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Academic literature on the topic 'Receptors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Receptors"

1

Jaremko, William J., Zhen Huang, Wei Wen, Andrew Wu, Nicholas Karl, and Li Niu. "Identification and characterization of RNA aptamers: A long aptamer blocks the AMPA receptor and a short aptamer blocks both AMPA and kainate receptors." Journal of Biological Chemistry 292, no. 18 (March 21, 2017): 7338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.774752.

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AMPA and kainate receptors, along with NMDA receptors, represent different subtypes of glutamate ion channels. AMPA and kainate receptors share a high degree of sequence and structural similarities, and excessive activity of these receptors has been implicated in neurological diseases such as epilepsy. Therefore, blocking detrimental activity of both receptor types could be therapeutically beneficial. Here, we report the use of an in vitro evolution approach involving systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment with a single AMPA receptor target (i.e. GluA1/2R) to isolate RNA aptamers that can potentially inhibit both AMPA and kainate receptors. A full-length or 101-nucleotide (nt) aptamer selectively inhibited GluA1/2R with a KI of ∼5 μm, along with GluA1 and GluA2 AMPA receptor subunits. Of note, its shorter version (55 nt) inhibited both AMPA and kainate receptors. In particular, this shorter aptamer blocked equally potently the activity of both the GluK1 and GluK2 kainate receptors. Using homologous binding and whole-cell recording assays, we found that an RNA aptamer most likely binds to the receptor's regulatory site and inhibits it noncompetitively. Our results suggest the potential of using a single receptor target to develop RNA aptamers with dual activity for effectively blocking both AMPA and kainate receptors.

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2

Steverding, Dietmar. "Cycle Numbers of Cell Surface Recycling Receptors." Receptors 2, no. 2 (June 6, 2023): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/receptors2020010.

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The cycle number (nc) of a recycling receptor is defined as the average number of round trips (cell surface–endosome–cell surface) the receptor can make before it is degraded. This characteristic parameter of recycling receptors can be easily determined from the receptor’s half-life (t½, the time in which 50% of the receptor is degraded) and cycling time (Tc, the time a receptor needs to complete a round trip). Relationship analyses revealed that nc increases linearly with increasing t½ and decreases exponentially with increasing Tc. For commonly observed t½ and Tc values, it was calculated that recycling receptors have nc values of <300. In addition, it was found that recycling receptors in cancer cells have generally smaller nc values (<100), whereas recycling receptors in normal cells have larger nc values (>100). Based on this latter finding, the cycle number nc may be a useful criterion for distinguishing between cancer and normal cells.

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Santiago, Luis, and Ravinder Abrol. "Understanding G Protein Selectivity of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Using Computational Methods." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 5290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215290.

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The neurotransmitter molecule acetylcholine is capable of activating five muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, M1 through M5, which belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These five receptors share high sequence and structure homology; however, the M1, M3, and M5 receptor subtypes signal preferentially through the Gαq/11 subset of G proteins, whereas the M2 and M4 receptor subtypes signal through the Gαi/o subset of G proteins, resulting in very different intracellular signaling cascades and physiological effects. The structural basis for this innate ability of the M1/M3/M5 set of receptors and the highly homologous M2/M4 set of receptors to couple to different G proteins is poorly understood. In this study, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with thermodynamic analyses of M1 and M2 receptors coupled to both Gαi and Gαq to understand the structural basis of the M1 receptor’s preference for the Gαq protein and the M2 receptor’s preference for the Gαi protein. The MD studies showed that the M1 and M2 receptors can couple to both Gα proteins such that the M1 receptor engages with the two Gα proteins in slightly different orientations and the M2 receptor engages with the two Gα proteins in the same orientation. Thermodynamic studies of the free energy of binding of the receptors to the Gα proteins showed that the M1 and M2 receptors bind more strongly to their cognate Gα proteins compared to their non-cognate ones, which is in line with previous experimental studies on the M3 receptor. A detailed analysis of receptor–G protein interactions showed some cognate-complex-specific interactions for the M2:Gαi complex; however, G protein selectivity determinants are spread over a large overlapping subset of residues. Conserved interaction between transmembrane helices 5 and 6 far away from the G-protein-binding receptor interface was found only in the two cognate complexes and not in the non-cognate complexes. An analysis of residues implicated previously in G protein selectivity, in light of the cognate and non-cognate structures, shaded a more nuanced role of those residues in affecting G protein selectivity. The simulation of both cognate and non-cognate receptor–G protein complexes fills a structural gap due to difficulties in determining non-cognate complex structures and provides an enhanced framework to probe the mechanisms of G protein selectivity exhibited by most GPCRs.

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4

Wicher, Dieter, and Fabio Miazzi. "Functional properties of insect olfactory receptors: ionotropic receptors and odorant receptors." Cell and Tissue Research 383, no. 1 (January 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03363-x.

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AbstractThe majority of insect olfactory receptors belong to two distinct protein families, the ionotropic receptors (IRs), which are related to the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, and the odorant receptors (ORs), which evolved from the gustatory receptor family. Both receptor types assemble to heteromeric ligand-gated cation channels composed of odor-specific receptor proteins and co-receptor proteins. We here present in short the current view on evolution, function, and regulation of IRs and ORs. Special attention is given on how their functional properties can meet the environmental and ecological challenges an insect has to face.

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5

Melkes, Barbora, Vendula Markova, Lucie Hejnova, and Jiri Novotny. "β-Arrestin 2 and ERK1/2 Are Important Mediators Engaged in Close Cooperation between TRPV1 and µ-Opioid Receptors in the Plasma Membrane." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134626.

