proposes a device for monitoring the following parameters: voltage of the direct current network from which the mobile device is powered or the batteries are charged; battery charge current control; control of insulation resistance of direct current circuits; control of the voltage of chargers; monitoring the status of chargers; protection of batteries from deep discharge; control of the state of switching nodes. The device is implemented as a two-processor system based on STM32F103 microcontrollers. A non-contact sensor of the LEM LA 100-P type is used to measure the direct current, which generates an analog signal proportional to the value of the direct current. This signal is passed to a 16- bit analog-to-digital converter. Given that these microcontrollers have integrated 12-bit analog-to- digital converters, an external 16-bit analog-to-digital converter of the ADS1115 type is used to ensure the necessary accuracy of direct current and voltage measurement, which transmits information to the basic processor via the I2C interface. The basic processor implements the main operating modes of the device, and the local processor provides information exchange with the general mobile power supply system through the RS-485 interface. The device is equipped with an indication system based on an LCD indicator of the VS1602A type and functionally programmable single LED indicators, a local keyboard for selecting control modes, a USB port for connecting additional modules and a SWD port for programming the Flash memory of microcontrollers and debugging programs in real time. During operation, parameters of non-standard events are stored in the device's non-volatile memory. The software of the basic and local processors has been developed, which ensures the functioning of the device in basic modes and performs periodic self-diagnosis of the device. The obtained results can be used in scientific research and in the design of real automated power systems for mobile information systems. Keywords: power systems of mobile information systems, batteries, battery charging, microcontroller, LCD indicator, I2C interface, USB interface, RS-485 interface, SWD interface.
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Nigate, Fenta, Marc Van Camp, Alemu Yenehun, Ashebir Sewale Belay, and Kristine Walraevens. "Recharge–Discharge Relations of Groundwater in Volcanic Terrain of Semi-Humid Tropical Highlands of Ethiopia: The Case of Infranz Springs, in the Upper Blue Nile." Water 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030853.
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The major springs in the Infranz catchment are a significant source of water for Bahir Dar City and nearby villages, while sustaining the Infranz River and the downstream wetlands. The aim of the research was to understand the hydrogeological conditions of these high-discharge springs and the recharge–discharge relations in the Infranz catchment. The Infranz catchment is covered by highly pervious and young quaternary volcanic rocks, consisting of blocky, fractured, and strongly vesicular scoriaceous basalt. At the surface, these rocks crop out as lineaments forming ridges, delimiting closed depressions in which water accumulates during the rainy season without causing surface runoff. Geology and geomorphology thus combine to produce very favorable conditions for groundwater recharge. Three groundwater recharge methods were applied to estimate groundwater recharge and the results were compared. Groundwater recharge was calculated to be 30% to 51% of rainfall. Rapid replenishment raises the groundwater level during the rainfall period, followed by a rapid decline during the dry season. Shallow local flow paths discharge at seasonal springs and streams, while more regional and deeper flow systems downstream sustain the high-discharge springs and perennial Infranz River. The uptake of 75% of spring water for the water supply of Bahir Dar City, local extraction for domestic and small-scale irrigation use from springs, rivers and hand-dug wells, encroaching farming, and overgrazing are exacerbating wetland degradation.
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Sefelnasr, Ahmed, Abdel Azim Ebraheem, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Xiaogang Shi, Khaled Alghafli, Faisal Baig, Muhammad Al-Rashed, Dalal Alshamsi, Munaver Basheer Ahamed, and Mohsen Sherif. "Enhancement of Groundwater Recharge from Wadi Al Bih Dam, UAE." Water 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 3448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213448.
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Groundwater and harvested rainwater represent the only conventional freshwater resources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Groundwater resources in Wadi Al Bih, UAE, are sustainable due to the low exploitation rate for domestic and agricultural purposes. Thus, the groundwater depletion in this area is far less than in other parts of the country. The Wadi Al Bih area is very important for achieving water security in UAE. Therefore, the possible measures of increasing groundwater recharge (e.g., managed aquifer recharge (MAR) methods) are investigated in this paper. The available water resource data were collected, reviewed, validated, and stored in a GIS database. Then, a GIS-based water budget model (WBM) was developed to evaluate the available groundwater resources in Wadi Al Bih and recharge sources. The analyses showed that only 49% of the accumulated rainwater behind the dam is recharging the underlying aquifer. Due to the absence of any direct recharge techniques, the remaining 51% is lost by direct evaporation (15%), and as soil moisture increases in the unsaturated zone (36%), it will subsequently evaporate or percolate depending on the precipitation pattern and air temperature. The results of the WBM indicated that the freshwater resources were decreasing at an alarming rate of approximately thirty-five million cubic meters (MCM) per year until 2019. The groundwater storage and salinity were governed by the rates and patterns of precipitation. For example, the recharge resulting from the two consecutive maximum monthly precipitation events in December 2019 and January 2020 has significantly increased the fresh groundwater reserve and slightly retreated the saline/brackish water toward the shoreline. Moreover, a Mann–Kendall trend analysis was conducted to assess the influence of precipitation, temperature, and evaporation on groundwater recharge. The outcomes suggested that climate variables had a significant effect on groundwater supplies. The mitigation measures include revising groundwater withdrawal rates based on the annual recharge and enhancing recharge using different MAR techniques and dam operation plans.
