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1
B, Thomas J. Functional description of signal processing in the Rogue GPS receiver. Pasadena, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1988.
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2
Commission, United States Securities and Exchange. Report on the study and investigation of the work, activities, personnel and functions of protective and reorganization committees: Pursuant to section 211 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Buffalo, N.Y: W.S. Hein, 1989.
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3
Contracting out of functions of the official receiver. London: The Service, 1994.
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4
The Contracting Out (Functions of the Official Receiver) Order 1995 (Statutory Instruments: 1995: 1386). Stationery Office Books, 1995.
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5
Thompson, Patrick, and Great Britain. Draft Contracting Out (Functions of the Official Receiver) Order 1995 (Parliamentary Debates: [1994-95). Stationery Office Books, 1995.
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The Contracting Out (Functions of the Official Receiver) Order 1995 (Statutory Instruments: 1995: Draft). Stationery Office Books, 1995.
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7
Thompson, Patrick, and Great Britain. Minutes of Proceedings on the Draft Contracting Out (Functions of the Official Receiver) Order 1995. Stationery Office Books, 1995.
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8
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, and Marielle Butters. The Emergence of Functions in Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844297.001.0001.
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Why do grammatical systems of various languages express different meanings? Given that languages spoken in the same geographical area by people sharing similar social structure, occupations, and religious beliefs differ in the kinds of meaning expressed by the grammatical system, the answer to this question cannot invoke differences in geography, occupation, social and political structure, or religion. The present book aims to answer the main question through language internal analysis. This book offers a methodology to discover meaning in a way that is not based on inferences about reality. The book also offers a methodology to discover motivations for the emergence of meanings. The grammatical system at any given time constitutes a base from which new meanings emerge. The motivations for the emergence of functions include: the communicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency whereby every function encoded in the grammatical system must be expressed if it is in the scope of the situation described by the proposition; opportunistic emergence of meaning whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence whereby a property of an existing function receives a formal means of its own, thus creating a new function; emergence of functions through language contact. Several phenomena, such as benefactive and progressive in English, as well as point of view of the subject and goal orientation in several languages, receive new analyses.
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Sullivan, Meghan. The Received Wisdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the reader to future discounting and some received wisdom. The received wisdom about rational planning tends to assume that it is irrational to have near‐biased preferences (i.e., preferences for lesser goods now compared to greater goods further in the future).Thechapter describes these preferences by introducing the reader to value functions. Value functions are then used to model different kinds of distant future temporal discounting (e.g., hyperbolic, exponential, absolute). Finally, the chapter makes a distinction between temporal discounting and risk discounting. It offers a reverse lottery test to tease apart these two kinds of discounting.
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Shortell, Stephen, and Rachael Addicott. A New Lens on Organizational Innovations in Health Care. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.4.
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The long received wisdom in the organization design, change, and innovation literature is that “form follows function”. We question this dictum particularly for organizations facing radical, volatile changes such as those occurring in the health care sector. Drawing on examples from England, the United States and, to a lesser degree, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Singapore we suggest that changes in form oftenprecedechanges in function. We further suggest that they need to do so in order for the functions to be successfully executed. This is as opposed to past attempts to making functional changes without recognizing the need to first change the organizational form in which the functions are to be carried out. We also discuss the implications of this re-framing for form-function alignment and future research.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Intentional Signs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0012.
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An intentional sign family has the structure of an infosign family, with variants and invariants. It is a reproductively established family, a REF, that proliferates because enough of its members are also members of an informational sign family and, as such, have served to effect communication between cooperative senders and receivers that have learned or been designed or use these signs for mutual benefit. It is a proper function of an intentional sign to complete such a communication process by producing a cooperative overt or covert receiver response. In Normal cases, this response benefits or fits with further purposes of both sender and receiver. Intentional signs that fail to carry natural information that coincides with their intentional content are wrong, false, or unfulfilled. Besides linguistic signs, intentional signs include signals used by non-human animals, maps, charts and diagrams, instrument readings, and inner representations.