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The interactions between TRPV1 and µ-opioid receptors (MOR) have recently attracted much attention because these two receptors play important roles in pain pathways and can apparently modulate each other’s functioning. However, the knowledge about signaling interactions and crosstalk between these two receptors is still limited. In this study, we investigated the mutual interactions between MOR and TRPV1 shortly after their activation in HEK293 cells expressing these two receptors. After activation of one receptor we observed significant changes in the other receptor’s lateral mobility and vice versa. However, the changes in receptor movement within the plasma membrane were not connected with activation of the other receptor. We also observed that plasma membrane β-arrestin 2 levels were altered after treatment with agonists of both these receptors. Knockdown of β-arrestin 2 blocked all changes in the lateral mobility of both receptors. Furthermore, we found that β-arrestin 2 can play an important role in modulating the effectiveness of ERK1/2 phosphorylation after activation of MOR in the presence of TRPV1. These data suggest that β-arrestin 2 and ERK1/2 are important mediators between these two receptors and their signaling pathways. Collectively, MOR and TRPV1 can mutually affect each other’s behavior and β-arrestin 2 apparently plays a key role in the bidirectional crosstalk between these two receptors in the plasma membrane.

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6

Roddey, J. C., and G. A. Jacobs. "Information theoretic analysis of dynamical encoding by filiform mechanoreceptors in the cricket cercal system." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 1365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.4.1365.

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1. The stimulus/response properties of 20 mechanosensory receptors in the cricket cercal sensory system were studied using electrophysiological techniques. These receptors innervated filiform hairs of various lengths and directional selectivities. Previous studies have characterized the sensitivity of such cells to the direction of air currents and to the amplitude of sinusoidal stimuli. In the experiments reported here, the quantity and quality of information encoded in the receptors' elicited responses about the dynamics of more complex air current waveforms were characterized. 2. Based on a white analysis of receptor response properties, the median frequency of each receptor's frequency tuning curve was found to be strongly correlated with the length of its associated mechanosensory hair. The receptors connected to hairs > 900 microns encoded frequencies below approximately 150 Hz very accurately and the receptors connected to shorter hairs encoded progressively higher bands of frequencies. These results were interpreted within the constraints imposed by the biomechanics of the air current-to-cercus boundary. 3. The encoding accuracy was expressed in the information theoretic units of bits/second, which characterizes the information transmission rate of a receptor. The information rates of the neuronal spike trains ranged from 75 to 220 bits/s. The information transmission rate was not correlated with the length of the mechanosensory hair. The average amount of information transmitted per action potential was negatively correlated with receptor hair length and ranged between 0.6 and 3.1 bits/spike. Decoding of the receptor responses was restricted to linear transformations of the spike trains. 4. The stimulus/response latencies of the different receptors ranged between 5 and 11 ms, and the integration time of the receptors ranged between 8 and 30 ms. The latency of a receptor was only weakly correlated with the length of its associated hair, and a receptor's integration time was correlated with hair length. 5. The stimulus/response phase difference for receptor cells that innervated hairs longer than approximately 800 microns increased with frequency > 50 Hz. The phase responses for receptor cells connected to hairs < 800 microns did not vary for frequencies > 50 Hz.

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7

Xie, Peng, Junjie Zhang, Baiyu Chen, Xinwei Li, Wenbo Zhang, Mengdan Zhu, Wei Li, Jianqi Li, and Wei Fu. "Computational Methods for Understanding the Selectivity and Signal Transduction Mechanism of Aminomethyl Tetrahydronaphthalene to Opioid Receptors." Molecules 27, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072173.

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Opioid receptors are members of the group of G protein-couple receptors, which have been proven to be effective targets for treating severe pain. The interactions between the opioid receptors and corresponding ligands and the receptor’s activation by different agonists have been among the most important fields in opioid research. In this study, with compound M1, an active metabolite of tramadol, as the clue compound, several aminomethyl tetrahydronaphthalenes were designed, synthesized and assayed upon opioid receptors. With the resultant compounds FW-AII-OH-1 (Ki = 141.2 nM for the κ opioid receptor), FW-AII-OH-2 (Ki = 4.64 nM for the δ opioid receptor), FW-DI-OH-2 (Ki = 8.65 nM for the δ opioid receptor) and FW-DIII-OH-2 (Ki = 228.45 nM for the δ opioid receptor) as probe molecules, the structural determinants responsible for the subtype selectivity and activation mechanisms were further investigated by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. It was shown that Y7.43 was a key residue in determining the selectivity of the three opioid receptors, and W6.58 was essential for the selectivity of the δ opioid receptor. A detailed stepwise discovered agonist-induced signal transduction mechanism of three opioid receptors by aminomethyl tetrahydronaphthalene compounds was proposed: the 3–7 lock between TM3 and TM7, the DRG lock between TM3 and TM6 and rearrangement of I3.40, P5.50 and F6.44, which resulted in the cooperative movement in 7 TMs. Then, the structural relaxation left room for the binding of the G protein at the intracellular site, and finally the opioid receptors were activated.

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8

Wajant, Harald. "Death receptors." Essays in Biochemistry 39 (October 1, 2003): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0390053.