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Bai, Tao, Wen-Ping Tsai, Yen-Ming Chiang, Fi-John Chang, Wan-Yu Chang, Li-Chiu Chang, and Kuang-Chih Chang. "Modeling and Investigating the Mechanisms of Groundwater Level Variation in the Jhuoshui River Basin of Central Taiwan." Water 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081554.
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Due to nonuniform rainfall distribution in Taiwan, groundwater is an important water source in certain areas that lack water storage facilities during periods of drought. Therefore, groundwater recharge is an important issue for sustainable water resources management. The mountainous areas and the alluvial fan areas of the Jhuoshui River basin in Central Taiwan are considered abundant groundwater recharge regions. This study aims to investigate the interactive mechanisms between surface water and groundwater through statistical techniques and estimate groundwater level variations by a combination of artificial intelligence techniques and the Gamma test (GT). The Jhuoshui River basin in Central Taiwan is selected as the study area. The results demonstrate that: (1) More days of accumulated rainfall data are required to affect variable groundwater levels in low-permeability wells or deep wells; (2) effective rainfall thresholds can be properly identified by lower bound screening of accumulated rainfall; (3) daily groundwater level variation can be estimated effectively by artificial neural networks (ANNs); and (4) it is difficult to build efficient models for low-permeability wells, and the accuracy and stability of models is worse in the proximal-fan areas than in the mountainous areas.
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Legchenko, A., C. Vincent, J. M. Baltassat, J. F. Girard, E. Thibert, O. Gagliardini, M. Descloitres, et al. "Monitoring water accumulation in a glacier using magnetic resonance imaging." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 31, 2013): 2119–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2119-2013.
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Abstract. Tête Rousse is a small polythermal glacier located in the Mont Blanc area (French Alps) at an altitude of 3100 to 3300 m. Recent accumulation of melt water in the glacier was assumed to occur, but such accumulation had yet to be confirmed. Using Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging (3-D-SNMR), we showed that the temperate part of the Tête Rousse glacier contains two separate water-filled caverns (central and upper caverns). In 2009, the central cavern contained about 55 000 m3 of water. Since 2010, the cavern is drained every year. Using 3-D-SNMR, we monitored the changes caused by this pumping in the water distribution within the glacier body. Twice a year, we carried out magnetic resonance imaging of the entire glacier and estimated the volume of water accumulated in the central cavern. Our results show the changes in cavern geometry and recharge rate: in two years, the central cavern lost about 73% of its initial volume, but 65% were lost in one year after the first pumping. We also observed that, after being drained, the cavern was recharged at an average rate of 20 to 25 m3 d−1 over the winter months and 120 to 180 m3 d−1 in summer. These observations illustrate how ice and water may refill englacial volume being emptied by artificial draining. Comparison of the 3-D-SNMR results with those obtained by drilling and pumping showed a very good correspondence, confirming the high reliability of 3-D-SNMR imaging.
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Maliva, Robert G. "Groundwater banking: opportunities and management challenges." Water Policy 16, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.025.
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Groundwater banking is the use of aquifers to store water to balance seasonal or longer-term variations in supply and demand. The large storage capacity provided by aquifers can be a valuable tool for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater as well as other elements of integrated water resources management. Successful groundwater banking requires favorable hydrogeological conditions to efficiently recharge, store, and abstract large volumes of water. Additionally, groundwater banking is also highly dependent upon water management and operational policies to ensure that stored water is not abstracted by other users and that the water accounting system of the bank remains in balance. Accumulated credits to withdraw water should not exceed the capacity of an aquifer to safely produce the water at the design rate-of-return for the bank. System participants need to have confidence that credits issued for recharge can be safely recovered when needed. Groundwater banking systems can cause significant local adverse impacts to other aquifer users and sensitive environments during recovery periods. Groundwater modeling is required to develop a sustainable management system that accounts for temporal and spatial variations in the impacts of both recharge and abstraction activities.
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Reinecke, Robert, Hannes Müller Schmied, Tim Trautmann, Lauren Seaby Andersen, Peter Burek, Martina Flörke, Simon N. Gosling, et al. "Uncertainty of simulated groundwater recharge at different global warming levels: a global-scale multi-model ensemble study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 787–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-787-2021.
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Abstract. Billions of people rely on groundwater as being an accessible source of drinking water and for irrigation, especially in times of drought. Its importance will likely increase with a changing climate. It is still unclear, however, how climate change will impact groundwater systems globally and, thus, the availability of this vital resource. Groundwater recharge is an important indicator for groundwater availability, but it is a water flux that is difficult to estimate as uncertainties in the water balance accumulate, leading to possibly large errors in particular in dry regions. This study investigates uncertainties in groundwater recharge projections using a multi-model ensemble of eight global hydrological models (GHMs) that are driven by the bias-adjusted output of four global circulation models (GCMs). Pre-industrial and current groundwater recharge values are compared with recharge for different global warming (GW) levels as a result of three representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Results suggest that projected changes strongly vary among the different GHM–GCM combinations, and statistically significant changes are only computed for a few regions of the world. Statistically significant GWR increases are projected for northern Europe and some parts of the Arctic, East Africa, and India. Statistically significant decreases are simulated in southern Chile, parts of Brazil, central USA, the Mediterranean, and southeastern China. In some regions, reversals of groundwater recharge trends can be observed with global warming. Because most GHMs do not simulate the impact of changing atmospheric CO2 and climate on vegetation and, thus, evapotranspiration, we investigate how estimated changes in GWR are affected by the inclusion of these processes. In some regions, inclusion leads to differences in groundwater recharge changes of up to 100 mm per year. Most GHMs with active vegetation simulate less severe decreases in groundwater recharge than GHMs without active vegetation and, in some regions, even increases instead of decreases are simulated. However, in regions where GCMs predict decreases in precipitation and where groundwater availability is the most important, model agreement among GHMs with active vegetation is the lowest. Overall, large uncertainties in the model outcomes suggest that additional research on simulating groundwater processes in GHMs is necessary.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Recharge accumulateur"
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Laouamer, Rachid. "Chargeur de batteries à couplage inductif pour véhicule électrique." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0062.