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Haspelmath, Martin. Negative Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the typology of negative indefinite pronouns, with particular emphasis on their relation with other indefinites. It first considers the received taxonomy of negated indefinites, showing that it is inadequate and that the implicational map for representing the functions of indefinite pronouns offers a better classification. Four main syntactic ways of expressing negative indefinites, or the direct-negation function of indefinite pronouns, are described: verbal negation plus (ordinary) indefinite, verbal negation plus ‘special indefinite’, verbal negation plus ‘negative indefinite’, and ‘negative indefinite’ without verbal negation. The chapter proceeds by analysing one important aspect of the syntax of negative indefinites: the co-occurrence with a negative element associated with the verb. It also formulates a number of cross-linguistic generalizations and proposes functional explanations for them before concluding with an assessment of various diachronic sources of negative indefinites, including negative scalar focus particles and minimal-unit expressions.
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William A, Schabas. Part 12 Financing: Financement, Art.116 Voluntary contributions/Contributions volontaires. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0121.
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This chapter comments on Article 116 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 116 allows the Court to receive and utilize, as additional funds, voluntary contributions from Governments, international organizations, individuals, corporations and other entities, in accordance with relevant criteria adopted by the Assembly of States Parties. This criteria is set out in the Financial Regulations and Rules, which specify that voluntary contributions must be ‘consistent with the nature and functions of the Court’. Amounts received by the Court in the form of voluntary contributions have been modest. For the year 2014, they totalled less than €600,000, almost all of this earmarked for special projects such as building legal expertise, cooperation, relocation, and seminars.
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Lee, Daniel H., and Adam K. Anderson. Form and Function of Facial Expressive Origins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0010.
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Facial expressions are an important source of social communication. But we do not know why they appear the way they do and how they arose. Here we discuss evidence supporting Darwin’s theory that our expressions originated for sensory egocentric function for the expresser, which were then co-opted as signals for allocentric social function. We show that facial expressions of fear and disgust have distinct opposing sensory effects that serve each emotion’s theorized function, regulating the intake of nasal and visual information. Then, we show how such egocentrically adaptive expressive forms may have been socially co-opted for allocentric function, transmitting basic gaze signals and complex mental states adaptively congruent for the receiver as the expresser. Together, the evidence connects the appearance of our expressions from their evolutionary origins to their modern-day communicative role, providing a functional perspective for organizing and understanding expression forms.
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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Form and Function of Mediterranean Shrublands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0006.
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The archetypal shrub type that dominates most of the regions that experience mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is an evergreen shrub with thick and leathery leaves (sclerophyllous). The occurrence of large stands of such shrubs in all MTC regions led early biogeographers to hypothesize that the MTC selects for this growth form and leaf type and that this had led to convergent evolution (see Chapters 1 and 2). This hypothesis has received considerable research interest and continues to be examined. In this chapter we consider the structure and physiology of these archetypal MTC region shrub species and examine evidence for convergent evolution in their structure and function. We also assess the key adaptive traits that enable the shrub species that compose mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV) communities to thrive in MTC regions.
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Akuhara, Takeshi. Fluid Distribution Along the Nankai-Trough Megathrust Fault off the Kii Peninsula: Inferred from Receiver Function Analysis. Springer, 2018.
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Akuhara, Takeshi. Fluid Distribution Along the Nankai-Trough Megathrust Fault off the Kii Peninsula: Inferred from Receiver Function Analysis. Springer, 2018.
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Fernández-Dols, José-Miguel. Natural Facial Expression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0024.
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The notion that there are universal facial expressions of basic emotion remains a dominant idea in the study of emotion. Inspired by pragmatics, and based on behavioral ecology and psychological constructionism, this chapter provides an alternative to the concept of facial expression of basic emotion: the concept of natural facial expression. Actual, observable natural facial expressions do not mean self-contained, discrete basic emotions; they are instead related to different components of diverse emotional episodes. Their communicative function is not semantic (e.g., a smile does not means happiness) but pragmatic (e.g., a smile prompts, on the receiver’s side, important inferences about the context and course of the interaction between sender and receiver).
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Vitz, Rico. The Nature and Functions of Sympathy in Hume’s Philosophy. Edited by Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.25.
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This chapter outlines key details of Hume’s account of sympathy, which play an important role not only in his ethics and his social philosophy, but also in his cognitive psychology and, consequently, in his epistemology as well as his philosophy of religion. The presentation of Hume’s account is threefold. The first section of the paper elucidates the nature of sympathy, drawing on some of the more recent ways in which Hume’s commentators have attempted to resolve the interpretive puzzles Hume’s works present. The second section explicates some of the functions sympathy has in Hume’s philosophy, including not only three that have been particularly prominent in the secondary literature, but also two others that have received considerably less attention. The final section summarizes Hume’s account of the nature and functions of sympathy and briefly suggests some of the ways in which these aspects of Hume’s moral psychology seem to be supported by contemporary psychological research.