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Death receptors [Fas/Apo-1/CD95, TNF-R1 [tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1], DR3 [death receptor 3], TRAIL-R1 [TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1], TRAIL-R2, DR6, p75-NGFR [p75-nerve growth factor receptor], EDAR [ectodermal dysplasia receptor]] form a subgroup of the TNF-R superfamily that can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) via a conserved cytoplasmic signalling module termed the death domain. Although death receptors have been recognized mainly as apoptosis inducers, there is growing evidence that these receptors also fulfil a variety of nonapoptotic functions. This review is focused on the molecular mechanisms of apoptotic and non-apoptotic death receptor signalling in light of the phenotype of mice deficient in the various death receptors.

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9

Rossokhin, Alexey V., and Irina N. Sharonova. "Structural pharmacology of GABAА receptors." Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 15, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54101/acen.2021.4.5.

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), activating the inotropic type A receptors (GABAА receptors) to provide fast inhibition. GABAА receptors are the main target for various groups of drugs that are widely used in the treatment of CNS disorders. This review examines the relationship between the physiological effects of GABAА receptor activation and modulation by various substances (including medicinal compounds), the receptor's structure, and the interaction of these substances with specific modulatory sites. Recent advances in cryogenic electron microscopy have led to fundamental improvements in understanding the detailed organization and function of GABAА receptors. This review is based on both the latest structural data obtained from cryogenic electron microscopy and the results of biochemistry and electrophysiology studies, as well as molecular modelling.

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10

Christopoulos, A., L. T. May, V. A. Avlani, and P. M. Sexton. "G-protein-coupled receptor allosterism: the promise and the problem(s)." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 5 (October 26, 2004): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320873.

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Allosteric modulators of G-protein-coupled receptors interact with binding sites that are topographically distinct from the orthosteric site recognized by the receptor's endogenous agonist. Allosteric ligands offer a number of advantages over orthosteric drugs, including the potential for greater receptor subtype selectivity and a more ‘physiological’ regulation of receptor activity. However, the manifestations of allosterism at G-protein-coupled receptors are quite varied, and significant challenges remain for the optimization of screening methods to ensure the routine detection and validation of allosteric ligands.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Receptors"

1

Chu, Kwun Pok. "Computational studies of nuclear receptors : estrogen receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, and farnesoid X receptor." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1058.

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Ott, Thomas Ruthard. "Receptor activation in GNRH receptors." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2700.

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3

Pettersson, Katarina. "Signal transduction via estrogen receptors (ERs) and estrogen receptor-related receptors (ERRs) /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4184-X/.

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Sokolovski, Alexandra. "Sigma-1 Receptors Modulate NMDA Receptor Function." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23652.

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The sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that modulates a number of ion channels. It is hypothesized that σ-1Rs activated with agonist translocate to the plasma membrane. The σ-1R potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors (NMDARs), important constituents of synaptic plasticity. NMDARs are anchored in the plasma membrane by Postsynaptic Density Protein-95 (PSD-95). The mechanism behind σ-1R modulation of NMDARs is not known. The results of my investigation confirm that σ-1Rs localize extrasomatically. Following σ-1R activation, σ-1R localization to dendrites and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) is upregulated. Unpublished work from our lab has shown that σ-1Rs associate with PSD-95 and NMDARs. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry (ICC) showed σ-1R colocalization with PSD-95 and NMDAR subunits. After σ-1R activation there was significantly increased colocalization between σ-1R, PSD-95, and GluN2B. Overall, this study may have provided insight into the molecular mechanism behind σ-1R modulation of NMDARs, which could have implications in the understanding of synaptic plasticity.

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5

Weaver, Richard Emyr. "Ligand-receptor interactions at the parathyroid hormone receptors." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531595.

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6

ZHANG, SHENGWEN. "THE OPIOID RECEPTOR-LIKE RECEPTOR ORL1: SIGNALING AND INTERACTION WITH OPIOID RECEPTORS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1029419843.

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7

Zhang, Shengwen. "The opioid receptor-like receptor ORL1 signaling and interaction with opioid receptors /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1029419843.

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8

Meira, Guilherme Louzada Silva. "Analíse da expressão do receptor olfativo M93 em sistemas heterólogos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-31082016-115408/.