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Les travaux de cette thèse concernent les chargeurs à couplage inductif développés pour les flottes de véhicule électriques en libre service tel qu'envisagé dans l'opération PRAXITELE de EDF. L'objectif général était la définition de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur magnétique adapté à ce type de recharge. Les outils et les méthodes développés dans ce mémoire ont fait progresser la compréhension du couplage par induction, et éclairé le choix de la structure adaptée. L'étude méthodique des différentes structures à trois et à quatre éléments de stockage a fait ressortir quelques montages dignes d'intérêt. Les avantages et les inconvénients de chacun de ces montages ont été soulignés et une méthode de dimensionnement a été proposée. La structure choisie permet d'exploiter au mieux le transformateur à faible couplage que constitue le coupleur magnétique, d'alléger la partie embarquée et d'améliorer les caractéristiques de sortie du chargeur. Elle s'avère également être celle qui conduit au meilleur rendement énergétique de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur. Le schéma équivalent du coupleur, développé au laboratoire, nous a permis de simuler le comportement de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur, en prenant en compte tous les aspects utiles de son comportement. Cela a mené, en particulier, à l'évaluation des pertes de ce composant. Une vérification expérimentale soigneuse a confirmé cette évaluation avec une précision honorableThe work presented in this thesis deals with inductive charging for electrical vehicle intended to self-service fleet as planned in EDF Praxitele project. The aim of this work was the definition of a converter-coupler set well adapted to this kind of charge. The methods developed in this report have improved the knowledge of inductive coupling, and clarified the selection of an adequate converter. After a survey of different topologies with three and four storage elements, we have brought out some interesting topologies. Both advantages and drawbacks of each topology have been emphasized and a design method has been proposed. The selected converter allows the use of parasitic coupler elements. It reduces the inboard weight and improves charger characteristics. Moreover it improves the global converter-oupler efficiency. The coupler equivalent circuit developed in our laboratory has been used to to simulate the whole converter-coupler set behavior, leading to losses evaluation. Careful measurements lead to the same value within a correct accuracy
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Chauchat, Bertrand. "Chargeur de batteries intégré pour véhicule électrique." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0169.
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La charge des batteries est un point important pour le développement du véhicule électrique. Actuellement, plusieurs systèmes sont mis en place (chargeurs embarqués, bornes de recharge, coupleurs inductifs) et permettent de répondre à l'attente des usagers. Des dispositifs de faible puissance (3 kW) assurent une recharge (dite "lente") complète des batteries durant les heures creuses (5 à 8 heures). Des systèmes plus puissants (supérieur à 10 kW) permettent une charge dite "rapide" (20 à 30 min) et partielle (70 à 80 %). Les chargeurs "lents" imposent une masse supplémentaire et un surcoût au véhicule. Les dispositifs "rapides" quant à eux sont complexes et très onéreux, ce qui limitera leur nombre et donc leur intérêt qui est d' assurer le rôle de stations-service. L'idée de réutiliser les éléments déjà existants dans le véhicule (convertisseur et moteur) pour concevoir une structure de charge est alors apparue comme une voie prometteuse. Le chargeur "intégré" est né, sa conception est conditionnée par la chaîne de traction implantée dans le véhicule. Notre étude porte sur la mise en oeuvre de dispositifs de charge conçus pour être implantées sur des véhicules à traction alternative (onduleur + moteur alternatif). L'utilisation du réseau monophasé a permis de mettre en oeuvre une structure assurant la charge de type "lente". Elle permet grâce à un montage à deux étages de répondre à la norme réseau basse fréquence (EN NF 61 000-3-2) et d'ofrir une large gamme de tension. L'utilisation des enroulements moteur comme inductances à été analysée. Le convertisseur connecté sur le réseau triphasé assure la charge "rapide" grâce à un montage monoétage. La mise en oeuvre du modèle moyen généralisé a permis de modéliser et commander l'ensemble des structures étudiées. En particulier une commande à été élaborée pour le chargeur triphasé afn d'adapter la tension de sortie du redresseur à celle des batteries en agissant sur le courant réactif absorbéThe battery charge is a key point for the electric vehicle development. Nowadays gears such as onboard charger, fast charging station, inductive coupling charger are proposed and can meet user expectations. Low power devices (3 kW) can carry out a complete charge (called "slow") of the batteries during slack periods (5 to 8 hours). More powerful devices (higher than 10 kW power fow) operate a fast (20 to 30 minutes) and partial (70 to 80 %) charge. The "slow" chargers involve additio-nal weight and cost to the vehicle. The fast chargers are more complex and more expensive and their number will be limited as well as their interest (to perform gas-station). The proposed solution which uses the existing components (converters, AC motor) of the electric vehicle to realize a charger appears as an interesting feld. The integrated charger is born, its design depends on traction structure. The charge structure is based on the electric vehicle using an AC drive-train. On the single phase network the "slow" type charger bas been realized. A two-stage structure allows to comply with low frequency standards and ofers a large output voltage range. The use of motor windings as inductors is analyzed. The equipment connected to three-phase power supply leads to the fast charging thanks to a single-stage structure. The use of the generalized average model allows modelling and controlling all the studied structures to be done. An efective control on the reactive input current bas been developed for the three-phase charger in order to adjust output voltage versus battery voltage
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Andrieu, Christophe. "Contribution à la conception d'alimentations à découpage à absorption sinusoidale." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0064.