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Guillery, Ray. Defining the functional components of the thalamic gate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0008.
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This chapter starts by summarizing the electron microscopic appearance of the retinogeniculate axons and their immediate environment. These form the functional components of the visual input to the thalamic gate. I then look at evidence that all major thalamic relay nuclei have a shared structure produced by a shared developmental and evolutionary origin. Each nucleus receives a small proportion of its synaptic inputs (<10%) for relay to the cortex; these are the drivers. Drivers are topographically organized with the topography representing body parts, sensory space, or parts of the brain. Some drivers come from sensory pathways or from subcortical regions of the brain, and these innervate first-order thalamic relays; another, major part of the thalamus receives its drivers from the cerebral cortex itself, and these form the higher-order relays to the cortex. These higher-order corticothalamic inputs are crucial for understanding cortical processing. A large proportion of synaptic inputs (>90%) are not relayed to the cortex and are classifiable as modulators. They contribute to controlling the gate. Some modulators match the topography of the drivers, thus relating to the parts of the body and the world; others do not show this specificity and have more global actions.
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Aminoff, Michael J. The Organization of the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0008.
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Bell came up with a number of original concepts concerning the organization and operation of the nervous system in health and disease. The focus of Bell’s 1811 book was the brain, not the nerve roots. Bell suggested that parts of the brain differ in function; peripheral nerves are composed of nerve fibers with different functions; nerves conduct only in one direction; sense organs are specialized to receive only one form of sensory stimulus; and perception depends on the part of the brain activated. In later publications, he described a sixth (muscle or proprioceptive) sense and the circle of the nerves subserving it; movement and reciprocal innervation; and the long thoracic nerve (Bell’s nerve).
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Vellend, Mark. Are local losses of biodiversity causing degraded ecosystem function? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0004.
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This chapter highlights the scale dependence of biodiversity change over time and its consequences for arguments about the instrumental value of biodiversity. While biodiversity is in decline on a global scale, the temporal trends on regional and local scales include cases of biodiversity increase, no change, and decline. Environmental change, anthropogenic or otherwise, causes both local extirpation and colonization of species, and thus turnover in species composition, but not necessarily declines in biodiversity. In some situations, such as plants at the regional scale, human-mediated colonizations have greatly outnumbered extinctions, thus causing a marked increase in species richness. Since the potential influence of biodiversity on ecosystem function and services is mediated to a large degree by local or neighborhood species interactions, these results challenge the generality of the argument that biodiversity loss is putting at risk the ecosystem service benefits people receive from nature.
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Ivor, Roberts. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 5 Functions of Diplomatic Missions and Consulates. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the functions of diplomatic missions and the performance of consular functions by diplomatic missions. Under long established principles of international law now codified in Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the establishment of diplomatic relations between States and the establishment of permanent diplomatic missions take place by mutual consent. The right to send and receive diplomatic agents flows from recognition as a sovereign State and was formerly known as the right of legation (ius legationis). Furthermore, it is in modern practice highly exceptional for two States to recognize each other without formally establishing diplomatic relations—and such a situation usually indicates extreme tension or coolness between them. By contrast, it is now common for two States to establish or to maintain diplomatic relations without having permanent missions in each other’s territory.
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Taber-Thomas, Bradley, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. Emerging Adulthood Brain Development. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.
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Emerging adulthood (EA) is marked by a prolonged developmental transition to adulthood, dynamic personal and environmental circumstances, and unique patterns of vulnerability to psychological dysfunction. Neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence has been studied extensively, but EA has not yet received its due attention from developmental cognitive neuroscience. The existing evidence shows that neurodevelopment continues throughout EA in support of emerging adult roles. The data suggest a frontolimbic fine-tuning model of brain development in EA that holds that adult functions are promoted through the strengthening of prefrontal regulation of limbic function and a newly emerging balance between prefrontal subregions involved in modulating approach and avoidance. Considering the overlap between these neurodevelopmental processes and the peak incidence of numerous psychological disorders in EA, it seems that individual differences in the dynamics of emerging adulthood neurodevelopment may not only underlie differences in functioning, but also risk for psychological disorder.