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O sistema olfatório de mamífero pode discriminar milhares de odores presentes no meio ambiente. Aproximadamente 1000 diferentes receptores olfatórios (ORs) são expressos no epitélio olfatório (OE) do nariz, Os ORs detectam os odores e transmitem os sinais resultantes para o bulbo olfatório (OB) no cérebro. Os ORs pertencem a super família dos receptores acoplados a proteína G (GPCR) e apresentam sete domínios transmembrânicos putativos. Por razões desconhecidas, os ORs são retidos no retículo endoplasmático quando expressos em linhagens de células de mamíferos heterólogas. Provavelmente, proteínas acessórias sejam requeridas para o endereçamento dos Ors para a superficie celular. No presente estudo, utilizamos o OR M93 para estudar os mecanismos de expressão de um ORo A dissertação teve como objetivos específicos: (l) construção de um vetor para expressão do OR M93 em fusão com GFP em levedura e análise de sua localização celular; (2) identificar proteínas expressas no epitélio olfatório de camundongo que interajam com os ORs. A análise por microscopia de fluorescência revelou que a expressão do OR M93 fusionado a GFP demonstrou um padrão de fluorescência que sugere a retenção do OR M93 no retículo endoplasmático. Nós utilizamos o sistema de duplo híbrido em levedura para varrer uma biblioteca de cDNA de epitélio olfatório de camundongo com uma isca correspondente à região N-terminal do OR M93. Quatro proteínas candidatas foram identificadas: HLA-B associado ao transcrito 3 (BAT-3/ Scythe), superfamília transmembrana 4 (membro CD82), superfamília transmembrana 4 (membro OAP-I) e sindecan (membro SDC2) (\"GenBank accession numbers\": BC026647, D14883, BC0430n e BC047144). A análise da hibridação in situ destas proteínas, revelou que a proteína OAP-1 é a melhor candidata a interação com OR M93. Dessa maneira, nós indicamos a proteína OAP-1 como possível proteína candidata a auxiliar o OR a ser expresso de maneira funcional em sistemas heterólogos.
The mammalian olfactory system can discrim inate thousands of odorants present in the environrnent. Approximately 1000 different olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of the nose. The ORs detect odorants and transmit the resulting signals to the olfactory bulb (OB) of the brain. ORs belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) super family and have seven putative transmembrane domains. For unknown reasons, the ORs are retained in the endoplasmatic reticulum when expressed in heterologous mammalian cell lines. Probably accessory proteins are required for the sorting of the ORs to the cell surface. In the present work, we used the OR M93 to study the mechanisms of OR expression. Our goals were to (1) construct an expression vector for OR M93 in fusion with GFP in yeast and (2) to identify proteins expressed in the mouse OE that interact with ORs. The analysis by fluorescence microscopy suggested that OR M93 in fusion with GFP was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of yeast. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to screen a mouse OE cDNA library with a bait corresponding to the N-terminal region ofthe üR M93. Four potential candidates were identified: HLA-B associated transcript 3 (BAT-3/Scythe), transmembrane 4 superfamily (CD82 member), transmembrane 4 superfamily (TSPN-3 member) and syndecan (SDC2). In situ hybridization analysis suggests that OAP-l protein represents the best candidate for interaction with OR M93. We suggest the OAP-l protein could be an accessory protein required for the sorting of the ORs to the cell surface in heterologous cell lines.

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9

Carvalhosa, Artur Aburad de. ""Pesquisa dos receptores de estrógeno (RE) e do receptor da progesterona (RP) in vivo e verificação da influência destes hormônios in vitro em duas linhagens de adenomas pelomórficos"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23141/tde-02042004-115521/.

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RESUMO A similaridade entre o tecido da mama e o da glândula salivar está bem estabelecida. A porção das estruturas acinares e ductais destes órgãos são basicamente semelhantes. Estes aspectos, associados ao fato de que uma coexistência de carcinomas da mama e de glândula salivar, têm sido relatados em uma incidência maior do que a esperada. Guiaram estudos tentando determinar a importância dos receptores de estrógeno e progesterona em adenomas pleomórficos (AP). A neoplasia é mais freqüente nas glândulas salivares e exibe uma predileção para o sexo feminino. Recentemente a presença do receptor de estrógeno (RE) e do receptor de progesterona (RP) tem sido investigada no AP, entre outras neoplasias de glândula salivar, questionando-se a possibilidade da existência da dependência hormonal. A expressão dos receptores hormonais nos carcinomas de mama é importante para determinar o prognóstico e a probabilidade de responder à manipulação hormonal. Neoplasias que apresentam positividade para ambos os receptores, estrógeno e progesterona, exibem maior probabilidade de resposta à terapia anti-estrogênica do que as neoplasias que são negativas para estes receptores. Baseando-se na literatura científica pertinente, o presente trabalho se propõe a investigar a presença da proteína RE e da proteína RP em APs humanos, relacionando-os com a proliferação de linhagens celulares sob a influência destes hormônios. A técnica utilizada foi a imuno-histoquímica para a pesquisa dos RE e RP em 10 APs emblocados em parafina pertencentes ao arquivo do Serviço de Patologia Cirúrgica da FOUSP, e de duas linhagens de APs estabelecidas no mesmo serviço: uma derivada de um paciente do sexo masculino e a outra de um paciente do sexo feminino. No meio de cultivo onde subculturas destas células proliferavam foram diluídos 17-b-estradiol e progesterona. Através de contagens destas células em períodos pré-determinados (24 horas, 48 horas e 72 horas), pretendeu-se verificar a influência dos respectivos hormônios na multiplicação celular. Como controle positivo utilizou-se uma linhagem denominada T-47D, que foi largamente estudada na literatura. A T-47D é derivada de um carcinoma metastático de mama, reconhecidamente hormônio dependente. E como controle negativo, utilizou-se de uma linhagem de carcinoma epidermóide, denominada HN30. Encontrou-se positividade para o RE em 7 de 10 APs estudados (4 em homens e 3 em mulheres) e positividade para o RP em 8 Aps estudados (4 em mulheres e 4 em homens). Pela análise estatística, constatou-se que existe uma diferença significativa no índice proliferativo entre o controle e as células submetidas à ação do 17-b-estradiol e da progesterona. Para a linhagem derivada do paciente do sexo masculino houve diferença entre o controle e as células expostas ao 17-b-estradiol e a progesterona somente nas últimas 72 horas. Para a linhagem derivada do sexo feminino constatou-se uma diferença significativa entre o controle e as células sob a influência da progesterona, a partir de 48 horas de proliferação celular. A diferença significativa entre o controle e as células sob a ação do 17-b-estradiol ocorreu somente a partir das 72 horas, sugerindo que o AP poderia ser uma neoplasia influenciada pela ação hormonal.
SUMARY It is well established the similarity between mammary and salivary glands especially between the acinic and ductile structures. These aspects, associated to the fact of coexistence of breast carcinomas and of salivary gland tumors been described, leaded studies in attempt to determine the importance of the ERs and Pr in pleomorphic adenomas (PA), the most frequent salivary gland tumor and with predilection for the females. Lately, the presence of ERs and of the PRs has been investigated in PA and other salivary gland tumors pointing out their hormonal dependency. The expression of hormone receptors in breast carcinomas is crucial to determine a presence for both receptors. These tumors exhibit better response to anti-estrogenic therapy than the negative ones. Basing on the pertinent scientific literature, the present study proposes to investigate the presence of the RE and of the RP in humans PA and connecting them with cellular proliferation in vitro, under the influence of these hormones. Immunohistochemistry technique was used for the detection of RE and RP in paraffin embedded 10 PAs from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, and two PA cell lines one from a male patient and other female. The culture midia was supplied with, 17-b-estradiol and progesterone. A growth curve was performed (24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours) to verify the influence of the respective hormones in the cellular proliferation. As a positive control T-47-D cells derived from a hormone dependent metastatic breast carcinoma were used, and as negative control HN30 cells, derived from a tongue squamous cell carcinoma. 7 of 10 PAs were positive (4 in men and 3 in women) for RP and 8 of 8 PAs (4 in women and 4 in men) for RE. The statistical analysis verified a significant difference in the proliferative index between the control cells and the ones submitted to the action of the 17-b-estradiol and of the progesterone: for male derived lineage a difference was only observed in the last 72 hours. In the other hand, for the female derived lineage a significant difference was verified starting from 48 hours, suggesting that PA can be influenced by hormonal action.