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Le développement des alimentations à découpage évolue avec un environnement changeant par ses contraintes et ses possibilités. La concurrence économique pousse à réduire les volumes, augmenter les rendements et les normes deviennent plus difficiles à respecter. Une meilleure connaissance des composants actifs et passifs permet d'améliorer leurs caractéristiques et ainsi de rationnaliser le dimensionnement. Notre étude vise à la conversion de la tension réseau 230 V efficaces en une tension de sortie continue de 48 V. Le niveau de puissance correspond au maximum disponible sur une prise 16 A, soit 3 kW. Deux fonctions sont concernées : l'absorption sinusoïdale du courant d'entrée pour rendre unitaire le facteur de puissance, et aussi l'isolation et la régulation de la tension de sortie pour un courant de 50 A. Une méthode d'analyse de l'absorption sinusoïdale est proposée et appliquée à. Deux structures : le Flyback jour la conversion mono-étage et le hacheur élévateur pour la prérégulation. Par ailleurs, des solutions de conversion continu-continu sont présentées dans le cadre d'une sortie fort courant. L'objectif est de choisir convenablement les paramètres réglables par le concepteur, à savoir la fréquence et la valeur des éléments inductifs, éléments intermédiaires indispensables lors d'une conversion de source d'une tension en une autre source de tension. Le choix de ces deux éléments se répercute sur l'ensemble du dimensionnement des différentes parties, notamment sur le filtrage haute fréquence rendu obligatoire pour le respect des nonnes. La maquette réalisée permet le respect des normes concernant l'absorption sinusoïdale (CEI 61000-3-2) et est destinée à l'alimentation d'un réseau de télécommunications
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Al, jed Habib. "Influence de la recharge rapide sur les performances des accumulateurs lithium des véhicules électriques dans le cadre de l'utilisation postale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0290/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence de la recharge rapide sur le vieillissement des batteries lithium, et son impact sur les performances des véhicules électriques dans le cadre d’une utilisation postale. La première partie est consacrée à la modélisation de batteries lithium par un modèle à circuit électriques équivalent, dont les paramètres sont identifiables par des tests de caractérisation linéaires. La deuxième partie est dédiée à l’étude du vieillissement, et abouti sur un estimateur de vieillissement par l’exploitation des données des tests de vieillissement accélérés. Ensuite, l’utilisation postale est étudiée, et un profil de courant représentatif de la sollicitation réelle de la batterie est proposé. Ce dernier a permis de valider le modèle de la batterie dans le domaine de l’utilisation postale. Ensuite un modèle de véhicules électriques est présenté, il intègre le modèle de batterie, tout en le faisant vieillir en utilisant l’estimateur de vieillissement. Enfin, les différentes stratégies de recharges possibles sont énumérées et comparées. Pour conclure sur leurs influences sur le vieillissement des batteries, et donc les performances de véhiculesThis thesis aims to study the influence of fast charging on the aging of lithium batteries, and its impact on the performances of electric vehicles as part of a postal use. The first part is devoted to the modeling of lithium batteries with an equivalent electric circuit model, whose parameters could be identified using linear characterization tests. The second part is dedicated to the study of aging, and results in an aging estimator using data collected from accelerated aging tests programs. Then the postal usage is studied, and a power profile representative of the actual load on the battery is provided. The latter was used to validate the model of the battery in the field of postal use. Then the postal use is studied, and a current profile representative of the real behavior of the battery is provided. This profile was used to validate the model of the battery in the postal use domain. Then a model of electric vehicles is presented, it integrates the battery model, which can simulates the aging state of the battery using the ageing estimator. Finally, the various possible strategies of recharge are listed and compared, which leads to conclusions about their influences on aging of batteries, and the vehicles performance
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Blanchard, François. "Étude de la génération de gaz intervenant dans les accumulateurs lithium-ion lors de la recharge ou du fonctionnement en floating." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4007.