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Han, Shihui. Neural processes of culturally familiar information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 introduces the concept of cultural learning and its function in the transmission of cultural knowledge over generations, and the construction of new cultural beliefs/values and behavioral scripts. It examines brain activity that is engaged in differential processing of culturally familiar and unfamiliar information by reviewing functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potential studies of neural activity involved in the processing of gesture, music, brand, and religious knowledge. Long-term cultural experiences give rise to specific neural mechanisms in the human brain that deal with culturally familiar information in multiple neural circuits underlying the inference of mental states and reward, for example. The unique neural mechanisms underlying culturally familiar stimuli provide a default mode of neural processing of culturally familiar information received in daily life.
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Mari, Manuela. Powers in Dialogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804208.003.0005.
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Building on a slate of recent discoveries and publications, the chapter investigates how the Macedonian kings employed letters and so-called diagrammata to interact with and to rule over cities within their reign and regions under their control. It thus brings to life the diplomatic activity between court and constituencies that defined the political culture of fourth-century BCE Macedonia: the different types of missives used by the kings yield important insights into the administrative hierarchies and institutional procedures (as well as the ‘styles’ of exercising power) that sustained royal rule. Specifically, Mari reconsiders the role and function of the epistatai (the local administrators who received the letters and were in charge of distributing the royal message): as initial addressees of the royal correspondence but frequently nominated by the local community, they mediated between centre and periphery and thus functioned as vital nodes in imperial administration.
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Sullivan, Meghan. Preferences about the Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0005.
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The received wisdom is do not bother yourself with things you cannot change, most notably the past. This chapter introduces the concept of future bias and considers some difficulties we have in conceptualizing past‐directed discounting. First, the chapter models various past discounting functions by considering cases (e.g., Parfit’s Surgery case). It argues that psychologically realistic future discount functions for pains and pleasuresmust be absolute. Next, the chapter argues against a control constraint on preferences. It also appeals to Dougherty’s Pain Insurance case to argue that we can evaluate preferences over a set of choices or preferences rather than only relative to particular choices.
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Wrathall, Mark A., ed. Heidegger’s Ontology of Art (2005). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796220.003.0007.
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Dreyfus explains Heidegger’s account of art in terms of performing three ontological functions: manifesting, articulating, or reconfiguring the style of a culture from within the world of the culture. The work of art, on this view, functions as a cultural paradigm that can attract its receivers to a new way of being in the world. The work of art, when viewed in this way, gives us insight into the way background practices work by embodying a style that opens up a disclosive space. The work of art allows us to notice and take a stand on our world by illuminating and glamorizing the world’s style.
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Ho, Kwok M. Kidney and acid–base physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0005.
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Anatomically the kidney consists of the cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis. The kidneys have approximately 2 million nephrons and receive 20% of the resting cardiac output making the kidneys the richest blood flow per gram of tissue in the body. A high blood and plasma flow to the kidneys is essential for the generation of a large amount of glomerular filtrate, up to 125 ml min−1, to regulate the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body. The kidneys also have many other important physiological functions, including excretion of metabolic wastes or toxins, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and also production and metabolism of many hormones. Although plasma creatinine concentration has been frequently used to estimate glomerular filtration rate by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation in stable chronic kidney diseases, the MDRD equation has limitations and does not reflect glomerular filtration rate accurately in healthy individuals or patients with acute kidney injury. An optimal acid–base environment is essential for many body functions, including haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation, transcellular shift of electrolytes, membrane excitability, function of many enzymes, and energy production. Based on the concepts of electrochemical neutrality, law of conservation of mass, and law of mass action, according to Stewart’s approach, hydrogen ion concentration is determined by three independent variables: (1) carbon dioxide tension, (2) total concentrations of weak acids such as albumin and phosphate, and (3) strong ion difference, also known as SID. It is important to understand that the main advantage of Stewart over the bicarbonate-centred approach is in the interpretation of metabolic acidosis.
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Gilchrist, Francis J., and Alex Horsley. Management of respiratory exacerbations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0005.