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10

Tchetchelnitski, V. "Regulation of neurotrophin receptors by receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1310477/.

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Reversible protein phosphorylation plays a key role in cell signalling during neural development and thus controls cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and function. Kinases and their counter-partners the phosphatases tightly regulate protein phosphorylation. In the developing nervous system the neurotrophin receptor family of protein tyrosine kinases (TrkA, B and C) are major players in this signalling network during normal neuron development and also in several diseases such as neuropathies, degenerative disorders and cancers. Recently, receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) were suggested to be possible regulators of Trks. Thus understanding the relationships between RPTPs and Trks may help to develop new therapeutics to control aberrant neurotrophin signalling in disease. In this study I investigated the relationship between RPTPs and Trks in murine embryonic sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), a primary cell model. The expression and coexpression of RPTPs and Trks was extensively studied during critical stages of DRG maturation using qPCR arrays at Merck-Serono, Geneva, and fluorescent in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques. This revealed a relatively high expression of several candidate RPTPs, which were expressed in particular TrkA+, TrkB+ and/or TrkC+ subpopulations of sensory neurons, indicating a potential relationship in their signalling functions. To further analyze a potential direct interaction between candidate RPTPs with Trk proteins, a bimolecular-fluorescent complementation assay (BiFc) was tested. However, this particular assay, when used with type I transmembrane proteins, suffered from high, unspecific protein interactions. In the main experimental approach, a lentiviral-mediated shRNAi-induced knockdown system in primary cell cultures was set-up and the effects of the knockdowns of Ptprf, Ptprs and Ptpro on endogenous Trk gene expression and Trk phosphorylation and activation were analysed. These results suggest a potential role of the encoded proteins LAR and RPTPσ in Trk function and of RPTP-BK in the differentiation and specification of Trk+ neurons.

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Books on the topic "Receptors"

1

Ronald, Kahn C., and Harrison Len C, eds. Insulin receptors. New York: Liss, 1988.

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2

Renato, Lauro, and Pirro Roberto De, eds. Handbook on receptor research: Insulin receptors. Roma: Field Educational Italia, Acta Medica, 1985.

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3

1928-, Thompson James C., and Galveston International Symposium on Gastrointestinal Endocrinology: Receptors and Post-Receptor Mechanisms (2nd : 1989), eds. Gastrointestinal endocrinology: Receptors and post-receptor mechanisms. San Diego: Academic Press, 1990.

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Michael, Conn P., ed. Receptors: Model systems and specific receptors. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press, 1993.

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Reggio, Patricia H. The cannabinoid receptors. New York: Humana, 2009.

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Reggio, Patricia H. The cannabinoid receptors. New York: Humana, 2009.

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Björklund, Anders, Remi Quirion, and Tomas Hökfelt. Peptide receptors. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003.

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Badr, Mostafa Z., ed. Nuclear Receptors. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78315-0.

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Rast, Jonathan, and Katherine Buckley, eds. Immune Receptors. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5.

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Eyster, Kathleen M., ed. Estrogen Receptors. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1920-9.

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Book chapters on the topic "Receptors"

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Müller, Judith M., and Roland Schüle. "Sex Steroid Receptors: Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptors, Progesterone Receptor." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1415–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57401-7_163.

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Müller, Judith M., and Roland Schüle. "Sex Steroid Receptors: Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptors, Progesterone Receptor." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21573-6_163-1.

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Tasker, Andrew S., and David M. Pollock. "Endothelin Receptors and Receptor Antagonists." In Endothelin Receptors and Signaling Mechanisms, 3–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11672-2_2.

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Siess, W. "Platelet Receptors: The Thrombin Receptor." In Platelets and Their Factors, 101–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60639-7_5.

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Miyazaki, Hitoshi, Motohiro Kondoh, Yasushi Masuda, Hirotoshi Watanabe, and Kazuo Murakami. "Endothelin Receptors and Receptor Subtypes." In Endothelin, 58–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7514-9_5.