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Lorsque l'accumulateur est maintenu durant une longue période (mode floating), à une température supérieure à l'ambiante(40-60°C), du CO2 est généré au sein de l'élément et une augmentatoion de l'acidité du milieu électrolytique est observée. L'utilisation d'une électrode disque-anneau a permis de mettre en évidence la génération de protons accompagnant l'oxydation des solvants augmentant ainsi son acidité. Des bases azotées ont été ajoutées à l'électrolyte dans le but de capter ces protons. Afin de limiter l'oxydation des alkylcarbonates, le polymère conducteur PEDOT a été déposé sur l'électrode positive. Une bonne cyclabilité des électrodes modifiées a été observée. Enfin, la forte solubilité du CO2 dans les solvants a été démontrée. Cette solubilité diminue lors de l'ajout de sel de lithium. Des relations permettant de prévoir la solubilité de CO2 dans les millieux mixtes ont été établies, permettant de concevoir des électrolytes capables de solubiliser un maximum de CO2When a fully charged accumulator is stored during a long periode(floating mode), at high temperature (40-60°C), CO2 is produced in the cell, and simultaneaously, an increase in electrolyte acidity is observed. A ring-disk electrode has been used to monitor the generation of protons during the oxydation of the alkycarbonates containd in the electrolyte. These protons increase the acidity of the media. In order to limit this acidity nitrogen bases have been added. In order to reduce the solvent oxidation, a coducting polymer (PEDOT) has been deposited on the positive electrode. A good cyclability of the modified electrodes is obtained. Finally, CO2 solubility has been determined in solvents, leading to the conclution that CO2 was very soluble. CO2 solubility decreases when a lithium salt is added. Equations which permit to predict CO2 solubility in this media have been established. The use of these equations permit to formulate new electrolytes able to dissolve larger amounts of CO2
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Mathieu, Romain. "Modélisation de l'influence de la rapidité de recharge totale ou partielle sur les performances électro-thermiques et la durée de vie des batteries pour applications automobiles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0026.
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La charge rapide des batteries est un enjeu majeur pour le développement de l’automobile électrique. Côté infrastructure, un déploiement de chargeurs de haute voire très haute puissance est en cours. Ces hautes puissances motivent une recherche sur les batteries, dans l’objectif de réduire significativement leurs durées de charge.Pour une cellule de batterie de caractéristiques données, la puissance de charge est limitée par des considérations électriques, thermiques et de durée de vie. Cette thèse souhaite alors apporter une contribution à la réduction du temps de charge, par une approche numérique de modélisation, simulation et optimisation. Elle compare également 4 références de cellules de différents matériaux et différentes densités d’énergie.Tout d’abord, des modèles du comportement électrique, thermique et de vieillissement d’une cellule sont développés séparément, puis couplés. De manière systématique, les modèles sont présentés, leurs procédures de calibration sont décrites, et ils sont comparés à des résultats expérimentaux. Une attention particulière est portée à l’effet des forts régimes de courant dans différentes conditions thermiques. Ceci a permis d’étendre leurs domaines de validité respectifs.Ensuite, une campagne de vieillissement accéléré est réalisée sur 3 références de cellules. Elle compare l’effet du courant de charge, de la tension de fin de charge et de différentes conditions thermiques sur la dégradation, dans le cadre d’un protocole de charge référence. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier plusieurs stratégies pour la réduction du temps de charge, au niveau du choix d’une référence de cellule, de la gestion thermique, et de l’optimisation du protocole de charge.Enfin, cette dernière stratégie est étudiée. Une méthode de définition par optimisation numérique d’un protocole de charge à plusieurs niveaux de courant constant est développée. Elle se base sur le modèle électro-thermique mis en place. La méthode est utilisée pour définir 5 protocoles de charge optimisés qui sont soumis à des essais de vieillissement accéléré. La dégradation est ensuite comparée à celle observée pour le protocole de charge référence. Dans des conditions comparables au protocole référence, les protocoles optimisés permettent de réduire le temps de charge et/ou la dégradationFast charging of batteries is a major challenge for the development of electric vehicles. A deployment of high power chargers is underway. These high power levels motivate research on batteries, with the aim of significantly reducing their charging times.For a battery cell of given characteristics, the charging power is limited by electrical, thermal and lifetime considerations. This thesis then wishes to make a contribution to the reduction of the charging time, by taking a numerical approach including modeling, simulation and optimization. It also compares 4 cell references of different materials and different energy densities.First, models of the electrical, thermal and aging behavior of a cell are developed separately, then coupled. In a systematic way, the models are presented, their calibration procedures are described, and they are compared with experimental data. Particular attention is paid to the effect of high current regimes under different thermal conditions. This made it possible to extend their respective domains of validity.Then, an accelerated aging campaign is carried out on 3 cell references. It compares the effect of the charging current, the end-of-charge voltage and different thermal conditions on the degradation, within the framework of a reference charging protocol. The results made it possible to identify several strategies for reducing the charging time, regarding the choice of a cell reference, thermal management, and the optimization of the charging protocol.This last strategy is finally studied. A method of definition of a charge protocol, containing several stages of constant current, is developed based on numerical optimization. The method makes uses the electro-thermal model implemented. It is then used to define 5 optimized charging protocols which are subjected to accelerated aging tests. The degradation is compared to that observed for the reference charging protocol. Under comparable conditions with the reference protocol, the optimized protocols make it possible to reduce the charging time and/or the degradation
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Basma, Hussein. "Energy management strategies for battery electric bus fleet." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://thesesprivees.mines-paristech.fr/2020/2020UPSLM036_archivage.pdf.