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Cystic fibrosis lung disease is characterized by chronic infection, inflammation and a progressive loss of lung function. Patients are also affected by recurrent episodes of increased respiratory symptoms, called exacerbations which have a detrimental effect on quality of life, the rate of lung function decline, and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment is vital. Diagnosis relies on a combination of symptoms, examination findings, the results of laboratory tests, and lung function. Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment but airway clearance, nutrition, and glucose homeostasis must also be optimized. Mild exacerbations are usually treated with oral antibiotics and more severe exacerbations with intravenous antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic is guided by the patient’s chronic pulmonary infections, the in-vitro antibiotic sensitivities, known antibiotic allergies, and the previous response to treatment. In patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, antibiotic monotherapy is thought to increase the risk of resistance and treatment with 2 antibiotics is therefore suggested (usually a β-lactam and an aminoglycoside). Although there is a lack of evidence on the duration of treatment, most patients receive around 14 days. This can be altered according to the time taken for symptoms and lung function to return to pre-exacerbation levels. If patients are carefully selected and receive appropriate monitoring, home intravenous antibiotics can be as effective as in-patient treatment. They are also associated with decreased disruption to patients / family life, decreased risk of cross infection and decreased costs.
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Lambert, Tom. Jurisdiction as Property in England, 900–1100. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813415.003.0006.
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Lordship over land throughout the medieval period involved a bundle of rights that characteristically encompassed both the economic (e.g. rights to rents and other recurring dues from the resident peasantry) and the legal (e.g. rights relating to the punishment of wrongdoing). Changes in the content of this bundle are the subject of a long tradition of historical scholarship, which has helped shape influential narratives of the rise and fall of feudalism. This chapter offers a new account of the origins in England of what this literature knows as ‘jurisdictional’ rights: rights not just to receive legal revenues but to perform legal functions. The decades around the millennium witnessed economic, legal and administrative changes that made legal revenues a focus of competition, and a powerful way of asserting ownership of such revenues was to perform associated legal functions.
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Salmon, Philip. Parliament. Edited by David Brown, Gordon Pentland, and Robert Crowcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198714897.013.31.
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This chapter focuses on the changing functions and organization of Parliament in areas that have received less attention in existing scholarship. The ‘rise of democracy’ was not the only imperative driving Parliament’s almost complete remodelling as an institution during the period under study. Broader cultural factors also played their part, as a number of innovative studies examining the environment of Parliament from the perspective of architectural space, historic identity, parliamentary debate, scientific inquiry, and the concept of time (to name but a few) have sought to indicate. Gaps still remain, however, particularly in terms of work on the House of Lords and the development of Parliament’s legislative and scrutiny functions. Drawing on some of these historical approaches, and proposing a few new ones, this chapter explores the changing power structures and operation of Parliament in two key areas: the business of law-making and the relationship between its two houses.
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Werndl, Charlotte. Determinism and Indeterminism. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.11.
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This article focuses on three themes concerning determinism and indeterminism. The first is observational equivalence between deterministic and indeterministic models. The article discusses several results about observational equivalence and presents an argument on how to choose between deterministic and indeterministic models involving indirect evidence. The second is whether Newtonian physics is indeterministic. The article argues that the answer depends on what one takes Newtonian mechanics to be and highlights how contemporary debates on this issue differ from those in the nineteenth century. The third theme is how the method of arbitrary functions can be used to make sense of deterministic probabilities. The article discusses various ways of interpreting the initial probability distributions and argues that they are best understood as physical, biological, and other quantities characterizing the particular situation. The fact that the method of arbitrary functions deserves more attention than it has received so far is also emphasized.
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Piccinini, Gualtiero. Neurocognitive Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866282.001.0001.
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This book provides the foundations for a neurocomputational explanation of cognition based on contemporary cognitive neuroscience. An ontologically egalitarian account of composition and realization, according to which all levels are equally real, is defended. Multiple realizability and mechanisms are explicated in light of this ontologically egalitarian framework. A goal-contribution account of teleological functions is defended, and so is a mechanistic version of functionalism. This provides the foundation for a mechanistic account of computation, which in turn clarifies the ways in which the computational theory of cognition is a multilevel mechanistic theory supported by contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The book argues that cognition is computational at least in a generic sense. The computational theory of cognition is defended from standard objections yet a priori arguments for the computational theory of cognition are rebutted. The book contends that the typical vehicles of neural computations are representations and that, contrary to the received view, neural representations are observable and manipulable in the laboratory. The book also contends that neural computations are neither digital nor analog; instead, neural computations are sui generis. The book concludes by investigating the relation between computation and consciousness, suggesting that consciousness may have a functional yet not wholly computational nature.
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Barnard, David. On Our Difficulties Speaking to and About the Dying. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.10.