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Levitzki, Alexander. "Receptors." In Endocytosis, 45–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6904-6_2.

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Kapoor, B. G., and Bhavna Khanna. "Receptors." In Ichthyology Handbook, 639–747. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07844-0_15.

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Robertson, David, Yelena Parfyonova, Mikhail Menshikov, and Alan S. Hollister. "Receptors." In Handbook of Research Methods in Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine, 221–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0906-0_14.

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Li, Guideng, and Jinxu Fang. "Receptors." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_7092-4.

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Mayo, Kelly E. "Receptors." In Endocrinology, 9–33. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-641-6_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Receptors"

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Brill, Michael H., Doreen W. Bergeron, and William W. Stoner. "Trichromatic retinal model with adaptive contrast sensitivity and resolution." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.thc4.

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A computer-simulated retina called IRIS is described which discriminates small differences in reflected light when these differences occur in a restricted domain of space and time and maintains sensitivity to these differences for a wide range of light environments. As prevailing light levels de crease and photon noise becomes significant, IRIS automatically reduces its spatiotemporal resolution to provide greater redundancy. The temporal resolution depends on light intensity because each receptor’s response is governed by photopigment kinetics whose rate increases with light level. The spatial resolution depends on light intensity because the receptors are individual circuits (with voltage sources and photoconductors) coupled by a passive conducting grid. At high light intensity, the conductances within each receptor circuit are much greater than the lateral conductance, hence the receptor circuits are effectively uncoupled. Decreasing light intensity causes the lateral conductance to become more significant, thereby coupling the receptors and reducing spatial resolution. The simulation (implemented in FORTRAN) is adapted from the dissertation work of one of the authors.1 Simulation results are presented, and parallels to human vision are noted—including implications for trichromatic vision. The conducting grid might be achieved by tight-junction coupling of receptors and horizontal-cell interconnections that form an effective syncytium.

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Srinivasan, Visvanathan, Nayan Reddy, Adriana Brasoava, and David L. Wells. "Micro-Embossing of Polymeric Substrates for Fluidic Self-Assembly." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14817.

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Fluidic Self-Assembly™ (FSA)™ has become a routine manufacturing process in the production of radio-frequency identification tags. FSA operates through the self-positioning of micro-devices into pre-prepared matching receptor sites in a substrate. Research at North Dakota State University has focused on extending the applications of FSA well-beyond the current production routine. This pursuit requires, among other modifications, substantive extrapolation of the size, depth, configuration, spacing and spatial density of receptor sites. Three different test wafer patterns (see Figure 5 for patterns having nominal sizes of 1050μ, 1500μ, μ2150 and 3050μ square receptors with different spacing between them) took into account the corner compensation structure dimensions, which are based on thickness of silicon mold wafer feature to be etched (see Figure 2). The embossing tool (silicon wafer) was patterned photo-lithographically and subsequently wet etched in a KOH 2:1 solution. Experiments suggest shorter tool life in the case of closely packed features (spacing ~ 0.5mm). Receptor profiles evaluated using both optical and mechanical inspection (see Figures 3 and 4) suggest that features having larger size (up to nominal size of 3050μ square) and thickness (nominal depths of 110μ and 210μ) can be embossed accurately for use in FSA by slightly increasing the embossing time in case of deeper receptors. It was also noticed that the relative receptor depths attained with respect to the thickness of the feature on the mold wafer was lower while embossing deeper receptor sites, leading to the conclusion that mold wafers must be etched longer in such cases. The embossed receptor sites were subsequently filled with micro-devices in accordance with the standard operating parameters of Fluidic Self-Assembly process. These sample experimental runs suggest receptors slightly deeper than the micro-devices facilitate higher yields (or fill rates) in FSA. However, in cases where the receptors are too deep relative to the micro-device (> 5μ), air-entrapment occurred between the micro-device and the bottom of the receptor site, which caused problems in post-FSA processes due to air expansion. This paper presents comprehensive guidelines for embossing larger and deeper receptors for effective use in FSA.

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Watson, Andrew B. "Constraints on sensitivity of linear visual neurons." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.tuh4.

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Many visual neurons linearly combine signals from the receptors or from other cells which themselves form linear combinations of receptor signals. In both cases, if the noise that limits cell performance is confined to the receptors, the peak sensitivity of the cell is entirely determined by the magnitude of the receptor noise and the normalized shape of the cells’ receptive field. This simple result may be used to estimate the receptor noise from the sensitivity of retinal or geniculate cells as well as to predict sensitivity of higher-order cells from that of lower-order cells. Consequences of this constraint are illustrated for actual primate geniculate and cortical cells and for model cortical cells.

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Hood, Donald C., and David G. Birch. "Adaptation of human cone receptors: Recordings of cone a-waves." In Advances in Color Vision. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acv.1992.fa4.

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Boynton and Whitten1 were the first to attempt a quantitative description of the physiology of of primate cone adaptation. Using Brown's technique2 to isolate the summed receptor potential responsible for the cone a-wave of the monkey's ERG, they concluded that substantial adaptation occurred at the level of the cone receptor. The amount of adaptation and the mechanisms involved, however, are still open to debate. Here we focus on the mechanisms of adaptation of human cone receptors.

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Nuzzo, G. "Fractional diffusion of membrane receptors in endocytosis pathway." In AIMETA 2022. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902431-50.