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Les bus électriques à batterie (BEB) représentent une solution prometteuse pour remplacer les flottes de bus diesel actuelles consommant des énergies fossiles grâce à leur efficacité énergétique élevée et à leur potentiel de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et à l’absence d’émissions de polluants atmosphériques locaux. Cependant, cette technologie doit faire face à plusieurs défis, en particulier le coût total de possession (TCO) élevé et des contraintes opérationnelles comme l’autonomie des bus, le temps et le lieu de recharge. Cette thèse présente une méthodologie systématique qui vise à développer des solutions pour surmonter ces défis en fournissant un dimensionnement des batteries et une stratégie de recharge optimales pour les BEB. D'abord, un modèle énergétique multi-physique de bus est développé pour évaluer ses besoins énergétiques en prenant en considération ses différents systèmes énergétiques. Ensuite, la consommation d'énergie du bus est évaluée dans plusieurs conditions de fonctionnement afin de quantifier sa consommation d'énergie réelle. Un modèle techno-économique d'une ligne de bus est développé afin d'évaluer l'impact des différentes stratégies de dimensionnement et de recharge des batteries sur les coûts et le fonctionnement du BEB. Ensuite, un modèle TCO est introduit en tenant compte les coûts unitaires BEB, les coûts d'achat et de remplacement des batteries, les coûts d'électricité, les coûts d'infrastructure et de maintenance. L'analyse des résultats d’un cas d’étude à Paris souligne les compromis entre le TCO et les perturbations et les retards des horaires du BEB en fonction des différentes tailles de batterie et stratégies de recharge. Enfin, une méthodologie minimisant le TCO est proposée en déterminant un dimensionnement des batteries et une stratégie de recharge optimales pour la flotte de BEB tout en garantissant l'absence de perturbation des horaires ou des interruptions du service. Elle repose sur une optimisation en deux étapes qui utilise à la fois la programmation dynamique et un algorithme génétique. Les résultats montrent que la méthodologie proposée pourrait réduire le TCO du BEB entre 15-25% par rapport aux approches actuellement adoptéesInitiatives to decrease emissions from the transport sector are increasing worldwide by seeking alternative technologies to replace oil-based mobility. Battery Electric Buses (BEB) present a promising solution thanks to their high energy efficiency, low greenhouse gas emissions and the absence of local pollutant emissions. However, this technology still faces many challenges, especially its high total cost of ownership (TCO) and other operational factors such as the limited bus driving range, the high energy refueling time, and the required charging technologies and strategies. In this context, this thesis presents a systematic methodology that aims at developing solutions to help overcoming these challenges by providing optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB. First, a comprehensive multi-physical bus energy model is developed to evaluate its energy needs considering all the energy systems encountered within. The energy consumption of the bus is then evaluated at a variety of operating conditions. Then, a techno-economic model of an entire bus line is developed in order to assess the impact of different battery sizing and charging strategies on the costs and operation of BEB. A TCO model is introduced considering the BEB unit costs, battery purchase and replacement costs, energy and power costs, infrastructure, and maintenance costs. A case study in Paris city is presented and the analysis reveals the resulting tradeoff between the TCO and BEB schedule disruptions and delays as function of different battery sizes and charging strategies. A methodology to minimize the TCO of BEB deployment is presented providing the optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB, while respecting the BEB operation constraints. The methodology is a 2-step optimization algorithm that utilizes both Dynamic programming and Genetic Algorithm optimization routines. The results show that the proposed methodology could reduce the BEB TCO between 15-25% compared to the currently adopted approaches to deploy BEB
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Eddahech, Akram. "Modélisation du vieillissement et détermination de l’état de santé de batteries lithium-ion pour application véhicule électrique et hybride." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14992/document.
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Cette thèse se concentre sur la fiabilité des batteries lithium pour des applications véhicules à faible émission en CO2. Pour cela, des méthodologies de caractérisation électriques et thermiques, des protocoles et des tests de vieillissement de batteries lithium sous différents modes (cyclage actif, calendaire simple et cyclage/calendaire) ont été mis en œuvre.Une première partie de ces travaux de thèse s’attache à la modélisation et à l’estimation des états de charge et de santé de la batterie.La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’étude du vieillissement calendaire des batteries lithium utilisant la spectroscopie d’impédance comme méthode de caractérisation. Ensuite, une méthode originale pour l’évaluation de l’état santé de la batterie est proposée. Elle est basée sur l’exploitation de l’étape de charge à tension constante lors d’une recharge complète et est donc bien adaptée à une intégration au sein d’un système de gestion de batterie. L’approche introduite est validée sur des données réelles de vieillissement allant jusqu’à deux ans de test.Enfin, une étude du phénomène de régénération de la capacité suite à un vieillissement des batteries de type combiné cyclage/calendaire est menée. Cette dernière partie constitue une ouverture pour le développement de stratégies d’usage des batteries lithium en incluant leur comportement thermiqueIn this thesis, we focus on the reliability of lithium batteries used for automotive applications. For this purpose, electric and thermal characterization methodologies as well as aging tests under several modes (calendar, power cycling, calendar/power cycling) are carried out.In a first part of the work, battery modeling and battery state estimation (state-of-charge and state-of-health) are considered.Then, based on periodic characterization from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, calendar aging is investigated. Next, we proposed an original process for precise battery state-of-health determination that exploits a full recharge and mainly constant-voltage charge step which allows easily its integration within a battery management system. Our experimental results, up to two years real-life data, confirm effectiveness of our technique.Finally, we study the capacity recovery phenomenon occurring due to combined battery aging (calendar/power cycling). This final part is almost dedicated to introduce strategies for battery use presenting at the same time a thermal behavior study
Book chapters on the topic "Recharge accumulateur"
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"Water and Land Pollution." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0016.