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Interactions with dying and bereaved people in modern society are frequently marked by awkwardness, embarrassment, and silence, reactions that influence the patterns of care people receive near the end of life, as well as the quality of their interpersonal relationships. These reactions are usually interpreted in terms of personal psychology and individual behavior, which gives rise to remedies for health professionals in the form of communications skills training and personal self-awareness. From the perspective of social and cultural history, however, these reactions are a manifestation of shame induced by exposure to, or reminders of, the physical body—its functions and its disintegration—that the processes of “civilization” have progressively demanded be kept out of sight and out of consciousness. Changes in behavior from this perspective will depend on long-term social movements that bring the body and its functions within the boundaries of acceptable personal reflection and social engagement.
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Tourneau, Thierry Le, Luis Caballero, and Tsai Wei-Chuan. Right atrium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0024.
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The right atrium (RA) is located on the upper right-hand side of the heart and has relatively thin walls. From an anatomical point of view, the RA comprises three basic parts, the appendage, the vestibule of the tricuspid valve, and the venous component (superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus) receiving the deoxygenated blood. The RA is a dynamic structure dedicated to receive blood and to assist right ventricular (RV) filling. The three components of atrial function are the reservoir function during ventricular systole, the conduit function which consists in passive blood transfer from veins to the RV in diastole, and the booster pump function in relation to atrial contraction in late diastole to complete ventricular filling. Right atrial function depends on cardiac rhythm (sinus or atrial fibrillation), pericardial integrity, RV load and function, and tricuspid function. Right atrial dimension assessment is limited in two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. Right atrial planimetry in the apical four-chamber view is commonly used with an upper normal value of 18-20 cm2. Minor and major diameters can also be measured. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography could overcome the limitation of conventional echocardiography in assessing RA size. Right atrial function has been poorly explored by echocardiography both in physiological and pathological contexts. Although tricuspid inflow and tissue Doppler imaging of tricuspid annulus can be used in the exploration of RA function, 2D speckle tracking and 3D echocardiography appear promising tools to dissect RA function and to overcome the limitations of standard echocardiography.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Honours as Signals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0007.
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Awards are non-material and symbolic rewards, and do not necessarily have to go with money. Award givers may emit signals of quality, of intent, and of their beliefs. Managers can use the signalling functions of awards to subtly steer the behaviour of (present and future) employees, without having to recur to control through explicit, conditional incentives. Awards can also give rise to signalling failures. They have to be used with moderation, and they can rarely be substituted for money where money is already in place. If well designed, awards can raise intrinsic motivation, as the recipients are explicitly lauded when they receive the award. In comparison to money, awards tend to raise loyalty to the giver and avoid crowding out intrinsic motivation; moreover, they have a more sustainable effect on behaviour. They also remain visible in the future, creating a trophy value that maintains the awards’ salience and their signalling functions even over the medium and long term.
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Crosbie, Christopher. Revenge Tragedy and Classical Philosophy on the Early Modern Stage. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474440264.001.0001.
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This book discovers within early modern revenge tragedy the surprising shaping presence of a wide array of classical philosophies not commonly affiliated with the genre. By recovering the pervasive influence of Aristotelian faculty psychology on The Spanish Tragedy, Aristotelian ethics on Titus Andronicus, Lucretian atomism on Hamlet, Galenic pneumatics on Antonio’s Revenge and Epictetian Stoicism on The Duchess of Malfi, this book reveals how the very atmospheres and ontological assumptions of revenge tragedy exert their own kind of conditioning dramaturgical force. The book also revitalises our understanding of how the Renaissance stage, even at its most lurid, functions as a unique space for the era’s practical, vernacular engagement with received philosophy.
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Eileen, Denza. Junior Staff of the Mission and Private Servants. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0042.
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This chapter considers Article 37.2 to 37.4 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which highlights the functions of the junior staff of the mission and private servants. Article 37.2 states that members of the administrative and technical staff of the diplomatic mission, together with members of their families, shall enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in Articles 29 to 35, except the immunity from civil and administrative jurisdiction of the receiving State specified in Article 31. They shall also enjoy the privileges specified in Article 36, paragraph 1, in respect of articles imported at the time of first installation. Article 37.3 then states that members of the service staff shall enjoy immunity in respect of acts performed in the course of their duties, exemption from dues and taxes on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment and the exemption contained in Article 33. Lastly, Article 37.4 states that Private servants be exempt from dues and taxes on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment.