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Abstract. In this paper the diffusion model representing the motion of membrane receptors with respect to virus endocytosis is considered in the context of applied mechanics. The unexpected behaviour of the receptor density that moves from higher concentrations in the unbound phase to lower concentration at the right of the virus surface is accounted for introducing a mechanical drift term in the governing equation so that the difference of concentrations, higher in the bounded phase and lower in the unbounded phase is accounted for in the receptor motion. Additionally, a non-gaussian model of diffusion has been introduced in terms of fractional generalization of the Fick law.

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Chesla, Scott E., Bryan T. Marshall, and Cheng Zhu. "Measuring the Probability of Receptor Extraction From the Cell Membrane." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0262.

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Abstract Recently, there has been an increasing interest in measuring the interaction forces between cell adhesion receptors and their ligands [1–3]. These molecules are either anchored on the membrane of a cell or coated on the surface of a substratum. The two surfaces are joined together as a result of the formation of non-covalent bonds between the receptors and ligands. The forces are measured when the two surfaces are separated. In a theoretical paper published nineteen years ago, George Bell estimated the force required to break a receptor-ligand bond and that required to uproot the receptor from the cell membrane to be of the same order of magnitude [4]. The interpretation of the force data therefore requires the knowledge of detachment mode, i.e., via adhesive mechanism if the receptor-ligand bond is dissociated or via cohesive mechanism if the receptor-membrane anchor is disrupted.

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Sadova, A. A., D. A. Dmitrieva, N. A. Safronova, M. B. Shevtsov, T. S. Kurkin, V. I. Borshevskiy, and A. V. Mishin. "PREPARATION OF GPCR ANTIBODY COMPLEX SAMPLES FOR CRYO-ELECTRON MICROSCOPY." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-211.

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G-protein-coupled receptors are extremely important therapeutic targets, and their study represents the primary task of modern structural biology. Obtaining GPCR structures is fraught with many difficulties, which can be overcome by the formation of receptor and antibody fragments complexes. In this work, we obtained 4 antibody fragments, previously successfully used for the determination of GPCR structures, which we plan to use in the future to solve structures of the receptors studied in our laboratory.

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Karnik, Rohit, Seungpyo Hong, Suman Bose, Huanan Zhang, Ying Mei, Daniel G. Anderson, Jeffrey M. Karp, and Robert Langer. "Microfluidic Separation of Cells by Rolling on Patterned Receptors." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62217.

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Cell separation based on markers present on the cell surface has extensive biological applications. However, current separation methods involve labeling and label removal steps which are often slow and intrusive. We envisioned that the ability to control the direction of transport of cells based on specific receptors on the cell surface without labeling and label removal steps would enable simple continuous-flow microfluidic cell separation systems with minimal processing steps and active components. We therefore explored whether receptor patterning could be used to direct the transport of cells in a label-free manner through the formation of transient receptor-ligand bonds that result in cell rolling.

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Batista, Victor de Sousa, Lourival Rodrigues de Sousa Neto, Roberto Ribeiro Faria, Keli Cristina Barbosa dos Reis, and Nailton Monteiro do Nascimento Júnior. "Post-processing of docking results through docking-based comparative intermolecular contacts analysis (dbCICA) of the α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol2020146.

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The nAChRs are pentameric ligand-gated ionic channels that respond to the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine, with the α4β2 and α7 subtypes being highly expressed in human brain. Those receptors are involved in many neurologic disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Schizophrenia, as well as in nicotine addiction. In this context, molecular modelling is a powerful tool for designing novel ligands targeting those receptors. In the present work, we applied dbCICA1 to identify optimal docking conditions for these two receptors. The methodology and results are summarized bellow. Briefly, bioactive compounds acting on each receptor where docked into the crystal structures obtained from PDB (5KXI2 for α4β2 and 5AFH3 for α7) using GOLD4 and the results were post-processed through dbCICA, a genetic algorithm based approach.

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Safronova, N. A., T. S. Kurkin, M. B. Shevtsov, A. A. Sadova, Yu A. Zagryadskaya, I. S. Okhrimenko, V. I. Borshchevskiy, and A. V. Mishin. "SAMPLE PREPARATION OF A RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATHOGENESIS FOR STRUCTURAL STUDIES USING CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-370.

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In this work, we study the GPCR class A receptor (rhodopsin-like) which is phylogenetically close to cysteinyl leukotriene and purine receptors. It is expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and regulates formation of the myelin sheath of neurons. To determine the structure of this receptor by cryoelectron microscopy, we created a stable and monomeric protein sample.

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Reports on the topic "Receptors"

1

Rafaeli, Ada, and Russell Jurenka. Molecular Characterization of PBAN G-protein Coupled Receptors in Moth Pest Species: Design of Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593390.bard.