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Water covers 70% of the earth’s surface. Only 3% of this is freshwater, which is indispensable in sustaining plant and animal life. The amount of freshwater is maintained constant by the hydrological cycle. This cycle involves evaporation from oceans and inland waters, transpiration from plants, precipitation, infiltration into the soil, and runoff of surface water into lakes and rivers. The infiltrated water is used for plant growth and recharges groundwater reserves. Although the global supply of available freshwater is sufficient to maintain life, the worldwide distribution of freshwater is not even. In some areas the supply is limited because of climatic conditions or cannot meet the demands of high population density. In other places, although there is no shortage of freshwater, the water supply is contaminated with industrial chemicals and is thus unfit for human use. Moreover, fish and other aquatic species living in chemically contaminated water become unfit for human consumption. Thus, water pollution deprives us and other species of two essential ingredients for survival: water and food. An example of hydrologic changes caused by urbanization is given in Figure 11.1. Conditions before and after urbanization were measured in Ontario, Canada, by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1). In the urban setting, pervious areas are replaced with impervious ones (such as streets, parking lots, and shopping centers). Groundwater replenishment is greatly reduced and runoff is considerably increased by these changes. Thus, urbanization not only contributes to water pollution; it also increases the possibility of floods. Nitrogen is an important element for sustenance of life. However, in order to be incorporated into living matter it has to be converted into an assimilative form—an oxide or ammonia. Until the beginning of the twentieth century most of the atmospheric nitrogen was converted into assimilative form by soil microorganisms and by lightning. Nitrogen compounds which were not utilized by living matter did not accumulate because the denitrifying bacteria decomposed them to elemental nitrogen which was then released back into the atmosphere. In this way the nitrogen cycle was completed.
Conference papers on the topic "Recharge accumulateur"
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Pena, Oscar, and Michael J. Leamy. "A Self-Contained Architecture for Energy Recovery in Hydraulic Elevators." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37696.
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This paper presents a novel energy storage and recovery architecture for speed-controlled hydraulic actuation in hydraulic elevators. The study is motivated by a need to increase efficiency in the fluid power industry, in general, and hydraulic elevators, in particular. In contrast to previously employed systems, the proposed architecture eliminates the need for throttling and inefficient energy conversions in electric motor/generators. The system has 6 main components: 1 actuator, 1 hydraulic transformer composed of 2 pump/motors, 2 accumulators, a reservoir or small auxiliary accumulator, and a small auxiliary electric motor to recharge accumulators. By operating in 3 different modes, the system is always able to recapture energy when decreasing actuation speed, and return energy if needed when increasing actuation speed. Assessment of the proposed architecture is accomplished through high-fidelity simulations and a simplified analytical model. The analytical model is derived with the pump/motor displacements as a single input. A heuristic rule-based control is developed to control the high-fidelity simulation through an operation cycle and a comparison to a counterweighted elevator simulation is done to validate energy advantages of the novel system. Preliminary results demonstrate the ability of the system to follow a velocity profile using a single input. Comparison with a conventional counterweighted hydraulic elevator shows a large increase in energy efficiency. It is believed the architecture may have additional applicability to a wide range of hydraulic machines, such as heavy equipment used in construction, manufacturing, forestry, etc.
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Manapongpun, Pattawut, Pakpoom Kriengkomol, Chanon Karoonkornsakul, Narongsak Lounsrimongkol, Amin Rajawana, Matenat Khamphroo, Songwoot Wachirapisun, and Napat Chenchai. "DroneBox - A Fully Automated UAV System for Surveillance and Inspection Application." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22553-ms.
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Abstract Recently, an unmanned aerial vehicle or UAV technology has become more robust and reliable to serve industrial applications including site patronage, monitoring and surveillance missions. However, the operational growth is retarded by the slow development of experienced UAV pilots and operators, which makes the routine UAV missions costly and not feasible. The "DroneBox" is a fully automated, completely independent drone solution, where it will serve as the drone storage and self-maintenance base, for a surveillance operation without any human assistant. With our technology, the drone will be able to take off, perform missions, land precisely and recharge automatically while using accumulated real-time information to operate with the safest configuration. Implementation of the DroneBox system offshore will reduce the risk, cost and time of surveillance operation compared to the conventional method used in the industry. The predetermined events can be identified ahead of time, risks can be assessed earlier, and hazards can be prevented. Normally, scheduled offshore surveillance is done by assigning inspectors to investigate anomalies on offshore plants via crew boat vessels. These costly procedures can be replaced by the proposed solution, the innovative "DroneBox". Based on the feasibility study on PTTEP maintenance cost related to offshores surveillance, "DroneBox" could save up to 1.82 million USD annually from transportation expenses calculated from the operation on 30 different platforms in Artit (ART) and Great Bongkot North (GBN) wellhead platforms. Our developed technology is the transition towards the new era of autonomous surveillance in oil and gas industry.
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Albaba, Mhd Taisir, Jamal Hannun, and Riyadh Al-Raoush. "Impact of Pore Morphology on Colloid Migration at Variable Saturation Levels of Natural Porous Media." In The 2nd International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2023.0167.