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Martin, Richard. Policing Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855125.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Human rights are a common feature of police reform, rhetoric and regulation in many jurisdictions. Yet how human rights law might serve to regulate policing, function as a discourse for describing what police ‘do’ or perform as a critical concept for engaging with what the police role is, or ought to be, has received limited attention. This book is an endeavour to produce one of the first sustained, interdisciplinary accounts of the empirical realities of human rights law in policing. The substantive insights are drawn from unprecedented access to the Police Service of Northern Ireland. The book takes the reader on a tour of four sites of policing: the public forums host to ‘official’ police narratives, routine policing, public order policing and police custody. It seeks to better understand how and why police officers performing different aspects of policing, operating in distinct regulatory sites and enacting their own identities and experiences, come to encounter and engage with human rights law in their everyday work. The book aspires to embrace criminology’s interdisciplinary spirit, drawing on concepts from criminology itself, as well as law, anthropology, sociology and organizational studies, to illuminate the empirical realities of human rights law. It offers a series of findings and insights that expose how human rights law functions in modern policing, and the histories, imaginations, visions and values police officers’ express in narratives, sensemaking and practices of routine police work.
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Zhang, Peng-Fei, Yun Zhang, and Siew Yen Ho. Left ventricle: morphology and geometry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0018.
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The left ventricle is a cone-shaped muscular pump which receives the blood from the left atrium through the inflow tract and ejects it to the aorta through the outflow tract. The double helical myocardial fibre formation is the basis of efficient motion, function, and morphology of the left ventricle. Physiological or pathological changes of these characteristics of the left ventricle can be evaluated by echocardiography. This chapter describes the morphology and geometry of the left ventricle, including the inflow tract, the outflow tract, double helix formation of left ventricle myocardium, and the echocardiographic assessment of left ventricle morphology and geometry.
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Mason, Peggy. Cells of the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0002.
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The nervous system is made up of neurons and glia that derive from neuroectoderm. Since neurons are terminally differentiated and do not divide, primary intracranial tumors do not arise from mature neurons. Tumors outside the nervous system may metastasize inside the brain or may release a substance that negatively affects brain function, termed paraneoplastic disease. Neurons receive information through synaptic inputs onto dendrites and soma and send information to other cells via a synaptic terminal. Most neurons send information to faraway locations and for this, an axon that connects the soma to synaptic terminals is required. Glial cells wrap axons in myelin, which speeds up information transfer. Axonal transport is necessary to maintain neuronal function and health across the long distances separating synaptic terminals and somata. A common mechanism of neurodegeneration arises from impairments in axonal transport that lead to protein aggregation and neuronal death.
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Bencini, Giulia M. L. Psycholinguistics. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0021.
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This chapter focuses on psycholinguistics of language production. It provides empirical evidence for and against the two-stage model of language production, which assumes separate levels for functional (semantic and syntactic) processing, as well as for positional processing. The chapter also discusses the results of studies supporting the existence of lexically independent structure building operations in language production in addition to lexical representations. It also contends that lexically independent structural processes often receive a straightforward interpretation as abstract constructions in a Construction Grammar framework.
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Davies, David. Medium in Art. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0009.
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In its most general sense, a medium is a means of transmitting some matter or content from a source to a site of reception. The function of a medium, so construed, is mediation. Natural media such as air and water mediate the transmission of sounds. An art medium, then, is presumably something that mediates the transmission of the content of an artwork to a receiver. Art media, so conceived, have been characterized in a number of different ways: as material or physical kinds (e.g. oil paint, bronze, stone, bodily movements); as ranges of sensible determinables realizable in material or physical kinds (e.g. pitch, tone, texture, colour); as ways of purposively realizing specific values of such determinables (e.g. brushstrokes, gestures), or as systems of signs (‘languages’ in a more or less strict sense).
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Aminoff, Michael J. Sir Charles Bell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190614966.001.0001.