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The proposed research was directed at determining the activation/binding domains and gene regulation of the PBAN-R’s thereby providing information for the design and screening of potential PBAN-R-blockers and to indicate possible ways of preventing the process from proceeding to its completion. Our specific aims included: (1) The identification of the PBAN-R binding domain by a combination of: (a) in silico modeling studies for identifying specific amino-acid side chains that are likely to be involved in binding PBAN with the receptor and; (b) bioassays to verify the modeling studies using mutant receptors, cell lines and pheromone glands (at tissue and organism levels) against selected, designed compounds to confirm if compounds are agonists or antagonists. (2) The elucidation ofthemolecular regulationmechanisms of PBAN-R by:(a) age-dependence of gene expression; (b) the effect of hormones and; (c) PBAN-R characterization in male hair-pencil complexes. Background to the topic Insects have several closely related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belonging to the pyrokinin/PBAN family, one with the ligand pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide or pyrokinin-2 and another with diapause hormone or pyrokinin-1 as a ligand. We were unable to identify the diapause hormone receptor from Helicoverpa zea despite considerable effort. A third, related receptor is activated by a product of the capa gene, periviscerokinins. The pyrokinin/PBAN family of GPCRs and their ligands has been identified in various insects, such as Drosophila, several moth species, mosquitoes, Triboliumcastaneum, Apis mellifera, Nasoniavitripennis, and Acyrthosiphon pisum. Physiological functions of pyrokinin peptides include muscle contraction, whereas PBAN regulates pheromone production in moths plus other functions indicating the pleiotropic nature of these ligands. Based on the alignment of annotated genomic sequences, the primary and secondary structures of the pyrokinin/PBAN family of receptors have similarity with the corresponding structures of the capa or periviscerokinin receptors of insects and the neuromedin U receptors found in vertebrates. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Evolutionary trace analysisof receptor extracellular domains exhibited several class-specific amino acid residues, which could indicate putative domains for activation of these receptors by ligand recognition and binding. Through site-directed point mutations, the 3rd extracellular domain of PBAN-R was shown to be critical for ligand selection. We identified three receptors that belong to the PBAN family of GPCRs and a partial sequence for the periviscerokinin receptor from the European corn borer, Ostrinianubilalis. Functional expression studies confirmed that only the C-variant of the PBAN-R is active. We identified a non-peptide agonist that will activate the PBAN-receptor from H. zea. We determined that there is transcriptional control of the PBAN-R in two moth species during the development of the pupa to adult, and we demonstrated that this transcriptional regulation is independent of juvenile hormone biosynthesis. This transcriptional control also occurs in male hair-pencil gland complexes of both moth species indicating a regulatory role for PBAN in males. Ultimate confirmation for PBAN's function in the male tissue was revealed through knockdown of the PBAN-R using RNAi-mediated gene-silencing. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The identification of a non-peptide agonist can be exploited in the future for the design of additional compounds that will activate the receptor and to elucidate the binding properties of this receptor. The increase in expression levels of the PBAN-R transcript was delineated to occur at a critical period of 5 hours post-eclosion and its regulation can now be studied. The mysterious role of PBAN in the males was elucidated by using a combination of physiological, biochemical and molecular genetics techniques.

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Rafaeli, Ada, Russell Jurenka, and Daniel Segal. Isolation, Purification and Sequence Determination of Pheromonotropic-Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695850.bard.

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Moths constitute a major group of pest insects in agriculture. Pheromone blends are utilised by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates, which is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). Our working hypothesis was that, since the emission of sex-pheromone is necessary to attract a mate, then failure to produce and emit pheromone is a potential strategy for manipulating adult moth behavior. The project aimed at identifying, characterising and determining the sequence of specific receptors responsible for the interaction with pheromonotropic neuropeptide/s using two related moth species: Helicoverpa armigera and H. lea as model insects. We established specific binding to a membrane protein estimated at 50 kDa in mature adult females using a photoaffinity-biotin probe for PBAN. We showed that JH is required for the up-regulation of this putative receptor protein. In vitro studies established that the binding initiates a cascade of second messengers including channel opening for calcium ions and intracellular cAMP production. Pharmacological studies (using sodium fluoride) established that the receptor is coupled to a G-protein, that is, the pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide receptor (PBAN-R) belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)'s. We showed that PBAN-like peptides are present in Drosophila melanogaster based on bioassay and immunocytochemical data. Using the annotated genome of D. melanogaster to search for a GPCR, we found that some were similar to neuromedin U- receptors of vertebrates, which contain a similar C-terminal ending as PBAN. We established that neuromedin U does indeed induce pheromone biosynthesis and cAMP production. Using a PCR based cloning strategy and mRNA isolated from pheromone glands of H. zea, we successfully identified a gene encoding a GPCR from pheromone glands. The full-length PBAN-R was subsequently cloned and expressed in Sf9 insect cells and was shown to mobilize calcium in response to PBAN in a dose-dependent manner. The successful progress in the identification of a gene, encoding a GPCR for the neurohormone, PBAN, provides a basis for the design of a novel battery of compounds that will specifically antagonize pheromone production. Furthermore, since PBAN belongs to a family of insect neuropeptides with more than one function in different life stages, this rationale may be extended to other physiological key-regulatory processes in different insects.

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Lubahn, Dennis B. Breast Cancer Associated Estrogen Receptors: Catechol Estrogen Receptors in ER-Minus Mice. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396453.

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Lubahn, Dennis B. Breast Cancer Associated Estrogen Receptors: Catechol Estrogen Receptors in ER-Minus Mice. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391322.

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Czekay, Ralf-Pater, and Marilyn Farquhar. Relationship Between Scavenger Receptors and uPA:PAI-l and uPA Receptors in Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada338927.

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Czekay, Ralf-Peter, and Marilyn Farquhar. Relationship Between Scavenger Receptors and uPA:PAI-1 and uPA Receptors in Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb241037.

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DiRenzo, James. Inhibition of Estrogen Receptor Action by the Orphan Receptors, SHP and DAX-1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403608.

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DiRenzo, James. Inhibition of Estrogen Receptor Action by the Orphan Receptors, SHP and DAX-1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412765.

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DiRenzo, James. Inhibition of Estrogen Receptor Action by the Orphan Receptors, SHP and DAX-1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419517.

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Direnzo, James. Inhibition of Estrogen Receptor Action by the Orphan Receptors, SHP and DAX-1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada393316.

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