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The migration of colloids within porous media has a critical impact on many important industrial processes such as oil production and groundwater recharge. Colloids can clog the pore space and hence impair the permeability of fluids which adversely impacts the efficiency of fluids movement through such media. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of pore clogging at the pore-scale is critical to develop efficient remediation methodologies for permeability reduction at different physio-chemical conditions. To study pore clogging at a pore-scale, microfluidic chips were fabricated to mimic geometries of natural porous media extracted from tomographic scans of sand packs. A colloidal suspension was injected in three phases into the system. The phases consisted of an initial imbibition of the suspension, followed by drainage of the suspension from the system, and finally, a second imbibition. During each phase, a series of images are taken of a section of the porous media. Findings reveal that pore-clogging considerably impairs saturation levels of the porous media through blocking the flow from reaching the gas phase within the system. Considerably increasing the time the gas is trapped in the pore-space, which in turn develops higher irreducible water saturation. This was also observed in the case of drainage of the colloidal suspension from the pore-space where colloids blocked pathways of the gas phase and prevented its migration through the pore space. In contrast, the migration of colloids was also impacted by the presence of the gas phase. Gas provided a clogging surface while forcing colloids to migrate through the pore space and accumulate at other pores. This implies that gas phase presence within a low porosity system can increase pore clogging at a significant rate. This is also supported by the short period between the clogging of two pores and the clogging of a dozen pores within the observed system.
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Dehkordi, Ehsan Alavi, Mahdi Esmaily Moghadam, and Mohammad Behshad Shafii. "A Novel Hydro Magnetic Micro-Pump and Flow Controller." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62130.
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In order to deal with the limitations of micro-pumps and micro-valves and meet the advantages of magnetic systems a novel plan is described here. The idea behind the plan is that magnetic particles, mixed and dispersed in a carrier liquid, can be accumulated and retained at specific sites to form pistons in a micro-tube using some external magnetic field sources along the tube. In other words, using some solenoids and switching them on and off, in a specific order and period, causes the desired external magnetic field variation through the tube. Changing the period and the mode of activation and deactivation of the solenoids, which are called switching time and switching mode, respectively, flow can either be pumped or controlled. It is to note that, if it is required, ferro-magnetic particles can be extracted and recharged to the flow. In this research a pressure driven setup has been fabricated to make the above idea feasible to execute. The effect of the working fluid, switching time, and different concentrations on the flow rate were investigated. The experimental results corresponded to an optimum switching mode for nickel particle of diameter less than 10 microns for a constant pressure head. In order to obtain both pumping and valving characteristics of the setup, switching time was varied from 0.01 s to 5.0 s. The graphs obtained from the experiments show that best pumping performance of the setup occurred at an optimum switching time and switching mode. In addition, concentration was an important factor that affected both pumping and valving characteristics of the setup. Also, due to the differences that exist between properties of water and ethanol, changing the working fluid to ethanol resulted in a different characteristic curve.
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Picha, Mahesh S., Ts Malik Abdullah, Ashutosh Rai, Sanjay Sinha, and Parimal A. Patil. "Deepwater Subsea BOP Technological and Reliability Advancement." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21430-ms.
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Abstract Subsea blowout preventer (SBOP) reliability is a major challenge in Deepwater Drilling & Completion operations, accounting for one of the major equipment failures and Non-Productive Time (NPT) costs yearly. This paper focuses on SBOP technological advancement since the Deepwater Horizon/Macondo incident in 2010, with additional emphasis on reliability, equipment condition monitoring and statistical root cause analysis. After finishing a deepwater well, the SBOP must undergo maintenance, repair if needed and pressure testing before being deployed on the next well. The rig owner is under great pressure to complete this turn-around to avoid waiting time. On an average, in-between wells, rig contractor took approximately 2.6 days extra time (NPT) waiting after completing top hole to get ready to deploy SBOP during 2019-20 exploration and appraisal campaigns. This can be critical during development campaigns where number of rig moves are involved quickly or in cases where top holes are batch drilled the waiting time for SBOP readiness can be as high as 7-8 days per well. Some operators are collaborating with drilling contractors in number of ways to arrange for a second fully assembled and (offline) pressure tested SBOP to be available on the rig (Dual SBOP); deployment of additional trained subsea engineers for performing maintenance/repair. SBOP pressure-testing time can also be drastically reduced by using comparative pressure-testing software to eliminate human error and accelerate pressure testing. Furthermore, leak detection time can be eliminated by installing sensors, and real-time test monitoring providing increased reliability with the additional advantages that conditional monitoring can be enhanced with the same digital sensors. SBOP dashboard that simplifies existing diagnosis and allow remote monitoring of the subsea SBOP control system will improve communication of SBOP health also serve common platform across rig fleets that allow standardization of SBOP diagnostic data and aids in operational decision making Ensuring additional SBOP redundancy especially while operating Emergency Disconnect System (EDS) available through Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) control panel or acoustic system. In addition, it is mandatory for the SBOP to have Autoshear and Deadman systems to be able to shut in the well in case of an emergency. Furthermore, technological workshop with several major service vendors have being held to ascertain current advances like Multifunctional profile, Accumulator recharged by ROV, ROV DP system, An Auxiliary Accumulator System and upgraded Acoustic System. In the end, the development of new technologies applied for the SBOP targets the overall cost optimization of the well lifecycle but also assure SBOP functionality. This paper is intended to provide considerations for operators in developing their future campaigns to frame scope of work for SBOP and rig contracting strategy.