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Charles Bell (1774–1842) was a Scottish anatomist–surgeon whose original ideas on the nervous system have been equated with those of William Harvey on the circulation. He suggested that the anterior and posterior nerve roots have different functions, and based on their connectivity he showed that different parts of the brain have different functions. He noted that individual peripheral nerves actually contain nerve fibers with different functions, that nerves conduct only in one direction, that sense organs are specialized to receive only one form of sensory stimulus, and that there is a sixth (muscle) sense. In addition to the facial palsy and its associated features named after him, he provided the first clinical descriptions of several neurological disorders and important insights into referred pain and reciprocal inhibition. Bell helped to change the way art students are taught, described the anatomical basis of facial expressions, initiated the scientific study of the physical expression of emotions, and stimulated the later work of Charles Darwin on facial expressions. His teachings influenced British and European art. Bell was a renowned medical teacher who founded his own medical school, subsequently took over the famous Hunterian school, and eventually helped establish the University of London and the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London. However, his belief in intelligent design caused him to be left behind by the evolutionist thought that developed in the nineteenth century. He was a brilliant but flawed human being who contributed much to the advance of knowledge.
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William A, Schabas. Part 10 Enforcement: Exécution, Art.106 Supervision of enforcement of sentences and conditions of imprisonment/Contrôle de l’exécution de la peine et conditions de détention. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0111.
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This chapter comments on Article 106 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 106 strikes a balance between the general carceral system applicable in the State of enforcement that applies to the Court's prisoner, and the requirement of generally accepted international standards drawn from human rights instruments. This ‘national treatment’ clause was originally introduced to ensure that prisoners of the Court would not receive treatment that was worse than that of ordinary prisoners. The primary function of the provision is protecting the fundamental rights of the prisoner. The article also declares that Communications between a sentenced person and the Court shall be unimpeded and confidential.
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Finlay, Esmé, and Diaa Osman. Decompressive Surgery for Malignant Spinal Cord Compression (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0013.
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Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is a potentially disabling complication associated with advanced cancer. To address whether decompressive surgery followed by radiation therapy is superior to radiation therapy alone, this multi-institutional randomized trial compared outcomes among 101 patients with MESCCC. The study assessed functional outcomes such as ability to ambulate posttreatment, length of ambulation and maintained continence posttreatment, survival time after intervention, and additional functional, quality of life, and medication use outcomes. The practice-changing results of this study indicate that patients who received decompressive surgery and radiation had a longer length of posttreatment ambulation (122 days vs. 13 days, P = 0.03), better overall survival (126 days vs. 100 days, Relative risk 0.60, P = 0.033), lower doses of palliative medications, as well as better performance on several other secondary outcomes. From this landmark study, in appropriately selected patients with MESCC, surgery followed by radiation has become the standard of care.
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Kvanvig, Jonathan L. Dewey, Epistemic Fetishism, and Classical Theism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809487.003.0004.
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John Dewey’s discussion of faith deserves more attention than it has received in the dominant kind of academic philosophy in Europe, Australia, and North America in recent history. In the present context, the motivation for looking carefully at what he says about faith is that it is a sustained attempt to develop a functional account of faith, though decidedly hostile to religious expressions of such faith. The goal of this chapter is to clarify the useful conception of faith to which he points, and argue that the hostility toward religious faith is unsustainable in light of the arguments for the value of the kind of faith he identifies.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Gait Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0001.
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Gait is a complicated process that is initiated and maintained by different mechanisms, neurological including neuromuscular, and non-neurological including musculoskeletal. Neuromuscular clinics receive referrals about patients who may have non-neuromuscular disorders such as Parkinsondisease, focal foot dystonia, and multiple sclerosis. It is important for a neuromuscular specialist to be aware of other gait disorders. Important neuromuscular disorders of gait include neuropathies (foot drop, sensory ataxia), myopathies, muscle stiffness and spasms, myotonia, and motor neuron disease. Functional gait disorder comprises a significant entity that may lead to extensive non-necessary investigations that can be saved if the specialist is aware of these symptoms.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Gait Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Gait is a complicated process that is initiated and maintained by different mechanisms, both neurological (including neuromuscular) and nonneurological (including musculoskeletal). Neuromuscular clinics receive referrals about patients who may have nonneuromuscular disorders such as Parkinson disease, focal foot dystonia, and multiple sclerosis (MS). It is important for neuromuscular specialists to be aware of other gait disorders as well. Important neuromuscular disorders of gait include neuropathies (foot drop, sensory ataxia), myopathies, muscle stiffness and spasms, myotonia, and motor neuron disease. Functional gait disorder comprises a significant entity that may lead to extensive, unnecessary investigations that can be saved if the specialist is aware of the characteristic features of these symptoms.